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Discrimination, Industrialization& Culture Life During the Gilded Age
Bessemer Process Bessemer Process- involved injecting
air into molten iron to remove carbon & other impurities
Used to produce 90% of nation’s steel Railroads biggest customers for steel Steel changed nation; made innovative
construction possible
Monopolies Vertical Integration: buying out
supplies in order to control an industry (Carnegie) i.e. coal fields, iron mines, railroad lines
Horizontal Integration: buying out competitors to control an industry (Rockefeller)
New Technologies Printing- literacy rate rose, huge
quantities of cheap paper, cheap to buy newspapers
Airplanes- advance in transportation Orville & Wilbur Wright
Photography-made more flexible & portable Kodak camera
Voting Restrictions Denied legal equality to African
Americans Literacy Test Poll tax- annual tax that had to be paid
before qualifying to vote Grandfather clause- man is entitled to
vote if he, his father, or grandfather had been eligible to vote
Jim Crow Laws Racial segregation laws to separate
whites and blacks in public and private facilities
Schools, hospitals, parks, transportation systems
Plessy v. Ferguson Separation of races in public
accommodations was legal and did not violate the 14th amendment
Separate but equal Legalized racial segregation for 60 years
Race Relations Between 1882 and 1892, more than
1400 African Americans were shot, burned or hanged without trial
Many blacks migrated north in search of better-paying jobs & social equality
Discrimination also in the North
Discrimination in the West Mexican workers hired to work on
railroads Worked for less money than other ethnic
groups Chinese immigrants pushed into
segregated schools & neighborhoods
Reformers Mobilize Social Gospel Movement- preached
salvation through service to the poor Settlement Houses- community centers
in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area (esp. immigrants) Middle class, college-educated women ran
Jane Addams- founded the Hull House
Social Darwinism Charles Darwin’s biological theories
used to explain evolution of human society
Some individuals of a species flourish while others do not
Less suited individuals are weeded out Riches are a sign of god’s favor; poor
must be lazy or inferior Used as justification for millionaires
Dawn of Mass Culture Rise of consumer culture Whites had leisure time for recreational
activities Amusement parks Bicycling and tennis Spectator sports Baseball
Spread of Mass Culture Newspapers
Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst
Fine Arts Ashcan School
Popular Fiction
New Ways to Sell Goods Urban Shopping- first shopping center opens Department Stores chain stores
Woolworth’s Explosion in advertising
Modern consumerism Catalogs
Montgomery Ward & Sears Rural Free Delivery- system that brought
packages directly to every home Music spread by NYC’s Tin Pan Alley