Marc Jaccard on Myths of Renewable Energy

Meet Mr. El Salvador, the Diplomatic Dean

DESTINATIONS: Trek back to Fort NecessityESTABLISHED 1989 CDN $5.95

PM 40957514

May–June 2007

I S R A E L I A M B A S S A D O R : WAT E R A S A M I D D L E E A S T P E A C E M A K E R

BREAKTHROUGHA CANADIAN SCIENTIST AND AN

AMERICAN INVENTOR DISCOVER

A NEW WAY TO CLEANSE COAL,

CAPTURE THE GREENHOUSE

GASES AND MAKE ELECTRICITY

A BARGAIN AGAIN

Volume 18, Number 2

Table of CONTENTS

DIPLOMATICA|Verbatim: Quotes from four international provocateurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Good Deeds: Missions pitch in for clean water cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Diplomatic Agenda: Can water broker peace in the Middle East? . . . . 6Questions Asked: The dean and the Queen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

DISPATCHES|The Evolution of EnergyA Bells Corners team discovers technology that could change the world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Mark Jaccard challenges conventional wisdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Book Excerpt: Sustainable Fossil Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17The renewable energy race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Foreign workers send home more than CIDA sends out . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

DELIGHTS|Books: Immigration policy and political illusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Entertaining: Margaret Dickenson on soup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Wine: B.C.’s beauties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Canadiana: Henry Larsen’s northern trek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Envoy’s album: Several parties and a wedding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32New arrivals: Introducing seven new heads of mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

DESTINATIONS|An historically significant U.S. fort that shaped Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The publisher assumes no responsibility for unsolicited material. No part of this magazine may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher. The views expressed in the articles are those of the authors. © 2007 ISSN 1190-8343Publication Mail # 40957514. Return undeliverable Canadian copies to: Diplomat Magazine, P.O. Box 1173, Station B, Ottawa, ON K1P 5R2

PUBLISHERNeil ReynoldsASSOCIATE PUBLISHER Donna JacobsEDITORJennifer CampbellART DIRECTORPaul CavanaughCONTRIBUTING EDITORSDaniel DroletGeorge AbrahamCULTURE EDITORMargo RostonCOPY EDITORRoger BirdCONTRIBUTING WRITERSAlan BakerStephen BecktaDon CayoMargaret DickensonGeorge FetherlingMark JaccardGerard KenneyCONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHERSUlle BaumJana ChytilovaDyanne WilsonFrank SchemeSam GarciaLois SiegelBUSINESS MANAGEMENTJessie ReynoldsWEBMASTERLeslee McCabePUBLISHER EMERITUSLezlee Cribb

SUBSCRIPTIONSDiplomat & International Canada is published sixtimes a year. Subscription rates: individual, oneyear $35.70. For Canadian orders add 7 per centGST. U.S. orders please add $15 for postage. Allother orders please add $25.SUBMISSIONSDiplomat & International Canada welcomes submissions. Contact Jennifer Campbell, editor, at editor@diplomatonline.com or (613) 231-8476. DIPLOMAT & INTERNATIONAL CANADAP.O Box 1173, Station BOttawa, Ontario Canada K1P 5R2Phone: (613) 259-3038 Fax: (613) 259-5481E-mail: info@diplomatonline.comwww.diplomatonline.com

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Marc Jaccard on Myths of Renewable Energy

Meet Mr. El Salvador, the Diplomatic Dean

DESTINATIONS: Trek back to Fort NecessityESTABLISHED 1989 CDN $5.95

PM 40957514

May–June 2007

I S R A E L I A M B A S S A D O R : WAT E R A S A M I D D L E E A S T P E A C E M A K E R

BREAKTHROUGHA CANADIAN SCIENTIST AND AN

AMERICAN INVENTOR DISCOVER

A NEW WAY TO CLEANSE COAL,

CAPTURE THE GREENHOUSE

GASES AND MAKE ELECTRICITY

A BARGAIN AGAIN

The World in Canada

DIPLOMATICA|EDITOR’S NOTE

MAY—JUNE 20072

Cleaning coal

As MPs tout their own party’s envi-ronmental policies and govern-ments around the world worry

Canada will withdraw from Kyoto, scien-tists in Ottawa are feverishly working onwhat looks like good news on the energyfront.

Just a short drive from Parliament Hill,in a bunker-like setting near the strip mallsof Bells Corners, federal scientists havefound a better way to make coal burncleanly. They can do it in a lab already andexpanding it to larger applications seemsentirely promising, if not imminent. Fed-eral scientist Bruce Clements describes theprocess, which he tested using the meticu-lous technology of U.S. inventor Alex Fass-bender, as a “s tep change.” That ’sscience-speak for an awesome discovery.

Award-winning journalist and Diplomatpublisher Neil Reynolds brings us thestory of a band of determined scientists –brilliant minds all – who’ve been workingacross the Canada-U.S. border to clean upthis abundant fossil fuel. It’s hugely sig-nificant in the current enviro-climate: Coalis readily available and we know it will bein wide use for at least the next severaldecades. Turn to page 10 for the scoop.

Diplomat also has the voice of Mark Jac-card, author of three books on energy eco-nomics. Dr. Jaccard tells us that policies torestrict CO2 dumping, while they are theright thing to do, will likely mean moreenergy use – even more fossil fuel use.

For the final article in our cover pack-age, we checked in with renewable and al-ternative energy organizations to see whatthey think they can achieve in the short-and medium-term future. And we alsoasked them to name their biggest barrieror challenge.

Up front, in Diplomatica, we have anew feature called Verbatim – quotes fromaround the globe, this time from some ofthe world’s most controversial figures. In

the same section, IsraeliA m b a s s a d o r A l a nB a k e r g i v e s u s athoughtful piece onhow water – or its lack– forces his country toc o - o p e r a t e w i t h i t sneighbours . “Waterdoes not recognize con-

flicts; it does not observe treaties or cease-fires. It is neither Muslim, Christian norJewish,” Mr. Baker writes, arguing thatcountries in the Middle East must, there-fore, take a pragmatic and multilateral ap-proach to the issue.

Up front, we also present an interviewwith the dean of the diplomatic corps, ElSalvador’s Mauricio Rosales Rivera. You’lllearn, among other things, what it waslike to also be dean in London’s Court ofSt. James, and when he plans to retire.

Toward the back of the magazine, inour Delights section, books columnistGeorge Abraham offers a look at the im-migrant experience through the eyes ofthree different authors. Food writer Mar-garet Dickenson – who was in Beijing inApril to collect her gold medal for “bestentertaining cookbook in the world” atthe 2006 Gourmand World CookbookAwards – brings us that important but of-ten neglected part of the meal, the soup.Stephen Beckta offers the sights and tastesof the Okanagan, one of his favouriteCanadian wine regions. In Canadiana, au-thor Gerard Kenney tells the story ofHenry Larsen’s voyage through theNorthwest Passage in 1940. He was thesecond man to complete the journey. Fi-nally, Vancouver author and poet GeorgeFetherling looks at George Washington’sFort Necessity in our Destinations feature.This piece should launch history buffsinto trip planning mode.

Jennifer Campbell is editor of Diplomatmagazine

JENNIFER CAMPBELL

CONTRIBUTORS

Don Cayo, author of “Boosting the Flow inthe Money Pipeline”, page 20

Don Cayo has held several senior writingand editing positions at two newspapers- one on each coast of Canada - over thelast two decades. His main focus is onmore local concerns, but he always makestime to pursue his passion for masspoverty issues. He travels regularly to dofirst-hand reporting on a range of aid andtrade issues from developing countries,and his international work has won him adozen prizes. Most recently, he helped tofound, and acts as project leader for, a fel-lowship program that introduces begin-ning journalists to the joys and challengesof reporting from the developing world.

Mark Jaccard, author of “Climate Change andthe Errors of Conventional Wisdom”, page 16

Mark Jaccard has been professor in theSchool of Resource and EnvironmentalManagement at Simon Fraser University,Vancouver, since 1986 – interrupted from1992-97 while he served as chair and CEOof the British Columbia Utilities Commis-sion. His PhD is from the University ofGrenoble. Mark served on the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Change(1993-1996) and the China Council for In-ternational Cooperation on Environmentand Development (1996-2002). He’schaired several public inquiries, advisedgovernments throughout the world, andis a frequent media contributor. His 2002book, The Cost of Climate Policy, won thePolicy Research Institute award for bestpolicy book in Canada. His 2005 book,Sustainable Fossil Fuels, won the DonnerPrize for best policy book in Canada.

UP FRONT

Jana Chytilova spent the better part of the day atthe Bells Corners plant where federal scientistBruce Clements works his magic. The shoot wasextremely physical – lots of moving from build-ing to building – as well as informative, Ms.Chytilova said, because she learned about howthey process coal. “Bruce (Clements) was veryeager to help me out and very accommodating,”she said. “He struck me as someone who wasproud of his team’s achievements but humble atthe same time.”

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, presidentof Iran

“Unfortunately, in the past 300years, the Islamic world has beenin retreat vis-à-vis the World ofArrogance [the West] … Duringthe period of the last 100 years,the [walls of the] world of Is-lam were destroyed and theWorld of Arrogance turnedt h e r e g i m e o c c u p y i n gJerusalem into a bridge forits dominance over the Islamicworld.

“This occupying country [i.e. Israel] isin fact a front of the World of Arrogancein the heart of the Islamic world. Theyhave in fact built a bastion [Israel] fromwhich they can expand their rule to theentire Islamic world… This means thatthe current war in Palestine is the frontline of the Islamic world against theWorld of Arrogance, and will determinethe fate of Palestine for centuries to come.

“… They [ask]: ‘Is it possible for us towitness a world without America andZionism?’ But you had best know thatthis slogan and this goal are attainable,and surely can be achieved.

“I do not doubt that the new wavewhich has begun in our dear Palestine,and which today we are also witnessingin the Islamic world, is a wave of moral-ity which has spread all over the Islamicworld. Very soon, this stain of disgrace[i.e. Israel] will be purged from the centerof the Islamic world – and this is attain-able.

“Regrettably, 27 or 28 years ago… oneof the countries of the first line [i.e.Egypt] made this failure [of recognizing

Israel] – and we still hope that they willcorrect it.

“On the pretext of goodwill, they [Is-rael] intended, by evacuating the Gazastrip, to gain recognition of its corruptregime by some Islamic states. I verymuch hope, and ask God, that the Pales-tinian people and the dear Palestiniangroups will be wary of this Fitna [civilstrife].” Source: The Iranian StudentsNews Agency, excerpts from a speechgiven at the World Without Zionism Con-ference in Tehran, October 28, 2005

* * *“The West has given more significance

to the myth of the genocide of the Jews,even more significant than God, religion,and the prophets. It deals very severelywith those who deny this myth but does

not do anything to those who deny God,religion, and the prophet.

“If you have burned the Jews, whydon’t you give a piece of Europe, theUnited States, Canada or Alaska to Is-rael?” Source: Islamic Republic of IranBroadcasting report on a speech beforethousands in Zahedan, Dec. 14, 2005

* * *“Would it not be easier for global pow-

ers to ensure their longevity and winhearts and minds through the champi-oning of real promotion of justice, com-p a s s i o n a n d p e a c e , t h a n t h r o u g hcontinuing the proliferation of nuclear

VERBATIM|DIPLOMATICA

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THE WORLDACCORDINGTO:Mahmoud AhmadinejadRobert MugabeThan Shwe

Omar HassanAhmad al-Bashir

“… THEY [ASK]: ‘ IS IT

POSSIBLE FOR US TO

WITNESS A WORLD

WITHOUT AMERICA AND

ZIONISM?’ BUT YOU HAD

BEST KNOW THAT THIS

SLOGAN AND THIS GOAL

ARE ATTAINABLE, AND

SURELY CAN BE ACHIEVED.”

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, president of Iran

UN

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and chemical weapons and the threat oftheir use?

“The experience of the threat and theuse of nuclear weapons is before us. Hasit achieved anything for the perpetrators,other than the exacerbation of tension,hatred and animosity among nations?”Source: Speech to the UN General Assem-bly, Sept. 19, 2006

* * *“Iran will become an established nu-

clear state before the end of the year. Iranwill establish itself on the top of theworld nuclear peak.” Source: Iranian TVinterview, Nov. 20, 2006 —————————————————

Senior General Than Shwe, commander-in-chief of defence services of Myanmar:

“Judging from the lessons of history, itis certain that powerful countries wishingto impose their influence on our nationwill make any attempt in various ways toundermine national unity and weakenthe Tatmadaw [military].

“When the Tatmadaw had to unavoid-ably assume the state responsibility, thesituation of the country was deterioratingseverely in terms of both physical andspiritual aspects.”

General Shwe said the military must“exert efforts, hand in hand with the peo-ple, in building a peaceful, modern, de-veloped and disciplined flourishingdemocratic nation.” And it must “crush,hand in hand with the entire people,every danger of internal and external de-structive elements obstructing the stabil-ity and development of the state.” Source:Speech at Naypyidaw, Burma ArmedForces Day, March 28, 2007 —————————————————

Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir, president ofSudan

Ann Curry, NBC-TV reporter: I myselfhave spoken to the people in Darfur —people who have been shot and burnedand women who have been raped.

Mr. Al-Bashir: “Yes, there have beenvillages burned, but not to the extent youare talking about. People have been killedbecause there is war. It is not in the Su-danese culture or people of Darfur torape. It doesn’t exist. We don’t have it.”

He accused the United States of tryingto seize Darfur’s oil and gas riches: “Thegoal is to put Darfur under their custody,separating the region of Darfur from Su-dan.” Khartoum, March 20, 2007—————————————————

Robert Mugabe, president of Zimbabwe “Those who would want to represent

their countries [ambassadors] here mustbehave properly or else we kick them outof our country. So I have asked the Minis-ter of Foreign Affairs to summon themand read the riot act to them.

“We shall tell the ambassadors that thisis not a country which is a piece of Eu-rope. Zimbabwe is part of Africa.

“We are the government, we will notbe deterred by any criticisms which arecompletely unfounded from carrying outour duties. If they repeat it, they will get

arrested and get bashed by the police. “If they want to fight the police, the

police have the right to bash.”(Morgan Tsvangirai, head of the oppo-

sition Movement for Democratic Changeparty, is recovering from head woundsand other injuries after he was arrestedand jailed on his way to an anti-Mugabeprotest. Hundreds of protesters werebadly beaten.)

Mr. Mugabe, who brands his oppo-nents as stooges of the Western critics,warned against “monkey games.” Theseopponents, he said, are funding MorganTsvangirai to replace him through “vio-lent terrorist acts”. Source: Comments ata youth rally of Mr. Mugabe’s ZANU-PF(Zimbabwe African National Union – Pa-triotic Front) Harare headquarters onMarch 17, 2007

* * *“Tsvangirai, you want to rule this

country on behalf of [British Prime Min-ister Tony] Blair. As long as I am alive,that will never happen.” Source: Com-ments at ZANU-PF Party Headquarters,March 23, 2007

DIPLOMATICA|VERBATIM

MAY—JUNE 20074

“WE ARE THE GOVERNMENT,

WE WILL NOT BE DETERRED

BY ANY CRITICISMS WHICH

ARE COMPLETELY UN-

FOUNDED FROM CARRYING

OUT OUR DUTIES. IF THEY

REPEAT IT, THEY WILL GET

ARRESTED AND GET BASHED

BY THE POLICE.

Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir, president ofSudan

Robert Mugabe, president of Zimbabwe

Senior General Than Shwe, left, commander-in-chief of defence services of Myanmar, withformer UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan

UN

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IN S

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When 700 people get together inOttawa for a cultural celebra-tion that includes food, wine

and all kinds of international flavour,they aren’t just partying and experiencingother t radi t ions . By the end of theevening, they will also have raisedenough money to provide clean waterand sanitation to 6,000 people – for life.

The WaterCan Embassy Dinner, nowin its 13th year, has grown from its hum-ble beginnings when it was a dinner onParliament Hill for 250 people. In thosedays, it raised in the $10,000 range. Butthe idea of bringing together several em-bassies to provide their national food anddrink in an “around the world” formatwas a keeper and allowed it to grow tothe point where, on May 4, a sold-outcrowd of 700 was expected at the Ab-erdeen Pavilion. While Parliament Hillhad a certain cachet, the venue was smalland post-9/11 rules made it almost im-possible to return there so the AberdeenPavilion became the event’s new home in2002.

Several embassies have been long-timesupporters and this year’s event involvessome 45. Participants provide food anddrink from their countries, and many alsotake the opportunity for some culturaloutreach by showing national dress, andproviding travel information. Embassies,corporate sponsors and local donors offeritems for auction.

WaterCan’s Jennifer Davis said theevent is not only a great fundraiser forher organization, it’s also an innovative

way to expose the local community toWaterCan’s activities.

“Fundraising is of paramount impor-tance but it also allows us to engage thelocal community,” Ms. Davis said. “Weget new volunteers this way, we get newboard members. Five of our board mem-bers actually came to us through the Em-bassy Dinner. So you get those benefits aswell.”

