MSW SEMESTER IV DISASTER MANAGEMENT SUBJECT CODE: MSW 443 B

MODULE II DISASTER CLASSIFICATION TYPES

DISASTER RISK HAZARD DISASTER An overwhelming ecological destruction occurring on a scale sufficient to require outside assistance (Pan American Health Organization PAHO-1980) Disasters are exceptional events which suddenly kill or injure large number of people (Red Cross) RISK

The probability that a particular system or population will be affected by hazards is known as the risk. FAMINE Famine may be seen as "the regional failure of food production or distribution systems, leading to sharply increased mortality due to starvation and associated disease. (Cox 1981). WHAT IS FAMINE? Lack of food during a long period of time in a region. A severe shortage of food resulting in violent hunger and starvation and death. HAZARD Hazard refers to the natural event. A hazard is a situation that poses a level of threat to life, health, property or environment. Hazard and vulnerability interact together to create Risk. NATURAL DISASTER

Famine occurs when there is a severe shortage of food and people cannot find enough nutritious food to eat, resulting in widespread malnutrition and starvation. CAUSES OF FAMINE Poverty is the main cause of hunger. Every year, developing countries suffer what is known as a hunger gap, which is the time just after crops have been planted, when food reserves have been used up. How do these periods of food shortages turn into famine?

IRELANDS FAMINE HISTORY The Great Famine occurred between 1845 and 1848, and although it began as a natural disaster when potato blight (any disease that kills plants, especially crops) destroyed the staple (basic) crop, the situation was made much worse by the inaction of the Government of the day. The famine killed about one million people in Ireland and forced hundreds of thousands to emigrate to Britain and America. DROUGHT

A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply. Generally, this occurs when a region receives consistently below average rainfall. It can have a substantial impact on the ecosystem and agriculture of the affected region. DROUGHT An insidious, slow onset hazard of nature Originates from deficiency of precipitation resulting in water shortages for human, cattle and agricultural consumption 16 % of countrys total area is drought prone 68% of total sown area can be drought affected 50 million people are expected to be annually affected. DROUGHT - TYPES Meteorological Drought - reduction in rainfall for a specified period Hydrological Drought - depletion of water resources, stream flows, ground water, underground aquifers, etc.

Agricultural Drought - impact of meteorological and / or hydrological droughts on crop yields. Famine Drought - extreme form of agricultural drought, which destroys food security to maintain as active healthy life. Causes of Drought Deficiency of Rain water. Dependency on rain-fed agriculture. Human Causes: Over exploitation of ground water resource Land use leading desertification Deforestation Over-cultivation Overgrazing Mismanaged irrigation

IMPACT OF DROUGHT Malnutrition Health Problems Reduced quality of life Social Unrest Increase in petty crimes Rise in Indebtedness Impact of Drought Rise in price of food, fodder and water Conflict between water users Conflict between cattle owners and farmers Loss of life particularly acute impact if the loss is of earning members Migration in search of livelihood and fodder for cattle and other animals

DROUGHT 2010 BIHAR SCENARIO DROUGHT SITUATION IN BIHAR : FEW FACTS Bihar is facing its second successive drought in 2010 Series of natural disasters over the last four years 2007- witnessed severe floods in 22 districts of the State affecting 2.5 crore people; 2008- the breach of the Kosi embankment 2009- severe drought in 26 districts April 2010- Cyclonic storm killing > 100 people and devastation to property. Bihar is flood prone state; so this years consecutive widespread drought has magnified the adverse impact.

STATISTICS OF DROUGHT IN INDIA CLASSIFICATION OF DROUGHT Crop Area affected by drought in India 1996-2001 LET US SUM UP Disaster Risk Hazard Famine Causes of famine Ireland's famine history Drought Type of drought Causes of drought Impact of drought Bihar drought 2010 Statistics on drought situation

WHAT IS FLOOD? A great flowing or overflowing of water, especially over land not usually submerged. Overflowing of normally dry areas, often after heavy rains. An overflowing of water into land that is normally dry. Flood In the Bible, the covering of the earth with water that occurred during the time of Noah. What is Flood? Overflow situation unusually high stage in a river River overflow its banks and inundates the adjoining area. Significance: damage in terms of life, property and economic loss. A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land What is Flood? Floods are caused when water rises above and beyond its normal place or course, causing areas to be submerged with water for prolonged or short periods of time. The danger this causes to people and buildings is called the flood hazard. They are caused primarily due to the peculiarities of rainfall in the country, and are the most frequent and often most devastating disaster in India. While the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers cause the largest floods in India, other areas in the west, east and south also experience floods. The most common kind of flood happens when a river overflows its banks, and water spreads on to the surrounding land, called a riverine flood. This is caused by rainwater or melting snow draining into the river faster than the river can discharge water into the sea. The amount of water that a river can hold before a flood starts is known as channel capacity. Flooding from heavy rainfall occur permanently, causing erosion, landslides, and severe damage to housing, agriculture, livestock and public infrastructure. Flood is a temporary covering by water of land not normally covered by water. Flooding may result from the volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or lake, which overflows or breaks levees, with the result that some of the water escapes its usual boundaries. CAUSES OF FLOOD

Heavy rainfall Huge snow melting Failures of dams, barrages etc., Landslides causing blockage of river Costal Flooding Tsunamis CAUSES OF FLOOD Blocking of river channels by land slides Narrowness of the river Change in the course of the river Inefficient engineering design in the construction of embankments, dams and canals. Unlike cyclones, floods are common to all countries. North and Eastern India are particularly prone to floods. The most flood-prone areas are the Brahmaputra, Ganga and Meghana basins in the IndoGangetic-Brahmaputra plains in north and Northeast India, which carry 60 per cent of the nations total river flow. In India it is spread over 15 states and about 47 per cent of Indias population resides in the basin. STORMS FORMATION OF STORM Storms are created when a center of low pressure develops, with a system of high pressure surrounding it. This combination of opposing forces can create winds and result in the formation of storm clouds, such as the cumulonimbus (a high mass of thick cloud with a flat base, often seen during thunderstorms ) Types of Storms 1. Hurricanes Storm or Tropical Storm 2. Tornados Storm 3. Tsunamis Storm 4. Sandstorms Storms 5. Cyclones Storms 6. Ice Storm 7. Blizzard Storm 8. Ocean Storm 9. Fire Storm

10. Snow Storm 11. Gale Storm 12. Hail Storm 13. Thunder Storm 14. Squall Storm 15. Dust Devil Storm 16. Wind Storm What is Hurricanes Storm or Tropical Storm? Hurricane and tropical storm made upon dust and strong wind. Hurricane is made, when a cyclone get low pressure in center then it release heat and moist air, and by this process Hurricane and tropical storm come.

Hurricane storm is warm wind storm with humidity. Hurricane and tropical storm come from ocean and when any place become in favor of hurricane then hurricane and tropical storm come. What is Tornados Storm? Tornado storm is the funnel shape cyclone with destructive strong wind.

Tornado storm come with darkness and violent. Tornado is the name of destruction and it carries rain and thunder. What is Tsunamis Storm? Tsunamis Storm is one the fatal storm for the world. Tsunamis Storm begins from ocean, when ocean gets lower pressure of air then it crosses its boundary and goes far away with water and storm. Tsunamis Storm through ocean water in to cities and villages. Tsunamis Storm become the form of flood and storm both. Thats why Tsunamis Storm is very dangerous and fatal storm. What is Sandstorms? Sandstorms are called as dust storm, because it comes with huge dust and strong wind. Sandstorms carry huge dust and wind from desert areas and occur in sandy areas. Sandstorms height goes 10 to 50 feet high.

What is Cyclones Storms? Cyclones Storm is made by Cyclones. It is destructive storm of the world. Cyclones Storms are similar to Hurricane storm. Cyclones Storms come with strong wind with orange and yellow storms. What is Ice Storm? Ice Strom occur mostly in winter season. When surface temperature gets lower from freezing point and upper level of surface is having above freezing point temperature then rain can fall and it becomes the glaze. Ice Storm is bad storm of the world. What is Blizzard Storm? Blizzard Storm is come from extremely strong winds. Blizzard Storm creates huge snow falls and condition become very cold. What is Ocean Storm? Ocean Storm comes from Pacific Ocean. Ocean Strom is caused of Pacific Ocean winds and against Pacific Ocean strong wind collation. When both against winds get closed to each other then they create lower pressure in the form of storm. What is Firestorm? Firestorm is the natural form of storm, which occurs from forest fire, blush fires and wild fires. Firestorm creates huge heat like bombing and explosion. What is Snow Storm?

Heavy snow falls approximate 5 centimeters per hour. It creates trees down and very cold breezy condition. What is Gale Storm?

When extra tropical storm comes with 39-55 mph. it is called Gale Storm. What is Hail Storm?

