DISEASE, WAR, AND SCHISM EUROPE IN CRISIS. EUROPE IN CRISIS: DISEASE The Bubonic Plague Known as the...
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DISEASE, WAR, AND SCHISM EUROPE IN CRISIS
DISEASE, WAR, AND SCHISM EUROPE IN CRISIS. EUROPE IN CRISIS: DISEASE The Bubonic Plague Known as the Black Death only from 1346-1353 in Europe. Enzootic
EUROPE IN CRISIS: DISEASE The Bubonic Plague Known as the Black
Death only from 1346-1353 in Europe. Enzootic Meaning it was
contracted by humans from animals. Where did it come from?
Originated in Asia Probably China First outbreak is seen around
Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan in 1338 How was it spread? By the old
Silk Road, both via land routes and sea routes
Slide 3
EUROPE IN CRISIS: DISEASE
Slide 4
Slide 5
First Signs of a Pandemic Crops up in the Byzantine Empire in
the 6 th & 7 th centuries. Known as the Plague of Justinian
Wipes out possibly 40% of the population of Constantinople. Why do
you think it took so long for the plague to become a world wide
pandemic? Do you think Europe was more susceptible to the plague
than other parts of the world? Why?
Slide 6
EUROPE IN CRISIS: DISEASE A Weak Europe is Easy Prey for the
Plague 1.A warming trend comes to a close in the North Atlantic
region (950-1250 c.e.) 2.A little ice age begins (1350-1850 c.e.)
3.Higher fertility rates (5 per woman) 1.Less food 2.More people
---- Which leads to what? 4.Heavy rains begin to hit Europe by the
fall of 1314 1.Cold and wet winters make harvests worse. 2.Seven
year famine results The Great Famine What problems do you foresee
arising from a shifting climate? 1.Lower yield harvests 2.New heavy
plow and three-field system werent as effective in the north harder
clay soil.
Slide 7
EUROPE IN CRISIS: DISEASE How It Spread Oct. 1347 it reaches
Sicily, brought by ships coming from Genoa. Outbreak in Pisa that
spread through Northern Italy. A ship expelled from Italy reached
Marseille, France in Jan 1348. After France it hit Spain, Portugal,
and England by June 1348. It spread east through Scandinavia and
Germany by 1350.
Slide 8
EUROPE IN CRISIS: DISEASE
Slide 9
DANSE MACABRE THE DANCE OF DEATH 1.Ankle length over- coat.
2.Bird like beak mask. 3.Gloves, boots, brimmed hat, cloak.
Slide 10
DANSE MACABRE THE DANCE OF DEATH Michael Wolgemut
Slide 11
DANSE MACABRE THE DANCE OF DEATH Bernt NokteSt. Nicholas
Church, Estonia
Slide 12
EUROPE IN CRISIS: DISEASE Consequences of the Black Death in
Europe Better sanitation Pistoia (city in Tuscany), decreed that
butchers and sellers of meat cant stable horses or allow any mud or
dung inside a shop where meat is sold. Religious fundamentalism
whipping in order to placate god. Persecutions against Jews Art the
Dance of Death Rise in the standard of living Rise in education new
universities founded
Slide 13
EUROPE IN CRISIS: WAR 100 Years War (1337-1453) Between England
and France Since the Norman invasion of England, the king claimed
land on the continent. Conflict began over an area in southwestern
France, Bordeaux. Philip VI (France) declared the territory his
Edward III (England) declared himself king of France.
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Slide 15
EUROPE IN CRISIS: WAR England dominated the first three phases.
The Kingdom of Burgundy was created that allied itself with England
for a time. Fourth Phase and a turnaround for the French. 1429,
Joan shows up at the royal court in full armor, riding a horse, and
followed by a small army. She fights and wins the Battle of Orleans
convincing the French crown (Charles VII) she is sent from
God.
Slide 16
EUROPE IN CRISIS: SCHISM Background By 1300 the papacy had
reached its zenith. 1290: Both England and France taxed landed
estates and bishoprics (secular area of land ruled by a clerical
office). Pope Boniface VIII (1302) says no taxation of the clergy
by civil rulers. Issues papal bull, Unam Sanctum outside the Roman
church there is no salvation, all human creatures are subject to
the Roman pontiff. Philip sends (France) sends troops to arrest
Boniface. Boniface died soon after and French influence elects a
pope that is more subservient to France.
Slide 17
AVIGNON, FRANCE
Slide 18
EUROPE IN CRISIS: SCHISM The Great Schism The papacy briefly
returns to Rome in 1378. Cardinals elect Pope Urban VI, but regret
it soon after. They retreat to Anagni and elect a second pope,
Clement VII (antipope: one who is opposition to the accepted pope
but with a significant claim to that authority). Clement VII moves
his papacy back to Avignon.
Slide 19
CONSOLIDATING POWER: NATION BUILDING 1340-1492 1.North and
Eastern Europe form loose alliances 2.The Swiss form a
confederation 3.Italy goes from small city-states to five major
powers 4.Spain unifies and centralizes under a monarchy 5.France
and England strengthen their central govts. How did the monarchs
and republics of the 15 th century use their newly consolidated
powers?