WaterCan, which celebrates its 20th an-niversary this year, exists to provide cleandrinking water to the world’s poorestpeople and many of the countries thatparticipate in the dinner are actually re-cipients of the organization’s help. Since1987, it has helped more than one millionpeople in 32 developing countries andcurrently has projects in Ethiopia, Tanza-nia, Kenya and Uganda. All of its projectsare sustainable because they involve the

local communities and partners on theground, Ms. Davis said.

EMBASSY DINNER STANDOUTS• The Organization of Eastern CaribbeanStates has been involved from Day Oneby providing a food booth full of its deli-cacies, and donating items to the event’sauctions. • The Embassy of Egypt got involved fiveyears ago and supports the event by pro-viding nosh and donating an auctioned-off dinner for 10 at the ambassador ’shome. The dinner always captures ahandsome price. • A newer entrant to the event is theEmbassy of Sudan. Ms. Davis said em-bassy officials approached her andwanted to get involved because theyhad heard it was the “premier embassyevent in Ottawa.”

DIPLOMAT AND INTERNATIONAL CANADA 5

GOOD DEEDS|DIPLOMATICA

Clean water for 6,000 in just one night

FOR THE SAKE OF WATER: WaterCan’s Embassy Dinner attracts some 700 people to the Aberdeen Pavilioneach May. Embassies and high commissions provide food from their countries and auction items too.

DY

AN

NE

WIL

SON

f l e e t @ o t t a w a d o d g e . c o m • EMBASSY SPECIALISTS • 613-745-7051

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DIPLOMATICA|DIPLOMATIC AGENDA

In Canada, water is a natural and read-ily available commodity. It flows fromthe faucet into the sink, toilet, bath or

shower as a matter of course and withoutmuch thought by its users. Water exists inCanada’s thousands of lakes and rivers,or in the snow that bedeviled us over thewinter.

With Canada’s abundance of water,one may overlook a very basic truth oflife’s sustainability. We can live withoutmany things – diamonds, gold, zinc, oiland other minerals and resources – butwe can’t live without water.

The Middle East sits on the edge of adesert belt, so water supplies are at thebest of times low, and within 20 years,fresh water will hardly be available fordomestic usage. Global warming, lowrainfall and overtaxing of aquifers willmake it necessary to recycle sewage anddesalinate brackish and sea water, or cre-ate alternative means of producing rain.

The Middle East water shortage is nei-ther political nor ideological, but socio-economic. Water does not recognizeconflicts; it does not observe treaties orceasefires. It is neither Muslim, Christiannor Jewish. Water does not observeUnited Nations resolutions. It just flows –or it doesn’t.

Necessity and scarcity have forced Is-rael and its neighbours to acknowledgethat while they may argue and even fightover many issues, no one can emerge vic-torious over water. So we have to ap-proach the problem from a multilateral,pragmatic approach. In the early 1960s,after tensions generated by Syrian at-tempts to block the sources of the Jordan

River and preventIsrael’s supply ofwater, United Statesengineer Eric John-ston shuttled backa n d f o r t h a n dadapted a de factoallotment of thewaters of the Jor-dan-YarmouqRiver Basin be-tween Syria, Jor-dan ( includingthe West Bank),

and Israel. Despitethe refusal of the Arab states to

sign any agreement with Israel, this“Johnston Plan” nevertheless served as avalid arrangement for 40 years, untilovertaken by the Jordan-Israel 1994 PeaceTreaty. This contains a special annex de-voted to water, establishing a bilateralregime for regulating summer and winterflows, storage and counter-pollutionmeasures.

Similarly, the 1995 Israel-Palestinian In-terim Agreement (“Oslo II”) acknowledged

Palestinian water rights and set out an Is-raeli-Palestinian supervisory regime forfresh water management, sewage controland sustainable usage of the available re-sources. In these instruments, the Israelis,Jordanians and Palestinians acknowledgedthe dire shortage of water and the need todevelop additional sources through re-gional and international cooperation and

joint pollution prevention.The 1991 Madrid Middle East Peace

Conference established a Multilateral Wa-ter Resources Working Group chaired bythe U.S., with Japan and the EU as co-or-ganizers. This group has undertaken sev-eral projects, with the participation andcooperation of Israel, Jordan and thePalestinians, such as establishing a re-gional water data bank, a regional desali-nation research center in Oman, publicawareness and conservation.

The Jordan River, the lowest river inthe world and holy to all three monothe-istic religions, is of tremendous natural,historical, cultural, ecological and arche-ological significance. Joint teams of Jor-d a n i a n s , P a l e s t i n i a n s a n d I s r a e l iresearchers and experts, with UNESCOand the EU, are working together to savethe river from pollution and damage.Similarly, Israeli and Palestinian re-searchers, funded by regional coopera-t i o n a g e n c i e s a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a ldevelopment aid, are monitoring restora-t ion strategies for other rivers andstreams flowing between the Palestinian

areas and Israel, such as the Alexanderstream, highly polluted by industrial andurban waste flowing from the West Banktown of Nablus to its estuary close to theIsraeli town of Netanyah, and the ailingHebron river, passing the West Banktown of Hebron, flowing through thesouthern Israeli town of Beer Sheba andon to Gaza and the sea.

FIRST NAME: Alan

LAST NAME: Baker

CITIZENSHIP: Israeli

PRESENTED CREDENTIALS AS

AMBASSADOR: Sept. 27, 2004

OTHER PROFESSIONS: Eight years

as legal adviser to Israel’s

foreign affairs ministry; 30

years drafting peace treaties

Water: A source of peace in the Middle East

IDE

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ESSENTIAL TECHNOLOGY: Desalination plants, such as the Asheklon Desalination Plant pictured here, arenecessary to supply Israelis with water in the desert region.

7DIPLOMAT AND INTERNATIONAL CANADA

DIPLOMATIC AGENDA|DIPLOMATICA

Israel is using its technological expert-ise to construct a state-of-the-art sea-wa-ter reverse-osmosis desalination facilitycapable of providing consumers –throughout the region and not just in Is-rael – with millions of cubic meters of de-salinated water. Similarly, Jordan, Israeland the Palestinian Authority are cooper-ating in a project to pump water from theRed Sea to the Dead Sea, within theframework of an “economic peace corri-dor” that will extend northwards to theYarmouq River, intended to turn the Mid-dle East into an area of cooperation, eco-nomic development, prosperity andstability. Additionally, following an initialagreement between Israel and Turkey,consultations are underway to pipe freshwater from Turkey under the Mediter-ranean Sea through an “energy corridor”that will ultimately include other meansof energy, for use both in the Middle Eastand beyond.

Other Israeli developments includeproducing rain in sub-tropical areas dur-ing cloudless summer months by alteringair currents, using a unique thermal ma-terial that would radiate water vapourback into the air to reheat the lower at-mosphere and form clouds and out-of-season rain.

With a view to concentrating interna-tional attention to this and other consid-erable technological opportunities to dealwith the regional water shortage, Israelwill be hosting the 4th International Wa-ter and Technology Week (WATEC) inNovember 2007 in Tel Aviv. This will pro-vide an opportunity for meeting, discus-sion, research and business cooperationbetween Israeli and overseas companies,research institutions and experts. Partici-pants will visit Israel’s desalination plant,and will discuss hi-tech irrigation meth-ods, waste-water re-usage systems, watermanagement and solar technologies.

With such an immense challenge to thesustainability and maintenance of life dueto the lack of fresh water, the countriesand peoples of the Middle East are bridg-ing the political and historical gaps be-tween them. They have no choice. Waterwon’t wait for peace to emerge. Butthrough obliging the states and peoplesto work together, it is serving as a factorin generating peace, bon-voisinage andmutual respect.

Time - and water - will tell if we willsucceed.

Alan Baker is Israel’s ambassador toCanada.

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MAY—JUNE 2007

Mauricio Rosales Rivera began hisposting in Canada on May 1, 1996,straight from a posting in Brussels, and before that, Britain, where he

was dean of the diplomatic corps.He became dean of the Canadian

diplomatic corps last fall whenCosta Rican AmbassadorCarlos Miranda retired. Hespoke to Diplomat’s JenniferCampbell about the joband about his future.

Diplomat magazine: Youbecame the dean of the

diplomatic corps in September.Describe the job.

Mauricio Rosales Rivera: The dean is insome way a product of protocol. Youhave to have some order where every-one feels no country is ahead of theother. You have to have some criteriaand the criteria is who’s been here thelongest. In the international world,whether you are big or small, you aresupposed to be equal. When theprime minister has a party, someonehas to meet the prime minister first.It’s done in order of precedence soit’s I first, and then Guyana, etc.(Canadian protocol officials) lineus all up. For me, it’s only themerit of time.

DM: Do you line up for the governorgeneral too?

MR: Sometimes the office of the governorgeneral does it, too, but lately, she hasn’t.It depends on the style of the governorgeneral. (Michaelle Jean) tends to haveeveryone in a room and then she comesin and starts greeting people. Mrs. Clark-son would tend to have proper lines andshe would greet us.

DM: This isn’t the first time you’ve beendean – you’ve done this before. MR: Yes. I was in the United Kingdom andI stayed for some time also and I reachedfirst the dean of the Latin American groupand then I was the dean of the wholecourt of St. James. Over there, protocol ismore respected because it’s a (royal) court.

DM: So you met the Queen several times.What was your impression?MR: For me, she was very kind. As an ex-ample, before I became dean, I was in-

vited to Windsor Castle. They said it wasnot completely formal but over there,even informal is black tie. The Prime Min-ister (John Major) was invited, and theArchbishop of London, and one of therectors of the university – very importantpeople. They sat me on the left side of theQueen and John Major was on her rightside. In front was Prince Philip and mywife. It was a long table. At the end of thedinner, someone from protocol said theQueen wanted to take a walk with me.She had a display and in the display,there were some objects from the previ-ous century from El Salvador. There wasa coin that said “Salvador.” The Queenasked me about this. I explained that thiswas the name of my country before 1821.Then she had the letters of credence of thefirst minister plenipotentiary of my coun-try. I explained the name of that personand that he used to be one of the impor-tant people in El Salvador when he wasthe consul-general in Switzerland. Hehelped a lot of people who were perse-cuted at that time. She didn’t know any-thing about him but she was curious. Itfelt, in a way, like I was being tested. AndI suppose I passed. I was only the dean ofthe diplomatic corps in London for oneyear and then I left for Brussels.

DM: Your country seems to like to sendyou on long postings. MR: Generally, we say we should beposted for five or six years. I was in Lon-don for eight years and I’ve been inCanada for 10 years. So I’m probably inmy second term here. Before I went toLondon, I was mostly involved in multi-lateral diplomacy because I was at theUN. It was during the time that El Sal-vador had social turmoil. We were under-going very difficult times. I was there forsix years between 1980 and 1986. Thatwas my second posting at the UN.

DM: How does Canada rate among yourpostings? MR: I like it a lot. It’s a beautiful country,it’s safe. We are very happy here. I gohome two or three times a year and myfamily isn’t far. My son lives in Vermontand my daughter is a lawyer and worksin New York City. So for me, it’s conven-ient to have my children near here. Andmy son has a son and daughter, so mygrandchildren are near, too.

On protocol, the court of St. Jamesand El Salvador

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DM: Do the regional deans get togethervery often?MR: Yes, we meet regularly – every threemonths – with the protocol office. There’sthe dean of Caribbean (represented by thehigh comissioner of Guyana), Middle East(United Arab Emirates), Africa (Togo), Eu-rope (Holy See), Latin America (Paraguay),Asia (Malaysia). It’s a way to prepare fu-ture events or to discuss projects. Last timewe discussed where the diplomatic forumwill take place. This year, it’s St. Andrewsin New Brunswick in early September. Ifwe have complaints or concerns, we ex-press them. Then the deans take the infor-mation back to the members of theirregional group. The Latin American groupmeets once a month.

DM: What else does the dean do? MR: Sometimes you have to make replyspeeches at official dinners. Or you mightbe called to Parliament to sit in the specialvisitors section and be acknowledged. I was invited to the swearing-in of thenew cabinet.

DM: Do you go to many receptions? MR: I intend to go to every national day. I believe that it’s part of my responsibility.But there are times when I’m away and I can’t go.

DM: What’s the most impressive recep-tion you’ve attended as dean? MR: When the new government wassworn in, I’d say that’s probably it. Everytime they open a new parliament, I’masked to be there.

DM: How many heads of state have youmet over the years? MR: I presented credentials to the King ofSweden, the King of Norway, and while Iwas at the UN, I met several heads ofstate. I once met Mr. Castro at a meetingof the non-aligned movement. We talkeda little bit.

DM: We should also touch on El Salvador.At this point in its history, what’s the sin-gle biggest problem facing your country? MR: We have to advance our socio-eco-nomic concerns. We have to feel that thepeople in El Salvador have the means forfulfilling their own desires. We have ad-vanced a lot in the political field after wesigned the peace accord. Now we have agovernment in which the opposition isvery strong in Parliament. Relations withCanada are good. I hope (our) foreign af-fairs minister will visit Canada this year.

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DI SPATCHES|THE EVOLUTION OF ENERGY

Ottawa research scientist Bruce Clements

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Approach the compound onan overcast day in springand you can’t escape thesense that you are enteringa classified place in a pro-

hibited time. You are 10 minutes fromdowntown Ottawa, passing throughvaguely inhospitable terrain – scrub land,stunted cedars and hardwoods. Even inthe distance, beyond the fences andfields, you can for a few minutes see noevidence of human habitation.

You reach a security gate that dividesthe roadway, exit your car and enter aguard house that looks like Checkpoint

Charlie. Uniformed personnel trade aplastic security card for your driver’s li-cence. On the wall, a map sites 19 build-ings that form an imperfect semi-circlearound an old quarry. In the old days,they used its sandstone to build the Cen-tre Block on Parliament Hill – thoughthey went to Ohio and Vermont for thedecorative stone. Another wall sign pro-hibits cameras. Through the windows,you glimpse distant concrete towers ris-ing windowless above the trees.

You go to Building 3, the numericalmanner in which all the fortress struc-tures are identified. Here you meet Bruce

R. Clements, the federal scientist respon-sible for research into advanced combus-tion technologies, the efficient burning ofthings for prime energy. Mr. Clementsleads you to Building 4, next door, wherea rambling series of high-ceiling roomsare connected by narrow walkways andfilled with pipes, wires and tubes that in-coherently service experimental furnaces.They’re as small as parlour stoves and aslarge as a four-storey house. Building 4 isexplosion-proof.

Here is an odd-shaped furnace used toburn muck for the analysis of the infa-mous Sydney tar ponds. Here is a hori-

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THE EVOLUTION OF ENERGY|DI SPATCHES

CANADA GETSA SHOT ATCHANGINGTHE WORLD Canadian scientist Bruce Clements and U.S. inventor Alex Fassbender can make coal behave itself – by keeping itunder constant pressure, writes Neil Reynolds. The technology could restore the reputation of the world’s mostabundant fossil fuel.

Bells Corners, Ottawa

zontal furnace used to calculate the im-pact of cross-current winds on the distri-bution of flue gases from oil wells, amemento of Wiebo Ludwig, the evangeli-cal Alberta farmer who declared war onthe oil patch for poisoning his soil andkilling his cattle. Here is Canada’s onlyexperimental high-pressure gasifer, acylindrical furnace 10 inches in diameter,five feet in height, surrounded by a thicktube of stainless steel. It subjects coal toextraordinary pressure, turning it intogas, forcing it to release its energy inways it never has before – notwithstand-ing the fact that humans have burnedcoal for thousands of years.

Forbidding as it looks from the out-side, the sprawling research compoundhere at the federal government’s CanadaCentre for Mineral and Energy Technol-ogy in Bells Corners is one of the finest inthe world. It has some of the best pilot-plant facilities in North America and ithouses most of the advanced coal re-search done in Canada. It has laboratoriescapable of breakthrough advances intechnology. It has scientists capable ofmaking them happen.

We’re back at Building 3. It was herethat Natural Resources Minister GaryLunn discreetly discussed in mid-January,with Environment Minister John Baird athis side, a breakthrough in clean-coaltechnology that could change Canadianhistory and perhaps world history, too.

“There’s exciting promise in coal,” Mr.Lunn said. “They’re doing research[here], right now, today, where they canremove 90 per cent of the pollutants fromcoal-fired electricity generation. You com-bine that with carbon capture and storageto take out all of the greenhouse gas emis-sions – there’s enormous promise here.

“When you speak to the scientists,they believe that we can get to zero-emis-sions coal-fired technology. We should beopen to that. Carbon capture and storagehas enormous potential in places like theoil sands where there are high concentra-tions of greenhouse gases, where we cantake those gases, capture them, put theminto a pipe and put them deep down inthe earth’s crust where they came from.

“This is an opportunity where we re-ally want to focus our research money.”

Mr. Lunn could not have more pre-cisely described the dramatic advance inclean-coal technology proven here at thefederal lab – a revolutionary coal-firedcombustion process code-named TIPS(Thermo-energy Integrated Power Sys-tem). In the lab, TIPS delivers clean coal.

It delivers CO2, coal’s greenhouse gasemissions, cleansed and ready for under-ground sequestration. It delivers this per-fect package at a price that blows awaythe competition. And it does it in a fur-nace only one-tenth the size of conven-tional coal furnaces.