Hail Storm come with clouds and rain. Hail Storm cause of chunks (thick solid pieces) of ice. It is one of the regular thunder storms. What is Thunder Storm?

Thunder Storm can cause of thunder and lightening. Thunder Storm creates huge wind and rain. It is having strong wind. What is Squall Storm?

Squall Storm is the large storm and it is having 30Km/hr. speed. What is Dust Devil Storm?

Dust Devil storm come with dust and darkness. It creates low pressure and strong wind in the surface. What is Wind Storm?

Wind Storm come with strong winds without rain.

WHAT IS FLOOD? A great flowing or overflowing of water, especially over land not usually submerged. Overflowing of normally dry areas, often after heavy rains. An overflowing of water into land that is normally dry. Flood In the Bible, the covering of the earth with water that occurred during the time of Noah. What is Flood? Overflow situation unusually high stage in a river River overflow its banks and inundates the adjoining area. Significance: damage in terms of life, property and economic loss. A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land What is Flood?

Floods are caused when water rises above and beyond its normal place or course, causing areas to be submerged with water for prolonged or short periods of time. The danger this causes to people and buildings is called the flood hazard. They are caused primarily due to the peculiarities of rainfall in the country, and are the most frequent and often most devastating disaster in India. While the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers cause the largest floods in India, other areas in the west, east and south also experience floods. The most common kind of flood happens when a river overflows its banks, and water spreads on to the surrounding land, called a riverine flood. This is caused by rainwater or melting snow draining into the river faster than the river can discharge water into the sea. The amount of water that a river can hold before a flood starts is known as channel capacity. Flooding from heavy rainfall occur permanently, causing erosion, landslides, and severe damage to housing, agriculture, livestock and public infrastructure. Flood is a temporary covering by water of land not normally covered by water. Flooding may result from the volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or lake, which overflows or breaks levees, with the result that some of the water escapes its usual boundaries. CAUSES OF FLOOD Heavy rainfall Huge snow melting Failures of dams, barrages etc., Landslides causing blockage of river Costal Flooding Tsunamis CAUSES OF FLOOD Blocking of river channels by land slides Narrowness of the river Change in the course of the river Inefficient engineering design in the construction of embankments, dams and canals.

Unlike cyclones, floods are common to all countries. North and Eastern India are particularly prone to floods. The most flood-prone areas are the Brahmaputra, Ganga and Meghana basins in the IndoGangetic-Brahmaputra plains in north and Northeast India, which carry 60 per cent of the nations total river flow. In India it is spread over 15 states and about 47 per cent of Indias population resides in the basin. STORMS FORMATION OF STORM Storms are created when a center of low pressure develops, with a system of high pressure surrounding it. This combination of opposing forces can create winds and result in the formation of storm clouds, such as the cumulonimbus (a high mass of thick cloud with a flat base, often seen during thunderstorms ) Types of Storms 1. Hurricanes Storm or Tropical Storm 2. Tornados Storm 3. Tsunamis Storm 4. Sandstorms Storms 5. Cyclones Storms 6. Ice Storm 7. Blizzard Storm 8. Ocean Storm 9. Fire Storm 10. Snow Storm 11. Gale Storm 12. Hail Storm 13. Thunder Storm 14. Squall Storm 15. Dust Devil Storm 16. Wind Storm What is Hurricanes Storm or Tropical Storm? Hurricane and tropical storm made upon dust and strong wind. Hurricane is made, when a cyclone get low pressure in center then it release heat and moist air, and by this process Hurricane and tropical storm come.

Hurricane storm is warm wind storm with humidity. Hurricane and tropical storm come from ocean and when any place become in favor of hurricane then hurricane and tropical storm come.

What is Tornados Storm? Tornado storm is the funnel shape cyclone with destructive strong wind. Tornado storm come with darkness and violent. Tornado is the name of destruction and it carries rain and thunder. What is Tsunamis Storm? Tsunamis Storm is one the fatal storm for the world. Tsunamis Storm begins from ocean, when ocean gets lower pressure of air then it crosses its boundary and goes far away with water and storm. Tsunamis Storm through ocean water in to cities and villages. Tsunamis Storm become the form of flood and storm both. Thats why Tsunamis Storm is very dangerous and fatal storm. What is Sandstorms? Sandstorms are called as dust storm, because it comes with huge dust and strong wind. Sandstorms carry huge dust and wind from desert areas and occur in sandy areas. Sandstorms height goes 10 to 50 feet high. What is Cyclones Storms? Cyclones Storm is made by Cyclones. It is destructive storm of the world. Cyclones Storms are similar to Hurricane storm. Cyclones Storms come with strong wind with orange and yellow storms. What is Ice Storm? Ice Strom occur mostly in winter season. When surface temperature gets lower from freezing point and upper level of surface is having above freezing point temperature then rain can fall and it becomes the glaze. Ice Storm is bad storm of the world. What is Blizzard Storm? Blizzard Storm is come from extremely strong winds. Blizzard Storm creates huge snow falls and condition become very cold.

What is Ocean Storm? Ocean Storm comes from Pacific Ocean. Ocean Strom is caused of Pacific Ocean winds and against Pacific Ocean strong wind collation. When both against winds get closed to each other then they create lower pressure in the form of storm. What is Firestorm? Firestorm is the natural form of storm, which occurs from forest fire, blush fires and wild fires. Firestorm creates huge heat like bombing and explosion. What is Snow Storm?

Heavy snow falls approximate 5 centimeters per hour. It creates trees down and very cold breezy condition. What is Gale Storm?

When extra tropical storm comes with 39-55 mph. it is called Gale Storm. What is Hail Storm?

Hail Storm come with clouds and rain. Hail Storm cause of chunks (thick solid pieces) of ice. It is one of the regular thunder storms. What is Thunder Storm?

Thunder Storm can cause of thunder and lightening. Thunder Storm creates huge wind and rain. It is having strong wind. What is Squall Storm?

Squall Storm is the large storm and it is having 30Km/hr. speed. What is Dust Devil Storm?

Dust Devil storm come with dust and darkness. It creates low pressure and strong wind in the surface. What is Wind Storm?

Wind Storm come with strong winds without rain. NATURAL DISASTER EARTH QUAKE Gujarat Earthquake

More than 13,000 people were killed, at least 15 lakh injured, 3.4 lakh buildings damaged, and about 7.8 lakh houses destroyed in the Gujarat earthquake of 26th January 2001. Many bridges and roads were damaged. Ahmedabad 26th January 2001 Improperly built high-rise buildings crumbled and cracked INDIA IS DISASTER-PRONE OVER 55% OF THE LAND AREA IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES 12% TO FLOODS 8% TO CYCLONES 70 % OF THE LAND UNDER CULTIVATION IS PRONE TO DROUGHT What is an Earthquake? An earthquake in simple terms is a sudden trembling or shaking movement of the earths surface, called the crust. Crust: the solid surface of the earth Most earthquakes are minor tremors. Tremor: shaking of the ground

Larger earthquakes usually begin with slight tremors but rapidly take the form of one or more violent shocks, and end in vibrations of gradually diminishing force called aftershocks. The magnitude and intensity of an earthquake is determined by the use of scales, such as the Richter scale and the Modified Mercalli scale. Richter scale: a scale which classifies the magnitude (force) of an earthquake Modified Mercalli scale: a scale which classifies the intensity (effects) of an earthquake Why do earthquakes happen?

Earthquake occurs due to sudden transient motion of the ground as a result of release of elastic energy in a matter of few seconds. The impact of the event is most traumatic because it affects large area, occurs all on a sudden and unpredictable. They can cause large scale loss of life and property and disrupts essential services such as water supply, sewerage systems, communication and power, transport etc. They not only destroy villages, towns and cities but the aftermath leads to destabilize the economic and social structure of the nation. Earthquakes are natural phenomenon. They cause the most sudden of all disasters, without any warning time. Earthquakes happen without notice, and are not predictable or preventable. We can however reduce the damage that they can cause. Most of the damage is caused not by the earthquake itself, but by the buildings that we live in, especially in urban or semi urban areas with concrete structures. The picture shows a high-rise building succumbing to the Gujarat earthquake in 2001 because the required structural engineering norms were not adhered to during construction and design of this building. How are people affected by earthquakes? The effects of earthquakes are diverse. People are more likely to die or be injured where large numbers of people live close together, and where local buildings are not designed to resist earthquakes. About 95 per cent of people killed in an earthquake are killed by falling buildings. Earthquakes are most dangerous when they happen at night. This is because people may sleep through the first tremors (foreshocks), and so have less time to prepare.

An earthquake can cause other dangerous events, such as landslides, floods, fires, and huge ocean waves called tsunamis. Earthquakes in India The Latur (Killari), Maharashtra, earthquake of September 30, 1993 is the most devastating earthquake in the world. Over 10,000 lives were lost in this earthquake and several villages were destroyed.

