Upload
gopinadh333
View
228
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 1/34
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 2/34
Disease Causing Organisms
Bacteria
Viruses Protozoans
Helminths
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 3/34
Diseases of the Immune system
MHC haplotypes and susceptibility to
diseasesuto immune disorder
Immunodeficiency disease
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 4/34
Immune !esponse to Bacteria
"eutralization of Bacterial to#ins or enzymes
by antibodiesDirect $illing of bacteria by antibody%
complement or by lysozymes
Opsonization and phagocytosis by neutrophils
and macrophage
Destruction of intracellular bacteria
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 5/34
Immune !esponse to Bacteria
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 6/34
Opsonization of Bacteria
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 7/34
Bacterial 'asion of Immune !esponse
(ecretion of Proteases that clea'e Ig
#) "eisseria gonorrhoeae* ") meningitidis*Haemophilus influenzae
!epeated change of surface antigens
#) ") gonorrhoeae (urface molecules that inhibit phagocytosis
#) (treptococcus pneumoniae
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 8/34
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 9/34
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 10/34
1enetic susceptibility to Bacterial Infection
Complements C. 2 C3 deficiency and
Properdin deficiency predisposes the person to Nisseria infection
Mutation in I/045% I/05- and I6"γ receptor is
$no7n to increase the susceptibility to
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection I/04! associated $inase +I!8, deficiency
predisposes the person to Staphylococcus
penumoniae infection
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 11/34
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 12/34
Immune !esponse /eading to Bacterial
Pathogenesis
1ranuloma formation
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 13/34
CD: 9 Cell Immune !esponse to Viruses
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 14/34
CD: 9 Cell mediated $illing of Virus
Infected cell
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 15/34
"8 Cell Mediated 8illing of Virus Infected
cell
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 16/34
Viral e'asion of host Immune response
By bloc$ing I6"0 and I6"0 production
path7ay +Protein $inase,0hepatitis C 'irus Inhibition of 9P molecule by ICP;< protein
of H(V04 and 5) Class I loading of antigen is
pre'ented
Cytomegalo'irus do7n regulated Class I MHC
e#pression
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 17/34
Cytosolic Path7ay of ntigen Processing
and Presentation by Class I MHC
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 18/34
Viral e'asion of host Immune response
Inhibition of C;b complement by the protein of
Vaccinia 'irus
Inhibition of C-b complement by the glycoprotein
component of H(V
By constantly changing the antigenic domains on the
surface +HIV and H4"4,
By immunosuppression of the host +HIV and BV,
"8p-= binding to human Cytomegaol'irus coat
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 19/34
Virally induced autoimmune disorders
Polio 'irus capsid protein VP5 cross reacts
7ith the acetylcholine receptor in motor endplates in muscles and may be associated 7ith
de'elopment of autoimmune myasthenia
gra'is)
type I diabetes in children is associated 7ithinfections by co#sac$ie'irus
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 20/34
Virally induced autoimmune disorders
pstein 2Barr 'irus +BV, D" polymerase
resembles myelin basic protein henceantibodies produced against BV D"
polymerase cross reacts 7ith myelin basic
proteins resulting in autoimmune multiple
sclerosis
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 21/34
Immune !esponse to Protozoan parasites
Plasmodium +Malaria,
9rypanosoma +(leeping sic$ness,/eishmania +/eishmaniasis,
9o#oplasma +9o#oplasmosis,
#ist as intracellular and e#tracellular life cycle
stages in host
Cell mediated and Humoral immune response isseen
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 22/34
'asion of host Immune response by
protozoans
Very short e#tracellular life cycle
Very high rate of multiplication duringintracellular stage and emergence
!epeated change of antigenic domains
(hedding off surface coat
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 23/34
Protozoan induced autoimmune disorders
Chagas> disease caused by Trypanosoma
cruzi
antibody cross reacts 7ith cardiacmuscles and neurons
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 24/34
Immune !esponse to Helminth parasites
scaris +!ound 7orm,
9aenia +9ape 7orm, 6ilaria +/ymph 7orm,
9richinella +(piral round 7orm,
(chistosoma +Blood flu$e,
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 25/34
Immune !esponse to Helminth parasites
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 26/34
H/ haplotypes and diseases
n$ylosing spondylitis 0H/0B5< Molecularmimicry 7ith Klebsiella pneumoniae antigen
H/0D!5 also ma$es a person more prone to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection)
H/0D!B404-=5 increases the susceptibility to
hepatitis BH/0B5< & B.< sho7 slo7 progression of
ID(
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 27/34
H/ haplotypes and diseases
H/0B-. accelerated progression of ID(
H/0B5< & B.< are associated 7ith ?uic$clearance of Hepatitis C 'irus
Class II MHC0 +H/0D!B4 4- & D@B4 =A,
$no7n to suppress ID( progression
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 28/34
H/ haplotypes and utoimmune diseases
Psoriasis is lin$ed to H/0B4-% B4A% and B4<
H/ D!; is associated 7ith u'enilerheumatoid arthritis
H/0D!- and D!; are associated 7ith type 4
diabetes
H/0D!.- ha'e tenfold increased
susceptibility rheumatoid arthritis
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 29/34
H/ haplotypes and utoimmune diseases
H/0D!- and D!; are 5= times more li$ely to
de'elop u'enile diabetes mellitusH/04% B: and D!- is associated 7ith
increased ris$ of de'eloping diabetes%
myasthenia gra'is and systemic lupus
erythymatosus +(/,H/0D!5 is associated 7ith . times more
susceptibility to multiple sclerosis +M(,
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 30/34
H/ haplotypes and utoimmune diseases
H/0B:0D!- haplotype increases the
susceptibility to 1ra'es disease or autoimmunethyroiditis
H/0D!B4 alleles =4=4% =;=4% =;=; and 4;=5
is associated 7ith rheumatoid arthritis
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 31/34
Immunodeficiency disorder
. Bare lymphocyte syndrome +B/(,
9ype I B/( is associated 7ith defecti'e class IMHC e#pression
9ype II B/( is associated 7ith defecti'e class
II MHC e#pression
9ype III B/( is associated 7ith defecti'e
e#pression of class I and II MHC
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 32/34
Immunodeficiency disorder
Phagocytic deficiencies
!eduction in "eutrophil countsDefecti'e phagocytic function
dherence defects
Chemotactic defects
8illing defects
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 33/34
Immunodeficiency disorder
Humoral deficiencies
0lin$ed gammaglobulinemia +/,0lin$ed hyper IgM syndrome
Common 'ariable hypogammaglobulinemia
(electi'e immunoglobulin deficiencies
8/16/2019 Diseases & Immunity
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diseases-immunity 34/34
Immunodeficiency disorder
Cell0mediated deficiencies
Di1eorge syndromeCombined immunodeficiencies
!eticular dysgenesis
(e'ere combined immunodeficiency +(CID,
is$ott0ldrich syndrome
c?uired Immunodeficiency (yndrome