Discover Discussion Debate - Nuclear Weapons Cut-Off

7/30/2019 Discover Discussion Debate - Nuclear Weapons Cut-Off

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Discovery DiscussionDebateNuclear Arms Cut-off

How many is too many? Do we really need nuclear

arms as a deterrent? Discover the idea. Discuss and

form your opinions. Challenge your opinions through

debate.

Dr. Paul R. Friesen


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Discovery Discussion Debate

Design Dr. Paul R. Friesen 2013 Page 1 of16Original Story copyright of original author

Graphic organizers from MS Office templates

Title:

A cut-off point for nucle ar weapons?

Discover Ideas(Outline)

Discuss the Story

(3 Question Levels)

Create Opinions

Nuclear Weapons
http://tribune.com.pk/story/545745/a-cut-off-point-for-nuclear-weapons/http://tribune.com.pk/story/545745/a-cut-off-point-for-nuclear-weapons/http://tribune.com.pk/story/545745/a-cut-off-point-for-nuclear-weapons/http://tribune.com.pk/story/545745/a-cut-off-point-for-nuclear-weapons/http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?v=250http://tribune.com.pk/story/545745/a-cut-off-point-for-nuclear-weapons/


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Before you start

Look through the idea, front to back.

The ideas in red are just ideas. Students should add to these.

There is an outline page for Discovery.

There are graphic organizer pages for the Discussion and Debate sections.

The reason for the worksheets, at the end of the book, is to help you work

systematically through the material. Worksheets are helpers and can be a distraction

from the rhythm and sequence in your teaching. By putting them at the end they

become support pages versus places to stop, giving a smoother presentation.

DiscoveryIn the beginning of each story you will have a few questions to discover what you

know, or think you know about a story. The Title of the article/ story will be givenand you will be asked to discover the story by asking good questions.

In the second part ofdiscovery you will be asked to find words which you do not

know. Some of these may be highlighted already in bold. Definitions will follow to

help you discover what the writer is talking about.

Discovery will help youform a plan for the discussion and debate.

DiscussionDiscussion is not a debate, though it can quickly become one if there are strong

opposing ideas in the group.

Discussion can be a part of the discovery before you read the story. It may also come

after to discuss the ideas of the story. Sometimes a persons views may change after

reading the article, which is a good way to start a discussion.

Discussion is interaction without a lot of structure. Be careful not to confuse

discussion with argument.Debate is about argument. Discussion is about sharing

your views and interacting with others who want to expand or give a differing

viewpoint.DebateDebate is a structured idea. It means that only one person speaks in turn, and with a

specific point to address. It also has a time limit, so the speaker must be precise in

their argument. In a debate the key is to listen and be prepared to oppose the other

teams ideas. It takes research, a lot of work, and patience.

In the following story we want to begin with discovery ideas. What can you know

from a title, if you dont know about the topic?


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In discovery you will form ideas to create basics ideas for an outline. In discussion

you will ask questions to help you build an outline for your viewpoint. In debate you

will separate the outline into two sections, for and against. At each stage you will be

able to use what you have learned before, to expand on your ideas and understand

both sides of the issue.


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DiscoveryTitle: A cut-off point for nuclear weapons?

What can you know from the title?

.______________________________________________.______________________________________________.______________________________________________.______________________________________________.______________________________________________

What do I know about this topic?

.__________________________________________.__________________________________________.__________________________________________.__________________________________________

What makes me nervous about nuclear weapons?

.__________________________________________.__________________________________________.__________________________________________.__________________________________________

What do you think is a good model for countries to choose when

choosing a deterrent to war?

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________


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.Now read the story..Create an outline of the story / paragraphs..There is a list of words on the side for you to find..After you have found the words, look in the definitions, which

follow the story.

