Discovery of the Island of Stability for Super Heavy Elements · 2017-06-20 · Genuine D.I.Mendeleev’s Table Dmitri Mendeleev 1869 63 elements were already know by that time Yuri

IPAC’17 May19, 2017. Copenhagen, Denmark

Yuri OGANESSIANFlerov Laboratory of Nuclear ReactionsJoint Institute for Nuclear Research

Discovery of the Island of Stabilityfor Super Heavy Elements

The Eighth International Particle Accelerator Conference

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark

For more than 22 centuries

From Democritus (460 - 371 BC...)to Dalton (1766 - 1844)

it was assumed that the objects around us aremade up of tiny indivisible particles - atomsinteracting with each other.

In 1808

36 elements were known only

Genuine D.I.Mendeleev’s Table

Dmitri Mendeleev 1869

63 elements were already know by that time



electrons

Z

Planetary model of atom

nucleus

86 elements were already known by that time

Ernest RutherfordMarch7, 1911


George Gamow 1928

In attempts to describe theproperties of nuclear matter,George Gamow made a daringassumption that atomic nucleusmay be similar to a drop ofpositively charged liquid.

In fact, the density of nuclear liquid is 1015 times more than that of water

Charged Liquid Drop Model of the atomic nucleus.

G. Gamow, 1928.


We will be discussing today the problem of synthesis and properties of extremely heavy nuclei to get answers to questions about:

• How big the nuclei can be?

• What of proton and neutron number they may have?

• Where is the mass limit of the nuclei?

• How many chemical elements can be and what are their properties?


0

5

10

92U

Pote

ntia

l ene

rgy

(MeV

)

Nuclear deformation

Nuclear fission

Bf=6 MeV

1939

1016 years (exp.)

K.A. Petrzhak

G.N. Flerov

1940

N. Bohr J.A. Wheeler


Z=

0

5

10

92U

Pote

ntia

l ene

rgy

(MeV

)

Nuclear deformation

Nuclear fission

Bf=6 MeV

10-19 s

Z≥100

Bf=0

1939

1016 years (exp.)

K.A. Petrzhak

G.N. Flerov

1940

N. Bohr J.A. Wheeler


Z=

110

120

100

90

80

70170

neutron number

prot

on n

umbe

r

180 190110 120 130 140 150 160

92U / Tα = 4.5·109 y

Chart of nuclidesChart of nuclides

82Pb / stable

Bi

Th

102No / Tα ≈ 2 s

about 50 years ago…

Macroscopic theory (Liquid Drop Model)

The nuclei are unstable with respect to

spontaneous fission

TSF = 2·10-7 y

TSF = 1016 y


-20

UTh

PuCm

CfFm

20

10

-10

0.80

neutron capture

0.85Fissility x = (Z /A) / (Z /A)2 2

cr

LogT

/sS

F

0.90

0

LD

102

HI-fusion

104

10 s-14


-20

UTh

PuCm

CfFm

20

10

-10

0.80

neutron capture

0.85Fissility x = (Z /A) / (Z /A)2 2

cr

LogT

/sS

F

0.90

0

LD

102

HI-fusion

104

33 SF-isomers

U

mfPu

mf Cm

Am

1030

Discovery SF isomersJINR, Dubna, 1962


Shells and

magic numbers

neutrons

prot

ons

?