The 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake which occurred in the Tehri region in Gharwal Himalaya shook the north-central India. This event killed many people and damaged completely or partially about 48,000 houses Earthquake in India An earthquake of magnitude occurred on May 22,1997 in the Jabalpur area, Madhya Pradesh. This earthquake which caused widespread devastation in and around Jabalpur left 48 people dead and many injured and homeless. The Bhuj earthquake of the State of Gujarat, On January 26, 2001, that occurred in disastrous earthquake in Indias history. While the actual figures of death and injury remain uncertain, going by the official figures, at least 20,000 people were dead and more than 200,000 were injured. Nearly 400,000 houses were destroyed and twice as much damaged. Richter magnitude and its effects Richter Magnitude Earthquake Effects Less than 3.5 Generally not felt, but recorded. 3.4-5.4 Often felt, but rarely causes damage. Under 6.0 At most slight damage to well-designed buildings. Can cause major damage to poorly constructed buildings over small regions. 6.1-6.9 Can be destructive in areas up to about 100 kilometers across where people live. 7.0-7.9 Major earthquake. Can cause serious damage over larger areas. 8 or greater Great earthquake. Can cause serious damage in areas several hundred kilometers across.

MANMADE DISASTER RIOTS & BIOLOGICAL WARFARE RIOTS Man Made Disasters Man-made disasters are disasters resulting from man-made hazards It is considered as a Civil disorder that is typically used by law enforcement to describe forms of disturbance. Riot a situation in which a group of people behave in a violent way in a public place, often as a protest. A public act of violence by an unruly (Difficult to control or manage) mob (Large number of people).

A wild or turbulent (in which there is a lot of sudden change, confusion, disagreement and sometimes violence) disturbance created by a large number of people. Law: A violent disturbance of the public peace by three or more persons assembled for a common purpose CAUSES OF RIOTS COMMUNAL TENSIONS CONFLICTING POLITICAL INTERESTS ANTIPATHY OVER LOW (A STRONG FEELING OF DISLIKE) MINIMUM WAGES RACIAL SEGREGATION Examples of some Famous Riots Examples of well-known civil disorders and riots are:

The Poll Riots in the UK in 1990 The 1992 Los Angeles Riots in which 53 people died The 2008 Greek Riots after a 15-year-old boy was fatally shot by police The 2010 Thai political protests in Bangkok during which 91 people died. Mumbai Riots In December 1992 and January 1993, in which around 900 people died. This was followed by the 12 March 1993 Mumbai Blasting, in which 575 Muslims and 250 Hindus died. The riots started as a result of communal tension prevailing in the city after the Babri Mosque demolition on 6 December 1992 Riots in India The Nagpur riots of 1927 were part of series of riots taking place across various cities in British India during the 1920s. The riots occurred on September 4, 1927. It was the day of Laxmi Puja a Hindu festival day during Diwali. On the morning of September 4, day of Laksmi Puja, Hindus took out a procession like every year and passed in front of a mosque in Mahal area of Nagpur. However, the Muslims this time stopped the

procession did not allow it to pass from the area. In the afternoon, when the Hindus were resting after morning procession, Muslim youths took out a procession shouting Allahu Akbar and were armed with weapons. Riots in India The 1984 Anti-Sikh riots 1984 Anti-Sikh pogrom (the organized killing of large numbers of people, because of their race or religion) particularly in Delhi , during which armed mobs belonging to Indian National Congress, killed unarmed Sikh men, women, and children, looted and set fire to Sikh homes, businesses and schools, and attacked Gurudwaras. The violence began in June 1984, during Operation Blue Star , when Indira Gandhi ordered the Indian Army to attack Sikh Separatists in the Golden Temple. The violence in Delhi was triggered by the assasination of Indira Gandhi on 31 October 1984, by two of her Sikh bodyguards in response to her actions during the preceding months. The Government of India reported 2,700 Sikh deaths however human rights organizations and newspapers report the death toll to be 10,000-17,000. Riots in India The 1991 Anti-Tamil Riots of Karnataka refers to incidents of mob violence targeting Tamils which took place in Southern Karnataka on December 1213, 1991. The attacks mainly took place in the cities of Bangalore and Mysore and originated in the demonstrations organized against the orders of the Cauvery Water Tribunal appointed by the Government of India. The violence terrified the Tamil populace (the ordinary people of a country or area) of Southern Karnataka forcing hundreds of thousands to flee in a matter of weeks. Riots in India 2006 Aligarh Riots Aligarh is a town with Hindu majority a large Muslim minority (politically dominating) in the northern Indian State of Uttar Pradesh. It has been the site of communal riots in past. At least, five to six people died as a result of rioting that began between Muslims and Hindus in the town on 5 April 2006. The rioting started on night of 5 April when according to some people, members of the Muslim community removed the decorations on a Hindu Temple temple on the occasion of Ram Navami. Riots in India

he 2007 West Bengal food riots Happened in West Bengal in India over shortage of food and widespread corruption in public distribution system. The riots first happened in Burdwan, Bankua and Birbhum districts but later spread to other districts. The riots started on 16 September 2007 in Radhamohanpur village in Bankura district. That morning a few CPI(M)) leaders were lecturing the villagers on the dangers of the Indo-US nuclear agreement. They were shouted down and asked to provide foodgrains by the villagers. When CPI(M) leaders tried to chase them away the angry villagers beat CPI(M) leaders and burnt their flags. The police opened fire to quell the mob. Riots in India 2002 Gujarat violence Describes the Godhra Train Burning and resulting communal riots between Hindus and Muslims. On 27 February 2002 at Godhra City in the state of Gujarat, the Sabarmati Express train was forcibly stopped and attacked by a large Muslim mob. As a result, 59 Hindu passengers mostly women, children and seniors returning from the holy city of Ayodhya were burned alive. The attack prompted riots against Muslims on a large scale, in which 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus were killed. 223 more people were reported missing. 523 places of worship were damaged 298 dargahs, 205 mosques, 17 temples, and 3 churches. Muslim-owned businesses suffered the bulk of the damage. 61,000 Muslims and 10,000 Hindus fled their homes. Preventive arrests of 17,947 Hindus and 3,616 Muslims were made. In total 27,901 Hindus and 7,651 Muslims were arrested. Nearly 10,000 rounds of bullets were fired by the police, killing 93 Muslims and 77 Hindus.[ Riots in India Salem Riots of 1882

The riots are believed to have originated by the objection of Hindus to the construction of a mosque by the Muslims of the Sevvoypettai area of the city of Salem on the path of a Hindu religious procession. When the Hindus of Salem insisted upon their right to continue their procession through the mosque, riots followed. Riots in India AT LEAST 200 KILLED IN INDIA AS MUSLIM-HINDU RIOTS RAGE By EDWARD A. GARGAN, (Special to The New York Times)Published: December 8, 1992 NEW DELHI, Tuesday, Dec. 8 -India's towns and cities were swept by rioting between Muslims and Hindus on Monday, leaving more than 200 people dead and hundreds more injured a day after militant Hindus destroyed a 16th-century mosque in the northern town of Ayodhya. In Bombay alone, which experienced some of the worst violence, 59 people were killed, many when police opened fire on rampaging mobs. BIOLOGICAL WARFARE WHAT IS BIOLOGICAL WARFARE? the use of bacteria or viruses or toxins (a Poisonous substance) to destroy men, animals or food. The use of disease-producing micro organisms, toxic biological products, or organic biocides to cause death or injury to humans, animals, or plants. The use of harmful bacteria as weapons of war BIOOGICAL WARFARE Biological warfare is the intentional use of disease causing organisms and/or toxins to injure, kill, and/or weaken enemy's resistance to attack and reduce the will to wage war. Biological agents that may be employed on the modern battlefield pose an immediate threat to personnel exposed to them. Our survival and success in combat involving these weapons requires a thorough understanding of how they can be used and what we can do to protect ourselves. Potential Agents Biological agents that may be used as weapons can be classified as follows: - Bacteria-are small free-living organisms - Viruses-are organisms which require living cells in which to replicate

- Microorganisms which have characteristics common to both bacteria and viruses carried by parasites - Toxins- are poisonous substances produced and derived from living plants, animals, or microorganisms; some toxins may also be produced or altered by chemical means etc/ Routes of Exposure (1)Respiratory exposure (a) Aerosol delivery systems aim to generate invisible clouds with particles or droplets between .5 and 10 microns in diameter (b) Inhalation of agent aerosols provides a direct pathway to the systemic circulation (c) Natural process of breathing causes a continuing influx of biological agent to exposed individuals (2) Ingestion. Food and water supplies may be contaminated by an aerosol delivered attack. Consumption could result in exposure and disease. (3) Dermal exposure. Intact skin provides an excellent barrier against infection. Mucous membranes and damaged skin constitute breaches in this normal barrier through which agents may pass. Categories and Definitions of Biological Agents Pathogens: Are disease producing microorganisms, such as bacteria, mycoplasma, rickettsia, fungi, or viruses. Toxins: Are poisons naturally produced through the activities of living organisms. Produced by plants, micro organisms and animals Indicators of a Biological Warfare Attack Mysterious illness in both the soldier and civilian population which approaches epidemic numbers. An unusual, unknown, or uncommonly seen disease or syndrome for the particular geographical area. Large number of insects that are unusual, unnatural for the area, or have significantly increased in number. Deaths of animals in the region from unknown causes or from the same diseases as human victims. Mist (a cloud of very small drops of water in the air just above the ground, that make it difficult to see) or fog sprayed by slow moving aircraft or helicopter.