Judging by all the analysis and tests sofar, a TIPS coal-fired electrical genera-tion plant could fit comfortably into

urban or suburban streetscapes. It soundstoo good to be true. But Bruce Clements,a classically understated Canadian scien-tist, says it’s for real. “This is huge,” hesays. “This is a step change.”

Trust the scientist to be precise. In col-loquial language, a “step change” meansan important change. In scientific lan-guage, it means a paradigm shift. Itmeans a quantum leap. It means goingforward and never going back. Mr.Clements chooses his words very care-fully. He repeats them. “This is huge,” hesays. “This is a step change.”

He reflects on his 16 years as a research

scientist in what his business card calls“combustion optimization” with NaturalResources at the Bells Corners com-pound. “I’ve had my share of achieve-ments,” he says. “I’ve never had anythinglike this. This is a life’s work.”

Mr. Clements, 50, is a hometown Ot-tawa boy who earned his engineering de-grees at the University of Ottawa andwho has spent his entire 27-year careerworking around Ottawa. He’s a familyman, married to Diane, with three chil-dren, Carolyn, Brian and Eric. He has adog, a black Lab named Kobi. In his piti-fully cramped office in Building 2, thescreensaver on his computer rotates pic-tures of his family and his cottage onBlack Lake near Perth. He knows thatwood stoves in the country aren’t envi-ronmentally correct these days but he oc-casionally burns wood anyway. He’smore than science. He’s romance, too. Heused to have his own band that playedOttawa Valley hotels. Rock. Jazz. Loungemusic. He played piano and sax.

Mr. Clements works with two young

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Inventor of a revolutionary advance in coal-fired power generation, U.S. chemical engineer Alex Fassbenderhas teamed with Natural Resources Canada to test and evaluate the new technology. Last year, Mr. Fassbender toured the Maritime provinces on his BMW motorcycle.

engineers whom he describes as brilliant– Richard Pomalis and Ligang Zheng.The three scientists are together, alongwith three other men, in a photographtaken last year at a signal moment forTIPS in Boston (see page 10). The Canadi-ans had driven down together – takingeight hours, yes, but saving travel money– to meet three Americans: Alex Fassben-der, Herman De Meyer and GregoryMcRae. Mr. Fassbender is the scientistand inventor who devised the basic TIPSprocess and who holds the patents on it.He teamed with Mr. Clements when hefound that Bells Corners was the only re-search lab in the world that could prop-erly test his innovations.

Mr. Fassbender, 53, is an interestingand imposing character. At 6’ 2”, he tow-ers over his companions in the photo-graph. In early March, he drove hislimited-edition 2003 eight-cylinder silverVolkswagen through fierce snowstormsfrom Boston to Bells Corners to meet withMr. Clements. Why drive? Because it costhim less than flying – thrifty people, these

scientists – and because he loves to drivehis very-rare car. Now executive vice-president of a company called ThermoEn-ergy Corporation, based near Boston, hestarted his career at Pacific NorthwestLaboratories, a U.S. national research labnear Seattle. He loves Vancouver. He’sthinking of moving north permanently.

Mr. Fassbender got his degree in chem-ical engineering at the University of Cali-fornia at Berkeley in 1976 – a time andplace where he could catch such lecturersas Edward Teller of hydrogen bombfame, and Glenn Seaborg, Nobel Prizewinner (chemistry) in 1951 and later sci-ence adviser to several U.S. presidents.Mr. Fassbender has an MBA among hispost-graduate degrees.

Herman De Meyer and GregoryMcRae, the other two men in the Bostonphotograph, are scientists with interna-tional reputations who spent a full daygrilling Mr. Clements and Mr. Fassbenderon the TIPS technology. For Mr. Clementsand Mr. Fassbender, it was a kind of finalexam. Dr. McRae was a member of a

panel of scientists at the MassachusettsInstitute of Technology which, in mid-March, published a definitive report onthe future of coal – where it’s going andhow it’s going to get there. Headed bychemical engineer John Deutch (a formerdirector of the CIA in the 1990s) andphysicist Ernest Moniz (an undersecre-tary of energy in the 1990s), the MIT teamconcluded its report succinctly: “Coal usewill increase under any foreseeable sce-nario because it is cheap and it is abun-dant.”

Dr. De Meyer and Dr. McRae grilledMr. Fassbender, Mr. Clements, Mr. Poma-

lis and Mr. Zheng for hours. When theyfinished, they gave the team and the tech-nology a thumbs-up. TIPS had aced its fi-nal exam. All that remained now was tobuild the demo plant and find out if TIPSfunctions in real-life as it does in theoreti-cal modeling and in experimental testing.

Mr. Clements wasn’t surprised by thepassing grade. He and his team had ana-lyzed the technology thoroughly – andindependently. He had calculated more

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Research scientists Bruce Clements, Richard Pomalis and Ligang Zheng form the team that tested and as-sessed breakthrough coal-combustion technology at the secluded Bells Corners laboratory compound op-erated by Natural Resources Canada.

THE TECHNOLOGY USES

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BUSTION EFFICIENCY,

NEAR-ZERO EMISSION OF

POLLUTANTS AND CAR-

BON CAPTURE. IT CAN

HANDLE A WIDE RANGE

OF FUELS, INCLUDING

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efficiencies than Mr. Fassbender himselfhad conceived. Further, he had concludedthat no significant technical barriers ex-isted to building a demonstration plant.Based on Mr. Clements’ findings, Mr.Fassbender expects to have a large-scale,carbon-capture commercial power plantunder way within two years, preferablyin Canada – which really means BellsCorners. Mr. Clements’ exhaustive 200-page report on Mr. Fassbender’s technol-ogy identifies TIPS as potentially themost competitive new power plant (withCO2 capture) in the world.

The technology uses pressurized oxy-gen to achieve high combustion effi-ciency, near-zero emission of pollutantsand carbon capture. It can handle a widerange of fuels, including high-moisturecoal and biomass. Coal is inherently dirtyand big. With Mr. Fassbender’s technol-ogy, it gets cleaned, squeezed and com-pacted. In the end, the technologydownsizes the coal and vents nothinginto the atmosphere.

In basic ways, Mr. Fassbender’s modeluses the same methodology that JamesWatts used in the 18th century. You

pulverize coal into particles as fine as tal-cum powder, then burn it in a furnacesurrounded by pipes filled with water.You direct the steam into off-the-shelf tur-bines that spin to produce electricity. Inconventional coal furnaces, though, youcaptured the pollutants – or not – as theyexited the smokestack. In TIPS technol-ogy, there’s no smokestack.

In other ways, TIPS introduces uniqueadaptations. First, you begin to cleansethe coal before you burn it. In a separatefacility alongside the furnace, you takeroom-pressure air and put it under pres-sure. Lots of pressure. Air pressure in acar tire is 30 pounds per square inch (psi).Air pressure in Mr. Fassbender’s entrychamber is 1,250 psi. You separate thepressurized air into its basic components,oxygen and nitrogen, then direct the pureoxygen into the furnace to drive the com-bustion.

Then you burn the coal under pressure– again, 1,250 psi. You keep the steam un-der pressure, too, inside tubes, typicallybetween 2,500 psi and 3,700 psi. In theend, you have nothing left in the furnaceexcept ash (used commercially in con-crete.) You have captured the pollutants –sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, mercury,particulate matter – in the hot exhaustfrom the furnace. You pass these fumesthrough a condensing heat exchanger

“where,” as Mr. Fassbender puts it, “themagic happens.” From this condensation,you get very hot water – the water con-tent of the coal itself, the water producedby combustion. At 400 degrees Fahren-heit, the water is a significant energysource of its own. “It’s what the [high]pressure buys you,” Mr. Fassbender says.“It means that the pressure pays for it-self.”

When the exhaust fumes release thewater, they release the rest of the pollu-tants with it. You direct some of the CO2

back to the furnace to exploit the residual

energy left in it. You cool the rest of theCO2, still under pressure, to 87 degreesFahrenheit – when it turns into a liquid.You further cleanse the liquid CO2, aneasy process now because it’s so com-pacted. Think of a CO2 cartridge for an airgun, Mr. Fassbender says. Then think of agarbage can. The cartridge holds underpressure the same volume of gas as thegarbage can.

Because of the extreme atmosphericpressures used in the process, Mr. Fass-bender’s generating plant can be 10 timessmaller than conventional plants. Mr.Fassbender thinks that it can fit comfort-ably into large cities – any place, actually,served by a railway line. “A conventional500 megawatt plant has to be built in thehinterland,” Mr. Fassbender says, “andyou lose four per cent of your electricityfrom the transmission lines.” He says theCO2 can be moved to its sequestration siteeither as a compressed liquid or as a com-pressed gas. Mr. Clements, on the other

hand, says the TIPS generating plantsshould be built near sequestration sites –moving the electricity rather than the CO2,

which stays buried because it’s heavierthan air.

Clean-coal furnaces have existed for adecade or more, some more sophisticatedthan others. In its earliest form, chemical“scrubbers” captured pollutants – somequite successfully – as they vented fromsmokestacks. In advanced form, the fur-nace converts coal into a synthetic gas(“syngas”), which gets directed into a gi-ant turbine to make electricity. The heatgenerated in this process gets recycledand powers a second turbine. In this tech-nology, known as IGCC (for integratedgasification combined cycle), most pollu-tants never reach the smokestack. Theyare retrieved from the syngas, processedand packaged for commercial uses. Thefirst of these IGCC power plants wentinto production in 1996 in Florida’s PolkCounty – and has powered the Pirates ofthe Caribbean at Disney World in Or-lando with clean electricity ever since.

The IGCC power plants are impressivethings, and are widely considered thebest bet of the clean-coal technologiest h a t a re a l re a d y o p e r a t i o n a l . M r.Clements and Mr. Fassbender hold differ-ent opinions on them. Mr. Clements sup-ports the technology, notwithstanding hisconviction that TIPS is superior. “I ammore of a believer,” he says, “in a diversepower-generation portfolio.” Mr. Fass-bender thinks that IGCCs will soon be-come anachronisms. They can captureCO2, he says, only if you turn them into“chemical factories.” The scientists agree,though, that IGCCs are complex, expen-sive to build and costly to operate.

C ANMET scientists have worked foryears on IGCC technologies andw i l l c o n t i n u e t o d o s o . M r.

Clements observes that the IGCC technol-ogy can turn coal into either a liquid fuel(which can run cars) or a gas (which canturn turbines and make electricity). “Inthe U.S., this could be very important,”he says, “in decreasing the country’s de-pendence on foreign fuel supplies.” Mr.Fassbender’s design produces electricity.Its contribution as a vehicular fuel wouldprobably be for gas-electric hybrids. In itsfavour, TIPS doesn’t need the giant tur-bines that the IGCC plants require, a hugesaving in capital and operating costs, anduses off-the-shelf turbines instead. And itcaptures the CO2 without incurring extraexpense.

BECAUSE OF THE EXTREME

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURES

USED IN THE PROCESS, MR.

FASSBENDER’S GENERATING

PLANT CAN BE 10 TIMES

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TIONAL PLANTS. MR. FASS-

BENDER THINKS THAT IT

CAN FIT COMFORTABLY

INTO LARGE CITIES

It was the Clements team that discov-ered the magnitude of Mr. Fassbender’sinnovations. “They had never been quan-tified,” Mr. Clements says. “Therefore, thesignificance [of the TIPS process] hadbeen underestimated.” Mr. Clements fin-ished this “quantification process” justbefore Christmas 2006. “It was then thatwe started to get excited,” Mr. Clementsrecalls. “We hadn’t realized what we weresitting on.” At almost the last moment,they recognized that a TIPS furnace couldindeed be one-tenth the size of a conven-tional furnace, “which excited us evenmore.” Coal-fired power plants, as nowconstructed, are bigger than high-riseapartment buildings; small power plantswould represent a huge economy.

Mr. Clements and his team have con-firmed that the TIPS steam cycle operateswith a boiler efficiency eight per cent bet-ter than conventional systems. It incursmuch less thermal loss. It increases poweroutput by eight per cent. It eliminates theneed for auxiliary power required byother sequestration technologies, savingan additional 10 per cent of power out-put. The list of incremental cost-savingsgoes on. Add it all up and TIPS promisesclean coal at a bargain price, compared toconventional coal plants, with CO2 cap-ture thrown in free.

By Mr. Clements’ calculations, TIPS

can deliver pollution-free electricity forless than eight cents per kilowatt hour –and ultimately, for a large-scale commer-cial operation, by significantly less thaneight cents. In comparison, Ontario(which markets electricity for less than itcosts to produce) sells electricity for as lit-tle as 5.8 cents per kWh and as much 9.7cents for peak-demand consumption.New Brunswick sells electricity for 9.2cents per kWh. The U.S. sells electricity –this is the national average in 2006 – for9.8 U.S. cents per kWh. (New York Statecharges 14 cents per kWh.)

These prices illuminate the economicdifference that this technology can make.In a special report on clean energy, Cana-dian Business magazine reported in Febru-ary that today’s cost of producingclean-coal electricity runs as much as 50per cent more than conventional meth-ods. Malcolm Wilson, director of CO2

management with the University ofRegina-based Energy Innovation Net-work, observed that the technology ex-isted to develop clean-coal electricity at acompetitive price. He added: “What weneed now is the next step.”

Or the next step change.

Fossil fuels provide as much as 80 percent of the world’s supply of primaryenergy – and coal (25 per cent) isn’t

far behind oil (35 per cent). Natural gasprovides 20 per cent. All the other fuels,together, supply 20 per cent – nuclear, 6.5per cent; hydro, 2.2 per cent; biomass,11.1 per cent; solar, wind and geothermal,0.4 per cent. The MIT report says thesepercentages aren’t going to change any-time soon.

Canada and the U.S. have coal reservesthat will last for hundreds of years. Chinaand India have comparable levels. As aresult, coal will probably provide twice asmuch energy in 2100 as it does now, theMIT report says – regardless whether it’sdirty or clean. Thus the fundamental en-ergy challenge of the 21st century is tomake it clean, at an economic price.

Bruce Clements first encountered AlexFassbender six years ago. Intrigued byhis concepts but skeptical, he analyzedthem on his own initiative. One by one,the Fassbender concepts checked out. Ayear ago, the two men and their respec-tive organizations formed a partnership –the public/private model that NaturalResources Canada research labs use allthe time. (Mr. Fassbender’s ThermoEn-ergy Corporation is based in the Massa-chusetts town of Hudson, population20,000). Mr. Clements is now ready tobuild a demo plant on the Bells Cornerscompound. He needs four or five yearsand $12 million, a pittance in terms of theenergy-research expenditures now underway in Canada and around the world.

It is possible that the Fassbender-Clements coal-fired generating stationwon’t work as the two men think it will.It is reasonably possible, though, that itwill. As Mr. Clements observes, Mr. Fass-bender can take his aspirations backsouth of the border whenever he hits adead end in Canada. With the Fassben-der-Clements partnership, Canada has agood shot at introducing a world-chang-ing technology. It would be a shame to letit slip away – though not, regrettably, anunprecedented shame.

Right here in Building 4, MinisterLunn, is a good place to invest a smallpart of the research money you men-tioned the other day. And right now.Bruce Clements believes that Alex Fass-bender’s radical clean-coal technologycould put Canada in the forefront ofclean-energy technology, carbon dioxidecapture – and cheap power. Deep down,he’s convinced. All he needs is a chanceto prove it.

Award-winning journalist Neil Reynoldsis publisher of Diplomat.

THE EVOLUTION OF ENERGY|DI SPATCHES

DIPLOMAT AND INTERNATIONAL CANADA 15

A snapshot from the “final exam” for inventor Alex Fassbender (third from right),Ottawa research scientist Bruce Clements (right) and team members Richard Pomalis(second from right) and Ligang Zheng (left). The examiners: Gregory McRae (secondfrom left) and Herman De Meyer (third from left). Dr. McRae is a professor of chemicalengineering at MIT, an adviser to the U.S. clean-coal research program and a memberof two Environmental Protection Agency review panels and the U.S. Department ofEnergy’s science advisory board for advanced scientific computing. Dr. De Meyer is aprocess simulation expert with a British company, Reaction Systems Engineering. Hewas once chief process development engineer with Bayer Chemicals in Belgium. The“exam” took place in Boston shortly before Christmas.

Humanity has reached greaterawareness that its greenhouse gasemissions, especially CO2 from fos-

sil fuel combustion, pose a risk to the cli-mate. This awareness should be goodnews – no action can come without it. Buta rigorous, unbiased approach to reduc-ing greenhouse gases can challenge theconventional wisdom in several ways,and understanding such challenges is aprerequisite to success.

First, societies absolutely must enactpolicies that financially penalize or con-strain by regulation greenhouse gas emis-

sions. In a market economy, if the atmos-phere continues to be treated as a freewaste receptacle for emissions, the inven-tion of new devices to burn fossil fuelsand the increased use of existing fossilfuel-based technologies will always out-pace subsidies and public persuasion toencourage lower-emission buildings,equipment, factories and vehicles. Everysubsidy for a higher efficiency gas fire-place is matched by more gas-fired out-door patio heaters, outdoor Jacuzzis, andwho knows what future greenhouse-gasemitting gadgets.