Shell and magic numbers

2820

82

20

20

28

50 50

50

82

Z=82126

28

E. Wigner/ M. Goeppert-Mayer /H. JensenNobel Prize 1963

22

88

NEW SHELLS

Among them 9 nuclei are doubly magic

About 3000 nuclei are known today

208Pb

132Sn

48Ca16O

70Ni40Ca

56Ni

100Sn

4He


Num

ber o

f pro

tons

Number of protons

Map of the shell corrections (in MeV)to the liquid drop potential energy


208Pb

298114

02

Nuclear deforma on

Ground state

ELD

EShell

ELD+ Eshell

Isomericstate

Nuc

lear

pot

enal

ene

rgy

/ M

eV

0.3

10 y16

10 y22

46

8

6 MeV

Uranium

0-2-4-6-8

-2-4-6-8

86420

Nuclear deforma on

ELD

EShell

ELD+ Eshell

10 s? 91

Super heavy nucleus

0-2-4-6-8

0-2-4-6-8

0-2-4-6-8

10-19 s


Partial Spontaneous Fission Half-Lives

20

10

0

-10

-20

0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95

LogT

/ SF

с

МЖК

Параметр делимости x

114Z=112 116

R. Smolańczuk, Phys. Rev. C 56 (1997) 812

Parameter of fissility x

LDM

SHE

Log

T SF/ s

econ

ds


Island of Stability

shoal

peninsula

continent

New landsNew lands

Neutron number

Prot

on n

umbe

r

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190

120

110

100

90

80

70

Island ofStability

Shoal

Microscopic theory

Peninsula

ContinentSea of Instability

Half-lives-5 0 5 10 15 LogT1/2 s

1μs 1s 1h d 1Myear

Los Alamos (USA)

Berkeley (USA)

Dubna (JINR)

Oak Ridge (USA)

Mainz (Germany)

Darmstadt (Germany)

Orsay (France)

Würenlingen (Switzerland)

Tokyo (Japan) some later

15-year long assault on the “Islands of Stability”

1970-1985

Experimenters rushed to find this island

To find the method of producing/detecting of superheavy elementsSearch in nature: earth/lunar objects, cosmic rays,

artificial synthesis of superheavy elements

Use and develop a setup for synthesizing SHEHigh-flux reactor, even nuclear explosion, powerful

accelerator of heavy ions,

To develop setups and detectors for separating and registering the rarest events of formation and decay of superheavy nuclei

separator/detector, spectrometer, chemical methods, etc.

To have much patienceTo work for many years, being ready to rearrange on the way and improve

the experimental technique

The task was:


To find the method of producing/detecting of superheavy elementsSearch in nature: earth/lunar objects, cosmic rays,

artificial synthesis of superheavy elements

Use and develop a setup for synthesizing SHEHigh-flux reactor, even nuclear explosion, powerful

accelerator of heavy ions,

To develop setups and detectors for separating and registering the rarest events of formation and decay of superheavy nuclei

separator/detector, spectrometer, chemical methods, etc.

To have much patienceTo work for many years, being ready to rearrange on the way and improve

the experimental technique

The task was:


108

162

114

90

142126 146 184

Th U NWN NE

SW

WPb

Pu

peninsulacontinent

shoal of deformed

nuclei

island of stability

of superheavy nuclei

neutron number

prot

on n

umbe

r

Reactions of synthesis


108

162

114

90

142126 146 184

Th U NWN NE

SW

WPb

Pu

peninsulacontinent

shoal of deformed

nuclei

island of stability


neutron number

prot

on n

umbe

r

Reactions of synthesis

Light ions

Neutron capture

Cold fusion

target from the

“continent”

Nh


108

162

114

90

142126 146 184

Th U NWN NE

SW

WPb

Pu

peninsulacontinent

shoal of deformed

nuclei

island of stability


neutron number

prot

on n

umbe

rOur new approach greatly complicates the experiment

Act.+48Ca

target from“peninsula”


to separatorPu244

Ca48from

accelerator

projectiles

target

rare and veryexpensive isotope of Ca

artificial element from flux nuclear reactor


to separatorPu244Ca48from

accelerator

projectiles

target




to separatorPu244Ca48

Fl292from

accelerator

projectiles

target




to separator

n

n

Pu244Ca48

Fl292from

accelerator

projectiles

target




to separator

n

n

Pu244Ca48

Fl292

Fl288from

accelerator

projectiles

target




to separator

n

n

Pu244Ca48

Fl292

Fl288from

accelerator

projectiles

target




Experiments on the synthesis of SHE with 48Ca-beam at FLNR (JINR)

1977- 1979FLNR JINR

1985

GSI, Darmstadt, Germany*LBL, UC Berkeley, CAUniv. of Mainz, GermanyLANL, Los Alamos, NMEIR, Würenlingen,

