Disclaimer…Due to the topical nature and content of the forthcoming lecture, today’s presentation will be almost entirely devoid of drum-playing or any other form of hippy-dippy entertainment. In other words, I might actually finish this time. Thank you in advance for understanding.

- Mr. Loavenbruck

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Iraq to VictoryTimeline &

Spectrum of US Foreign Policy (1990–2003)

Timeline of Major Events1990 - Iraq invades Kuwait1991 - Operation Desert Storm1991 - Allied forces liberate Kuwait1991 - UN weapons inspectors enter Iraq1998 - Saddam ousts UN weapons inspectors2003 - US goes to war with Iraq2003 - Bush declares “mission accomplished”

MULTILATERAL

UNILATERAL

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Lecture Objectives…

• What motivated each event’s occurrence?- national interest, cause & effect

• What foreign policy tools were used?- diplomatic, economic, military

• How did US shift from multilateral to unilateral?- global cooperation to global protest

BIG PICTURE• Describe and evaluate the Bush foreign policy in the wake of September 11, 2001.

• What foreign policy tools were used prior to and including military intervention?

• Was Bush’s approach to the war in Iraq justified?

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After the Cold War…• US- übersuperpower

- Bush’s “new world order”- global cooperation- MULTILATERAL- prevent aggression

• UN- increased role in international peace- no more ideological gridlock- redefining security issues & strategies

Background: Iraq• 2nd largest known oil reserves

• diverse ethnic and religious communities

• WWI thru 1968 - political instability

• Ba’ath Party – one party rule

US-Iraqi Relations: Enter the Madman

1979 - Saddam succeeds al-Bakr as president1980 - Saddam invades Iran, oil hungry1984 - US, weary of Iran, reestablish ties w/Iraq1988 - war ends, no more common enemy1990 - Iraq invades Kuwait1991 - Operation Desert Storm

US-Iraqi Relations: Enter the Madman

1979 - Saddam succeeds al-Bakr as president1980 - Saddam invades Iran, oil hungry1984 - US, weary of Iran, reestablish ties w/Iraq1988 - war ends, no more common enemy1990 - Iraq invades Kuwait1991 - Operation Desert Storm

US-Iraqi Relations: Enter the Madman

1979 - Saddam succeeds al-Bakr as president1980 - Saddam invades Iran, oil hungry1984 - US, weary of Iran, reestablish ties w/Iraq1988 - war ends, no more common enemy1990 - Iraq invades Kuwait1991 - Operation Desert Storm

The Gulf WarSaddam’s Motivation:

• post-war debt• blamed and accused Kuwait• “19th Province”

US’s Motivation• Kuwait a US-ally• key oil supplier• backed by UN

International CoalitionMULTILATERAL involvement:

• Aug. ‘90: UN imposed economic sanctions- frozen assets- international embargo

• Nov. ‘90: diplomacy abandoned- deadline set (military threat)- international support

• Jan. ‘91: no more Mr. Nice Guy• Feb. ‘92: Saddam driven from Kuwait

Aftermath• NO invasion of Iraq

“Take mattersinto your hands.”

• uprisings - Kurds - Shia• Saddam cracks down

Decade of Containment

• UN Resolution 687 - Iraqi disarmament - declare/destroy WMDs - UNSCOM inspectors

• no-fly zones

Decade of Containment has Saddam-in-a-Box

Foreign Policy Tools1990-1998

• diplomatic pressure• economic sanctions • military threats• military intervention• economic aid

Saddam Goes AWOL• 1996 - Saddam begins blocking

inspections to certain sites

• 1997 - Saddam disallows U.S.members of inspection team

• 1998 - Clinton: Desert Fox

• 1998 - Saddam ousts UNSCOM

Reason for Concern

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• No inspections

• Uncertainty grows

• U.S. tension rises

The Wake of 9/11• Bush Doctrine

• Multilateral support in War on Terror

• Sympathy for U.S.

The Case for WarJan. 29, 2002 - State of the Union

• painted Iraq as linchpin of AXIS OF EVIL” including Iran, N. Korea, Syria

• making case for ousting Saddam as part of War on Terror

You’re next,France!

The Case for WarRationale:

• megalomaniac!• stockpiles, close to nukes• invaded neighbors• used chemical weapons• defiant AND sneaky

• logical assumptions

He triedto kill my

dad!!!

OPPOSED to War!• allies in UN argue for more inspections• Russia, China, France threaten veto“By shifting from his early focus after 9/11 onwar against terrorism to war against Iraq, the pres. has manifestly disposed of the sympathy,goodwill & solidarity compiled by America &transformed it into a sense of deep misgiving &even hostility.” - Al Gore, 9/23/02

FOR Military Intervention

“The risks of inaction are far greater than therisks of action.”

“What he wants is time & more time to husbandhis resources to invest in his ongoing chemical &biological weapons program, & to gain possessionof nuclear weapons.”

- Dick Cheney, August 2002

“If they do not act,AMERICA WILL!”

Some More Diplomacy11/8/02 - U.N. Resolution 1441 (passed 15-0) • Iraq is in breach of previous resolutions • Saddam must declare all WMDs in 90 days • full cooperation with U.N. inspections • “serious consequences…” if Saddam refuses

• new inspections - led by Hans Blix

Inspections and Intelligence

12/7/02: • Iraq delivers 12,000 page report on WMDs • Blix: “not enough to create confidence…”12/21/02: • CIA: George Tenet makes case for WMDs1/27/03, 2/14/03: • Blix: Iraq not fully complying

“It’s a SLAM DUNK!”

Mounting Tensions• negotiations dragged on for weeks• debate grew increasingly critical

March 2003: • U.S. will invade with or without U.N. support

• SPIRIT of MULTILATERALISM GONE

• Powell wants to give diplomacy more time, but makes Bush’s case to the U.N.

Operation Iraqi FreedomMarch 17, 2003:

• aerial attacks begin on Baghdad

Early April 2003:• “Saddam” toppled

May 1, 2003:• “Mission Accomplished”

In Support of Bush F.P.• Every foreign policy tool, short of an invasion of Iraq, had been exhausted, and has left Saddam clandestine and defiant.

• In the wake of 9/11, the risk of inaction faroutweighed the risk of action.

• The U.S. does NOT need a permission slip to protect it national security. Saddam had to go!

In Opposition of Bush F.P.

• Focusing on Iraq was a diversion from the real threats to our national security.

• Unilateralism will alienate our allies andinstigate our enemies & other potential threats.

• The U.S., in utilizing a policy of preemption, is setting a bad example. The world will see us as a bully, and other powerful nations couldfollow in our footsteps.

Trying Desperately to bethe Cartoon Conga King

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