This was true during the past twodecades of Canadian policies to reduceGHG emissions, which is why they keptrising. It will be true in future if politicalleaders remain captive to the Canadianpolicy myth in which advertisements ca-jole Canadians to act on their own or getin line for the latest subsidy. It is verysimple. If anyone says he is against emis-sion taxes or absolute emissions caps, it’ssafe to say he is against doing anythingabout greenhouse gas emissions.

Second, we need to understand thathumans will prefer paying for clean en-

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Climate Change and the Errors of Conventional WisdomThe more energy people save, writes Mark Jaccard, the more energy-dependent gadgets they buy. That’s why a reduction in greenhouse gases won’t necessarily reduce our reliance on fossil fuels.

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ergy before they agree to use less energy.The conventional wisdom is, “Do energyefficiency first, as it is the cheapest andeasiest.” No. Energy efficiency is muchmore expensive than its advocates havebeen telling us. The most efficient tech-nologies are usually the newest, meaningthat they also have higher failure risk.They need to work for a long time to payback the extra up-front investment. Butefficient light bulbs break just as easily aswasteful light bulbs. This makes them ariskier investment.

But in addition to these cost and riskfactors, energy-efficient technologies havefeedbacks that offset in part their poten-tial savings. More efficient devices havelower operating costs, which encouragesmore use or the development of relateddevices. Utilities encouraged people tobuy efficient Christmas lights. Great, butnow people decorate their houses with ef-ficient Halloween lights, efficient Valen-tine’s Day lights, efficient Thanksgivinglights. For these and other reasons, futureCanadian energy use is likely to be equalor greater than it is today, even if we havedramatically reduced emissions.

Third, if we do finally get the policies

right – ones that focus on emissionsrather than energy use – we will be sur-prised to find that reducing greenhousegas emissions does not mean using lessfossil fuels. When we reduced sulphuremissions from coal-fired electricity gen-eration, this did not decrease electricityuse. When we reduced nitrous oxide andlead emissions from vehicles, this did notdecrease fossil fuel use. Greenhouse gasemissions reduction will not be any dif-ferent. Humans will figure out how to useenergy more cleanly before they stop us-ing energy.

Take coal. This most plentiful fossilfuel is distributed throughout the world,and is the dominant energy resource inChina, India, the United States and evenRussia – despite all its oil and natural gas.

In many parts of the world, GHGemissions can be reduced, not by switch-ing from fossil fuels to nuclear, renew-ables or more energy efficiency, but bycapturing and storing underground theCO2 generated by burning coal. We canextract CO2 from the flue gas of a coal-fired electricity plant. Or, we can gasifycoal, strip CO2 from the resulting gasstream in order to produce a hydrogen-

rich mixture that can be burned to pro-duce electricity, and ship the CO2 byprod-uct to underground storage.

People have been injecting CO2 under-ground for a long time – into aging oilreservoirs to push out extra oil, for exam-ple. It has been injected into deep salineaquifers to get rid of it along with its as-sociated hydrogen sulphide from naturalgas wells. Alberta alone has more than 50such sites, all of them meeting strict regu-lations, approved under the public eye.

Success in reducing greenhouse gasemissions requires that we challenge con-ventional wisdom. Rapidly and economi-cally reducing emissions needs policiesthat prohibit atmosphere dumping ofCO2. With these policies in place, wemight be surprised to find that we usemore energy in future, even more fossilfuels, yet our energy system gets cleaner.

Mark Jaccard is professor of resource andenvironmental management at SimonFraser University. His Sustainable FossilFuels (2006) won the Donner Prize. HotAir: Meeting Canada’s Climate Challenge,with Jeffrey Simpson, is to be publishedin September by McClelland and Stewart.

DIPLOMAT AND INTERNATIONAL CANADA 17

THE EVOLUTION OF ENERGY|DI SPATCHES

Seeking an Enduring Substitute

Excerpts from Sustainable Fossil Fuels by Mark Jaccard

What is energy sustainability?Our energy system appears unsustainable because it is 85per cent based on fossil fuels, which are both non-renewableand polluting. A sustainable energy system should meet hu-manity’s essential energy needs indefinitely, cleanly and at areasonable cost. Even with major efficiency efforts, the essen-tial needs for the expanding population of the developingworld imply a three- to four-fold expansion of the global en-ergy system over this century. While nothing lasts forever,energy supplies must be plentiful and, if they are depletable,must offer a relatively smooth transition to an enduring sub-stitute – which renewable energies and perhaps nuclear en-ergy can one day provide for fossil fuels.

What about energy efficiency?Advocates of energy efficiency emphasize its role in reduc-ing our need for primary energy. Unfortunately, these advo-cates tend to ignore rigorous research showing that gains inefficiency make energy more attractive to businesses andconsumers for satisfying new needs and perceived wants.

This explains the close connection between economicgrowth and energy consumption of the past two centuriesand the difficulty of disconnecting these two for long periodsof time without recourse to politically unpopular policieslike strict regulations and significant energy tax increases.

How long can fossil fuels last – and does it matter?When coal is included, there are perhaps 1,000 years of fossilfuels remaining at today’s use rates and almost 500 years ifconsumption grows as in current trends projection. If the ap-praisal includes gas hydrates and geopressurized gas, the es-timated fossil fuel resource more than doubles. Gasoline iscurrently produced from oil sands and coal at productioncosts that are competitive when the conventional crude oilprice is $35 a barrel.

This reality belies the recent wave of books suggestingthat a peak in global production of “conventional oil” willlead to astronomical energy prices and economic cataclysm.Even when these other fossil fuel alternatives to conven-tional oil are depleted centuries hence, it will matter little ifthere are ready substitutes to which the global energy systemcan make transition.

Can we use fossil fuels cleanly?Although fossil fuels have long been associated with varioustypes of pollution, humans have had substantial success inreducing the negative impacts and risks. But there are stilllarge challenges ahead as a growing energy system threatensto swamp previous gains. Motivated by these concerns, tech-nologists are assessing the prospects for zero-emission usesof fossil fuels, in which natural gas, plentiful coal and per-haps oil are converted without combustion into electricity,hydrogen and cleaner-burning synthetic fuels.

Sustainable Fossil Fuels was published by Cambridge Univer-sity Press in 2006.

AMassachusetts Institute of Tech-nology report in March told usfossil fuels will continue to be “it”

sources of energy for the next fewdecades. But given the anxieties and hypein these days of enviro-everything – rightdown to the green scarves worn byStephane Dion’s team during the Liberalleadership convention in December–Diplomat checked in with some of thecountry’s renewable and alternative en-ergy associations to see what they’replanning.

Below we report what they had to sayabout their members’ prospects.

For context, currently fossil fuels sup-ply 80 per cent of the world’s energy. Nu-clear stations generate 6.5 per cent, hydro2.2 per cent; and biomass, 11 per cent. So-lar, wind and geothermal sources to-gether register a mere 0.4 per cent.

WIND TURBINES ON THE HORIZONWhat can you achieve in the next threeyears? Canada has about 1,500 megawatts of in-stalled wind energy capacity right now.Another 2,400 megawatts of new capacityis contracted to be installed by 2010. And

several jurisdictions are in the pre-con-tract stage for further installations by2010. So we believe Canada could wellhave 5,000 megawatts of installed windenergy capacity by 2010, enough to meetthe annual power needs of 1.5 millionhomes.

What can you achieve by 2020? Provincial governments are aiming to de-velop a minimum 10,000 megawatts ofwind energy by 2015, equivalent to al-most five per cent of Canada’s total elec-t r i c i t y d e m a n d a t t h a t t i m e . F e wjurisdictions have plans beyond 2015, al-though the Ontario Power Authoritywants 5,000 megawatts of wind energy inOntario by 2020. With Canada’s wind re-source, we can do much more. Germany,Spain and Denmark already produceenough wind energy to meet betweeneight and 20 per cent of their electricitydemands.

What is the greatest barrier to yourtechnology?The biggest challenge is not having astable policy framework (federal, provin-cial and municipal), and effective and ef-

ficient permit and approval processes.The country must also invest in newtransmission infrastructure with renew-able energy sources in mind. Finally, allstakeholders must have quality, factualinformation when considering wind en-ergy proposals.

– Canadian Wind Energy Association

WAVE AND TIDAL POWERWhat can you achieve by 2010?Tidal stream development projects will goahead in the Bay of Fundy and in BritishColumbia. These are likely to be singlemodules with capacity of up to threemegawatts or combinations of smallermodules with similar capacity. A numberof off-grid tidal operations will be de-ployed for remote communities, includ-ing large projects for northern Canadaand the Queen Charlotte Islands.

By 2010, we’ll be on target for 50megawatts of wave and tidal stream.Larger independent power producers andutilities will develop plans for larger 20-to 100-megawatt farms. We will have sev-eral Canadian technology manufacturersand we’ll be manufacturing two Euro-pean technologies for North America.

DI SPATCHES|THE EVOLUTION OF ENERGY

MAY—JUNE 200718

The race for renewable energyFive associations tell us what they can achieve by 2010 and 2020 — and why they’re not doing more.

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THE EVOLUTION OF ENERGY|DI SPATCHES

DIPLOMAT AND INTERNATIONAL CANADA 19

What can you achieve by 2020?We’ll have 1,000 megawatts of wavepower on the B.C. coast and plans forwave farm development in Nova Scotia.We’ll have 500 megawatts of tidal powerin four farms in the Bay of Fundy and 25in British Columbia. We’ll also be compet-itive in electricity cost with wind and ontrack for 15,000-plus megawatts by 2050.

What is the greatest barrier to yourtechnology?Ours is not a technology, it is a resourceopportunity. Our major challenge will bein achieving cost reduction through expe-rience with pilot projects. Finance is an-other challenge. We have a long lead timefor venture capitalists and there’s uncer-tainty in technology choice. Competitivepricing and power quality for utilitiesboth require government partnership infinancing that shared risk.

– The Ocean Renewable Energy Group

UNDERSTANDING NUCLEARWhat can you achieve in the next threeyears?In Canada, nuclear energy will continueto provide 15.5 per cent or more of the country’s power including 54 per cent of Ontario’s, 25 per cent of NewBrunswick’s and three per cent of Que-bec’s, all without emitting pollutants andCO2 into the atmosphere.

Canada will continue to be a globalleader in research and innovat ionthrough nuclear technology used in med-icine, industry, food, agriculture, environ-ment, desalination of water, hydrogenresearch and other applications in aero-space and materials analysis.

What can you achieve by 2020? By 2020, the 28 nuclear reactors currentlyunder construction worldwide will becompleted and many of the 222 reactorsplanned or proposed worldwide will bebuilt or close to completion. Canada’smembership in the Generation IV Inter-national Forum, where it promotes thedevelopment of nuclear energy systemsand reactor designs, will be well ad-vanced as it aims for the deployment of afourth-generation nuclear reactor by 2025.

What is the greatest barrier to thistechnology?Canada’s nuclear industry is growing inpower generation, uranium exploration,mining and milling, medicine (includingregulating an 86 per cent increase in thenumber of cancer facilities from 2000-2004),

nuclear waste and substance management,with more on the horizon. Its challenge isto maintain its contribution while con-stantly being under public scrutiny. Thenuclear industry must educate the publicon nuclear energy – its benefits and itscontributions for the future.

– Canadian Nuclear Association

BIOENERGY WILL HIT 20 PER CENTWhat can you achieve by 2010?By 2010, bioenergy, which now accountsfor about six per cent of total primary en-ergy in Canada, will jump to 10 per cent.Our current usage is mainly heat andpower and that will continue. There willbe construction of many new biomass co-generation plants, especially in the pulpand paper sector.

Canadian wood pellet production forexport to Europe and Asia is growing.Bio-oil produced from wood fibre is justbeing commercialized. Grain ethanol forblending with gasoline is growing, butwe’ll soon likely see a transition to cellu-lose ethanol from straw and wood fibrewhich will be cheaper and more energyefficient. Canadians are starting to pro-duce biodiesel from canola oil. We can ex-pect to see considerable growth in thecoming decade.

Canada has a new $1.5-billion federalecoENERGY Renewable Initiative thatwill likely push companies contemplatinginvestments in biomass power generationto move sooner in order to receive thesubsidy.

What can you achieve by 2020?We will continue to see growth in bioen-ergy use of at least one per cent per yearafter 2010, depending on whether gov-ernments develop positive policies andsupport programs – just as we now have for wind energy. By 2020, we expectto be supplying at least 20 per cent ofCanada’s total primary energy from bio-mass. As the price of oil and gas in-creases, more forms of bioenergy willbecome more competitive.

What is the greatest barrier to yourtechnology?The greatest barrier to bioenergy tech-nologies is the lack of a positive policyframework from all levels of governmentin Canada. Barriers exist at all levels, especially provincially. For example,provincial regulations pertaining tolabour and pressure vessels or boilers severely restrict smaller-scale bioenergyplants by requir ing 24-hour-a-day

staffing. We need to modernize anti-quated regulations to reflect the currenttechnology, as they did in countries suchas Sweden many years ago.

– Canadian Bioenergy Association

THE HYDROGEN AGE HAS BEGUN What can you achieve by 2010?Canada can become one of the worldleaders in hydrogen technology develop-ment, deployment and the export of hy-drogen service technologies.

The transition to the hydrogen age hasbegun in Canada. We’ll see hydrogen pro-duction from sustainable sources likewind, hydro and nuclear. By 2010, we’llsee commercial products like hydrogen-powered microfuel cells, hydrogen inter-nal combustion engine (ICE) fleet vehiclesand stationary power systems, and hy-drogen fuel cell bus fleets, lift trucks, andback-up power systems. To advance themarket penetration of these hydrogenproducts, a refueling infrastructure willdevelop. Development will occur in clus-ters like Vancouver, Toronto and Mon-treal. A national energy strategy willrecognize the need to move to hydrogento reduce greenhouse gases, reduce urbanair pollution and provide energy security.

What can you achieve by 2020?Canada will continue to be the largestper-capita producer and consumer of hy-drogen in the world mainly due to ex-panding oil sands activities and thedemand for industrial hydrogen. Thecountry’s ability to produce hydrogen ina sustainable and cost-effective way willlead to a rapidly developing refueling in-frastructure that supports the growinghydrogen-based transportation sector.Commercial hydrogen-powered vehicleswill have been available for several yearsalthough market penetration will bemodest.

What is the greatest barrier to yourtechnology?The major market for hydrogen as an en-ergy carrier will be the transportation sec-tor where it will mean cleaner urban airand greenhouse gas reductions. However,without regulations to force technologychanges, today’s technology will persist.At this point, there are few applicationswhere hydrogen products present a cleareconomic advantage. Hydrogen’s advan-tages will become evident once healthand environmental costs and benefits areaccrued to hydrogen technologies.

– Canadian Hydrogen Association

The best thing Canadians do to helppeople in poorer parts of the worldis hire some of them to do jobs we

can’t or won’t do ourselves.As a result, foreign-born workers in

Canada – about 100,000 a year who comeon temporary visas as well as millions ofpermanent residents and new citizens – areable to send home $15 billion a year. That’sfive times the budget for CIDA, Canada’said agency, in 2007/2008. And, unlike offi-cial aid that can be swallowed up by bu-reaucracies at home and abroad, it goesdirectly to families, who often invest it, orcertainly spend it to ease their poverty.

These remittances sent from Canadaare worth just under a tenth of the esti-mated total worldwide. In poor countrieswhich export many workers, the moneysent home adds up to more than trade,aid or foreign investment – in a few cases,more than all three combined.

Yet not all remittance money ends upgoing where it ought to go and doingwhat it’s meant to do. Fees charged bymoney-transfer agencies typically eat up10 to 15 per cent of each transaction –about $2 billion a year of that $15 billionsent from Canada.

The World Bank has studied migrantlabour in both rich countries and poorand concludes that everybody wins if itworks the way it should. Workers who goabroad – even the 40 per cent who go tocountries only slightly better off than theones they leave – make more than theyever could at home. The countries theycome from benefit more from remittancesthan they lose in brain drain.

And destination countries like Canadafind people to take hard-to-fill jobs.

Danielle Goldfarb, a researcher at theConference Board of Canada, has comeup with a few deceptively simple, com-mon sense ways to lessen the cost of in-ternational money transfers – a move thatWorld Bank president Paul Wolfowitzsays could really boost their flow.

Ms. Goldfarb says governments inCanada and abroad could start by reduc-ing regulatory barriers to the movementof small sums – most remittances are inamounts of no more than a few hundreddollars at a time. Fostering alternatives,such as on-line transfers, would also helpby introducing more competition into theequation.

And she sees a role for governments inensuring that people have reliable infor-mation about how much they are reallypaying for money transfers.

That last point is important because alot of the cost of sending money home isoften hidden. The “fee” sounds low, buthighly unfavourable exchange rates driveup the real cost to unjustified levels.

