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Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 1
MESTRADO INTEGRADO DE ENGENHARIA CIVILMESTRADO EM URBANISMO E ORDENAMENTO DO
TERRITÓRIOMESTRADO EM PLANEAMENTO E OPERAÇÃO DE
TRANSPORTESLICENCIATURA EM ENGENHARIA DO TERRITÓRIO
Disciplina: Gestão da Mobilidade UrbanaProf. Responsável: Rosário Macário
Aulas Teóricas
Sessão 13: Logistica urbana
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 2
Surfing …
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 3
Surfing….
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 4
Belo Horizonte - Vagas de carga/descarga delimitadas nas viasBelo Horizonte (Br) (I)
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 5
Cariacica, Brasil
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 6
Signalling in Great Britain
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 7
Night Delivery Barcelona
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 8
Santiago de Chile
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 9
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 10
What have they in common ? A city generates about:
0.1 delivery or pick-up per person per day 1 delivery or pick-up per job per week 300 to 400 truck trips per 1000 people per day, and 30 to 50 tons of goods per person per year.
Urban freight represents 10 to 15% of vehicle equivalent miles travelled in city streets 2% to 5% of the employed urban workforce.
3% to 5% of urban land is devoted to freight transport and logistics.
A city does not only receive goods, but is also a place of shipping: 20 to 25% of all truck-km in urban areas are outgoing freight, 40 to 50% is incoming freight and 25 to 40% is originated from and is delivered within the city
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 11
What can we expect ?
Growing urbanisation (European Union) 75 – 80% of population lives in urban regions. Urban regions will continue to embrace multiple functions:
working living leisure shopping
Need for sustainable development and preservation of quality of life. Major generators of freight flows
Consumption of goods – importation from other regions; Producer of goods – exportation to other regions;
Manly servicing industry (no relevant major industries); Generator of waste.
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 12
Which perceived changes ?
Changes in World Societies and Politics Globalisation, European Construction, MERCOSUL, NAFTA, etc
Progressive reduction of barriers to: trade capital information people
Major technological developments Television, Internet, Mobile phones, etc
Changes in Societies’ culture and way of living Growing intertwine of cultures and fashion Speed-up of life and volatility of desires
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 13
Which perceived changes ahead ?
Changes in World Economics Displacement of factories to cheap-labour countries (Asia, Eastern Europe,
Central and South America, North Africa, etc).
Fragmentation of production Products are no longer manufactured in a single factory but produced in multiple
factories in different locations
Changes in the Logistics and Supply Change Increase of distance between production and consumption points Need to keep and improve quality of service (reliability, timing, flexibility, etc) Emergence of new concepts (Just in Time, Lean Production, etc) Need to ensure the return of (defected) products (reverse logistics) Decrease of load factor Increase of consumption of transport services (increase delivery to customer’s door)
Emerging of new trading schemes E-commerce (by pass of intermediaries, no need for shops) Social Networks (increasing power of buyers)
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 14
What these cities must have in common ?