Switzerland

Experiments on the synthesis of Z=116 nuclei in the reaction 248Cm+48Ca

1977- 1979FLNR, JINR


The Great Depression Period

1985

GSI, Darmstadt, Germany*LBL, UC Berkeley, USAUniv. of Mainz, GermanyLANL, Los Alamos, USAPSI, Villigen, Switzerland

Experiments on the synthesis of SHE in 48Ca induced reaction

1977- 1979FLNR JINR

1999FLNR / LLNL


After the Great Depression

184

248Cm + 48Ca →

244Pu + 48Ca →

Z=116

114

112

110170 μs

0.7 ms

114

11s

0.5 min

2.5 s

0.06 s

1999 - 2000


10.85(7) MeV8.3 ms

10.21(4) MeV0.12 s

0.91 ms

10.74(7) MeV

10.03(2) MeV0.48 s

9.53(2) MeV

9.71(2) MeV0.21 s

9.31(2) MeV0.20 s

+3.5-1.9

+0.04-0.02

+0.33-0.19

19 ms-6

+0.14-0.09

4.2 s+1.1-0.7

+0.04-0.04

+0.18-0.06

118

Lv

Fl

Cn

Ds

294

293

289

285

281

10.56(2) MeV

9.84(2) MeV

9.19(2) MeV

12.7 s

10.63(2) MeV+43-17

1.9 s+0.7-0.4

28 s+9-6

+4.0-2.5

+7-4

9.93(2) MeV0.66 s+0.14

-0.10

98 ms+20-14

Lv

Fl

Cn

292

288

284

Lv

Fl

Cn

Ds

291

287

283

279

Hs275

Rf267

8.54(8) MeV1.6 min

1.3 h

+1.5-0.5

+2.3-0.5

Sg271

Lv

Cn

290

282

11.66(6) MeV0.69 ms+0.64

-0.22

286Fl

9.33(6), 8.94(7) MeV

9.48(8) MeV

10.30(4) MeV

10.55(4) MeV4.1 ms

9.53(4) MeV0.76 s

0.15 s+0.14-0.05

0.13 s+0.12-0.04

+3.7-1.3

+0.71-0.24

Fl

Cn

Ds

285

281

277

Hs273

Rf265

8.50(6) MeV3.1 min

1.0 min

+3.7-1.1

+1.2-0.3

Sg269

Hs277

8.73(3) MeV

3 ms+15-1

10.50(2) MeV

10.41(5) MeVFl

284

-0.8

Summary decay properties of the isotopes of elements 112, 114, 116 and 118 observed in 238U, 240,242, 244Pu, 245, 248Cm and 249Cf + 48Ca reactions

Yu Ts Oganessian and V K Utyonkov,Rep. Prog. Phys. 78 (2015) 036301

2015


12.0

11.0

10.0

110112

Z-even

Theory:

114

116

118

108

106

9.0

8.0

7.0260 270 280 2 09 300

Atomic mass number

Alp

ha d

ecay

ene

rgy

(MeV

) Alpha - decay

Theory I. Muntian, Z. Patyk, and A. SobiczewskiPhys. At. Nucl. 66, (2003)Z-even

12.0

11.0

10.0

110112

Z-even

Theory:

114

116

118

108

106

9.0

8.0

7.0260 270 280 2 09 300

Atomic mass number

Alp

ha d

ecay

ene

rgy

(MeV

) Alpha - decay

Theory I. Muntian, Z. Patyk, and A. SobiczewskiPhys. At. Nucl. 66, (2003)Z-even

Z-evenExp:Exp.

Z-even

-6

-8

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Z=112

104

106

108

112

114

114

Z=98

100

102

N=152

N 6=1 2

Th. N 84=1Lo

g T

(s)

SF

HsCnFl

SgRfCf-No

155 160 165 170 175 180 185155 160 165 170 175 180 185Neutron number

145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185

Spontaneous fission

SHN

even-even isotopes

SF critical zone

R. Smolańczuk, PR. C 56 (1997) 812


100

110

120

160 170 180Neutron number N

Prot

on n

umbe

r Z

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Bf (MeV)

Rf

160155 165 170 175 180 185 190Neutron number

SHN

Sg

Hs

Ds

Cn

10-32

10-34

10-36

10-38

4n –

cros

s sec

tions

(cm

2 )