.Discoverthe words you dont know.Nuclear Weapons

A cut-off point for nucle ar weapons?

http://tribune.com.pk/story/545745/a-cut-off-point-for-nuclear-weapons/

By Ejaz Haider The Express Tribune, May 7, 2013

Some days ago, at the Islamabad Literary Festivalyes, literature has finally

reached the MargallasI chanced to sit through a session dubbed Nuclear

Pakistan: An Overview of the Strategic Dimensions. It was a monumental

disappointment.

There was nothing strategic about the session. It wasnt even a poor rehash of an

introductory class on nuclear strategy and the trajectory older nuclear powers took,

and which was found wanting, in almost all its facets.

The first problem always is the old and stale debate between deterrence optimists and

pessimists. Nuclear weapons are good. They secure states. They are a cheaper option.

No, they are bad. They can be stolen. They dont secure anything. The United States

and the Soviet Union lost wars despite nuclear weapons. In the case of Pakistan,

theres greater danger of their falling in the hands of the terrorists, blah,blah.

These are not strategic assertions. These are polemical positions. Like most polemical

positions, they select their own facts and ignore the rest. The fact is that nuclear

weapons are bad, as are all weapons or anything that can be turned into a weapon. But

nuclear weapons can cause mass destruction, unlike most other weapons, regardless of

the fact that conventional gravity bombing killed more civilians in World War II thanthe two atomic bombs dropped over Hiroshima and Nagasaki. And those bombs were

nothing compared to what the nuclear-weapon states possess now.

So, we have a problem and that problem is not just Pakistan-specific. It relates to all

the states that have nuclear arsenals. So, why do we have nuclear weapons? Do they

help in winning wars? No. You do not take a knife to a gunfight and you dont take a

nuclear weapon to an irregular war. A pistol cant perform the function of a sniper

rifle and vice versa. The function of nuclear weapons has then to be placed properly.

If a war does happen, despite nuclear weapons, then the weapons have already failed.

Their only use is to prevent wars. They are not war-fighting weapons. This is why the

concept of tactical nuclear weapons is bollocks. The United States, during the Bush
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era, had begun talking about forward deterrence, which meant using tiny yields in

areas of actual fighting. It was and remains a stupid theory not only because it strikes

a blow to the normative standard that a nuclear-weapon state will never use nuclear

weapons against a non-nuclear one, but because such use is useless even

operationally. Laying an area waste can be good revenge but it doesnt translate into a

strategic victory.

Deterrence is the primary and only function of nuclear weapons. And in that, the best

mode is counter-value targeting. Adversaries know that both or all can kill millions in

a city and, therefore, none will come to blows. One speaker at the session advised

Pakistan to have offensive deterrence and talked about counter-force targeting and

TNWs. It surprises me that some of us are still flaunting ideas that have been debated

and buried in the West. Counter-force targeting relied on the argument that nuclear

weapons could actually be used against enemy forces selectively, which would

pressure the enemy into showing the same restraint. Developed by Robert McNamara

as a supplement to the broader, three-phased Flexible Response doctrine, this came to

be called the No-Cities doctrine.

Today, no one takes this seriously. Even McNamara offered a mea culpa, much

before his death. In any case, this kind of targeting strategy would demand a

developed and deployed second strike capability. That has immense cost. Also,

counter-force targeting relies on offence rather than defence.

Speakers in Pakistan are also fond of citing the stability-instability paradox, another

concept that has no physical and psychological space in the context of South Asia.

The paradox relied on the fact that the Centre will hold (Germany, which was to be

the main battle ground) while the periphery can remain unstable. In other words,

while the rest of the world fights the proxy, ideological wars between the United

States and the Soviet Union, central Europe will remain stable.

How does this work in South Asia? The only argument that proponents can come up

with is that Pakistan and India can fight sub-conventional wars.Kargilis cited as an

example. (Its a bad example but thats another topic.)

After the Kargil conflict, India began its own studies of how to punish Pakistan

without escalating a conflict. Later, after the 2001-02 stand-off fiasco in which India

lost over 700 soldiers without fighting a war with Pakistan and realized it couldnt

gain any advantage, it started developing the Cold Start Doctrine (CSD): combiningthe twin features of fast surgical strikes with forward deployment of self-sustained

Independent Battle Groups (IBGs).

