Diseases Due to Infection

8/14/2019 Diseases Due to Infection

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Diseases due to Infection

Major manifestations of infection

Principles of Management

Diseases due to Chlamydia, bacteria,spirochets, Fungi, arthropod, STD


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Incubation period: time gap when micro

organism enters body & symptoms of

disease starts.

It is the time when microorganism or

microbe invade the body defenses,

multiply there & cause structural &/or

functional disturbance.


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Defense of human host

1st line defense: skin, mucus membrane

Mucus- mechanical barrier, IgA

antibody & enzyme

HCL

Ciliated epithelium

Commensal Flora

2nd line Defense: cellular & Humoral.


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Viral Infection-stimulates local lymphocytic

response Worm-Eosinophil

Bacterial infection-Polymorphs

Typhoid & paratyphoid-Monocyticresponse

Reaction of Host to specificReaction of Host to specific

Infection:Infection:


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Manifestations or Presentation of

Infection

Fever

Fever & Rash

Pain-local ,chest pain, pain abdomen,head ache

Cough

Swelling


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Fever

Viral fever, Dengue, typhoid ,paratyphoidMalaria, pneumonia,

Temp: controlled by hypothalamus

Fever/hyperthermia: 36.6 to 37.4,rectaltemp.0.5oc high, axillary 0.50 c lower Diurnalvariation 0.5-10c

PyrogenPyrogen(Toxins) are substances which cause

fever-most pyrogens are microbial productmicrobial toxins or microbe.


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Fever & Rash

Macule (flat, color change) papule

(raised5mm), nodule,

(round >5mm) vesicle(5mm),petechial rash

Chicken pox, measles, viral disease,

Dengue fever, SLE

Drug rash


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Cough

Common cold, URTI, Sinusitis,

Pneumonia, acute bronchitis, chronic

bronchitis, tuberculosis


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Chest pain

Pneumonia

Pleuritis, Pleural effusion

Lung abscess


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Pain abdomen

Liver abscess

Pyelo nephritis

Appendicitis peritonitis

Gynecological infections


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Management

Confirming the Diagnosis &

Treatment

Diagnosis:

1 Clinical History (symptoms)

2 Examination

3 Lab investigations


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Lab investigatations

CBC,ESR

Peripheral smear:MP,filaria

Isolation of microbe- microscopic examinationmicroscopic examination of

sputum, urine, stool or other body fluids likeCSF, pleural or peritoneal fluid

Culture of blood or any other body fluid

Antibody detection: widal test, IgG, IgMantibodies for mycobacteria,Hepatitis TORCH


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Radiology: X-ray, ultrasound,CT scan


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Diseases due to Bacteria

Streptococus-Beta hemolytic,pneumone

Staphylococus

Nisseria Meningococus,N.Gonorrhoeae

Vibrio cholera

Diptheria

Tetanus-chlostridium tetni

Chronic-Tuberculous, Syphilis,Leprosy


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Gram Positive Bacteria

Streptococcal Infection- Beta hemolytic Pharyngitis -RHD

Skin infection-AGN

Pneumococal Infection-Streptococcalpneumonniae

Staphylococcus aureus- skin,soft tissue ,boneinfection


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Anaerobic Bacteria

Gram positive rods

Clostridium Myonecrosis- Gas gangrene

Clostridium Tetani Clostridium Botulism-canned or smoked

food


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Presumptive infection due to anaerobic bacteria.

1. Most of the organisms colonizing mucosal sites are harmless commensals; very few causedisease.

2. For anaerobes to cause tissue infection, they must spread beyond the normal mucosal barriers.

3. Conditions favoring the propagation of these bacteria, particularly a lowered oxidation-reductionpotential, are necessary. These conditions exist at sites of trauma, tissue destruction, compromisedvascular supply, and complications of preexisting infection, which produce necrosis.

4. There is a complex array of infecting flora. For example, as many as 12 different types oforganisms can be isolated from a suppurative site.

5. Anaerobic organisms tend to be found in abscess cavities or in necrotic tissue. The failure of anabscess to yield organisms on routine culture is a clue that the abscess is likely to contain anaerobicbacteria. Often smears of this "sterile pus" are found to be teeming with bacteria when Gram's stainis applied. Malodorous pus suggests anaerobic infection. Although some facultative organisms, suchas Staphylococcus aureus, are also capable of causing abscesses, abscesses in organs or deeperbody tissues should call to mind anaerobic infection.

6. Gas is found in many anaerobic infections of deep tissues.

7. Some species (the best example being the B. fragilis group) require specific therapy. However,many synergistic infections can be cured with antibiotics directed at some but not all of the organismsinvolved. Antibiotic therapy, combined with debridement and drainage, disrupts the interdependentrelationship among the bacteria, and some species that are resistant to the antibiotic do not survivewithout the coinfecting organisms.

8. Manifestations of disseminated intravascular coagulation are unusual in patients with purelyanaerobic infection


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Gram Negative Bacteria

Bordetella Pertussis( whooping cough)

Neisseria Meningitidis,N.Gonorrhoeae

Salmonella Typhi,paratyphi Shigella dysentry

Vibrio Cholerae


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Acid Fast Bacilli

Myco. tuberculosis

Myco.Leprae


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Infestation

This term is used for ectoparasites like

arthropods lice, flea,maggots or worm


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Viral Diseases

Measles

Rubella-German measles- fetus abnormal

Mumps

Chickenpox

Polio

Influenza encephalitis


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Protozoa

Malaria

Amoeba-EH, Giardia

Sleeping sickness: Trypanosomiasis Leishmaniasis-Kala Azar

Helminthiasis-pin worm, hook worm, round

worm, tape worm, hydatid cyst


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Chlamydia

Chlamydia pneumoniae atypical

pneumonia

LGV

Psittacosis

Trachoma


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Rickettsiae

Rickettsiae are intermediate between

virus & bacteria & require living cells for

their multiplication.

Lice, flea borne

1. Typhus fever

2. Scrub typhus3. Rocky mountain spotted fever

4. Q fever


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Helminthes

Tape worm-Taenia solium,T.Sagginata

Eccinococus granulosus Hydatid cyst

Ascariasis Hookworm-Ankylostoma duodenale

Wucheria Bancrofti-Filariasis


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STD

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Diseases Due to Infection