The World Bank acknowledges that

there are, of course, real costs involvedfor the institutions that transfer money insmall amounts at a time, but it notes thattheir fees are often a great deal higherthan their costs. So it wants to involvegroups like credit unions and microfi-nance institutions to work on tighter mar-gins.

All of these are small measures, but theglobal amount of money is not. There is ahuge international “pipeline” of paperand electronic communications that chan-nels cash from where it’s earned to whereit’s spent. And governments at both endsof that pipeline should ensure it works asefficiently as it can.

Don Cayo is a Vancouver Sun columnist.E-mail doncayo@telus.net to reach him.

DI SPATCHES|DEVELOPING WORLD

MAY—JUNE 200720

Boosting the Flow in the Money PipelineForeign-born workers send home $15 billion a year – five times CIDA’s entire budget – but too much gets lost to fees.

By Don Cayo

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SENDING IT HOME: Members of the Canada-Mexico Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program work thefields at Jardin Ste-Clotilde in Quebec. The money they send home would have greater impact if theycould avoid heavy fees from money transfers.

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DELIGHTS|BOOKS

MAY—JUNE 200724

“As soon as they’d find out youwere an immigrant, they’dswear at you … they used to

put big posters on our railroad stationsover in Ireland about the land of the milkand honey over here. All the money!You’d swear to God you just had to getup on a bush and shake it down and pickit up off the ground, the money was soplentiful. I found out that wasn’t so.”

These lines come from an immigrantwho arrived in Ontario in 1927 and wroteunder the assumed name of Nellie O’-Donnell. The same writer lamented that“I thought I was speaking the King’s Eng-lish, but they didn’t understand it.”

She was not alone then and her viewsare not rare now. The harsh reception sheencountered 80 years ago has been aglobal fact for almost as long. Feeling un-welcome, though, has not stopped mil-lions of determined people from crossingoceans and borders in search of new des-tinies.

Her story also speaks to another his-torical truism: Immigration policy has al-ways been friendlier than the people ofthe host nation.

Two of the three books under reviewoffer a retrospective look at the global ebband flow of immigration over the cen-turies – the driving forces, the pitfalls, theheartaches and the evolution of policy.Essentially, they describe a “pull” fromthe First World, fed by a “push” from theThird World. On the other hand, the thirdbook embodies the “fear of the other”that has also been a constant over theyears, rather than the serious critique ofEuropean immigration policy that the au-thor intends it to be.

Global Migration and the World Economy:Two Centuries of Policy and Performance,by Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G.Williamson, MIT Press (2005), 470 pages

Although heavy reading with plenty ofgraphs and data tables, the work of thesetwo economists does a great job in fram-ing their analysis within the contempo-rary debate. They introduce right at theoutset the concept of human “quality,” (as opposed to quantity) noting that theattributes brought by immigrants to host

countries have declined in quality even as movement has become easier andcheaper. The authors argue this hasplayed into latent cultural prejudices thattreat white newcomers better than brownor black ones.

Dr. Hatton and his colleague go tosome lengths to debunk two persistentcauses for the bias against newcomers –fear of job competition from them and aresistance to tax dollars being spent onthem. They acknowledge, however, thattheir evidence that such notions are gen-erally groundless does not sway the na-tive-born who lose out to newcomers –the poorly schooled and low-skilled.Over the last 30 years, the authors report,all immigrant-receiving nations have introduced legislation and policies to re-strict immigrant numbers and to cherry-pick the best.

The voting public in these nations,though, would like even lower numbers,but policy-makers persist with liberalquotas by ensuring that no informed de-bate takes place. So, immigration policy“is especially prone to political illusion.”

Land Newly Found: Eyewitness Accounts ofthe Canadian Immigrant Experience, byNorman Hillmer and J. L. Granatstein,Thomas Allen Publishers (2006), 430 pages

This work by two Canadian historians isa must-read for those who are convincedthat the country is being “overrun” by

immigrants and for newcomers whoblame racism for all their ills. Canadianswelcomed 401,000 immigrants in 1913 –five per cent of the population then – andnow some citizens have difficulty livingwith a policy that takes in less than oneper cent of the current population.

One of the more interesting historicalaccounts comes from Igor Gouzenko, aSoviet Embassy cipher clerk who de-

fected to Canada in 1945 and exposed awidespread spy network. Mr. Gouzenkoattributed part of his change of heart toconversations in Ottawa with an immi-grant from Lithuania who appeared tohave quickly imbibed his adopted na-tion’s democratic and liberal ethos anddespised the tyranny of Mr. Gouzenko’shomeland. “There was imbedded in mydeepest mind a seed of doubt that Iwould have hastened to deny. But it wasthere all the time, I know now.”

Immigration: Prone to political illusionBy George Abraham

THIS WORK BY TWO CANADIAN

HISTORIANS IS A MUST-READ FOR

THOSE WHO ARE CONVINCED THAT

THE COUNTRY IS BEING “OVERRUN”

BY IMMIGRANTS AND FOR NEW-

COMERS WHO BLAME RACISM FOR

ALL THEIR ILLS.

DIPLOMAT AND INTERNATIONAL CANADA 25

BOOKS|DELIGHTS

Mr. Gouzenko’s is among 144 such ac-counts, starting with Samuel de Cham-plain’s new settlement rationale fromabout 1618 to commentary in the wake ofthe French immigrant riots in the summerof 2005. It is a sobering collection thatportrays Canada as, often, “a reluctanthost.” But the authors note that this hasnot stopped Canada from being theworld’s most diverse nation, with thehighest percentage of foreign-born (20 percent) inhabitants and the highest annualintake of immigrants per capita.

While Europe Slept: How Radical Islam isDestroying the West from Within, by BruceBawer, Doubleday (2006), 247 pages

Written by an American essayist living inNorway, this polemic provides little byway of new facts or analysis, but merelyfeeds off the rhetoric of politicians such asJean-Marie Le Pen in France, Jörg Haiderin Austria, Pim Fortuyn and Theo vanGogh in the Netherlands, Pauline Hansonin Australia and Pat Buchanan in the U.S.It uses terms like “fifth column,” “gravytrain” and “Weimar moment” in describ-

ing what the author calls the threat posedby Muslim immigrants to Europe, wheregovernments have responded with “ap-peasement,” “capitulation” and “culturalself-denial.

“For me, as an American living in post-9/11 Europe,” Mr. Bawer writes, “thecognitive dissonance was often throughthe roof. Europeans seemed to inhabit an-other mental universe – one where Amer-

ica was the enemy, Bush was a greaterthreat than Osama bin Laden, and Israel,the only democracy in the Middle East,was the sole reason for that region’s ills.”

There are broad strokes aplenty:“Some [Muslim] immigrant families, in-deed, are not really immigrants at all …they’re less like immigrants than likediplomats – emissaries who return homefrequently and have no doubt aboutwhere their loyalties lie.” And, “Some es-timates suggest that 90 per cent of Euro-pean Musl im wives are physical lyabused.”

His final indictment reads: “In the end,Europe’s enemy is not Islam, or even rad-ical Islam. Europe’s enemy is itself – itsself-destructive passivity, its softness to-ward tyranny, its reflexive inclination toappease, and its uncomprehending dis-taste for America’s pride, courage, and re-solve in the face of a deadly foe.”

Were he living here, Mr. Bawer wouldundoubtedly have said much the sameabout Canadian multiculturalism, toler-ance and political correctness.

George Abraham is Diplomat’s contribut-ing editor.

MAY—JUNE 200726

Perhaps you are not into guessinggames; however, out of curiosity,you might still want to take my

soup quiz.

1. When was the last time you had soupat a dinner party?

2. What kind was it?3. How was it served – in a bowl, soup

cup, glass?4. How was it garnished?5. Was it memorable?

If you didn’t answer yes to at least twoof the first four questions, then the answerto the last question is no doubt negative.

Soups can be delicious but relativelyfew, even among the best, are truly mem-orable. Of all the courses on a menu, it isthe soup which may be the least creative.Frequently it lacks that careful attentionto detail which is so willingly given to anappetizer, main course or dessert. Butwhy? Is it because traditionally soupshave been served in bowls where artisticcapacity may seem restricted or not re-quired?

To make soups more exciting, more en-ticing, think outside the bowl, or as I preferto suggest, let yourself be inspired. Withyour imagination in high gear, decidewhat else can be done to make your soupcourse a memorable experience.

Soups are the perfect opportunity tomake the ordinary extraordinary. Theycan be served in a variety of bowls, demi-tasse or novelty cups, martini glasses,bread bowls, pumpkin or cantaloupeshells. Soups also arrive at our tablefrothed, looking like a fresh cup of cap-puccino. They are set on oriental stands,small framed mirrors or liners of contrast-ing colours or shapes. A good soup be-comes exquisite, even exotic, whentastefully garnished with chopped nuts,drizzles of heavy cream, skewers ofshrimp, handsome crab claws, searedscallops, sprigs of fresh herbs or chips oftruffle. (It is amazing how far one finelysliced truffle will go .)

Puréed soups are remarkably versatileand should be exploited. Add charm to adrinks party or cocktail reception, by pre-senting small servings of a puréed soup(warm or cold, savoury or sweet) in sakecups or shot glasses. Guests, with a drink in

one hand, can easilymanage a canapé soupin the other. Cold fruitsoups can be trans-formed into temptingdesserts by pouring alimited amount into flat soup dishes or tall “sundae” glasses andthen garnishing with

plump berries and/or scoops of luscious icecream. Adults and children love this “healthyalternative” to calorie-laden desserts.

I find that making soup is therapeutic.From time to time, I prepare large quanti-ties of it and put it in the freezer. Withthis make-ahead strategy, soups are aneasy and a creative addition to menus inour home.

I invite you to experience my TarragonRoasted Red Pepper Soup which may

also be served as an awesome canapésoup. Bon appétit.

Tarragon Roasted Red Pepper Soup

Makes about 6 cups (1.5 litres) or 8 servingsof 3/4 cup (180 mL) each or 12 servings of 1/2cup (125 mL) each.

1 1/2 tsp (8 mL) finely chopped fresh garlic1 1/2 tsp (8 mL) peeled and grated freshginger root2 tsp (10 mL) olive oil1/2 lb (225 g) leeks (white part only),cleaned well and sliced1 oz or 3 tbsp (30 g/45mL) finely choppedshallots1 3/4 tbsp (27 mL) crushed chicken bouilloncubes (or powder)2 cups (500 mL) boiling water1/2 lb (225 g) potato, peeled and coarsely

Soups: from the ordinary to extraordinary

DELIGHTS|ENTER TAINING

MARGARETDICKENSON

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DIPLOMAT AND INTERNATIONAL CANADA 27

ENTER TAINING|DELIGHTS

chopped1/2 lb (225 g) roasted red bell pepper, fleshonly*2/3 cup (170 mL) heavy cream (35% fat)1 to 1 1/3 cups (250 to 325 mL) whole milk1 1/2 tsp (8 mL) crushed dried tarragonleaves1/3 to 1/2 tsp (2 to 3 mL) (Indonesian) hotchili paste**Salt, to taste

GARNISH (OPTIONAL)crab claws (in shell and cooked) or cookedcrab/lobster meat***sprigs of fresh tarragon

1. In a medium-large saucepan, sauté gar-lic and ginger in olive oil over mediumheat for about one minute.2. Add leeks and shallots; sauté gentlyuntil tender but not browned.3. Dissolve crushed bouillon cubes inboiling water. Add bouillon and potatoesto saucepan. Bring to a boil; reduce heatto low. Cover and simmer until potatoesare soft (about 15 minutes). Remove fromheat; allow to cool.4. Add roasted peppers. Purée soup inthree batches.5. Return soup to a clean saucepan; addcream, milk, tarragon and hot chili paste;season with salt (or extra crushed chickenbouillon cubes) to taste. Stirring from time totime, bring soup just to a boil over mediumheat. Remove from heat immediately.6. Serve soup hot. At serving time, if de-sired, garnish soup with cooked crab orlobster and sprigs of fresh tarragon.

* For this recipe, use only the flesh of theroasted peppers after having discardedstems, seeds and skin. To roast peppers,rub 1 lb (450 g) of whole red bell pepperswith 2 tsp (10 mL) of olive oil and arrangethem on a parchment paper-lined bakingtray. Place in a preheated 400 °F (200 °C)oven; turn the peppers every five minutesunti l skins bl is ter and are s l ight lycharred. Remove the roasted peppersfrom oven, place in a pot and cover se-curely. When peppers are cool, removestems, skins, seeds and membranes; setthe flesh and juice aside.** I use sambal oelek. *** Allow one crab claw or about one tbsp(15 mL) of flaked crabmeat per serving.

Margaret Dickenson is author of the in-ternational award-winning cookbookMargaret’s Table – Easy Cooking & InspiringEntertaining (www.margaretssenseofoc-casion.com).

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Why is it easier for Ontario shop-pers to get wines from SouthAfrica than British Columbia?

B.C. makes some of Canada’s greatestwines but rarely will you see them onrestaurant wine lists in Ontario, or at theLCBO.

Ultimately, it comes down to basic eco-nomics – supply and demand. First, B.C.produces very little wine (less than onemillion cases in 2006 compared to morethan six million cases in Ontario). And theLCBO treats B.C. wine like an import, so a$10 wine at a winery in B.C. can cost closeto $30 in Ontario by the time you addshipping, agency fees, LCBO mark-upsand taxes. B.C. wine suddenly becomesless appealing to the consumer, which re-duces the demand for it here. Finally, thewines are usually damn good, so sinceBritish Columbians drink more wine percapita than Ontarians, their wines get gob-bled up in short order in their homeprovince.

B.C. is probably the most beautifulwine region in North America. It is di-vided into five main DVAs (DesignatedViticultural Areas)—the Okanagan Valley(Canada’s only desert and the placewhere the bulk of quality B.C. winescome from), Vancouver Island, the GulfIslands, the Fraser Valley and the Similka-meen Valley. These areas are generallywarmer, dryer and less susceptible tofrost than Ontario vineyards, offering

richer fruit qualitiesin most years alongwith softer tanninsand higher alcohols.The soil, on the otherhand, tends to beyounger, richer, vol-c a n i c s o i l , w h i c husually offers lesscomplexity than the

mineral-rich Beamsville Bench in Nia-gara, for instance. I recently explored theOkanagan Valley for the first time. It’s astaggering series of stunning vistas andvineyards overlooking Lake Okanaganfrom both sides, along with snow-cappedmountains in the background. The beautymakes the trip worthwhile, even beforeyou take your first sip of Pinot Noir orGewurztraminer. When planning a trip, itis always advisable to call ahead for ap-pointments at the various wineries.

Then comes the wine. There were 131wineries in B.C. in 2006, many of whichare small, family-owned operations thatsell out as soon as they offer their waresfor sale. It’s important — if you want thereally good stuff — to get on mailing lists,wait lists or show up at the vineyards atthe right time of year. Here is a list of someof my favourites (they may or may not beavailable at the moment). Many winerieshave arrangements for out-of-provinceshipping, so check their websites or justask if they offer it.

Quail’s Gate: Famous for its Pinot Noirs.Also try their Chenin Blanc, Chardonnays,Old Vine Foch and Optima dessert wine.Blue Mountain: Incredible Pinot Noirs,Pinot Gris, Gamay Noir and sparkling.Blasted Church: Witty and interesting win-ery with great labels and stories. Bestknown for their aromatic white wines. Mission Hill: One of the few wineries with apresence in Ontario, look for their valuepriced “5 Vineyard Series” for Chardonnay,Merlot and Pinot Noir. Reserve wines thatdo well are the Pinot Gris and Shiraz. TheirOcculus Bordeaux Blend is a real treat. Red Rooster: Love their Gewurztraminerand Blanc de Noirs. Sumac Ridge: Occasionally found at Vin-tages, their white meritage (SauvignonBlanc and Semillon Blend) along with theirsparkling and Gewurztraminer arefavourites. Church and State Wines: Under new owner-ship. They make great (and affordable)Pinot Noir and Sauvignon Blanc.

If you do end up going wine touring inB.C. and happen to be in Kelowna, theVQA store, Discover Wines, is a must-see(www.discoverwines.com). Staff membersare a great source for the latest and great-est the B.C. wine industry has to offer.

Cheers!

Stephen Beckta is the owner and somme-lier at Beckta dining & wine.

DIPLOMAT AND INTERNATIONAL CANADA 29

WINE|DELIGHTS

Why can’t I get more B.C. wines?

STEPHEN BECKTA

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While the Arctic seems a waste-land to some, Henry Larsensaw it as both personal chal-

lenge and reward. He was born and livedhis youth by the sea at Hvaler, Norway,where salty breezes blew and boats wereat hand to enjoy them. Growing up, heread the books of his national heroes –Nansen, Amundsen, and Sverdrup. Ship-ping out at 15, he visited ports around theworld, but the call of the Canadian Northwas strong, the single most defining forcein his future. He set his mind on an Arcticcareer.

In 1927, Mr. Larsen learned that theRoyal Canadian Mounted Police wasbuilding an Arctic patrol vessel, the 104-foot, schooner-rigged St. Roch, whichwould be specially designed to resist thecrushing pressures of sea ice. Her motivepower would be the wind and a 150horse-power diesel engine.