While we make much of CSD, its more a wish than reality. Theres no space for the

famed stability-instability paradox in South Asia except to keep conferences alive.

Neither sub-conventional war nor surgical strikes is a strategic option. Neither can, if

at all, go beyond tactical gains that can only accumulate strategic losses.

Quite apart from our inability to develop a doctrine for the placement of nuclear

capability as one component of state policy, which essentially means we dont know

what the hell to do with them apart from arguing for them in and through dead
http://tribune.com.pk/story/502956/kargil-redux/http://tribune.com.pk/story/502956/kargil-redux/http://tribune.com.pk/story/502956/kargil-redux/http://tribune.com.pk/story/502956/kargil-redux/


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theories, we have also shown an utter lack of thought apropos of the changing nature

of war itself.

Cyber-war is a reality. It means the keyboard and the internet. It means the issue of

safety and security of nuclear weapons is not just about someone stealing a weapon or

nuclear materials or even attacking a facility. Those possibilities are largely pass.The new threat is someone getting into the command and control systems. Thats the

new game. I am not sure weor any of the nuclear-weapon statesare prepared

for that. Nothing can be foolproof. As someone said, for every proof theres always a

fool. Theres also the issue of technologies that can neutralize the adversary from the

air, even from space.

Finally, as Charles Perrow noted in his seminal work, accidents and incidents are

inevitable in high risk technologies. And disasters are not just man-made. They can

also be natural. Fukushima is a good example.

The idea should be to debate these issues objectively and without acting aspolemicists. Nuclear weapons were important and will remain so for some time to

come. But is there a cut-off point for that?

Vocabulary Check

Find the colored words. Write a definition you can discover from the story if

possible.

__________

1. ________________________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________

__________

3. ______________________________________________________

__________

4. ______________________________________________________

__________

5. ______________________________________________________

__________

6. ______________________________________________________

__________7. ______________________________________________________

__________

8. ______________________________________________________

__________

9. ______________________________________________________

___________

10. ______________________________________________________

__________

11. ______________________________________________________

__________

12. ______________________________________________________

__________
http://books.google.com.pk/books/about/Normal_Accidents.html?id=VC5hYoMw4N0C&redir_esc=yhttp://books.google.com.pk/books/about/Normal_Accidents.html?id=VC5hYoMw4N0C&redir_esc=y


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13. ______________________________________________________

__________

14. ______________________________________________________

__________

15. ______________________________________________________

__________16. ______________________________________________________

__________

17. ______________________________________________________

__________

18. ______________________________________________________

__________

19. ______________________________________________________

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20. ______________________________________________________

__________

21. ________________________________________________________________

22. ______________________________________________________

DiscoveryWhat do I know about this topic?

List at least four (4) different ideas you have found in this story..__________________________________________.__________________________________________.__________________________________________.__________________________________________

Use them when you make your outline.


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Discussion

Level I

.Are nuclear weapons good/bad? Explain..Why does a country want/need nuclear weapons?.Should there be a group of countries that controls all the nuclear weapons?Level II

.What are some good ways to turn nuclear weapons into peaceful ideas?.Would you feel more comfortable if your country had nuclear weapons?.Would you feel comfortable if all nations had nuclear weapons?.Is the choice was to go to war or push a button to destroy the enemy, which would

you choose? Explain.

Level III

.Do you think your country should have/pursue nuclear weapons research?.What role does democracy play in control of nuclear arms?. Are nuclear arms the worst deterrent a country can have?

You now have everything you need to fill out your outline. Look at your answers, underDiscussion, andfill it outto reflect the

new ideas.

These new ideas will help you form your debate ideas better.


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In debate you will have a statement not a question. You have to react to the statement

with facts, not opinions.