• Innovation to solve complex problems
• Private initiative with collaborative solutions
• Low public intervention but public policies acting as facilitators for private entrepreneurship and innovation
• High technical standards (incl environmental and energy)
• Integrated approach to land use and urban living: first, last and transit mile
• Tailored path dependent approach (each city has its own evolutionary path)
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 15
Concepts and Definitions (I)
Definition of Logistics (Council of Logistics Management – CLM) It is part of the supply chain process that plans, implements and
controls the efficient and effective flow and storage of goods, services and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption
Definition of Urban Logistics (OCDE, 2003): Distribution of consumer goods (not just retail, but also other sectors
such as manufacturing) in cities and urban areas, including the reverse flow of products considered wasteful (reverse logistics)
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 16
Concepts and Definitions (II)
Definition of Urban Logistics Process of optimization of logistics activities undertaken by public or
private entities in urban areas, considering factors such as traffic, congestion and energy consumption in the economic structure of the market (Taniguchi, 2001)
Urban logistics is the planning, implementation and efficient control of the flow and storage of materials and related information, an urban scale, with all its specificities (Caiado, 2004)
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 17
Agents in Urban Logistics
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 18
Agents in Urban Logistics (II)
Agents - any (private or public) entity with interest in urban logistics activities Producers
Production of the goods Interested in having its goods in the urban region
Wholesale Middle man btw producer and retail store (or final customer) Typically, wholesale buys bulks and sells retail It has warehouses for the temporary storage of goods
producer
retail
wholesale
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 19
Agents in Urban Logistics (III)
Agents - any (private or public) entity with interest in urban logistics activities Transport and Logistic Operators
Actual producers of transport services Multiple transport or logistic operations:
Point-to-point transport; Distribution; Mail and freight integrators;
Retailer Final link in the distribution chain Interaction with final customer, normally in tailored warehouse Multiple dimensions (from small shops to major shopping centres) and
functions (supermarkets, fashion apparel, technologies, book shop, etc).
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 20
Agents in Urban Logistics (IV)
Agents - any (private or public) entity with interest in urban logistics activities Consumer:
End-user of the goods; Typically, acquired the goods at the retails, but there is a Growth of e-Commerce (goods delivered at home) Growing return of products (defect or simply because it not what they
want) and production of waste – reverse logistics Authorities:
Scope: European, National and (mainly) Local; Limited scope for intervention as logistic activity is mainly a private
sector; Key goal is lead companies to internalise the external costs (pollution,
congestion, accidents damage, etc) Taxation, access restriction, technology standards, etc
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 21
Agents in Urban Logistics (V)
Producer Producer
Producer
Producer
Wholesale
Wholesale
Retail
CustomerCustomer
Customer
CarregadorOperador Logístico
Urban Context
Extra – Urban Context
Complex interaction between agents, often embracing hundreds of them
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 22
Physical Elements (I)
Physical elements in urban context Platforms:
Main functions: Temporary storage of goods Reception , handling and consolidation of goods; Support for distribution of goods (in urban regions); Transfer between modes of transport; Other services: labelling, picking, sorting, consulting, etc.
Types: Urban distribution centres Freight villages Industrial or logistical parks Special logistical areas
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 23
Physical Elements (II)
Physical elements in urban context Consumption centres:
Traditional retail:• Specialised shops • Distributed in the city, along the streets (proximity and
neighbourhood)• Face to face on balcony selling• Small and independent shops (family ownership)
“Modern” retail Large shops and shopping centres Selling of multiple products (although, some are specialised) Products on the shelf (also includes face to face selling) Large corporations, franchising, etc.
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 24
Physical Elements (III)
Physical elements in urban context Linear infrastructure:
Connects the physical elements Means of transport
Most used: roads Others include: rail and metro or river
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 25
Products
Characteristics of a product
Physical Characteristics
Market Characteristics
Nature Packing
shapedensityvalueperishabilityvulnerabilitydangerousness
shape and materialdensitystandardisation
rotationdemand (time of searching) profit marginvaliditylife cycle
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 26
Logistics
Activities
Transport
Handling
Warehousing
Stock and inventory management
Track & Tracing
Urban logistics activities (I)
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 27
Agents’ interests business models
Objective: Scope delimitation for business concepts in terms ofmodels and schemes applied and/or expected to be applied.
How we see a business model?There is no general definition of the term ‘‘business model’’.
“A business model describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and captures value.”
(Source: Alexander Osterwalder & Yves Pigneur, 2010)
Examples of business models :
• Car pooling• Car sharing• Home deliveries• Taxi freight• Bycicle taxi
•Micro terminal• Bus freight• Tram freight• Freight postal boxes• etc
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 28
Segment of customers a company wants to offer value to
Means of getting in touch with the customer
Kind of link a company establishes between itself and the customer.
Overall view of a company’s bundle of products and services that are of value to the customer
Representation in money of all the means employed in the business model
Describes the way a company makes money through a variety of revenue flows.
