Diplomacy and World Diplomacy and World War II War II

1929-19451929-1945

Hoover’s Foreign PolicyHoover’s Foreign Policy

““Isolationist” in nature.Isolationist” in nature.

Saw peace conferences and treaties Saw peace conferences and treaties as moral efforts – no place for as moral efforts – no place for economic sanctions.economic sanctions.

League of nations (without US) had League of nations (without US) had met continuously through the 1920s.met continuously through the 1920s.

Roosevelt’s Policies, 1933 - Roosevelt’s Policies, 1933 - 19381938

Good-Neighbor Policy.Good-Neighbor Policy.

Policy of non-intervention in Latin America.Policy of non-intervention in Latin America.

Dollar diplomacy no longer practical.Dollar diplomacy no longer practical.

Rise of militarist regimes in Germany and Italy Rise of militarist regimes in Germany and Italy prompted FDR to seek Latin American prompted FDR to seek Latin American cooperation.cooperation.

Hoover had been on a goodwill tour of Latin Hoover had been on a goodwill tour of Latin America.America.

Reversed the interventionist policies of Wilson Reversed the interventionist policies of Wilson and Taft (Nicaragua and Haiti).and Taft (Nicaragua and Haiti).

Pan-American ConferencesPan-American Conferences.. U.S. delegation at the 1933 conference U.S. delegation at the 1933 conference

pledged the US would never again intervene pledged the US would never again intervene in the internal affairs of Latin America.in the internal affairs of Latin America.

Repudiated the Roosevelt Corollary.Repudiated the Roosevelt Corollary.

In 1936 Roosevelt attended the conference – if a In 1936 Roosevelt attended the conference – if a European power (Germany) aimed “to commit European power (Germany) aimed “to commit acts of aggression against us,” it would find “a acts of aggression against us,” it would find “a hemisphere wholly prepared to consult together hemisphere wholly prepared to consult together for our mutual safety and our mutual good.”for our mutual safety and our mutual good.”

Cuba.Cuba.

In 1934 FDR nullified the In 1934 FDR nullified the Platt Platt Amendment Amendment retaining only the U.S. right retaining only the U.S. right to keep a naval base at Guantanamo.to keep a naval base at Guantanamo.

Mexico.Mexico.

Tested U.S. patience and commitment.Tested U.S. patience and commitment.

Seized US oil properties in 1938.Seized US oil properties in 1938.

Roosevelt did not intervene.Roosevelt did not intervene.

Japanese Aggression in Manchuria.Japanese Aggression in Manchuria.

Defied the Open Door Policy and the League Defied the Open Door Policy and the League of nations. of nations.

Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931.Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931.

Put in puppet regime – renamed region Put in puppet regime – renamed region “Manchukuo”“Manchukuo”

L of N did nothing – passed a resolution.L of N did nothing – passed a resolution.

Japan invades Manchuria, 1931.

Stimson DoctrineStimson Doctrine..

Sec. Of State Henry Stimson - US would Sec. Of State Henry Stimson - US would refuse to recognize the legitimacy of the refuse to recognize the legitimacy of the “Manchukuo” government.“Manchukuo” government.

L of N endorsed the doctrine.L of N endorsed the doctrine.

Economic Diplomacy.Economic Diplomacy. Initially Roosevelt’s foreign policy Initially Roosevelt’s foreign policy

motivated by the economy.motivated by the economy.

London Economic Conference (1933).London Economic Conference (1933). Recognition of the Soviet Union (1933).Recognition of the Soviet Union (1933). Tydings-McDuffie Act, 1934 provided for Tydings-McDuffie Act, 1934 provided for

the independence of the Philippines.the independence of the Philippines. 1935 Filipinos elected their own president – 1935 Filipinos elected their own president –

US still in nominal control.US still in nominal control. Lowered tariffs on goods from nations Lowered tariffs on goods from nations

who had reciprocated.who had reciprocated.