Artillery shells which explode with less powerful explosions than High Explosion rounds Let us Sum Up? Man Made Disaster Riots Causes of Riots Major riots happened in India and abroad Biological warfare Potential Agents Routes of Exposure Categories and Definitions of Biological Agents Indication of a Biological Warfare Attack THANK YOU INDUSTRIAL DISASTER WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL DISASTER? Industrial disasters are mass disasters caused by industrial companies, either by accident, negligence or incompetence. List of Industrial Disasters Chemical industry December 3, 1984: The Bhopal Disaster in India is the largest industrial disaster on record. A faulty tank containing poisonous methyl isocyanate leaked at a Union Carbide plant. About 20,000 people died and about 570,000 suffered bodily damage. The disaster caused the region's human and animal populations populations severe problems to the present.

Construction industry January 20, 1909: Chicago Crib Disaster. During the construction of a water intake tunnel for the city of Chicago, a fire broke out on a temporary water crib used to access an intermediate point along the tunnel.

The fire began in the dynamite magazine and burned the wooden dormitory that housed the tunnel workers. 46 workers survived the fire by jumping into the lake and climbing onto ice floes or the spoil near the crib. 29 men were burned beyond recognition, and approximately 60 men died.

Defense industry July 17, 1944: Port Chicago Disaster. A guns explosion that killed 320 people occurred at the Port Chicago Naval Magazine in Port Chicago, California. Energy industry March 23, 2005: Texas City Refinery explosion. An explosion occurred at a British Petroleum refinery in Texas City, Texas. It is the third largest refinery in the United States and one of the largest in the world, processing 433,000 barrels of crude oil per day and accounting for 3% of that nation's gasoline supply. Over 100 were injured, and 15 were confirmed dead

Food industry February 7, 2008: The 2008 Georgia sugar refinery explosion in Port Wentworth, Georgia, United States. Thirteen people were killed and 42 injured when a dust explosion occurred at a sugar refinery owned by Imperial Sugar. Manufacturing industry January 10, 1860: Pemberton Mill was a large factory in Lawrence, Massachusetts that collapsed without warning. An estimated 145 workers were killed and 166 injured.

Mining industry May 28, 1965: 1965 Dhanbad coal mine disaster took place in Jharkhand, India, killing over 300 miners

Causes of Industrial Accidents

Causes of industrial accidents can be divided in to two broad categories: Unsafe conditions Unsafe acts

Unsafe Conditions Insufficient workspace lighting Excessive noise Slippery or unsafe flooring Extreme temperature exposure Inadequate protection when working with machinery or hazardous materials Unstable structures Electrical problems Machine malfunction or failure etc Unsafe acts Actions or failures to act which result in injury. This can be a result of Employee negligence But employers, organizations, and product manufacturers can also be liable for the causes of industrial accidents.

Bhopal Gas Tragedy Bhopal disaster, chemical leak in 1984 in the city of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh state, India. At the time, it was called the worst industrial accident in history. On Dec. 3, 1984, about 45 tons of the dangerous gas methyl isocyanate escaped from an insecticide plant that was owned by the Indian subsidiary of the American firm Union Carbide Corporation. Bhopal Gas Tragedy The gas drifted over the densely populated neighbourhoods around the plant, killing thousands of people immediately and creating a panic as tens of thousands of others attempted to flee Bhopal. The final death toll was estimated to be between 15,000 and 20,000. Some half a million survivors suffered respiratory problems, eye irritation or blindness, and other maladies resulting from exposure to the toxic gas

Many were awarded compensation of a few hundred dollars. Investigations later established that substandard operating and safety procedures at the understaffed plant had led to the catastrophe. In 1998 the former factory site was turned over to the state of Madhya Pradesh.

Militancy Insurgency What is Militancy Insurgency? According to The U.S. Army / Marine Corps Insurgency Field Manual, which gives this definition, "Insurgency is typically a form of internal war, one that occurs primarily within a state, not between states, and one that contains at least some elements of civil war."

Militancy Insurgency Rising in revolt against established authority, especially a government. Rebelling against the leadership The United States Department of Defense (DOD) defines it as "An organized movement aimed at the overthrow of a constituted government through use of subversion and armed conflict. Militancy Insurgency An attempt to take control of a country by force Fighting against the government or armed forces of their own country An insurgency is an armed rebellion against a constituted authority. Militancy Insurgency Group Discussion on the causes and Effects of Militancy Insurgency Eviction What is Eviction? To force some body to leave a house or land, especially when one have the legal right to do so. Recovering property by legal process

BIOLOGICAL WARFARE WHAT IS BIOLOGICAL WARFARE?

The use of bacteria or viruses or toxins (a Poisonous substance) to destroy men, animals or food. The use of disease-producing micro organisms, toxic biological products, or organic biocides to cause death or injury to humans, animals, or plants. BIOOGICAL WARFARE Biological warfare is the intentional use of disease causing organisms and/or toxins to injure, kill, and/or weaken enemy's resistance to attack. Biological agents that may be employed on the modern battlefield pose an immediate threat to personnel exposed to them. Our survival and success in combat involving these weapons requires a thorough understanding of how they can be used and what we can do to protect ourselves. Potential Agents Biological agents that may be used as weapons can be classified as follows: Bacteria-are small free-living organisms Viruses-are organisms which require living cells in which to replicate. Microorganisms which have characteristics common to both bacteria and viruses carried by parasites Toxins- are poisonous substances produced and derived from living plants, animals, or microorganisms; some toxins may also be produced or altered by chemical means etc. Routes of Exposure (1) Respiratory exposure Aerosol (Spray) delivery systems aim to generate invisible clouds with particles or droplets between 5 and 10 microns in diameter Inhalation of agent aerosols provides a direct pathway to the systemic circulation Natural process of breathing causes a continuing influx of biological agent to exposed individuals (2) Ingestion. Food and water supplies may be contaminated by an aerosol delivered attack. Consumption could result in exposure and disease. (3) Dermal exposure. Intact skin provides an excellent barrier against infection. Mucous membranes and damaged skin constitute breaches in this normal barrier through which agents may pass.

Categories and Definitions of Biological Agents Pathogens: Are disease producing microorganisms, such as bacteria, mycoplasma, rickettsia, fungi, or viruses. Toxins: Are poisons naturally produced through the activities of living organisms. Produced by plants, micro organisms and animals Categories and Definitions of Biological Agents Pathogens: Are disease producing microorganisms, such as bacteria, mycoplasma, rickettsia, fungi, or viruses. Toxins: Are poisons naturally produced through the activities of living organisms. Produced by plants, micro organisms and animals

Indicators of a Biological Warfare Attack Mysterious illness in both the soldier and civilian population which approaches epidemic numbers. An unusual, unknown, or uncommonly seen disease or syndrome for the particular geographical area. Large number of insects that are unusual, unnatural for the area, or have significantly increased in number. Deaths of animals in the region from unknown causes or from the same diseases as human victims. Mist (a cloud of very small drops of water in the air just above the ground, that make it difficult to see) or fog sprayed by slow moving aircraft or helicopter. Artillery shells which explode with less powerful explosions than High Explosion rounds References William Dudley. "Introduction." Opposing Viewpoints: Biological Warfare. Ed. William Dudley. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2003. August 2004. 22 November 2011. . MODULE V: ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATIONS AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Disaster Management Authorities & Institutions in India: Central Disaster Management Authority: It is the apex body for natural disaster management and mitigation. For effective implementation of relief measures in the wake of natural calamities, the Government of India (GOI) has set up a Standing National Crisis Management Committee under the chairmanship of Cabinet Secretary GOI. A Natural Disaster Management Control Room has been set up at Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi. For planning for disasters and Emergency preparedness training, Government of India has created few institutes that offer short-term courses. Notable amongst them being the National Center for Disaster Management (NCDM) set up by the Indian Institute of Public Administration and the Centre for Disaster Management set up by Y S Chavan Academy of Development Administration conduct workshops and seminars for civil servants and government officials. NCDM is also the nodal agency for coordinating relief and rehabilitation work during natural calamities. Similarly, the Disaster Management Institute, Bhopal set up after the gas tragedy conducts awareness programs for NGOs and the public at large

National Center for Disaster Management, New Delhi Has been established by the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. NCDM is setup in Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA) with the objectives of : providing training programs for senior and middle level administrative government officials and to sensitize them for disaster mitigation, Coordinate the research activities in different aspects of disaster management at national level. National Information Center of Earthquake Engineering- IIT Kanpur, U.P. A National Information Center of Earthquake Engineering (NICEE) has been set up at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. The Center is sponsored by HUDCO, Telecom Commission, Railway Board, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Atomic Energy and AICTE.