10-37

10-35

10-33

P. Moller et al., PR., C79, 064304 (2009)

cold fusion

208Pb, 209Bi + 50Ti,……70ZnEx = 12 - 15 MeV

х = 1

112110

106104

113

113

108Fission Barrier

Heights Bf (MeV)

SHEhot fusion

48Ca +238U,……249CfEx = 40 - 45 MeV

х = 4 –5

Lv118

112113 Fl

115 117

108

SHE

48Ca-inducedreactions

Fl

Fl

LvCnHs

Cross sections

Odd-Z Superheavy Nuclei

Synthesis of the Isotopes with Z =113, 115 and 117

Experiments on the synthesisof element 115 in the reaction243Am(48Ca, xn)291−x 115

Yu. Ts. Oganessian et al., PRC 69, 021601(R) (2004)RAPID COMMUNICATIONS


Experiments on the synthesisof element 115 in the reaction243Am(48Ca, xn)291−x 115

Yu. Ts. Oganessian et al., PRC 69, 021601(R) (2004)RAPID COMMUNICATIONS

T1/2=320d


Berkelium -249 at hot cell

In solution


The purified product contained 22.2 мг Bk-249

Yu. O

gane

ssia

n 20

10

50 Ci50 Ci


6 cm2

350 mg/cm2 depositedon the 1.5 μm-Ti foilω = 1700 rev/min

Target

Yu. O

gane

ssia

n 20

10


θR = 00 ± 2.50

ER

TOF

Dubna Gas-Filled Recoil Separator

48Ca-beam5·1012/s

249Bk-target350 μg/cm2

50/s

11.00 MeV45 ms

117

115

113

Rg

Mt

Bh

294

290

286

282

278

274

10.23 MeV

9.56 MeV16 s

9.43 MeV8.1 s

9.14 MeV13 s

8.43 MeV7.4 min

>10 hDb

Adam Sobiczewski, Acta Phys. Pol. B 41, 157 (2010).

ERACN-x EVR

DGFRS

Heavy Ion Accelerator, FLNR


Summary decay properties of the isotopes of elements 113, 115, and 117 observed in 237Np, 243Am and 249Bk + 48Ca reactions

2003-2014

0.52 0.10 s / 4 s

10.63(8) MeV

10.69(8) MeV

10.0(1.1) MeV

8.93(8) MeV

73 ms

4.2 ms

0.44 s

61 s22 min

115

113

Rg

Mt

Bh

Db

288

284

280

276

272

268

115

113

Rg

Mt

Bh

Db

287

283

279

275

271

267

113

Rg

Mt

Bh

282

278

274

270

10.61(5) MeV37 ms

10.23(1) MeV75 ms

10.38(16) MeV0.09 s

10.33(1) MeV20 ms

9.28(7) MeV1.5 s

1.3 h

10.21-10.67 MeV174 ms

9.10-10.11 MeV0.97 s

9.09-10.07 MeV4.2 s

8.52-10.01 MeV

8.55-9.20 MeV10.6 s

28.3 h

9.76(10) MeV

+134-29

+7.5-1.7

+0.81-0.17

+292-28

+105-10

+44-13

+136-30

+0.17-0.04

-7

+2.8-0.6

+1.6-0.5

+22-18

-0.10

+0.6-0.4

+5-1

+1.6-1.1

+3.3-2.6

10.60-11.20 MeV 10.81-11.07 MeV22 ms 51 ms

117

115

113

Rg

Mt

Bh

294

290

286

282

278

274

117

115

113

293

289

285

281

9.78-10.31 MeV

9.61-9.75 MeV9.5 s

8.86-9.05 MeV100 s

9.38-9.55 MeV4.5 s

8.73-8.84 MeV44 s

15 h

10.15-10.54 MeV

+38-16

+490-200

+6.3-2.7

+70-30

+3.5-1.3

-13+10-4

+8-4

+120-80

9.47-10.18 MeV4.2 s+1.4

-0.8

5 ms+9-2

Rg

277Mt

9.28(5) MeV17 s+6

-3

DbDb266

FLNR JINR


A/Z Setup Laboratory Publications

283112 SHIP GSI Darmstadt Eur. Phys. J. A32, 251 (2007)

283112 COLD PSI-FLNR (JINR) NATURE 447, 72 (2007)

286, 287114 BGS LBNL (Berkeley) P.R. Lett. 103, 132502 (2009)