Events Abroad: Fascism and Events Abroad: Fascism and Aggressive MilitarismAggressive Militarism

Worldwide depression + nationalist Worldwide depression + nationalist resentments gave rise to military resentments gave rise to military dictatorships. dictatorships. Italy. Italy.

1922 – Benito Mussolini “Il Duce.”1922 – Benito Mussolini “Il Duce.”

Fascists – black shirts – believed nation and Fascists – black shirts – believed nation and race should be glorified through show of race should be glorified through show of force.force.

Germany.Germany.

Nazi Party equivalent of Italy’s Fascists.Nazi Party equivalent of Italy’s Fascists.

Rose in the 1920s in reaction to Rose in the 1920s in reaction to depression.depression.

Adolf Hitler played on anti-Semitic Adolf Hitler played on anti-Semitic sentiments.sentiments.

Brown shirts gained control of German Brown shirts gained control of German legislature in 1933.legislature in 1933.

Japan.Japan.

Militarists and nationalists increased their Militarists and nationalists increased their power in 1920s and 30s.power in 1920s and 30s.

Persuaded Japan’s nominal ruler, the Persuaded Japan’s nominal ruler, the emperor, to invade China and S.E. Asia emperor, to invade China and S.E. Asia for raw materials.for raw materials.

The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.Sphere.

American Isolationists.American Isolationists.

Nationalism in US led to isolationist Nationalism in US led to isolationist sentiment.sentiment.

Believed U.S. entry in WWI had been Believed U.S. entry in WWI had been a mistake.a mistake.

Nye Committee in 1934 had Nye Committee in 1934 had concluded that US involvement in concluded that US involvement in WWI was to serve the greed of WWI was to serve the greed of bankers and arms manufacturers.bankers and arms manufacturers.

Neutrality Acts.Neutrality Acts. Isolationists were the majority in Congress Isolationists were the majority in Congress

1938.1938.

Congress adopted acts to ensure US neutrality Congress adopted acts to ensure US neutrality if war broke out in Europe.if war broke out in Europe.

Neutrality Act, 1935 Neutrality Act, 1935 – authorized president to – authorized president to prohibit all arms shipments and forbid US citizens prohibit all arms shipments and forbid US citizens from traveling on ships of belligerent nations.from traveling on ships of belligerent nations.

Neutrality Act, 1936Neutrality Act, 1936 – forbade the extension of – forbade the extension of loans and credit to belligerents.loans and credit to belligerents.

Neutrality Act, 1937Neutrality Act, 1937 – forbade the shipment of – forbade the shipment of arms to the opposing sides in the civil war in Spain.arms to the opposing sides in the civil war in Spain.

Spanish Civil War.Spanish Civil War.

1936 – ideological struggle between 1936 – ideological struggle between fascism and republicanism.fascism and republicanism.

1939 General Francisco Franco 1939 General Francisco Franco established a military dictatorship.established a military dictatorship.

America First Committee.America First Committee. In 1940 war in Europe had begun.In 1940 war in Europe had begun.

Isolationists saw Roosevelt’s policies as pro-Isolationists saw Roosevelt’s policies as pro-British.British.

America First Committee mobilized to turn America First Committee mobilized to turn public opinion against American public opinion against American involvement – Charles Lindbergh.involvement – Charles Lindbergh.

Prelude to WarPrelude to War

1935 to 1938.1935 to 1938.

Hitler created powerful military – stronger than Hitler created powerful military – stronger than Britain and France.Britain and France.

Britain, France and US adopted a policy of Britain, France and US adopted a policy of appeasement in an effort to avoid conflict.appeasement in an effort to avoid conflict.

Appeasement:Appeasement: Ethiopia, 1935.Ethiopia, 1935.

Mussolini invaded Ethiopia.Mussolini invaded Ethiopia. L of Nations and US did nothing.L of Nations and US did nothing.

Rhineland, 1936 Rhineland, 1936 Demilitarized in the Treaty of Versailles.Demilitarized in the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler ordered troops to reoccupy it.Hitler ordered troops to reoccupy it.