NICEE-India will meet the needs of the country in terms of information on Earthquake Engineering. The NICEE-India at IIT Kanpur will eventually aim at being responsible for acquiring and disseminating information and capacity building of the neighbouring nations. Disaster Management Institute, Bhopal, M.P. The Disaster Management Institute established by the MP government in the backdrop of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy, offers training, research and consultancy services on subjects related to prevention, mitigation and management of disasters. It organizes training for working managers and government officials relating to the areas of management of natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, drought, famine and cyclones; onsite and off-site emergency planning; risk analysis; identification of major hazards; etc. Disaster Mitigation Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat Disaster Management Institutes mission is to equip the disaster victims individuals or groups or agencies with the resource to develop progressive solutions to physical, social and economical challenges of relief and reconstruction of facing them. DMI strives to become a premier centre for disaster mitigation and prevention by assisting and strengthening the decision making process and making the critical and objective analysis available to the policy makers. In the wake of Gujarat Earthquake of January 2001 this Institutes provides real life example of the need and necessity of such an institute. Environment Protection Training and Research Institute, Hyderabad EPTRI was set up by Government of Andhra Pradesh with the assistance and support of Government of India. Government of India had also taken the initiative for EPTRIs technical collaboration with Swedish International Development Agency under bilateral assistance. Risk Analysis and Disaster Management Plan is a safety and contingency management plan to safeguard people and property from disasters. EPTRI provides training and consultancy in Risk Assessment and Safety Control. EPTRI has an MoU with Process Safety Centre of Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad. Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority (GSDMA) The Government of Gujarat (GOG) established the Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority on February 8, 2001 to co-ordinate the comprehensive earthquake recovery program. The GSDMA is registered as a society under the Societies Registration Act.

Centre for Disaster Management (CDM), Pune, Maharashtra The Centre for Disaster Management was set up at Yashada (Yashwantrao Chavan Academy of Development Administration), Pune with the support of the National Disaster Management Division, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Government of India. The CDM is collaborating with the IGNOU to launch a PG Diploma in Disaster Management in English, Hindi and Marathi. Training programmes on Management of Earthquakes, Workshop on Community participation in Disaster Management, and allied topics are conducted at CDM periodically. Joint Assistance Centre, Gurgaon, Haryana The Joint Assistance Centre (JAC) was established in New Delhi as an All India Voluntary Agency for assistance in disaster situations in 1970 in the aftermath of the terrible cyclone of November 1977 that devastated the Chirala-Divi region of Andhra Pradesh, killing over 10,000 people. Sikkim Manipal University of Health, Medical and Technological Sciences, Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim Sikkim Manipal University of Health, Medical and Technological Sciences in association with the Indian Institute of Ecology and Environment offers the Master's in Disaster Mitigation for graduates (any discipline). Disaster mitigation includes activities that prevent a disaster, reduce the chance of a calamitous event, or lessen their damaging effects. PRT Institute of Post Graduate Environmental Education & Research, New Delhi PRT Institute of Post Graduate Environmental Education & Research, (in association with Institute of Open & Distance Education, Barkatullah Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal offers the twoyear Master of Disaster Control to graduates or working professionals through distance learning. The Institute is engaged in training, research and consultancy in the areas of disaster management, risk analysis, sustainable development, environmental impact assessment, pollution control and monitoring with the idea of optimal development of a global sustainable society. Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi The Council of the Boards of School Education is interested in a plan for providing formal training in disaster management to students in senior classes which could take the form of

classroom lectures, group discussions, area surveys, risk assessment and even mock exercises to cover a daily drill. Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi IGNOU (through distance education) and Pune University (Diploma) offer Disaster Management courses after Plus Two/ equivalent, which may be completed within six months to two years. Such programmes provide knowledge on: Disasters (the meaning, factors, significance, causes and effects); Disaster preparedness; Prevention; Mitigation; Relief; Reconstruction and Rehabilitation. National Civil Defence College, Nagpur, Maharashtra National Civil Defence College, Nagpur, conducts various courses in Civil Defence and Disaster Relief Management. Since natural calamities tend to be unavoidable and earthquakes unpredictable, efforts have to be made to withstand the aftermath of catastrophes. Disaster Management training is useful for NGOs or social work students or volunteers providing support and rehabilitation measures during disasters (natural and man-made), personnel of home guards, paramilitary organizations, civil defense personnel, scientists, environmentalists etc as well as functionaries of rural development and primary health centres, administrative services, relief workers, etc. Nodal Agencies for Management of Disasters in India Floods : CWC, Ministry of Water Resources Cyclones : Indian Meteorological Directorate Earthquakes : Indian Meteorological Directorate Epidemics : Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Chemical Disasters : Ministry of Environment and Forests Industrial Disasters : Ministry of Labour Rail Accidents : Ministry of Railways Air Accidents : Ministry of Civil Aviation Fire : Ministry of Home Affairs

Nuclear Incidents : Department of Atomic Energy Mine Disasters : Department of Mines References http://www.ncdm-india.org http://www.nicee.org dmibpl@bom6.vsnl.net.in http://www.southasiadisasters.net/ http://www.eptri.com/risk_analysis_disaster.html http://www.gsdma.org/aboutus.htm http://www.yashada.org/courses http://www.jacindia.org

http://www.sikkimmanipal.net & http://www.ecology.edu/ http://www.technologyindia.edu/introduction.htm http://www.cbse.nic.in http://ncdcnagpur.nic.in/prog-offered.htm NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT ACT 2005 INTRODUCTION

On 23 December 2005, the Government of India enacted the Disaster Management Act, which envisaged the creation of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), headed by the Prime Minister of India, and State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) headed by respective Chief Ministers of the States, to spearhead and implement a holistic and integrated approach to Disaster Management in India. CHAPTER-1 PRELIMINARY It extends to the whole of India. According to the Act "affected area" means an area or part of the country affected by a disaster. "capacity-building" includes (i) Identification of existing resources and resources to be acquired or created

(ii) Acquiring or creating resources (iii) Organisation and training of personnel and coordination of such training for effective management of disasters; DISASTER Disaster" means a catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in any area, arising from natural or man made causes, or by accident or negligence which results in substantial loss of life or human suffering or damage to, and destruction of, property, or damage to, or degradation of, environment, and is of such a nature or magnitude as to be beyond the coping capacity of the community of the affected area DISASTER MANAGEMENT Disaster management" means a continuous and integrated process of planning, organising, coordinating and implementing measures which are necessary or expedient for Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster Mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or consequences; Capacity-building; Preparedness to deal with any disaster Prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster Assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any disaster Evacuation, rescue and relief Rehabilitation and reconstruction District Authority, District Plan and Local Authority "District Authority" means the District Disaster Management Authority constituted under subsection (1) of section 25; District Plan means the plan for disaster management for the district prepared under section 31 Local authority includes Panchayat raj institutions, municipalities, a district board, cantonment board, town planning authority or Zila Parishad or any other body or authority, by whatever name called, for the time being invested by law, for rendering essential services or, with the control and management of civic services, within a specified local area; Mitigation, National Authority, National Executive Committee, National Plan

Mitigation" means measures aimed at reducing the risk, impact or effects of a disaster or threatening disaster situation. "National Authority means the National Disaster Management Authority established under sub-section (1) of section 3. "National Executive Committee" means the Executive Committee of the National Authority constituted under sub-section (1) of section 8. National Plan means the plan for disaster management for the whole of the country prepared under section 11. Preparedness, Reconstruction, Resources Preparedness" means the state of readiness to deal with a threatening disaster situation or disaster and the effects thereof Reconstruction" means construction or restoration of any property after a disaster Resources" includes manpower, services, materials and provisions State Authority, State Executive Committee, State Government, State Plan "State Authority" means the State Disaster Management Authority established under subsection (1) of section 14 and includes the Disaster Management Authority for the Union territory constituted under that section. "State Executive Committee" means the Executive Committee of a State Authority constituted under sub-section (1) of section 20. State Government means the Department of Government of the State having administrative control of disaster management and includes Administrator of the Union territory appointed by the President under article 239 of the Constitution. State Plan means the plan for disaster management for the whole of the State prepared under section 23. CHAPTER 2 OF NDMA Establishment of National Disaster Management Authority. Meetings of National Authority under the Chairmanship of the Prime Minister. Appointment of officers and other employees of the National Authority. Powers and functions of National Authority. Constitution of advisory committee by National Authority. Constitution of National Executive Committee.