Mr. Larsen determined to sail on her.First, he became a Canadian citizen. Thenhe applied to the RCMP and was ac-cepted on April 16, 1928. Sailing skills ac-quired in his years at sea made thedifference when it came time to name thevessel’s captain. The RCMP chose Mr.Larsen. For 20 years, he and his ship rein-forced Canada’s sovereignty in the Arctic,making 10 voyages, two of which are es-pecially noteworthy.

Only one person had ever sailed a shipthrough the famed Northwest Passage—Norwegian Roald Amundsen, between1903 and 1906, from east to west. In 1940,Capt. Larsen was the first to sail it fromwest to east, from Vancouver to Halifax.More than once during the trip, it wasn’tclear whether the St. Roch would survivethe ravages of the grumbling, shrieking,crashing sea ice. At one point Capt.Larsen wondered “if we had come thisfar only to be crushed like a nut on ashoal.”

The following spring, it seemed thatthe ice would not unfetter the ship. Whenit finally did, the St. Roch nearly becamethe nut in the icy vice that Capt. Larsenfeared, as she was battered from floe tofloe through sucking whirlpools and fi-

n a l l y f l u n g o u tinto calmer watersat the eastern endof Be l lo t S t ra i t .Soon Capt. Larsenand his crew were

sailing the quieter waters of Baffin Bay,Davis Strait and the coast of Labrador,docking finally in Halifax Harbour on

October 11, 1942. Each man on the trip re-ceived a medal from King George VI torecognize the magnificent feat.

During the 1943 navigation season,Capt. Larsen and the St. Roch sailed outof Halifax on patrol and inspection ofRCMP detachments in the eastern Arctic.The following winter, they were orderedback home to Vancouver via the North-west Passage. This time, Capt. Larsenused the more northerly Parry ChannelRoute comprising Lancaster Sound, Bar-row Strait and Viscount Melville Sound.

Although the 86-day trip from Halifax toVancouver presented navigational diffi-culties, they were far less life-threateningt h a n t h e o n e s e n c o u n t e re d o n t h esoutherly route.

The route through Parry Channel, andPrince of Wales Strait at its western end,will most certainly be the one used bycommercial shipping as global warming

opens the passage. If global warmingcontinues on its present path, thinning iceand rising oil prices will soon combine tomake it economically feasible for ships touse the Northwest Passage instead of thePanama Canal to sail between the At-lantic and Pacific oceans. Economic andenvironmental implications for Canadaand her North are huge.

Gerard Kenney writes about the North.His latest book is Dangerous Passage: Is-sues in the Arctic.

DELIGHTS|CANADIANA

MAY—JUNE 200730

A Great Northern VoyageHow Henry Larsen survived the ravages of the “grumbling, shrieking, crashing sea ice” and made it throughthe Northwest Passage

By Gerard Kenney

A ROCKY JOURNEY: Norway-born Henry Larsen (pictured above) turned a childhood fascination withboats into a career as a captain with the RCMP and, in 1940, became the first person to navigate theNorthwest Passage from west to east.

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THIS PAGE 1. Croatian Ambassador Vesela Mrden Korac and her husband Marko attended the Politics

and the Pen dinner at the Chateau Laurier on Feb. 28. (Photo: Dyanne Wilson) • 2. Alia Medina Tanji,

wife of Moroccan Ambassador Mohamed Tangi, hosted a lunchtime talk by MP Fatima Houda Pepin

at her Aylmer residence which features Moroccan architecture. Ms. Tangi is shown here with Danielle

Seguin, of the Canadian Federation of University Women’s diplomatic hospitality group, which organ-

ized the event. (Photo: Ulle Baum) • 3. Esther Yirenkyi, wife of Mr. Yaw Yirenkyi, first secretary of

the Ghana High Commission, attended a gala evening hosted by Ghanaian High Commissioner Mar-

garet Amoakohene, in honour of Ghana's 50th anniversary of independence at the Museum of Civi-

lization March 6. Ms. Yirenkyi poses with her daughter, Adjoa (left), and Nana Yaa Amoakohene,

daughter of the high commissioner.(Photo: Frank Scheme) • 4. Indian High Commissioner Rajamani

Narayan and his wife Rani hosted a vin d’honneur after he presented credentials to Gov. Gen.

Michaelle Jean on March 21. (Photo: Indian High Commission)

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THIS PAGE 1. Estonian Chargé d’Affaires Rasmus Lumi hosted the kick-off for the 7th Baltic Film Festi-

val at Library and Archives Canada March 15. From left: Latvian Ambassador Atis Sjanits, Mr. Lumi,

Finnish Ambassador Pasi Patokallio, and Comm. Gerald Axel Moeller, German defence attaché.

(Photo: Peter Bush) • 2. Members of the Bulgarian community of Ottawa share their culture at the

country’s national day celebrations at City Hall March 2. (Photo: Frank Scheme) • 3. Greek Ambas-

sador Yannis Mourikis greets Yemeni Ambassador Abdulla Nasher at the Greek National Day at the

Hellenic Community Centre March 27. (Photo: Dyanne Wilson) • 4. Secretary of State for Foreign Af-

fairs Deepak Obrai hosted a lunch for departing Bangladeshi High Commissioner Rafiq Khan and his

wife Juyena March 5. (Photo: DFAIT) • 5. Greek press attaché Ioannis Petsilas married his longtime

girlfriend Leyla Argun at the Courtyard Restaurant April 2. A bellydancer showed up for the recep-

tion. • 6. Mr. and Mrs. Petsilas. (Photos: Sam Garcia)

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THIS PAGE 1. From right: Afghan Ambassador Omar Samad and his wife Khorshied flank Safia Siddiqi,

a member of Afghanistan’s Parliament at the opening of “Afghanistan: A Glimpse of War” at the

Canadian War Museum. (Photo: Lois Siegel) • 2. Bamboo flutist Shuni Tsou performs Taiwanese folk

songs at Taiwan Night on Parliament Hill Feb. 27. (Photo: George Wu) • 3. Serbian Chargé d’Affaires

Slobodanka Kojadinovic (centre) hosted a performance by the Toronto folk ensemble Bata Marcetic

at the Museum of Civilization March 31. (Photo: Serbian Embassy) • 4. The Caribbean community of

Ottawa came out in force for a farewell dinner and dance for Lorraine Williams, high commissioner

for the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States, April 14. She’s shown here with friend Kevin

Williams. • 5. At the OECS from left: Sandra Bobb, administrative assistant; Anita G. Joseph, first

secretary; Ms. Williams; Darius Pope, third secretary consular and political affairs. (Photos: Sam Garcia)

• 6. From left: South Korean Ambassador Soo-dong Kim posed with Gov. Gen. Michaelle Jean and

his wife Ina Yu when he presented his credentials April 10. (Photo: Korean Embassy)

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DIPLOMAT AND INTERNATIONAL CANADA 35

Edgar Torrez Mosquiera Ambassador of Bolivia

Mr. Torrez Mosquiera comes to diplo-macy from a career in government andacademia. He was born in Oruro, Boliviain 1954 and went on to get a sociology de-gree at the University of San Andres in LaPaz where he specialized in social and lo-cal government planning.

Since 1982, he has worked as a profes-sor of social sciences at San Andres Uni-versity. Concurrently, he worked asdirector of education and culture for thecity of La Paz from 1992 to 1994. Heworked for a provincial government aswell before being appointed deputymayor of the district of Cotahuma. In1999, he became an adviser at City Hall.In 2005, he worked for the World Bank inAngola as an adviser.

Manuel Estuardo Roldán BarillasAmbassador of Guatemala

Mr. Roldan comes to Ottawa directly froma posting as ambassador to Brazil. A ca-reer diplomat, he studied law at FranciscoMarroquin University in Guatemala and

diplomacy at the Rio-Branco Institute inBrazil. He later studied political science atRafael Landivar University in Guatemala.

He joined the foreign ministry in 1989as a desk officer for Panama and later asdeputy-director for North America,within the bilateral international relationsdirectorate. His first post came two yearslater, as first secretary and consul inBrazil. He returned to Guatemala as di-rector of the integration, multilateral andeconomic directorate from 1994 until 1995when he became minister-counsellor anddeputy head of mission at his country’sembassy in Mexico (1995-1999), theUnited States (1999-2001), and GreatBritain and Northern Ireland (2001-2003).His several subsequent postings havemeant that Mr. Roldan hasn’t actuallylived in Guatemala for 12 years

Mr. Roldan speaks English, Portugueseand Spanish fluently and has some un-derstanding of French and Arabic. He ismarried and has a son.

Rajamani Lakshmi NarayanHigh Commissioner for India

Mr. Narayan was born in New Delhi in1948. He has a master ’s degree in eco-nomics from the University of Delhi.

Mr. Narayan joined India’s foreignservice in 1972 and had his first foreignposting three years later, as third and thensecond secretary in Moscow. Subsequentpostings included Washington (1977-80),the Maldives (1980), Belgrade (1983-85)and Bangkok (1985-89). Back in NewDelhi between 1980 and 1983, he was anunder-secretary with the ministry of com-merce. In 1996, he was appointed India’sambassador to Qatar, where he stayed forfour years. He followed that with an am-bassadorship in Poland from 2000 to 2003.

P r i o r t o c o m i n g t o C a n a d a , M r.Narayan served as India’s high commis-sioner to Malaysia between 2004 and2007. He came to Canada directly fromthat posting.

Tsuneo NishidaAmbassador of Japan

Mr. Nishida has been working for Japan’sforeign service his entire career. He was23 years old when he graduated from theUniversity of Tokyo in 1970 with a degreein law, and immediately joined Japan’sforeign ministry. He worked at the min-istry for 11 years before being posted asfirst secretary at the embassy in the for-mer Soviet Union.

He held that position for five years andthen became a director at European andOceanic Affairs, a bureau within the Min-istry of Foreign Affairs from 1986 to 1987and again from 1993 to 1994. In 1987, hebecame director of the legal affairs divi-sion’s treaties bureau. In 1996, he becamedeputy director-general for the EconomicCooperation Bureau then, in 1998, a coun-cillor for the cabinet secretariat and fi-nally assistant vice minister that sameyear. Foreign postings during that periodincluded a stint as a counsellor at Japan’sembassy in the United States. In 1999, hewas posted as consul-general to Japan’sconsulate-general in Los Angeles.

He settled back in Japan in March 2001as director-general of the economic coop-eration bureau. In 2002, he becamedeputy vice-minister for foreign policyand director-general of the foreign policybureau, and until getting his first ambas-sadorship in Canada in January 2007, hewas the deputy minister of foreign affairs.

Mr. Nishida is married to Keiko andhas a son and daughter.

New Heads of Mission

DIGNITARIES|NEW ARRIVALS

MAY—JUNE 200736

Soo-dong KimAmbassador of Korea

Mr. Kim is a career diplomat and his post-ing in Canada represents a return for him.He was a counsellor at the embassy herefrom 1992 to 1995.

Mr. Kim, 59, studied international rela-tions at Seoul National University beforejoining the foreign service in 1977. Hisfirst posting was as second secretary toDenmark for six years, after which hewent to Japan as second secretary for oneyear. He then spent three years as firstsecretary in Somalia. Later postingsabroad took him to Canada, Japan, andSerbia.

Mr. Kim also held several positions inthe Korean civil service including directorof the office of the prime minister, direc-tor-general for Middle East and AfricanAffairs, ambassador of inspection anddeputy minister for planning and man-agement.

Mr. Kim i s marr ied and has onedaughter.

Emilio GoicoecheaAmbassador of Mexico

Mr. Goicoechea comes to diplomacythrough politics. He became a member of

the National Action Party in 1970, andhas held been a member of the state steer-ing committee, member of the state coun-cil, member of the national executivecommittee, and member of the nationalcouncil, among others.

He was a federal senator for the stateof Sinaloa for two legislative sessions andin his third, he became a federal deputy.In 2003, he became deputy secretary oftourism operations at the federal ministryof tourism for one year. From 2004 to2006, he was chief of staff of the office ofthe Mexican president.

Mr. Goicoechea has served on boardsand committees for several commerce-re-lated organizations and been awardedkeys to the city of Miami and Quezon,Philippines.

David Tawei LeeRepresentative, Taipei Economic andCultural Office

Mr. Lee has had a long career in Taiwan’sforeign service and has held such posi-tions as director-general of North Ameri-can Affairs, director-general of theGovernment Information Office in Tai-wan and finally, deputy minister of for-eign affairs.

In 2000, Mr. Lee returned to academia,to teach at the National Taiwan Univer-sity, where he had taught before. But ayear later, the president asked him to takea position as Taiwan’s representative toBelgium, Luxembourg and the EuropeanUnion, a position he held until he wasposted to the United States. He comes toCanada direct from that posting. In 2002,he won the most distinguished diplomataward given by the foreign affairs minis-ter.

Mr. Lee is married to Chih Lin. Theyhave a son and a daughter.

NEW ARRIVALS|DIGNITARIES

DIPLOMAT AND INTERNATIONAL CANADA 37

Issakha MbackeAmbassador of Senegal

Mr. Mbacke’s posting to Ottawa repre-sents a return for him. He was postedhere from 1981 to 1986 as a commercial,cultural and press officer and, whileposted, studied literature at the Univer-sity of Ottawa. His studies, in sociology,political science and law have also takenhim to Egypt, Mauritania, Morocco andParis.

Mr. Mbacke, 60, started his foreignservice career in 1979 at Senegal’s em-bassy in Morocco. He came to Ottawa forfive subsequent years and then went toSaudi Arabia for a year. He returned toDakar to serve as a human resources spe-cialist at the ministry of foreign affairsand to assist the head of the United Na-tions division. He was then appointed asminister-counsellor to Egypt from 1990 to1998 after which he went to Iran as am-bassador from 1998 until 2006.

Mr. Mbacke speaks French, Englishand Arabic.

With files from Andrew PulsiferAll photos except for David Tawei Lee’sprovided by Rideau Hall

Non-Heads of Mission

AngolaPepino MacossoThird Secretary

AustraliaJudith Anne HurditchFirst Secretary and Consul

ChinaTao LiCounsellorJianjun ZhaiFirst Secretary

Côte d’IvoireBernard N’Guessan N’Guessan Counsellor

Germany Kerstin Pfirrmann Assistant Attaché

IsraelGil RabinovichDefence Attaché

MexicoCarlos Enrique Lopez Araiza Genis MinisterJesus Omar Quijano Rodriguez Attaché

NetherlandsPieternella Henrica Adriana van Eijk-Koevoets First Secretary

NigeriaHabu Abubakar Gwani Ibrahim Minister

Poland Witoslaw Jerzy Antczak CounsellorEugen Constantin Predatu Counsellor

RomaniaEvgeny Klemez First Secretary

RussiaValery Chumakov CounsellorYaroslav ShishkinThird Secretary

Stan NobleDiplomatic Representative

South on Bank Streetat 1255 Johnston Rd.

Call:

888-268-2584613-216-1304

info@southbank.ca

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Support Taiwan’sparticipation in WHO.A matter of life and health!

For the life and health of us all, it’s timeto vote for Taiwan’s participation in WHO!

A Message from theTaiwanese-CanadianAssociation

An avian flu pandemic could be just one airline ticket away from Canada!

Taiwan, a travel crossroads in the Asia-Pacificregion, registers over 10 million travelers each year- 4 million fly to and from China and Hong Kong; 150,000 Taiwanese tourists come to Canada; 50,000 Canadians visit Taiwan. Taiwan is also a rest stop for migratory birds, carriers of the deadly avian flu virus that could attack the entire world. Avian flu could cost Canada up to $40 billion and 58,000 lives according to the Public Health Agency of Canada.

We can’t afford to risk excluding Taiwan from the WHO, the essential communications network that aims to guard the whole world against pandemics and viruses. The Canadian parliament and its committees passed six motions in the last three years urging the government of Canada to support Taiwan’s observer status bid in the WHO. The World Health Assembly, the forum where Taiwan’s WHO status is debated, meets on May 14, 2007.