China, 1937.China, 1937. Full-scale war between Japan and China.Full-scale war between Japan and China.

Sudetenland, 1938.Sudetenland, 1938.

Hitler insisted he had the right to a strip of Hitler insisted he had the right to a strip of Czechoslovakia – Germany speaking.Czechoslovakia – Germany speaking.

Roosevelt, Chamberlain and Daladier Roosevelt, Chamberlain and Daladier decided to negotiate in Munich.decided to negotiate in Munich.

““Peace in our time.”Peace in our time.”

US Response.US Response.

Roosevelt recognized public opinion Roosevelt recognized public opinion was isolationist in US.was isolationist in US.

When Japan invaded China he argued When Japan invaded China he argued for “quarantining” the aggressor.for “quarantining” the aggressor.

Public reaction was negative and he Public reaction was negative and he dropped it.dropped it.

Preparedness.Preparedness.

Roosevelt argued for neutrality Roosevelt argued for neutrality andand security - building up arms.security - building up arms.

Congress agreed in 1938 – military Congress agreed in 1938 – military budget went up 2/3rds.budget went up 2/3rds.

Isolationists understood the build up Isolationists understood the build up would be used in the event of would be used in the event of invasion of the western hemisphere.invasion of the western hemisphere.

From Neutrality to War From Neutrality to War 1939-19411939-1941

March, 1939 Hitler broke the Munich March, 1939 Hitler broke the Munich agreement - occupied all of agreement - occupied all of Czechoslovakia.Czechoslovakia.

Britain and France pledged to fight if Britain and France pledged to fight if Poland was attacked.Poland was attacked.

August 1939 – Hitler and Stalin August 1939 – Hitler and Stalin signed nonaggression pact.signed nonaggression pact.

Invasion of Poland.Invasion of Poland. September 1, 1939 – Hitler invaded September 1, 1939 – Hitler invaded

Poland – Britain and France declared Poland – Britain and France declared war.war.

Blitzkrieg.Blitzkrieg. By June 1940 of the Allies only Britain By June 1940 of the Allies only Britain

remained.remained.

Changing U.S. Policy.Changing U.S. Policy. Americans increasingly shocked by Americans increasingly shocked by

what they saw happening in Europe.what they saw happening in Europe.

Roosevelt argued British survival Roosevelt argued British survival crucial to U.S. security.crucial to U.S. security.

Chipped away at restrictive neutrality Chipped away at restrictive neutrality laws.laws.

By 1940 Americans accepted the need By 1940 Americans accepted the need to strengthen U.S. defenses.to strengthen U.S. defenses.

““Cash and carry.”Cash and carry.”

British navy still controlled the seas.British navy still controlled the seas.

If US ended arms embargo it would If US ended arms embargo it would be to help Britain.be to help Britain.

1939 Congress adopted a less 1939 Congress adopted a less restrictive Neutrality Act.restrictive Neutrality Act.

provided that a belligerent could buy U.S. provided that a belligerent could buy U.S. arms if they used their own ships and arms if they used their own ships and paid cash.paid cash.

Selective Service Act (1940).Selective Service Act (1940).

Congress enacted a law for compulsory Congress enacted a law for compulsory military service.military service.

Registered men between the ages 21 Registered men between the ages 21 and 35.and 35.

Trained 1.2 million in one year.Trained 1.2 million in one year.

Isolationists opposed the peacetime Isolationists opposed the peacetime draft.draft.

Destroyers-for-bases deal.Destroyers-for-bases deal.

September 1940 – Britain under air assault. September 1940 – Britain under air assault.

German submarines threatening the Atlantic.German submarines threatening the Atlantic.

U.S. couldn’t sell destroyers to British without U.S. couldn’t sell destroyers to British without alarming the isolationists.alarming the isolationists.

Britain received 50 older US destroyers in Britain received 50 older US destroyers in exchange for giving US the right to build exchange for giving US the right to build military bases on British island sin the military bases on British island sin the Caribbean.Caribbean.