Voluntarily initiated cooperative agreement between two or more companies in order to create value for the customer
Arrangement of activities and resources that are necessary in order to create value for the customer
Ability to execute a repeatable pattern of actions Measures that might
increase their transport costs and might not increase their profits, but are necessary due to the city regulations
Business models canvas
Macário in TURBLOG (adapted from Oosterwalder)
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 29
Logistic profile
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 30
Definition and establishment of logistic profiles
Agents' needs
City area features
Definition of logistics profile
Product characteristi
cs
What is a logistic profile?Homogeneous group with similar logistics needs
(Source: Macário et all, Logurb 2007)
Step 1: Define logistic needs by defining:
• city area features, • product characteristics, and• agent needs
Three steps for the definition of logistic profiles
Step 2: Determine logistic profile according these variables
Step 3: Determine the best solutions to each logistic profile defined
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 31
Examples (I)Delivery of merchandise by Rail in Paris
Store: Monoprix (convenience stores, beauty and hygiene, organics prodcuts...)
Around 286 stores in Paris Experimental service:
Began in 2007 Serves 92 stores Modes of transport:
Rail service: from consolidation warehouse (SE Paris) to Bercy rail station (Paris), 40 min transport time
Road service: last mile (from rail station to store), GNV 190 000 pallets/year (80 x 120cm) – aprox 30 000 tons/year
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 32
Examples (II)Delivery of merchandise by Rail in Paris
loading 26 NGV trucks : 06h00 / 12h00
Bercy (75)
Crossdoking over 1 000 palett/day unloading 21h00 / 05h00
Short line Lieusaint –Bercy
5 trains a week VFLI until 1 200 t
Combs & Lieusaint (77)
loading up to 22 freight cars
08h00 / 18h00
Delivery of 90 parisians and suburbans stores
06h30 / 12h30
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 33
Examples (III)Delivery of merchandise by Rail in Paris
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 34
Examples (IV)Delivery of merchandise by Rail in Paris
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 35
Examples (V)Delivery of merchandise by Rail in Paris
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 36
Examples (VI)Concorde Square
Development of an urban warehouse (800m2), in an underground parking lot, under the Concorde Square
Transport company: Chronopost Services: Urban delivery Goods: Small packages Electric vehicles
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 37
Examples (VII)Concorde Square
Distance travelled reduces in 75% Less noise and pollution video No change in costs Improvement in quality of service
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 38
Examples (VIII)La Petite Reine
La Petite Reine is a private company of urban distribution of goods using bicycles
Each bicycle can carry up to 1.5 m3 and 190kg Urban consolidation centre, in the centre of the distribution area
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 39
Examples (IX)La Petite Reine
Less pollution and reduction of energy consumption Higher quality of transport service:
No difficulty in parking No problem with congestion
50 new jobs
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 40
The good match
Value proposition
Profile needs
And….