Constitution of subcommittees Powers and functions of National Executive Committee. National Plan Guidelines for minimum standards of relief. Relief in loan repayment, CHAPTER 3 OF NDMA Establishment of State Disaster Management Authority. Meetings of the State Authority Appointment of officers and other employees of State Authority Constitution of advisory committee by the State Authority Powers and functions of State Authority Guidelines for Minimum standard of relief by State Authority. Constitution of State Executive Committee. Constitution of subcommittees by State Executive Committee Functions of the State Executive Committee. State Plan. Powers and functions of State Executive Committee in the event of threatening disaster situation CHAPTER 4 OF NDMA Constitution of District Disaster Management Authority. Powers of Chairperson of District Authority Meetings Constitution of advisory committees and other committees Appointment of officers and other employees of District Authority Powers and functions of District Authority District Plan Plans by different authorities at district level and their implementation.

Powers and functions of District Authority in the event of any threatening disaster situation or disaster CHAPTER 5 OF NDMA Measures by the Government for Disaster Management Central Government to take measures Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Central Government shall take all such measures as it deems necessary or expedient for the purpose of disaster management. Measures to be taken by the Central Government

Co ordination of actions of the Ministries or Departments of the Government of India, State Governments, National Authority, State Authorities, governmental and non-governmental organisations in relation to disaster management. Ensure the integration of measures for prevention of disasters and mitigation by Ministries or Departments of the Government of India into their development plans and projects Ensure appropriate allocation of funds for prevention of disaster, mitigation, capacity-building and preparedness by the Ministries or Departments of the Government of India Ensure that the Ministries or Departments of the Government of India take necessary measures for preparedness to promptly and effectively respond to any threatening disaster situation or disaster Co operation and assistance to State Governments, as requested by them or otherwise deemed appropriate by it. Deployment of naval, military and air forces, other armed forces of the Union or any other civilian personnel as may be required for the purposes of this Act Co ordination with the United Nations agencies, international organisations and governments of foreign countries for the purposes of this Act Establish institutions for research, training, and developmental programmes in the field of disaster management Such other matters as it deems necessary or expedient for the purpose of securing effective implementation of the provisions of this Act. The Central Government may extend such support to other countries affected by major disaster as it may deem appropriate. Responsibility of every Ministry or Department of the Government of India

Take measures necessary for prevention of disasters, mitigation, preparedness and capacitybuilding in accordance with the guidelines laid down by the National Authority Integrate into its development plans and projects, the measures for prevention or mitigation of disasters in accordance with the guidelines laid down by the National Authority Respond effectively and promptly to any threatening disaster situation or disaster in accordance with the guidelines of the National Authority or the directions of the National Executive Committee in this behalf Review the enactments administered by it, its policies, rules and regulations, with a view to incorporate therein the provisions necessary for prevention of disasters, mitigation or preparedness Allocate funds for measures for prevention of disaster, mitigation, capacity building and preparedness Provide assistance to the National Authority and State Governments for Drawing up mitigation, preparedness and response plans, capacity building, data collection and identification and training of personnel in relation to disaster management Carrying out rescue and relief operations in the affected area Assessing the damage from any disaster Carrying out rehabilitation and reconstruction

Disaster management plans of Ministries or Departments of Government of India The measures to be taken by it for prevention and mitigation of disasters in accordance with the National Plan The specifications regarding integration of mitigation measures in its development plans in accordance with the guidelines of the National Authority and the National Executive Committee Its roles and responsibilities in relation to preparedness and capacity building to deal with any threatening disaster situation or disaster. Its roles and responsibilities in regard to promptly and effectively responding to any threatening disaster situation or disaster The present status of its preparedness to perform the roles and responsibilities specified in subclauses (iii) and (iv) The measures required to be taken in order to enable it to perform its responsibilities specified in sub-clauses (iii) and (iv) Measures to be taken by State Governments

Subject to the provisions of this Act, each State Government shall take all measures specified in the guidelines laid down by the National Authority and such further measures as it deems necessary or expedient, for the purpose of disaster management Responsibilities of departments of the State Government Take measures necessary for prevention of disasters, mitigation, preparedness and capacitybuilding in accordance with the guidelines laid down by the National Authority and the State Authority Integrate into its development plans and projects, the measures for prevention of disaster and mitigation Allocate funds for prevention of disaster, mitigation, capacity-building and preparedness Respond effectively and promptly to any threatening disaster situation or disaster in accordance with the State Plan, and in accordance with the guidelines or directions of the National Executive Committee and the State Executive Committee Review the enactments administered by it, its policies, rules and regulations with a view to incorporate therein the provisions necessary for prevention of disasters, mitigation or preparedness CHAPTER VI of NDMA

LOCAL AUTHORITIES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS CHAPTER VII of NDMA

National Institute of Disaster Management. Officers and other employees of the National Institute CHAPTER VIII OF NDMA National Disaster Response Force. Control, direction, etc. CHAPTER IX OF NDMA FINANCE, ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT National Disaster Response Fund. National Mitigation Fund. Establishment of funds by State Government. Allocation of funds by Ministries and Departments.

Emergency procurement and accounting. CHAPTER X OF NDMA OFFENCES AND PENALTIES Punishment for obstruction, etc. Punishment for false claim. Punishment for misappropriation of money or materials, etc. Punishment for false warning. Offences by Departments of the Government. Failure of officer in duty or his connivance at the contravention of the provisions of this Act. Penalty for contravention of any order regarding requisitioning. Offence by companies. Previous sanction for prosecution. Cognizance of offences. CHAPTER XI OF NDMA MISCELLANEOUS Prohibition against discrimination. Power to issue direction by Central Government. Powers to be made available for rescue operations. Making or amending rules, etc., in certain circumstances. Power of requisition of resources, provisions, vehicles, etc., for rescue operations, etc. Payment of compensation. Direction to media for communication of warnings, etc. Authentication of orders or decisions. Delegation of powers. Annual report. Bar of jurisdiction of court.

Act to have overriding effect. Action taken in good faith. Immunity from legal process. Power of Central Government to make rules. Power to make regulations. Rules and regulations to be laid before Parliament. Power of State Government to make rules. Power to remove difficulties. HEALTH MANAGEMENT OF HUMAN BEINGS AND ANIMALS HEALTH CARE DELIVERY DURING DISASTER Statistics of Loss of Human beings and Livestock during disasters The cyclone in the state of Andhra Pradesh, of November 14 to 20, 1977, caused an estimated loss of 2,30,146 cattle and 3,44,056 other livestock, as against 8,515 human deaths. Similarly in Orissa cyclone during the 4th of June, 1982 there had been 11,468 cattle lost against 243 human deaths. (loss of other animal are not being projected). In Uttarkashi earthquake, 3100 cattle heads were lost as against 770 human lives. Between 1953-1990 we lost 1,02,905 cattle against 1532 human lives because of earthquakes. It is noticeable that even though animals are the main source of livelihood to the poorest of the poor and to the landless, concrete steps towards disaster management of livestock and other animals are yet to be taken. In India as high as 70% of livestock is owned by 67% of small and marginal farmers and by the landless people. The health management of Human Beings and Animals Standards of health and medical care address not only what care is given, but to whom, when, by whom, and under what circumstances or in what places. A comprehensive set of standards for health and medical care specifies the following: A comprehensive set of standards for health and medical care during Disasters What? What types of interventions, clinical protocols, standing orders, and other specifications should be used in providing health and medical care?

To whom? Which individuals should receive health and medical care according to their condition or likelihood of response? When? With what urgency should health and medical care be provided? By whom? Which individuals are certified and/or licensed to provide care within a defined scope of practice and other regulations? Where? What facility and system standards (pre-hospital, hospital, alternate care site, etc.) should be in place for the provision of health and medical care? Lack of safe drinking water Lack of safe drinking water is the cause for a large number of deaths in the aftermath of a natural disaster. Providing drinking water to the victims is thus a vital issue in disaster management operations. Microbiological quality of water is the main concern as it generally deteriorates during any disaster scenario. The quality of rivers, lakes, reservoirs and ground water used as drinking water sources get contaminated during disasters. Water quality monitoring at site is thus needed that can provide information necessary to implement appropriate treatment methods. Defence Laboratory, Jodhpur has developed a potable water testing kit which is best suited for this purpose. The effect of the Super Cyclone (Orissa, October 1999) on drinking water quality - A case study Health Management of Human Beings during disaster - Concerns Though some of the major hospitals have their mass casualty management plan, a very few of them practice mock drills on them. A very few hospitals are well-equipped and staffed to handle large-scale trauma patients. In several parts of the Country the transportation system is not proper to render health services in a fast pace.