Discussions are based a lot on opinions and answer questions. This is wherethese two ideas, though similar, are different.

Debate is about facts and statements. When you make a statement, from a story,you must consider what the core

issue is. If you have made a good outline, you will have this already

discovered.

This story is from ________. The core issue could be; (one word)

________________________________________

In todays world the topics could range from;

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

These are all good argument that you would want to research for your argument, or

write in your essay. Build the argument starting from Why? Once you have

determined the Why? you can find facts to support your idea.

All countries should have nuclear weapons. Equality is less threatening.Nuclear weapons are a cheap alternative to a big army. We should have many.Nuclear weapons take too much money, and may never be used. We should

get rid of them.

Before you startchoose one of the above statements to focus on. Choose afor or against position.

Research to find FACTS for your position. List the facts.


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Write out your argument in a long paragraph format. Include the oppositeposition in your writing.

You need to write out both sides so you can understand theother sides argument.

Discovery OutlineMain topic ________________________

Find one(1) key ideain each paragraph. (3-5 words)Paragraph 1 ______________________________

Paragraph 2 ______________________________

Paragraph 3 ______________________________

Paragraph 4 ______________________________

Paragraph 5 ______________________________

Write two thingsabout the main paragraph idea.Paragraph 1 ______________________________

A. ______________________________

B. ______________________________

Paragraph 2 ______________________________

A. ______________________________

B. ______________________________

Paragraph 3 ______________________________

A. ______________________________

B. ______________________________

Paragraph 4 ______________________________

A. ______________________________B. ______________________________

Paragraph 5 ______________________________

A. ______________________________

B. ______________________________

In the introduction you use the 5 paragraph ideas to communicate the order ofyour argument/ essay.

In the conclusion you repeat what you have said about the points of eachparagraph.


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Graphic Organization ~

Main topic = 5 Paragraph Topics

Main

topic

paragraph 1

________________________________________________

paragraph 2________________________________________________

paragraph 3

________________________________________________

paragraph 4________________________________________________

paragraph 5

________________________________________________


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Discussion Graphic ~ Is this a problem / becoming a problem in todays society?

Answer ~ I think nuclear weapon are (a / becoming a) problem because

Problem /

Nuclear Weapons

Nuclear weapons arethe only and best

deterrent needed toavoid war.

Respond

Respond

All countries shouldhave nuclear weapons.

Respond

Respond

Decomissioning nuclearweapons is necessary,

so we can developnuclear power.

Respond

Respond


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graphic ~ choose one statement from the list

above.

Write it here _____________________________________________

________________________________________________________

To make your argument you should understand that they are connected.

In the next two charts (1) list your argument facts and ideas, (2) show how your

argument connects to both the center point and the other points.

FactsFor Against

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Add more if needed


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graphic ~ choose one statement from the list

above.

Now start the .

As a team choose which points they will speak about.

Each person will listen for the opposite point and create a new

response to what the other person has said.

A: point 1

B: responds to the point and give a new point.

C: responds to B and give a new point.

After all persons have spoken each person can respond to any point given by the

opposite team, or add more points from their team which will need responding to from

the opposite team.

If this -- then

If this -- then

If this -- then

If this -- then

If this -- then

Write your statement position here.________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

______________________________


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G hi i f MS Offi t l t

Dear Teacher/ Student,

After you have finished this please look for more in this series to challenge yourself.

This is only part of a curriculum. It starts with Dr. Roys Everything Grammar.

Dr. Roys Everything Grammar Volumes I and II will develop the skills of story andessay writing, while at the same time building a foundation in grammar. The

repetition of grammar, combined with reason and speaking, culminating in a story or

essay will prepare students for this series.

Going beyond this book is a book to expand the outlines into essays. Good essays are

able to build and defend an argument. Building a structure for debate will springboard

off this skill set.

Dr. Paul R. Friesen

Documents

Discover Discussion Debate - Nuclear Weapons Cut-Off