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Disasters and Forced Migration: A Case Study on Riverbank Erosion and Its Potential Impacts
on Rural and Urban Bangladesh
Mohammad Mahbubur Rahman*, Md. Hasan Masrur, Riffat Mahmood, Muhammad Abdur Rahaman & Mizanur Rahman Bijoy
Session: “Health and Migration” 8-11 January 2018
Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB), Dhaka.
1
2
Background
Riverbank erosion is a widespread natural disaster in rural Bangladesh which results in rapid growth in a forced internal migration of people.
These internally displaced people (IDPs) migrate to the urban slum areas after losing their residents for a better work opportunity and essential services.
However, such situation arises in permanent migration to urban areas and growth in informal urban settlements and creating more challenges for the urban population.
This study focuses on people’s migration pattern in Bangladesh particularly in the context of riverbank erosion and explores the impact of riverbank erosion rural and urban Bangladesh.
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Study Area
Rural Dimension Char Monpura, Char Fasson, and
Char Tajimuddin of Bhola District
Urban Dimension ‘Bhola Slum’ of Dhaka City
Bhola District Dhaka City
4
Methodology
Final manuscript & Peer-reviewed publication
GIS & Remote sensing
analysis
• Assessing the erosion and
accretion rate of river bank
• Assessing spatial growth of
urban informal settlements
Quantitative
Household Survey
(Structured close-end
Questionnaire Survey)
Qualitative
FGD, KII
(Focus group discussion &
Key Informant Interview)
In-depth review
and analysis of the
existing documents
related to the study
Primary Information Collection
Training for the enumerators
Disasters and Forced Migration: A Case Study on Riverbank Erosion and Its Potential Impacts on Rural and Urban Bangladesh
Study Area selection
5
Erosion & Accretion rate
2006 2010 2016
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Erosion & Accretion in Area
Erosion Area (Sq. Km)
2000-2006 2006-
2010
2010-2016
Char
Monpura 6 3 4
Char Fasson 8 2 3 Char
Tajimuddin 15 3 4
Total 29 8 11
Accretion Area (Sq. Km)
2000-
2006
2006-
2010
2010-2016
Char
Monpura 0 0 0
Char Fasson 2 4 3 Char
Tajimuddin 1 0 1
Total 3 4 4
7
Spatial growth of Bhola Slum
83
94
72
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2006 2010 2016
Area (In Acre)
Spatial Growth (Source: M. Mahbubur et al., 2017)
Growth in Area
8
People’s Migration Pattern in Bangladesh
In-migration rates per 1000 population from 2002-2016 (Source: BBS, 2016)
Out- migration rates per 1000 population from 1984-2016 (Source: BBS, 2016)
9
Impacts of Riverbank Erosion on Rural Area
Riverbank Erosion
Loss of Homestead
Loss of Agricultural
Land
Income Erosion
Forced Migration
Low Expenditure in
Food Consumption
Marginal Expenditure in
Education
Livelihood Status Becomes more
Vulnerable
Poor Expenditure
in Health Care
Loss of Production
Conceptual Framework of the Impact
10
Impacts of Riverbank Erosion on Urban Area
Riverbank Erosion
Forced Displacement
Growth of urban population
Lack of access to
basic services
Social Insecurity
Growth of urban informal settlements
Encroachment of water
bodies & agriculture
land
Pollution from solid
& liquid wastes
Contamination of water sources
Conceptual Framework of the Impact
11
Impacts of Riverbank Erosion on Urban Area (Contd.)
5
0 2
0
6
0
5
23
0
4
0
22
0
7
2
0
24
0 2
0
18
INCOME EDUCATION OCCUPATION HEALTH AND SANITATION
Present Socio-economic Condition of the IDPs (In Percentage)
Proposed Local Solution
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Studied Area Problem Solution
Rural (Bhola
District)
Char Monpura Riverbank Erosion • Short term and long term planning
Char Fasson Riverbank Erosion • Improving rural livelihood
Char
Tajimuddin
Riverbank Erosion • Ensuring sustainable rural
development
Urban (Dhaka
City)
Bhola Slum Rapid Population
Growth
• Create alternative livelihood options
at origin
Growth of Urban
Informal
Settlement
• Introduction of an improved
housing policy framework
• Introduction of resettlement policy
and approach for urban slum areas
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How the solution would address the problem?
Problems
Implementation
of the proposed Solutions
Mitigation of the
Problems
• Riverbank erosion • Rapid growth in
urban population • Growth in urban
informal settlements
• Short term & long term planning
• Improving rural livelihood
• Ensuring sustainable rural development
• Resettlement policy for slum dwellers
• Improved housing policy framework
How the Implementing Agency Reach Out the
Beneficiaries
14
Proposed Solutions Implementing Agencies Beneficiaries
Short term & long-term
planning
Improving rural livelihood
Ensuring sustainable
rural development
Policymakers
Government and Non-
Government Agencies
Relevant Ministries
Relevant Stakeholders
Rural and Urban
People
Final Words
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This slide is made possible by the support of American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the sole responsibility of the presenter and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States government.
Riverbank erosion is resulting in significant negative impacts both in urban and rural Bangladesh which needs to be addressed properly.