The Roads of the country especially in Metro Cities is having problems of traffic jam. Delhis road traffic system is in such a bad shape that in case of a large-scale disaster, movement of lifeline service vehicles, such as ambulances, and fire brigades would be terribly affected. Animal Welfare during disaster Animal welfare is a human responsibility that encompasses all aspects of animal well-being, including proper shelter, management, nutrition, disease prevention and treatment, responsible care, humane handling. Disaster management structure in health sector in India The Emergency Medical Relief Division of Directorate General of Health Services in the Ministry- of Health & Family Welfare is the technical unit exclusively meant for management of crisis situations. The Division is headed by the Director, Emergency Medical Services and Relief. The Director, Emergency Medical Services & Relief (EMR) coordinates with the other health sector partners like director of Health Services of the state governments, stores division under the central government, vaccine producing institutes, central government hospitals and national institute of communicable diseases and director, malaria unit. The objective of the coordination is to review crisis situations from time to time and meet those needs, which State Governments cannot meet. For this purpose, continuous dialogue and communication are maintained with them. State level Usually a joint director or a deputy director of the state health services under director of health services is responsible for crisis management, coordination, monitoring and implementation of the emergency activities in the state as laid down in the state health sector contingency plan. The detail information about key personnel involved in disaster management at State, District and Central level is available with him.

District/PHC level At district level, the chief medical officer/Civil Surgeon is responsible to implement and coordinate health sector activities. He has details of information about officer involved in-disaster management at PHCS, District and State level. In case of manpower deployment during emergencies, the initial re-deployment of medical team is done by the chief medical officer of the affected districts from non-affected districts under his jurisdiction.

Subsequently, the state governments mobilizes the additional manpower from other non-affected districts state directors of health services. In case further supplementation is required, the director (EMR) on behalf of the central government is responsible to do the same from central government institutions.

NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY ROLES AND FUNCTIONS National Vision of NDMA To build a safer and disaster resilient India by developing a holistic, pro-active, multi-disaster and technology-driven strategy for disaster management through collective efforts of all Government Agencies and Non-Governmental Organisations

Introduction On 23 December 2005, the Government of India enacted the Disaster Management Act, which envisaged the creation of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) Composition of NDMA The Prime Minister of India is the Chairperson of the National Authority. There are 7 other members nominated by the Chairperson of the NDMA. The Chairperson of the National Authority may designate one of the members nominated as the Vice Chairperson of the National Authority. Members of NDMA 1. Dr. Manmohan Singh (Prime Minister) Chairman 2. M. Shashidhar Reddy - Vice Chairman 3. Maj Gen JK Bansal 4. B. Bhattacharjee 5. T Nanda Kumar 6. P. Jyoti Rao IAS(Retd.) 7. J. K. SINHA 8. Dr. Muzaffar Ahmed Advisory Committee of NDMA

There is an advisory committee of NDMA consisting of experts in the field of disaster management and having practical experience of disaster management at the national, State or district level to make recommendations on different aspects of disaster management. Purpose of the Creation of NDMA To lead and implement a holistic and integrated approach to Disaster Management in India. NDMA as the apex body is mandated to lay down the policies, plans and guidelines for Disaster Management to ensure timely and effective response to disasters. Roles and Functions of NDMA Lay down policies on disaster management Approve the National Plan Approve plans prepared by the Ministries or Departments of the Government of India in accordance with the National Plan Lay down guidelines to be followed by the State Authorities in drawing up the State Plan. Roles and Functions of NDMA Lay down guidelines to be followed by the different Ministries or Departments of the Government of India for the Purpose of integrating the measures for prevention of disaster or the mitigation of its effects in their development plans and projects; Coordinate the enforcement and implementation of the policy and plan for disaster management; Roles and Functions of NDMA Recommend provision of funds for the purpose of mitigation Provide such support to other countries affected by major disasters as may be determined by the Central Government Take such other measures for the prevention of disaster, or the mitigation, or preparedness and capacity building for dealing with the threatening disaster situation or disaster as it may consider necessary Lay down broad policies and guidelines for the functioning of the National Institute of Disaster Management. National Executive Committee The National Executive Committee shall consist of the following Members. The Secretary to the Government of India in charge of the Ministry or Department of the Central Government having administrative control of the disaster management is the Chairperson.

Members of the NEC The Secretaries to the Government of India in the Ministries or Departments having administrative control of theAgriculture, atomic energy, defence, drinking water supply, environment and forests, finance, health, power, rural development, science and technology, space, telecommunication, urban development, water resources and The Chief of the Integrated Defence Staff National Plan A plan for disaster management for the whole country is called as National Plan. The National Plan shall be prepared by the National Executive Committee having regard to the National Policy and in consultation with the State Governments and expert bodies or organisations in the field of disaster management to be approved by the National Authority The National Plan shall include Measures to be taken for the prevention of disasters, or the mitigation of their effects Measures to be taken for the integration of mitigation measures in the development plans

Measures to be taken for preparedness and capacity building to effectively respond to any threatening disaster situations or disaster Roles and responsibilities of different Ministries or Departments of the Government of India in respect to the measures specified in the Disaster Management Act 2005. Thank You STATE DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY MATHEW CP SDMA Every State in India has a department known as State Disaster Management Authority for Disaster Management. The Chief Minister of the State is the Chairperson. Other members, not exceeding eight, is nominated by the Chairperson of the State Authority. The Chairperson of the State Authority will nominate the Vice Chairperson from the members.

The Chairperson of the State Executive Committee shall be the Chief Executive Officer of the State Authority ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF SDMA Lay down the State disaster management policy Approve the State Plan in accordance with the guidelines laid down by the National Authority Approve the disaster management plans prepared by the departments of the Government of the State. Lay down guidelines to be followed by the departments of the Government of the State for the purposes of integration of measures for prevention of disasters and mitigation in their development plans and projects and provide necessary technical assistance. Roles and Functions of SDMA Co ordinate the implementation of the State Plan Recommend provision of funds for mitigation and preparedness measures Review the development plans of the different departments of the State and ensure that prevention and mitigation measures are integrated therein.

, Review the measures being taken for mitigation, capacity building and preparedness by the departments of the Government of the State and issue such guidelines as may be necessary. State Plan There shall be a plan for disaster management for every State to be called as the State Disaster Management Plan. The State Plan shall be prepared by the State Executive Committee having regard to the guidelines laid down by the National Authority and after such consultation with local authorities, district authorities and the people's representatives as the State Executive Committee may deem fit. The State Plan prepared by the State Executive Committee under subsection (2) shall be approved by the State Authority. DISTRICT DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (DDMA) Apex body at the district level Disaster management would involve many layers of participating organization. The three focal levels would be State, District and the site of the disaster.

DDMA The DDMA will act as the planning, coordinating and implementing body for DM at the District level Take all necessary measures for the purposes of DM in accordance with the guidelines laid down by the NDMA and SDMA. Roles and Functions of DDMA Prepare the District DM plan for the District Monitor the implementation of the National Policy, the State Policy, the National Plan, the State Plan and the District Plan Roles and Functions of DDMA The DDMA will also ensure that the guidelines for prevention, mitigation, preparedness and response measures laid down by the NDMA and the SDMA are followed by all the Departments of the State Government at the District level and the local authorities in the District. LOCAL INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT LOCAL AUTHORITIES Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), Municipalities District and Cantonment Boards Town Planning Authorities Roles and Functions These bodies will ensure capacity building of their officers and employees for managing disasters Carry out relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction activities in the affected areas and Prepare DM Plans in consonance with the guidelines of the NDMA, SDMAs and DDMAs. Roles and Functions Subject to the directions of the District Authority, a local authority shall Ensure that its officers and employees are trained for disaster management.

Ensure that resources relating to disaster management are so maintained as to be readily available for use in the event of any threatening disaster situation or disaster

Roles and Functions Ensure all construction projects under it or within its jurisdiction conform to the standards and specifications laid down for prevention of disasters and mitigation by the National Authority, State Authority and the District Authority The local authority may take such other measures as may be necessary for the disaster management.

INTERVENING PARTIES IN DISASTER VOLUNTARY AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS MATHEW C.P. Voluntary Organisations (VOs) and Disaster Preparedness VOs play a vital role in the shaping and Implementation of Disaster Management Programmes.

Contributing immensely towards various development programs. VOs may provide innovative and alternative cost effective models for Disaster Management.

They can mobilize people for constructive community work and often reach the most marginalized and vulnerable sections of society and contribute to the socio-economic development of the country, with much wider outreach. Community Based Disaster Preparedness for all sorts of hazards is the key to VOs preparedness plan. NGOs can play a great role for Coordination, Collaboration and Networking amongst themselves, Government and community. Strength of Voluntary Organisations Dissemination of knowledge regarding local conditions and close communication with the local communities enabling them to assess local needs of the people and motivating them and enlisting their ready participation in the development programmes Flexibility of approach, less rule bound, no rigid guidelines as in the government scheme; This enables them to innovate do action research and come out with strategies really related to local needs.