DIPLOMAT AND INTERNATIONAL CANADA 39

AFGHANISTANHis Ex. Omar SamadEmbassy of the Islamic Republic ofAfghanistan246 Queen Street, Suite 400Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5E4TEL 563-4223 FAX 563-4962contact@afghanemb-canada.netwww.afghanemb-canada.net

ALBANIAHis Ex. Besnik KonciEmbassy of the Republic of Albania130 Albert Street, Suite 302Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4TEL 236-4114 FAX 236-0804embassyofalbania@on.aibn.com

ALGERIAHis Ex. Smail BenamaraEmbassy of the People’s DemocraticRepublic of Algeria500 Wilbrod StreetOttawa, Ontario K1N 6N2TEL 789-8505 FAX 789-1406www.embassyalgeria.ca/eng.htm

ANGOLAHis Ex. Miguel Maria N. PunaEmbassy of the Republic of Angola189 Laurier Avenue EastOttawa, Ontario K1N 6P1TEL 234-1152 FAX 234-1179info@embangola-can.orgwww.embangola-can.org

ARGENTINAHis Ex. Arturo BothamleyEmbassy of the Argentine Republic81 Metcalfe Street 7th FloorOttawa, Ontario K1P 6K7TEL 236-2351 FAX 235-2659embargentina@argentina-canada.netwww.argentina-canada.net

ARMENIAMr. Arman AkopianChargé d’AffairesEmbassy of the Republic of Armenia7 Delaware AvenueOttawa, Ontario K2P 0Z2TEL 234-3710 FAX 234-3444embottawa@rogers.comwww.armembassycanada.ca

AUSTRALIAHis Ex. William Fisher Australian High Commission50 O’Connor, Suite 710 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L2TEL 236-0841 FAX 236-4376www.canada.embassy.gov.au

AUSTRIAHis Ex. Otto DitzEmbassy of the Republic of Austria445 Wilbrod StreetOttawa, Ontario K1N 6M7TEL 789-1444 FAX 789-3431Ottawa-ob@bmeia.gv.at

AZERBAIJANHis Ex. Fakhraddin GurbanovEmbassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan275 Slater Street, Suite 904-COttawa, Ontario K1P 5H9TEL 288-0497 FAX 230-8089

BAHAMASHis Ex. Philip P. SmithHigh Commission for TheCommonwealth of The Bahamas50 O’Connor Street, Suite 1313Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L2TEL. 232-1724 FAX 232-0097ottawa-mission@bahighco.com

BANGLADESHMr. Syed Masud MahmoodKhunkokerActing High CommissionerHigh Commission for the People’sRepublic of Bangladesh275 Bank Street, Suite 302Ottawa, Ontario K2P 2L6TEL 236-0138 FAX 567-3213bangla@rogers.comwww.bdhc.org

BARBADOSHis Ex. Glyne Samuel MurrayHigh Commission for Barbados55 Metcalfe St. #470Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6L5TEL 236-9517 FAX 230-4362ottawa@foreign.gov.bb

BELARUSHer Ex. Nina MazaiEmbassy of the Republic of Belarus130 Albert Street, Suite 600Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4TEL 233-9994 FAX 233-8500belamb@igs.net

BELGIUMHis Ex. Jean LintEmbassy of Belgium360 Albert Street, Suite 820Ottawa, Ontario K1R 7X7TEL 236-7267 FAX 236-7882Ottawa@diplobel.orgwww.diplomatie.be/ottawa

BENINMrs. Awahou Labouda Chargé d’AffairesEmbassy of the Republic of Benin

58 Glebe AvenueOttawa, Ontario K1S 2C3TEL 233-4429 FAX 233-8952ambaben@benin.ca

BOLIVIAHis Ex. Edgar Torrez Mosquiera Embassy of the Republic of Bolivia130 Albert Street, Suite 416Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4TEL 236-5730 FAX 236-8237embolivia04@yahoo.com

BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINAHis Ex. Milenko MisicEmbassy of Bosnia and Herzegovina130 Albert Street, Suite 805Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4TEL 236-0028 FAX 236-1139embassyofbih@bellnet.cawww.bhembassy.ca

BRAZILHis Ex. Valdemar Carneiro LeäoEmbassy of the Federative Republicof Brazil450 Wilbrod StreetOttawa, Ontario K1N 6M8TEL 237-1090 FAX 237-6144mailbox@brasembottawa.org

BRUNEI DARUSSALAMHer Ex. Magdalene Chee Siong TeoHigh Commission for BruneiDarussalam395 Laurier Avenue EastOttawa, Ontario K1N 6R4TEL 234-5656 FAX 234-4397bhco@bellnet.ca

BULGARIAHis Ex. Evgueni StoychevEmbassy of the Republic of Bulgaria325 Stewart StreetOttawa, Ontario K1N 6K5TEL 789-3215 FAX 789-3524

BURKINA FASOHer Ex. Juliette BonkoungouEmbassy of Burkina Faso48 Range RoadOttawa, Ontario K1N 8J4TEL 238-4796 FAX 238-3812burkina.faso@sympatico.cawww.ambaburkina-canada.org

BURUNDIHer Ex. Appolonie SimbiziEmbassy of the Republic of Burundi325 Dalhousie Street, Suite 815Ottawa, Ontario K1N 7G2TEL 789-0414 FAX 789-9537ambabottawa@yahoo.comhttp://ambabucanada.le-site.info

CAMEROONMr. Martin Agbor MbengChargé d’AffairesHigh Commission for the Republicof Cameroon170 Clemow AvenueOttawa, Ontario K1S 2B4TEL 236-1522 FAX 236-3885

CHILEHis Ex. Eugenio Ortega RiquelmeEmbassy of the Republic of Chile50 O’Connor Street, Suite 1413Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L2TEL 235-9940 FAX 235-1176echileca@chile.cawww.chile.ca

CHINAHis Ex. Lu Shumin Embassy of the People’s Republic ofChina515 St. Patrick StreetOttawa, Ontario K1N 5H3TEL. 789-3434 FAX 789-1911www.chinaembassycanada.org

COLOMBIAHis Ex. Jaime Giron DuarteEmbassy of the Republic of Colombia360 Albert Street, Suite 1002Ottawa, Ontario K1R 7X7TEL 230-3760 FAX 230-4416embajada@embajadacolombia.cawww.embajadacolombia.ca

CONGO (ZAIRE)Ms. Louise Nzanga RamazaniChargé d’AffairesEmbassy of the Democratic Republicof the Congo18 Range RoadOttawa, Ontario K1N 8J3TEL 230-6391 FAX 230-1945

COSTA RICAMrs. Lina Eugenia Ajoy Rojas Chargé d’AffairesEmbassy of the Republic of Costa Rica325 Dalhousie Street, Suite 407Ottawa, Ontario K1N 7G2TEL. 562-2855 FAX 562-2582embcrica@travel-net.comwww.costaricaembassy.com

CÔTE D’IVOIREHer Ex. Dienebou KabaEmbassy of the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire9 Marlborough AvenueOttawa, Ontario K1N 8E6TEL. 236-9919 FAX 563-8287acica@ambaci-ottawa.orgwww.ambaci-ottawa.org

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CROATIAHer Ex. Vesela Mrden KoracEmbassy of the Republic of Croatia229 Chapel StreetOttawa, Ontario K1N 7Y6TEL. 562-7820 FAX 562-7821Croatia.emb@mvpei.hrwww.croatiaemb.net

CUBAHis Ex. Ernesto Antonio Senti Embassy of the Republic of Cuba388 Main StreetOttawa, Ontario K1S 1E3TEL. 563-0141 FAX 563-0068cuba@embacuba.cawww.embacuba.ca

CZECH REPUBLICHis Ex. Pavel VosalikEmbassy of the Czech Republic251 Cooper StreetOttawa, Ontario K2P 0G2TEL. 562-3875 FAX 562-3878ottawa@embassy.mzv.cz

DENMARKHis Ex. Poul Erik Dam KristensenRoyal Danish Embassy47 Clarence Street, Suite 450Ottawa, Ontario K1N 9K1TEL. 562-1811 FAX 562-1812ottamb@um.dkwww.ambottawa.um.dk

DOMINICAN REPUBLICHis Ex. Eduardo J. TejeraEmbassy of the Dominican Republic130 Albert Street, Suite 418Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4TEL. 569-9893 FAX 569-8673www.drembassy.org

ECUADORHis Ex. Fernando RibadeneiraFernández-SalvadorEmbassy of the Republic of Ecuador50 O’Connor Street, Suite 316Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L2TEL. 563-4286 FAX 235-5776

EGYPTHis Ex. Mahmoud F. El-SaeedEmbassy of the Arab Republic ofEgypt454 Laurier Avenue EastOttawa, Ontario K1N 6R3TEL. 234-4931 FAX 234-4398egyptemb@sympatico.cawww.mfa.gov.eg

EL SALVADORHis Ex. Mauricio Rosales RiveraEmbassy of the Republic of El Salvador209 Kent Street Ottawa, Ontario K2P 1Z8TEL. 238-2939 FAX 238-6940embajada@elsalvador-ca.org

ERITREAOffice of the Embassy of Eritrea inOttawa75 Albert Street, Suite 610Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5E7TEL. 234-3989 FAX 234-6213

ESTONIARasmus LumiChargé d’AffairesEmbassy of the Republic of Estonia 260 Dalhousie Street, Suite 210Ottawa, Ontario K1N 7E4TEL. 789-4222 FAX 789-9555embassy.ottawa@mfa.eewww.estemb.ca

ETHIOPIAHis Ex. Getachew HailemariamEmbassy of the Federal DemocraticRepublic of Ethiopia 151 Slater Street, Suite 210Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5P2TEL. 235-6637 FAX 235-4638infoethi@magi.comwww.ethiopia.ottawa.on.ca

EUROPEAN UNIONHis. Ex. Dorian PrinceDelegation of the EuropeanCommission to Canada 45 O’Connor Street, Suite 1900Ottawa, Ontario K1P 1A4TEL. 238-6464 FAX 238-5191delegation-canada@ec.europa.euwww.delcan.ec.europa.eu

F.Y.R. OF MACEDONIAHis Ex. Sasko NasevEmbassy of the Former YugoslavRepublic of Macedonia130 Albert Street, Suite 1006Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4TEL. 234-3882 FAX 233-1852

FINLANDHis Ex. Pasi Mikael PatokallioEmbassy of the Republic of Finland55 Metcalfe Street, Suite 850Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L5TEL. 288-2233 FAX 288-2244embassy@finland.ca

FRANCEHis Ex. Daniel JouanneauEmbassy of France42 Sussex DriveOttawa, Ontario K1M 2C9TEL. 789-1795 FAX 562-3704www.ambafrance-ca.org

GABONHis Ex. Joseph Obian NdoutoumeEmbassy of the Gabonese Republic4 Range Road, P.O. Box 368Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J5TEL. 232-5301 FAX 232-6916ambgabon@sprint.ca

GERMANYHis Ex. Matthias Martin HöpfnerEmbassy of the Federal Republic ofGermany1 Waverley StreetOttawa, Ontario K2P 0T8TEL. 232-1101 FAX 594-9330germanembassyottawa@on.aibn.com

GHANAHer Ex. Margaret Ivy AmoakoheneHigh Commission for the Republicof Ghana1 Clemow AvenueOttawa, Ontario K1S 2A9TEL. 236-0871 FAX 236-0874ghanacom@ghc-ca.comwww.ghc-ca.com

GREECEHis Ex. Yannis MourikisEmbassy of the Hellenic Republic80 MacLaren Street, Suite 76Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0K6TEL. 238-6271 FAX 238-5676embassy@greekembassy.cawww.greekembassy.ca

GUATEMALAHis Ex. Manuel Estuardo Roldán Embassy of the Republic ofGuatemala130 Albert Street, Suite 1010

Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4TEL. 233-7237 FAX 233-0135embassy1@embaguate-canada.comwww.embaguate-canada.com

GUINEAHis Ex. Aly DianéEmbassy of the Republic of Guinea483 Wilbrod StreetOttawa, Ontario K1N 6N1TEL. 789-8444 FAX 789-7560ambassadedeguinee@bellnet.ca

GUYANAHis Ex. Rajnarine SinghHigh Commission for the Republicof Guyana151 Slater Street, Suite 309Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3TEL. 235-7249 FAX 235-1447

HAITIMs. Marie Nathalie Menos-GisselChargé d’AffairesEmbassy of the Republic of Haiti130 Albert Street, Suite 1409Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5P2TEL. 238-1628 FAX 238-2986bohio@sympatico.ca

HOLY SEEHis Ex. The Most Rev. Luigi VenturaApostolic Nunciature724 Manor AvenueOttawa, Ontario K1M 0E3TEL. 746-4914 FAX 746-4786

HONDURASHer Ex. Beatriz ValleEmbassy of the Republic ofHonduras151 Slater Street, Suite 805Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3TEL. 233-8900 FAX 232-0193

HUNGARYHis Ex. Pál VastaghEmbassy of the Republic ofHungary299 Waverley StreetOttawa, Ontario K2P 0V9TEL. 230-2717 FAX 230-7560www.docuweb.ca/Hungary

ICELANDHis Ex. Markus Örn AntonssonEmbassy of Iceland360 Albert Street, Suite 710Ottawa, Ontario K1R 7X7TEL. 482-1944 FAX 482-1945icemb.ottawa@utn.stjr.is

INDIAHis Ex. Rajamani Lakshmi Narayan High Commission for the Republicof India10 Springfield RoadOttawa, Ontario K1M 1C9TEL. 744-3751 FAX 744-0913hicomind@hciottawa.cawww.hciottawa.ca

INDONESIAHis Ex. Djoko HardonoEmbassy of the Republic ofIndonesia 55 Parkdale AvenueOttawa, Ontario K1Y 1E5TEL. 724-1100 FAX 724-1105info@indonesia-ottawa.orgwww.indonesia-ottawa.org

IRANEmbassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran245 Metcalfe StreetOttawa, Ontario K2P 2K2TEL. 235-4725 FAX 232-5712iranemb@salamiran.orgwww.salamiran.org

IRAQHis Ex. Howar M. ZiadEmbassy of the Republic of Iraq 215 McLeod StreetOttawa, Ontario K2P 0Z8TEL. 236-9177 FAX 236-9641media@iraqembassy.cawww.iraqembassy.ca

IRELANDHis Ex. Declan KellyEmbassy of Ireland130 Albert Street, Suite 1105Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4TEL. 233-6281 FAX 233-5835embassyofireland@rogers.com

ISRAELHis Ex. Alan BakerEmbassy of Israel50 O’Connor Street, Suite 1005Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L2TEL. 567-6450 FAX 567-9878info@ottawa.mfa.gov.ilwww.embassyofIsreal.ca

ITALYHis Ex. Gabriele SardoEmbassy of the Italian Republic275 Slater Street, 21st FloorOttawa, Ontario K1P 5H9TEL. 232-2401 FAX 233-1484ambital@italyincanada.comwww.italyincanada.com

JAMAICAHer Ex. Evadne CoyeJamaican High Commission275 Slater Street, Suite 800Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H9TEL. 233-9311 FAX 233-0611hc@jhcottawa.ca

JAPANHis Ex. Tsuneo NishidaEmbassy of Japan 255 Sussex DriveOttawa, Ontario K1N 9E6TEL. 241-8541 FAX 241-2232infocul@embjapan.cawww.ca.emb-japan.go.jp

JORDANHis Ex. Nabil Ali BartoEmbassy of the Hashemite Kingdomof Jordan100 Bronson Avenue, Suite 701Ottawa, Ontario K1R 6G8TEL. 238-8090 FAX 232-3341

KENYAHer Ex. Judith Mbula BahemukaHigh Commission for the Republicof Kenya415 Laurier Avenue EastOttawa, Ontario K1N 6R4TEL. 563-1773 FAX 233-6599kenyahighcommission@rogers.comwww.kenyahighcommission.ca

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DIPLOMAT AND INTERNATIONAL CANADA 41

KOREA, REPUBLICHis Ex. Soo-dong KimEmbassy of the Republic of Korea150 Boteler StreetOttawa, Ontario K1N 5A6TEL. 244-5010 FAX 244-5034www.emb-korea.ottawa.on.ca

KUWAITHis Ex. Musaed Rashed Al-HarounEmbassy of the State of Kuwait

333 Sussex Drive Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 1J9 TEL. 780-9999 FAX 780-9905

LATVIAHis Ex. Atis SjanitsEmbassy of the Republic of Latvia350 Sparks Street, Suite 1200Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 5G8TEL. 238-6014 FAX 238-7044embassy.canada@mfa.gov.lvwww.ottawa.mfa.gov.lv

LEBANONMr. Georges Abou ZeidChargé d’AffairesEmbassy of Lebanon640 Lyon StreetOttawa, Ontario K1S 3Z5TEL. 236-5825 FAX 232-1609info@lebanonembassy.cawww.lebanonembassy.ca

LESOTHO Her Ex. Mots'eoa SenyaneHigh Commission for the Kingdomof Lesotho130 Albert Street, Suite 1820Ottawa, ON K1P 5G4CanadaTEL: 234-0770 FAX: 234-5665

LIBYAHis Ex. Ahmed Ali JarrudEmbassy of the Great SocialistPeople’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 81 Metcalfe Street, Suite 1000Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6K7TEL. 230-0919 FAX 230-0683info@libya-canada.org

LITHUANIAHer Ex. Siguté JakstonytéEmbassy of the Republic ofLithuania130 Albert Street, Suite 204Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4TEL. 567-5458 FAX 567-5315

MADAGASCARHis. Ex. Simon Constant HoraceEmbassy of the Republic ofMadagascar200 Catherine Street, Suite 510Ottawa, Ontario K2P 2K9 Tel. 567-0505 Fax 567.2882ambamadcanada@bellnet.cawww.madagascar-embassy.ca

MALAYSIAHis Ex. Dennis IgnatiusHigh Commission for Malaysia60 Boteler StreetOttawa, Ontario K1N 8Y7TEL. 241-5182 FAX 241-5214malottawa@kln.gov.my

MALIHis Ex. Mamadou BandiougouDiawaraEmbassy of the Republic of Mali50 Goulburn AvenueOttawa, Ontario K1N 8C8