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 41
Dynamic mechanisms for business concepts implementation and transferability
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 42
Policy package(Utrecht,Netherlands)
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 43
The five Logistic Profiles defined are the following:
•Profile A: Cluster of shops specialized in one specific type of
service/product
•Profile B: Hotels, restaurants, small grocery stores, small neighbourhood
markets
•Profile C: Business Centre
•Profile D: Large commercial stores
•Profile E: Residential areas with local trade
Examples
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 44
Commercial density High
Homogeneity High
Logistic acessibility Reasonable/Bad
Measures considering logistic needs
Some measures considering logistic needs
Level of Congestion High/Reasonable
Restriction applied Yes/no
Easiness of handling Easy/Reasonable/Difficult
Special conditions No special needs/special needs
Urgency of deliveries Irrelevant/Relevant/Urgent
Frequency of deliveries Medium/High
Amounts to be delivered Many
Planned deliveries No defined routine/Defined routine
Profile A
Product Characteristics
Agent Profile/Deliveries Profile
City Area Features
Logistic profiles results: Profile A
CLUSTER OF SHOPS SPECIALISED IN ONE SPECIFIC TYPE OF SERVICE/PRODUCT
Main characteristic of these type of profile
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 45
HOTELS, RESTAURANTS, SMALL GROCERY STORES, SMALL NEIGHBORHOOD MARKETS
Logistic profiles results: Profile B
Commercial density Low/Medium/High
Homogeneity Low/Medium/High
Logistic acessibility Bad/Reasonable/Good
Restriction applied Yes/No
Easiness of handling Easy/Reasonable/Difficult
Special conditions Special needs
Fragility Fragile
Perishability Perishable
Urgency of deliveries Urgent
Frequency of deliveries High
Amounts to be delivered Several
Planned deliveries Defined routine
Profile BCity Area Features
Product Characteristics
Agent Profile/Deliveries Profile
Main characteristic of these type of profile
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 46
BUSINESS CENTRE
Logistic profiles results: Profile C
Commercial density High
Homogeneity Low
Logistic acessibility Reasonable/Bad
Restriction applied Yes
Easiness of handling Easy
Special conditions No special needs
Urgency of deliveries Relevant/Urgent
Frequency of deliveries High
Amounts to be delivered Few/Several
Planned deliveries No defined routine/Defined routine
Profile CCity Area Features
Product Characteristics
Agent Profile/Deliveries Profile
Main characteristic of these type of profile
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 47
LARGE COMMERCIAL STORES (RETAIL,
SHOPPING CENTERS, DISTRIBUTION
WAREHOUSES)
Logistic profiles results: Profile D
Commercial density High
Homogeneity Low
Logistic acessibility Good
Restriction applied No
Easiness of handling Easy/reasonable/Difficult
Special conditions Might have special needs
Urgency of deliveries Relevant
Frequency of deliveries Medium/High
Amounts to be delivered Many
Planned deliveries Defined routine
Profile DCity Area Features
Product Characteristics
Agent Profile/Deliveries Profile
Main characteristic of these type of profile
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 48
RESIDENTIAL AREAS WITH LOCAL TRADE
Logistic profiles results: Profile E
Commercial density Low / Medium
Homogeneity Low / Medium
Logistic acessibility Reasonable/Bad
Restriction applied Yes
Easiness of handling Easy/reasonable/Difficult
Special conditions Might have special needs
Urgency of deliveries Irrelevant/Relevant/Urgent
Frequency of deliveries Low/Medium
Amounts to be delivered Few/Several/Many
Planned deliveries No defined routine
Profile ECity Area Features
Product Characteristics
Agent Profile/Deliveries Profile
Main characteristic of these type of profile
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 49
Complexity of the Urban Logistic Activity Location of logistic platforms Demand for road infrastructure (incl congestion) Handling operations Land use Lack of cooperation or non-cooperative behaviours Inadequate enforcement Technological limitations Vehicle operation (Sub-optimal operation + old vehicles) Interaction with pedestrians Contribution to decrease value of urban assets (through congestion) Jeopardizing urban environment
Sources of Conflicts in Urban Logistics Activity
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 50
Examples (I)Delivery of merchandise by Rail in Paris
Store: Monoprix (convenience stores, beauty and hygiene, organics prodcuts...)