Voluntary Organisation can easily access local needs of the people and interact with them directly. They are flexible in approach and have low administrative cost structure. During 9th Five Year Plan, efforts were made to promote peoples Participatory bodies like PRIs, SHG and NGOs. Professional and innovative interventions of NGOs for disaster preparedness and mitigation at community level are now an increasing trend.. In the paradigm shift in disaster management from post-disaster relief to pre-disaster preparedness, mitigation and improved emergency response capacities in the country, NGOs have more competitive advantages and flexibility of operations in fields like awareness generation, community level preparedness and capacity building of communities, while the Government agencies have their core competencies in formulating rules, procedures, and regulations for structural safety for disaster management and mainstreaming disaster risk reduction into development projects

Recognizing the need of the hour, a National NGO Task Force on Disaster Management was established by NDMA in 2006 and several meetings of this Task Force were held to discuss strategies for consolidating and clarifying the Role of NGOs in DM For large relief agencies and NGOs, the main purpose is to provide material relief and rescue operations during times of disaster including medical relief. This is followed by a longer period of reconstruction activities of the physical infrastructure like roads, houses, community buildings, drinking water facilities etc and continuation of medical aid. In some instances, some financial aid and other assistance are provided to the affected people to start their traditional economic pursuits. For the small and localized NGOs the initial response is in the form of rescue and medical relief. In instances where other activities like reconstruction of houses etc are undertaken, they are usually dependant on support from the large relief agencies and international aid.

Most of the larger agencies, which are not located in the disaster prone areas withdraw after the initial phases of relief and reconstruction, while only a few prolong their presence in the areas for restarting some developmental activities.

National Disaster Management Guidelines Role of NGOs in Disaster Management

National Disaster Management Authority Role of NGOs in Disaster Preparedness Assist in identifying the basic needs of people affected by disasters and ensure that these are met. Reaching out to the communities to be better prepared for responding to disasters. Advocate for participatory processes to plan for possible relief camp locations in the event of disaster Formation of Task Forces at Community Level Establishment of coordination mechanisms. Contingency planning at community, district, state and National levels Detailed assessment of current needs and capacities at all levels Training and mock drills Establish linkages with stakeholders for hazard monitoring. Facilitate, support and establish mechanisms for information dissemination before, during and after disasters. Collect, Manage, Process and share Data during and after disaster. Research, develop, document and disseminate best practices, including traditional coping strategies Facilitate formation and participate in district level task forces. Advocate for establishment of DDMA-NGO Advisory Committee. Facilitate formation and participate in State level task forces. Advocate for establishment of SDMA- NGO Advisory Committee Facilitate formation and participate in National level NGO and other task forces. Information & Knowledge Management and communication

INTERVENING PARTIES IN DISASTER GOVERNMENT ORGANISATIONS

INTRODUCTION India is prone to multiple natural disasters, such as floods, earthquake, drought, landslides, cyclone, etc. This is due to various factors like the geo-climatic conditions, increase in population density, improper urbanization, deforestation and desertification. According to government data, about 60 per cent of the Indian landmass is prone to earthquakes of varying intensities, over 40 million hectares is prone to floods, around eight per cent of the total area is prone to cyclones and 68 per cent of the area is susceptible to drought. The basic responsibility of response mechanism, like undertaking rescue, relief and rehabilitation measures in the event of a disaster, rests with the state governments and, the center supplements the efforts by extending logistics and financial support. The government has formed a National Disaster Framework covering institutional mechanisms, disaster prevention strategy, early warning system, disaster mitigation, preparedness and response and human resource development. National Crisis Management Committee and Crisis Management Group The government has set up National Crisis Management Committee and Crisis Management Group. There is a National Committee on Disaster Management to suggest necessary institutional and legislative measures necessary for an efficient and long-term strategy to manage natural disasters. High Powered Committee on Disaster Management Plans Another committee High Powered Committee on disaster management plans was constituted in 1999 to prepare comprehensive model plans for management of disasters at the national, state and district levels. The state governments have set up State Crisis Management Groups headed by chief secretaries, institutes of relief commissioners and state/district contingency plans. There is a Calamity Relief Fund (CRF) for each state. 75 per cent of the CRF is contributed by the central government and the rest contributed by the various state governments Priority Areas of Government Organisations Integrating disaster management into national planning. Strengthening national disaster management committees/agencies Developing disaster management plans Exchanging experience on legal and institutional arrangements

Creating awareness and political support Building national disaster Management information systems. Improving disaster management training and capacity building. Promoting public awareness and media coverage. Enhancing scientific and technical cooperation in disaster management. Building community level programs for preparedness and mitigation. Creating awareness, political will and support for disaster management and mitigation. The Government of India have adopted mitigation and prevention as essential components of their development strategy. The Tenth Five Year Plan document has a detailed chapter on Disaster Management. The plan emphasizes the fact that development cannot be sustainable without mitigation being built into developmental process. Each State is supposed to prepare a plan scheme for disaster mitigation in accordance with the approach outlined in the plan. In brief, mitigation is being institutionalized into developmental planning. The Finance Commission makes recommendations with regard to devolution of funds between the Central Government and State Governments as also outlays for relief and rehabilitation. Flood preparedness and response In order to respond effectively to floods, Ministry of Home Affairs have initiated National Disaster Risk Management Programme in all the flood-prone States. Assistance is being provided to the States to draw up disaster management plans at the State, District, Block/Taluka and Village levels. Earthquake Risk Mitigation A National Core Group for Earthquake Risk Mitigation has been constituted consisting of experts in earthquake engineering and administrators. Responsibility of the Core Group Drawing up a strategy and plan of action for mitigating the impact of earthquakes. Providing advice and guidance to the States on various aspects of earthquake mitigation. Developing/organizing the preparation of handbooks/pamphlets/type designs for earthquake resistant construction.

Working out systems for assisting the States in the seismically vulnerable zones to adopt/integrate appropriate Bureau of Indian Standards codes in their building byelaws. Evolving systems for training of municipal engineers as also practicing architects and engineers in the private sector in the salient features of Bureau of Indian Standards codes and the amended byelaws. Evolving a system of certification of architects/engineers for testing their knowledge of earthquake resistant construction. Evolving systems for training of masons and carryout intensive awareness generation campaigns National Cyclone Mitigation Project A project for Cyclone Mitigation (estimated cost Rs. 1050 crore) has been drawn up in consultation with the cyclone prone States. This project envisages construction of cyclone shelters, coastal shelter belt plantation in areas which are prone to storm surges, strengthening of warning systems, training and education etc. This project has also been given in-principle clearance by the Planning Commission and is being taken up with World Bank assistance Landslide Hazard Mitigation A National Core Group has been constituted under the Chairmanship of Secretary, Border Management and comprising of Secretary, Department of Science and Technology, Secretary, Road Transport & Highways, and the Heads of Geological Survey of India and National Remote Sensing Agency for drawing up a strategy and plan of action for mitigating the impact of landslides, provide advise and guidance to the State Governments on various aspects of landslide mitigation monitor the activities relating to landslide mitigation including landslide hazard zonation and to evolve early warning systems and protocols for landslides/landslide risk reduction. The Government have designated Geological Survey of India (GSI) as the nodal agency responsible for coordinating/ undertaking geological studies, landslides hazard zonation, monitoring landslides/avalanches, studying the factors responsible and suggesting precautionary and preventive measure. The States/UTs have been requested to share the list of habitation close to landslide prone areas in order to supplement GSIs on going assessment of such areas based on the Survey of Indias Toposheet and their existing data base on landslide for the purpose of landslide hazard zonation being carried out by them.

A national strategy for mitigating landslide hazard in the country is being drawn up in consultation with all the agencies concerned. Disaster Risk Management Programme Taken up in 169 districts in 17 multi-hazard prone States with the assistance from UNDP, USAID and European Union. Under this project, the States are being assisted to draw up State, district and Block level disaster management plans; village disaster management plans are being developed in conjunction with the Panchayati Raj Institutions and disaster management teams consisting of village volunteers are being trained in various preparedness and response functions such as search and rescue, first aid, relief coordination, shelter management etc. Awareness generation The Government has initiated a nation-wide awareness generation campaign as part of its overall disaster risk management strategy. In order to devise an effective and holistic campaign, a steering committee for mass media campaign has been constituted at the national level with due representation of experts from diverse streams of communication. Disaster Awareness in School Curriculum Disaster management as a subject in Social Sciences has been introduced in the school curriculum for Class VIII and IX. The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) which has introduced the curriculum runs a very large number of schools throughout the country and the course curriculum is invariably followed by the State Boards of Secondary Education. Information, Education and Communication