288, 289114

292, 293116

TASCA

SHIP

GSI – Mainz

GSI Darmstadt

P.R. Lett. 104, 252701 (2010)

Eur. Phys. J. A48, 62 (2012)

287, 288115

293, 294117

TASCA

TASCA

GSI – Mainz

GSI – Mainz

P.R. Lett. 111, 112502 (2013)

P.R. Lett. 112, 172501 (2014)

292, 293116 GARIS RIKEN Tokyo Accelerator Progress Rep. (2013)

Discovery of the Heaviest Nuclei with Z=112-117 [Confirmations 2007–2014]


neutrons →

prot

ons

→

-2-2

-3

-3

-6

-5

-5

-7

-4

-4

-4

-14

SHE

U

Pb Bi

Th -2-2

-3

-3

-6

-5

-5

-7

-4

-4

-4

-14

120 130 160140 170150 18080

90

100

110

120

190

SHE

U

No

Pb Bi

Th

249Cf + 48Ca

249Bk + 48CaT1/2 = 50 ms

T1/2 = 0.7 ms

2004

2010


With Z >40% larger than that of Bi, we see an impressive extension in nuclear survivability.

Although SHN are at the limits of Coulomb stability, • shell stabilization lowers ground-state energy,

• creates a fission barrier,

• and thereby enables SHN to exist. . The fundamentals of the modern theory

concerning the mass limits of nuclear matter

have obtained experimental verification

Super Heavy Atoms

Chemistry of the SHE

1

23456789

678

8

1s

2s2p3s3p4s3d4p5s4d5p6s5d6p7s6d7p8s7d8p

9s9p

4f5f6f

5g

L A N T A N I D E S

Table of Elementsот Z=1 до Z=172

Calculated by P. Dirac and V. Fockin non-relativistic approximation

A C T I N I D E S

Relativistic Contraction

SHE

SHE


1

2

3

4

5

6

9

6

7

8

8

1s

2s2p

3s3p

4s3d4p

5s4d5p

6s5d6p

7s6d7p

8s7d8p

9s9p

4f

5f

6f

L A N T A N I D E S

A C T I N I D E S

Periodic Table Z=1-138

113 114 115 116 117 118Fl LvNhFlMs Ts Og

119

Calculated in non-relativistic approximation of Dirac - Fok

Is Element 118 – noble gas?

Completion of the 7-th row

What's next?

SHE

In order to expand the field of research it is necessary first of all to increase the sensitivity of experiments

x100

SHE-Factory

Isotope production:Cm-248Bk-249Cf-251 New accelerator

High beam dose of : Ca-48

Ti-50 Ni-64

SC- recoil separator equipped with

Gas Catcher On-line separator

& sophisticatedDetectors

To be increased10 times

Factor 10-20

Depend oftarget durability Factor 3-5

is closely linkedto the intellect

joining of efforts


August 2014, Dubna

Exp. 1

newaccelerator

Exp. 2

Exp. 3



FLNR, JINR (Dubna)

ORNL (Oak-Ridge, USA)

LLNL (Livermore, USA)

ANL (Argonne, USA)

GSI (Darmstadt, Germany)

TAMU Cyclotron Institute (Texas, USA)

GANIL (Caen, France)

RIAR (Dimitrovgrad, Russia)

Vanderbilt University (Nashville, USA)

Knoxville University (Knoxville, USA)

Collaboration

Yu. Oganessian. “Nuclear at the Mass Limit, Discovery of SHN” Seminar on NP of INPh April 4, 2017, MSU, Moscow

Thank you, very much!

Documents

Discovery of the Island of Stability for Super Heavy Elements · 2017-06-20 · Genuine D.I.Mendeleev’s Table Dmitri Mendeleev 1869 63 elements were already know by that time Yuri