Slide 20
CONSOLIDATING POWER: NATION BUILDING Hanseatic League ( Hanse
means guild) Mainly north German cities (in the Holy Roman Empire).
Came together to protect mutual interests Trade Defense The League
linked the Baltic Coast with Russia, Norway, England, and some
cities in Italy Usually threatened with war from Norway and
Denmark. They shared common armies during times of crisis
Slide 21
THE HANSEATIC LEAGUE (13 TH - 17 TH C.)
Slide 22
Slide 23
POLAND-LITHUANIA Poland Only part of Europe that expanded
demographically during the 14 th cent. Large population of Jewish
migrants German settlers and Jewish immigrants built flourishing
towns like Cracow. Lithuania One of the last holdouts against
Christianity in Europe. Expansion into Russia caused influences of
both Orthodox and Catholic Christianity. A Lithuanian king united
with Poland after marrying a Polish queen. The king received a
Catholic baptism in 1386 and converted the region to
Christianity.
Slide 24
POLAND-LITHUANIA
Slide 25
FRANCE (15 TH CENTURY)
Slide 26
1.Before Louis XI (Valois Family) French kings usually only
controlled the lands around Paris 2. Burgundy emerged from the 100
Years War agriculturally and economically more power than France.
Although part of the French royal house, they acted autonomously
acquiring land and building their own armies. 3.Duke of Burgundy
dies in 1477, Louis XI ceases Burgundy land and consolidates it
into greater France. By end of 15 th c. France doubles its size and
looks more like the modern day French state.
Slide 27
SPAIN (MID-15 TH CENT.)
Slide 28
1.Mid-15 th cent. Iberian Peninsula was divided into distinct
kingdoms. Castile, Aragon, Granada, Navarre, Portugal All were
Christian except Granada, which had been a Muslim stronghold for
many years. Muslim strength began to weaken by the 11 th century
Christian kingdoms launched attacks throughout known as the
Reconquista. 2.In this atmosphere, Isabella of Castile married
Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469. Opposition from nobles caused a decade
long civil war, the royal houses emerged victorious and named a new
Kingdom of Spain.
Slide 29
SPAIN (MID-15 TH CENT.) The New Spain 1.The new monarchs
reduced the power of the nobility by appointing hidalgos Lesser
aristocrats who owe their positions to the state. 2.Ferdinand and
Isabella began extending Christianity over the whole peninsula. 3.
Turn to driving out Muslims in southern Castile and Granada.
Stimulates religious fervor, and inspires loyalty to the king and
queen. Pope grants them the right to appoint bishops and abbots.
Also they are granted the right to establish their own
Inquisition.
Slide 30
SPAIN (MID-15 TH CENT.) The New Spain (Inquisition) 1.1492:
Last Muslim stronghold falls in Granada. 2.1493: All Jews are
expelled from Spain About 150,000 people given 4 months to leave.
3.1502: All Muslims how had not converted are expelled
4.Persecution of all heretics fosters religious unity that
strengthens centralization.
Slide 31
ENGLAND (15 TH CENTURY) 1.After 100 Years War England goes
through a civil war. War of the Roses (1455-1485) : between rival
factions of the royal family for power. House of Lancaster (Red
Rose) vs. House of York (White Rose) Compromise was reached in 1485
when a new royal house emerged after a marriage between the two
warring families The Tudors. Henry VII ruled as the first Tudor
king in a dynasty that would dominate England through the 16 th
century. Set up Court of Star Chamber that allowed him to further
his power Confiscated noble lands and fortunes to a point where he
didnt need Parliament for financial support.
Slide 32
SWISS CONFEDERATION 1.Switzerland is made up of semi-autonimous
provinces or cantons. Each one is under the rubric of the federal
state of Switzerland. 2.Much like the Hanseatic League, the cantons
organized in order to maintain separation from the Holy Roman
Empire. 3.Dominated by wealthy merchants and tradesmen. These were
able to supplant the nobility by the 15 th cent. 4.Rural
communities gain some political importance no king, duke, or count
ever came to rule the confederation. Swiss foot soldiers would act
as mercenaries for kings throughout the rest of Europe.
Slide 33
SWISS CONFEDERATION
Slide 34
ITALY 1.Milan 2.Venice 3.Florence 4.Naples 5.Papal States A
loose alliance is constructed in 1454 between Milan, Naples, and
Florence Treaty of Lodi Only a few years before Milan and Naples
begin to feud This allowed an expanding France ( Charles VIII ) to
cross the alps and invade Milan, then Naples. Florence, Rome, and
Naples fold, but Pope Leo X calls Spain and the HRE to defend
Italy. Italy becomes a battle ground in Europe, particularly b/t
the Valois (France) and the Habsburgs (HRE).
Slide 35
ITALY (15 TH CENTURY)
Slide 36
IN CONCLUSION (1340-1492) 1.100 Years War (1337) 2.Black Death
(1346) 3.Schism in the Church (Avignon & Rome) 4.Uprisings in
the countryside 5.Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople (1453)
6.Renaissance spreads out from Italy Rulers use the new arts to
glorify themselves 7.Spain is unified by marriage, along with
Poland- Lithuania. 8.The Swiss Confederation becomes a permanent
entity.