TEL. 232-1501 FAX 232-7429ambassadedumali@rogers.comwww.ambamalicanada.org

MAURITANIAHis Ex. Mahfoud Ben DeddachEmbassy of the Islamic Republic ofMauritania121 Sherwood DriveOttawa, Ontario K1Y 3V1TEL. 237-3283 FAX 237-3287

MEXICOHis Ex. Emilio Rafael JoseGoicoecheaEmbassy of the United MexicanStates45 O’Connor Street, Suite 1000Ottawa, Ontario K1P 1A4TEL. 233-8988 FAX 235-9123info@embamexcan.comwww.embamexcan.com

MONGOLIAHis Ex. Gotov DugerjavEmbassy of Mongolia151 Slater Street, Suite 503Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3TEL. 569-3830 FAX 569-3916mail@mongolembassy.org

MOROCCOHis Ex. Mohamed TangiEmbassy of the Kingdom ofMorocco38 Range RoadOttawa, Ontario K1N 8J4TEL. 236-7391 FAX 236-6164

MYANMARMr. Maung Maung Chargé d'AffairesEmbassy of the Union of Myanmar85 Range Road, Suite 902Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J6TEL. 232-9990 FAX 232-6999meott@rogers.com

NETHERLANDSHis Ex. Karel de BeerEmbassy of the Kingdom of theNetherlands350 Albert Street, Suite 2020Ottawa, Ontario K1R 1A4TEL. 237-5030 FAX 237-6471nlgovott@netcom.ca

NEW ZEALANDHer Ex. Kathleen Janet LackeyNew Zealand High Commission99 Bank Street, Suite 727Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6G3TEL. 238-5991 FAX 238-5707info@nzhcottawa.orgwww.nzembassy.com/home.cfm?c=38

NIGERHer Ex. Nana Aicha FoumakoyeEmbassy of the Republic of theNiger38 Blackburn AvenueOttawa, Ontario K1N 8A3TEL. 232-4291 FAX 230-9808

NIGERIAHis Ex. Olufemi Oyewale GeorgeHigh Commission for the FederalRepublic of Nigeria295 Metcalfe StreetOttawa, Ontario K2P 1R9Tel. 236-0521 Fax 236-0529

NORWAYHis Ex. Tor Berntin NaessEmbassy of the Kingdom of Norway90 Sparks Street, Suite 532Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5B4TEL. 238-6571 FAX 238-2765emb.ottawa@mfa.nowww.emb-norway.ca

O/OF EASTERN CARIBBEANSTATESHer Ex. Lorraine B. WilliamsHigh Commission for the Countriesof the Organization of EasternCaribbean States130 Albert Street, Suite 700Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4TEL. 236-8952 FAX 236-3042echcc@travel-net.comwww.oecs.org/ottawa/index.html

PAKISTAN His. Ex. Musa Javed ChohanHigh Commission for the IslamicRepublic of Pakistan10 Range RoadOttawa, Ontario K1N 8J3TEL. 238-7881 FAX 238-7296parepottawa@rogers.com

PALESTINEMr. Amin Abou-HassiraHead of the General Delegation45 Country Club Dr.,Ottawa, OntarioK1V 9W1TEL: 736-0053FAX: 736-0535palestinegd@rogers.com

PANAMAHer Ex. Romy Vásquez de GonzálezEmbassy of the Republic of Panama130 Albert Street, Suite 300Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4TEL. 236-7177 FAX 236-5775pancanem@rapidweb.ca

PARAGUAYHis Ex. Juan E. Aguirre MartinezEmbassy of the Republic ofParaguay151 Slater Street, Suite 501Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3TEL. 567-1283 FAX 567-1679consularsection@embassyof-paraguay.ca

PERUHis Ex. Guillermo RussoEmbassy of the Republic of Peru130 Albert Street, Suite 1901Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4TEL. 238-1777 FAX 232-3062emperuca@bellnet.ca

PHILIPPINESHis Ex. Francisco L. BenedictoEmbassy of the Republic of thePhilippines130 Albert Street, Suite 606Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4TEL. 233-1121 FAX 233-4165embassyofphilippines@rogers.com

POLANDHis Ex. Piotr OgrodzinskiEmbassy of the Republic of Poland443 Daly AvenueOttawa, Ontario K1N 6H3TEL. 789-0468 FAX 789-1218Ottawa@polishembassy.ca

PORTUGALHis Ex. Joao Pedro Silveira CarvalhoEmbassy of Portugal645 Island Park DriveOttawa, Ontario K1Y 0B8TEL. 729-0883 FAX 729-4236embportugal@embportugal/ottawa.org

ROMANIAHer Ex. Elena StefoiEmbassy of Romania655 Rideau StreetOttawa, Ontario K1N 6A3TEL. 789-3709 FAX 789-4365Romania@romanian-embassy.comhttp://ottawa.mae.ro

RUSSIAHis Ex. Georgiy MamedovEmbassy of the Russian Federation285 Charlotte StreetOttawa, Ontario K1N 8L5TEL. 235-4341 FAX 236-6342rusemb@rogers.comwww.rusembcanada.mid.ru

RWANDAHis Ex. Eugene MunyakayanzaEmbassy of the Rwandese Republic153 Gilmour Street Ottawa, Ontario, K2P 0N8 Tel. 569-5424 Fax 569-5421 generalinfo@ambarwaottawa.cawww.ambarwaottawa.ca

SAUDI ARABIAHis Ex. Abdulaziz Bin Hussein Al-SowayeghRoyal Embassy of Saudi Arabia201 Sussex DriveOttawa, ON K1N 1K6TEL 237-4100 FAX 237-0567

SENEGALHis Excellency Issakha MbackeEmbassy of the Republic of Senegal57 Marlborough AvenueOttawa, Ontario K1N 8E8TEL. 238-6392 FAX 238-2695ambassn@sympatico.ca

SERBIAMs. Slobodanka KojadinovicChargé d’AffairesEmbassy of the Republic of Serbia 17 Blackburn AvenueOttawa, Ontario K1N 8A2TEL. 233-6289 FAX 233-7850diplomat@embscg.cawww.embscg.ca

SLOVAK REPUBLICHis Ex. Stanislav OpielaEmbassy of the Slovak Republic50 Rideau TerraceOttawa, Ontario K1M 2A1TEL. 749-4442 FAX 749-4989ottawa@slovakembassy.cawww.ottawa.mfa.sk

SLOVENIAEx. Tomaz KunsteljEmbassy of the Republic of Slovenia150 Metcalfe Street, Suite 2101Ottawa, Ontario K1P 1P1TEL. 565-5781 FAX 565-5783vot@mzz-dkp.gov.si

SOUTH AFRICAHis Ex. Abraham Sokhaya Nkomo High Commission for the Republicof South Africa15 Sussex DriveOttawa, Ontario K1M 1M8

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TEL. 744-0330 FAX 741-1639rsafrica@southafrica-canada.cawww.southafrica-canada.ca

SPAINHis Ex. Mariano Alonso-BurónEmbassy of the Kingdom of Spain74 Stanley AvenueOttawa, Ontario K1M 1P4TEL. 747-2252 FAX 744-1224embespca@mail.mae.eswww.embaspain.ca

SRI LANKAHis Ex. W.J.S. KarunaratneHigh Commission for theDemocratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka333 Laurier Avenue West, Suite 1204Ottawa, Ontario K1P 1C1TEL. 233-8449 FAX 238-8448www.srilankahcottawa.org

SUDANHer Ex. Dr. Faiza Hassan TahaArmousaEmbassy of the Republic of the Sudan354 Stewart StreetOttawa, Ontario K1N 6K8TEL. 235-4000 FAX 235-6880

SWEDENHer Ex. Ingrid Maria IremarkEmbassy of Sweden377 Dalhousie StreetOttawa, Ontario K1N 9N8TEL. 244-8200 FAX 241-2277Sweden.ottawa@foreign.ministry.sewww.swedishembassy.ca

SWITZERLANDHis Ex. Werner BaumannEmbassy of Switzerland5 Marlborough AvenueOttawa, Ontario K1N 8E6TEL. 235-1837 FAX 563-1394vertretung@ott.rep.admin.ch

SYRIAHis Ex. Jamil Haidar SakrEmbassy of the Syrian Arab Republic151 Slater Street, Suite 1000Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3TEL. 569-5556 FAX 569-3800www.syrianembassy.ca

TAIPEI Economic & Cultural officeDavid Tawei Lee, Representative45 O’Connor Street, Suite 1960Ottawa, Ontario K1P 1A4TEL. 231-5080 FAX 231-7112publicaffairs@on.aibn.com

TANZANIAHis Ex. Ombeni Y. SefueHigh Commission for the UnitedRepublic of Tanzania50 Range RoadOttawa, Ontario K1N 8J4TEL. 232-1509 FAX 232-5184tzottawa@synapse.cawww.tanzaniahighcommission.ca

THAILANDHis Ex. Snanchart DevahastinThe Royal Thai Embassy 180 Island Park DriveOttawa, Ontario K1Y 0A2TEL. 722-4444 FAX 722-6624thaiott@magma.ca

TOGOHis Ex. Bawoumondom AmeleteEmbassy of the Togolese Republic

12 Range RoadOttawa, Ontario K1N 8J3TEL. 238-5916 FAX 235-6425

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGOMr. Garth Andrew LamseeActing High CommissionerHigh Commission for the Republicof Trinidad and Tobago200 First Avenue, Third LevelOttawa, Ontario K1S 2G6TEL. 232-2418 FAX 232-4349ottawa@ttmissions.com

TUNISIAHis Excellency Abdessalem HetiraEmbassy of the Republic of Tunisia515 O’Connor StreetOttawa, Ontario K1S 3P8TEL. 237-0330 FAX 237-7939atottawa@comnet.ca

TURKEYHis Ex. Aydemir ErmanEmbassy of the Republic of Turkey197 Wurtemburg StreetOttawa, Ontario K1N 8L9TEL. 789-4044 FAX 789-3442turkishottawa@mfa.gov.tr

UGANDAHis Ex. George Marino AbolaHigh Commission for the Republicof Uganda231 Cobourg StreetOttawa, Ontario K1N 8J2TEL. 789-7797 FAX 789-8909uhc@ugandahighcommission.comwww.ugandahighcommission.ca

UKRAINEHis. Ex. Ihor OstashEmbassy of Ukraine310 Somerset Street, West,Ottawa, Ontario, K2P 0J9Tel. 230-2961 Fax 230-2400www.ukremb.ca

UNITED ARAB EMIRATESHis Ex. Hassan Al-SuwaidiEmbassy of the United Arab Emirates45 O’Connor Street, Suite 1800Ottawa, Ontario K1P 1A4TEL. 565-7272 FAX 565-8007safara@uae-embassy.comwww.uae-embassy.com

UNITED KINGDOMHis Ex. Anthony CaryBritish High Commission80 Elgin StreetOttawa, Ontario K1P 5K7TEL. 237-1530 FAX 237-7980www.britainincanada.org

UNITED STATES OF AMERICAHis Ex. David WilkinsEmbassy of the United States ofAmerica490 Sussex DriveOttawa, Ontario K1N 1G8TEL. 238-5335 FAX 688-3080www.usembassycanada.gov

URUGUAYHis Ex. Alväro M. MoerzingerEmbassy of the Eastern Republic ofUruguay130 Albert Street, Suite 1905Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4TEL. 234-2727 FAX 233-4670

VENEZUELAJose Antonio Manlio Rodriguez dela Sierra LlerandiChargé d’AffairesEmbassy of the Bolivarian Republicof Venezuela32 Range RoadOttawa, Ontario K1N 8J4TEL. 235-5151 FAX 235-3205www.misionvenezuela.org

VIETNAMHis Excellency Duc Hung NguyenEmbassy of the Socialist Republic ofVietnam470 Wilbrod StreetOttawa, Ontario K1N 6M8TEL. 236-0772 FAX 236-2704

YEMENHis Ex. Dr. Abdulla AbdulwaliNasherEmbassy of the Republic of Yemen54 Chamberlain AvenueOttawa, Ontario K1S 1V9TEL. 729-6627 FAX 729-8915www.yemenincanada.ca

ZAMBIAHis Ex. David Clifford SaviyeHigh Commission for the Republicof Zambia151 Slater St., Suite 205Ottawa, OntarioK1B 5H3TEL: 232-4400 FAX: 232-4410

ZIMBABWEHer Ex. Florence Zano ChideyaEmbassy of the Republic ofZimbabwe332 Somerset Street WestOttawa, Ontario K2P 0J9TEL. 237-4388 FAX 563-8269

MAY—JUNE 200742 | EMBASSIES | HIGH COMMISSIONS | OTHER INTERNATIONAL REPRESENTATIVES

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DESTINATIONS | THE LAST WORD

MAY—JUNE 200744

The war whose ultimate outcomewas determined on the Plains ofAbraham in 1759 began five years

earlier at what was then, as now, a remotePennsylvania pasture. The unprepossess-ing patch of marshland, hidden in thelow wooded hills a leisurely drive east ofPittsburgh, was grandiloquently knownas the Great Meadows when the firstfighting broke out there between theBritish and French empires for control ofNorth America. George Washington, whofought his first-ever battle there at age 22,famously pronounced the place “acharming field for an encounter.” But thatwas hyperbole, too—and bravado. Hewas easily defeated, the result of poorjudgment.

To the French, the Ohio River, which isthe main tributary of the Mississippi, wasthus the vital link between Quebec andLouisiana. To the English it was, for a timeat least, the God-given western margin oftheir colonies on the Atlantic coast and thesubject of intense financial speculation.Both cultures claimed it, alienating Abo-riginal peoples in the process, and bothbegan building forts on the contested ter-ritory. In the spring of 1754, Washington, anew officer in the Virginia militia, wassent out with a small force to blaze a road.Finding the French presence surprisinglystrong as he approached the river, hehalted and set up camp in the Meadows.It had grass for the animals and a tinystream. But it was also indefensible.

Hearing the French were nearby,Washington led a small party to theircamp and caught them asleep. Someone,no one knows who, fired the first shot,and an English massacre resulted. Tensoldiers from New France were killed, in-cluding the commander, Joseph Coulonde Villiers, Sieur de Jumonville. Fearingretaliation, Washington beat it back to theclearing and in only five days threw up acrude log hut surrounded by a flimsystockade and dug shallow entrenchmentsbeyond it. He called it Fort Necessity.

In Gore Vidal’s wonderful novel Burr,the title character, Aaron Burr (anotheryoung American Revolution hero and,later, Thomas Jefferson’s vice-president)says bitterly that history views GeorgeWashington as a brilliant general and apoor politician. History, he adds, has it all

backwards, as usual. At the Great Mead-ows, Washington had nearly 400 mencrammed into his miserable fortifications,constructed within musket range—100yards—of the tree line, which was onhigher ground. About 700 French and na-tives were well protected as they laiddown a withering fire on the Virginians.A day-long downpour filled Washing-ton’s trenches. The wounded were takento the hut, whose roof was simply barkand hides laid across branches. Thatnight, Washington signed a surrenderdocument. It was of course written inFrench. Washington didn’t know that bysigning it, he was also confessing to Ju-monville’s murder and various atrocities.

Before returning to Canada, the Frenchtroops burned Fort Necessity. In 1932, the200th anniversary of Washington’s birth, theAmerican government built a reconstruc-tion on the original site. They got it wrong.Ignoring written testimony, they put up astockade that was more or less rectangular.It stood until 1954, the bicentennial of thebattle, when more serious archaeologicalwork showed that the fort was in fact circu-lar: another indication it was built in haste,with danger near. Excavation of the surviv-ing rows of stumps showed the Virginiansdug a ring-shaped trench, two-and-a-halffeet deep. Into it, they set white oak logs, 10inches in diameter after splitting themdown the middle. Thicker logs filled in theinevitable gaps. They filled the trench withearth, leaving a crude wall not much higher

than a man’s head. As it happens, the paths of major eco-

nomic development have generally by-passed this rural corner of southwesternPennsylvania. The nearest centre is Farm-ington, a village southeast of Unionvilleon U.S. Route 40. When you start downthe path leading to the stockade, you feelcut off from the contemporary world.Washington’s pathetic attempt at militaryengineering sits exposed and vulnerable.You quickly grasp what happened thatday in 1754, particularly as the NationalPark Service has kept the tree line towhere it was when the woods rang withmusketry.

From a Canadian viewpoint, Washing-ton was an Englishman who later wentover to the dark side. But the Fort Neces-sity National Battlefield restores to himsome footnoted glory for his unintentionalrole in the birth of modern Canada. TheNational Battlefield includes the site of theJumonville massacre and the place whereMaj. Gen. Edward Braddock and 1,500British regulars, sent from home to redressWashington’s defeat, were killed the fol-lowing year. Braddock’s grave is markedby a granite monument donated by hisformer regiment, the Coldstream Guards,in 1913—when imperial feeling still ranstrong about a place where the battle linesof the Seven Years’ War were first drawn.

George Fetherling is a Vancouver poet,novelist and cultural commentator.

A Fort Built out of NecessityBy George Fetherling

PATHETIC ENGINEERING: A recreation of George Washington’s Fort Necessity sits exposed and vulnerableat the Great Meadows. The National Park Service has kept the tree line to where it was in 1754 when thewoods rang with musketry.

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