Around 286 stores in Paris Experimental service:
Began in 2007 Serves 92 stores Modes of transport:
Rail service: from consolidation warehouse (SE Paris) to Bercy rail station (Paris), 40 min transport time
Road service: last mile (from rail station to store), GNV 190 000 pallets/year (80 x 120cm) – aprox 30 000 tons/year
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 51
Examples (II)Delivery of merchandise by Rail in Paris
loading 26 NGV trucks : 06h00 / 12h00
Bercy (75)
Crossdoking over 1 000 palett/day unloading 21h00 / 05h00
Short line Lieusaint –Bercy
5 trains a week VFLI until 1 200 t
Combs & Lieusaint (77)
loading up to 22 freight cars
08h00 / 18h00
Delivery of 90 parisians and suburbans stores
06h30 / 12h30
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 52
Examples (III)Delivery of merchandise by Rail in Paris
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 53
Examples (IV)Delivery of merchandise by Rail in Paris
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 54
Examples (V)Delivery of merchandise by Rail in Paris
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 55
Examples (VI)Concorde Square
Development of an urban warehouse (800m2), in an underground parking lot, under the Concorde Square
Transport company: Chronopost Services: Urban delivery Goods: Small packages Electric vehicles
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 56
Examples (VII)Concorde Square
Distance travelled reduces in 75% Less noise and pollution video No change in costs Improvement in quality of service
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 57
Examples (VIII)La Petite Reine
La Petite Reine is a private company of urban distribution of goods using bicycles
Each bicycle can carry up to 1.5 m3 and 190kg Urban consolidation centre, in the centre of the distribution area
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 58
Examples (IX)La Petite Reine
Less pollution and reduction of energy consumption Higher quality of transport service:
No difficulty in parking No problem with congestion
50 new jobs
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 59
Examples (X)City of Utrecht
Restriction of loss emission vehicles to the inner part of city Euro 4 and Euro 5 (and Euro 3 in special conditions)
Impacts Increase in cost
Private operators: acquisition of new vehicles Municipality: enforcement, technology, etc
Lower traffic Lower pollution
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 60
Lisbon Municipal Regulation for freight activitiesRegulamento de cargas e descargas e das bolsas de estacionamento para
actividades comerciais
In force on 13 July 2004, abandoned on 2007. Trial zone in Lisbon (Avenidas Novas). Regulates:
Types of vehicles; Parking places; Timings and scheduling; Pricing; Enforcement.
Free handling time up 20 minutes (payment after that). Need for a special license. Enforcement through EMEL and telematic solution, based on Via Verde. After 2.5 years, technology did not work and trial case never ran.
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 61
Only few cities introduce changes in urban logistics.
Why is that ?
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 62
Keeping the status quo
Defensive positions Authorities don’t want to take the risk of any responsibility in urban
logistics Operators don’t want interference from authorities, only facilitation
Consensus that relative positions should be kept
Need for a driver
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 63
Role of innovation
• Innovation takes cognition on the complexity of the logistic process andfacilitates interaction between agents by way of creating the innovation system
“a network of firms and other economic agents who, together with theinstitutions and policies that influence their innovative behaviour andperformance, bring new products, new processes, and new forms oforganization into economic use” (Oyelaran-Oyeyinka B.,)
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 64
Pillars of innovation system
Institutional base setting for innovation,
Human capital to build and sustain a technical foundationRules
Interactive processes
Evolutionary process of innovative design and development of solutions“Path dependence track”
Monitoring and learning structures and processes
Assess short term outcomes and long term impacts (monitor change)
The speed of economic change is a function of the rate of learning, but the direction of that change is a function of the expected payoffs to acquiring different kinds of knowledge (North, 1996)
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 65
Innovation Policy
Policy Tool to inducebehaviours in UL
Examples
Direct financial leveragesupport
Grants, subsidies, loans, provision ofequipment or services, loan guarantees
Indirect financial support Schemes encouraging investment ininnovation, venture capital
Information Information networks, advisor centres,consultancy services, specialist libraries,databases, liaison services
Scientific and technicalinfrastructure
Public research laboratories, researchassociation, learned societies, researchgrants
Educational infrastructure General education system, universities andpolytechnics, technical education system,apprenticeship schemes, retraining system
Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana – Logistica Urbana 66
Innovation Policy
Policy Tool to inducebehaviours in UL
Examples
Taxation Company, tax allowancesRegulation Patents, regulations (e.g., in environmental
control)Public enterprise Innovation by public-owned industries, use of
these as pioneering facilities, establishment ofnew industries
Political Planning, regional policies, honours and awardsfor innovation in UL , encouragement of mergersor joint ventures