Election of 1940Election of 1940

Roosevelt the first president to be Roosevelt the first president to be nominated for a third term.nominated for a third term.

Wendell Wilkie (R) - agreed with FDR Wendell Wilkie (R) - agreed with FDR on most things.on most things.

Criticized FDR for third term.Criticized FDR for third term.

FDR won with 54% of vote.FDR won with 54% of vote.

Arsenal of DemocracyArsenal of Democracy

FDR saw Germany as a threat to US FDR saw Germany as a threat to US security.security.

Wanted to give material aid to Britain.Wanted to give material aid to Britain.

Four Freedoms.Four Freedoms. Jan. 6Jan. 6thth, 1941: US must support countries that , 1941: US must support countries that

were committed to freedom of speech, freedom were committed to freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, freedom from of religion, freedom from want, freedom from fear.fear.

Lend-Lease Act.Lend-Lease Act.

March, 1941: Ended cash-and carry March, 1941: Ended cash-and carry requirement of NA and permitted US to sell requirement of NA and permitted US to sell arms to Britain on credit.arms to Britain on credit.

Atlantic Charter.Atlantic Charter.

Secret meeting with Churchill – outlined Secret meeting with Churchill – outlined peace objectives.peace objectives.

Self-determinationSelf-determination No territorial expansion.No territorial expansion. Free trade.Free trade.

Shoot-on-sight.Shoot-on-sight.

July, 1941: Ordered US Navy to escort British July, 1941: Ordered US Navy to escort British ships carrying lend-lease materials as far as ships carrying lend-lease materials as far as Ireland.Ireland.

Sept.4Sept.4thth, USS , USS GreerGreer attacked – US ships attacked – US ships ordered to shoot German ships on sight.ordered to shoot German ships on sight.

An undeclared naval war against Germany.An undeclared naval war against Germany.

An American bomber, provided through Lend-Lease, is loaded on to a ship bound for Allied ports, ca. 1943

(National Archives)

Disputes with JapanDisputes with Japan

1940-1941: relationship with Japan 1940-1941: relationship with Japan strained after invasion of China (1937).strained after invasion of China (1937).

Sept. 1940: Japan allied with Germany and Sept. 1940: Japan allied with Germany and Italy.Italy.

Japan expanded into Indonesia, British Japan expanded into Indonesia, British Burma (Myanmar), and French Indochina Burma (Myanmar), and French Indochina (Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam).(Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam).

US Economic Action.US Economic Action.

US prohibited export of steel and scrap iron to US prohibited export of steel and scrap iron to all countries except Britain and the Western all countries except Britain and the Western Hemisphere.Hemisphere.

Japan said it was “an unfriendly act.”Japan said it was “an unfriendly act.”

July, 1941 Japan occupied Indochina.July, 1941 Japan occupied Indochina.

US froze Japanese credit in US and cut US froze Japanese credit in US and cut Japanese access to all vital materials including Japanese access to all vital materials including oil.oil.

Negotiations.Negotiations.

Both sides knew that Japan needed oil to fuel its Both sides knew that Japan needed oil to fuel its navy and air force.navy and air force.

US said invasion of China a violation of the US said invasion of China a violation of the Open Door Policy.Open Door Policy.

FDR insisted Japan pull troops out of China.FDR insisted Japan pull troops out of China.

Japanese ambassador attempted to negotiate a Japanese ambassador attempted to negotiate a change in U.S. policy.change in U.S. policy.

In October new Japanese government under In October new Japanese government under General Hideki Tojo attempted again and failed.General Hideki Tojo attempted again and failed.

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

FDR wanted to delay a military conflict with FDR wanted to delay a military conflict with Japan until forces in Pacific were strong.Japan until forces in Pacific were strong.

Japan knew they had to act quickly.Japan knew they had to act quickly.

U.S. fleet anchored at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.U.S. fleet anchored at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

Dec. 7Dec. 7thth, 1941., 1941.

Lasted 2 hours, killed 2,400 Americans.Lasted 2 hours, killed 2,400 Americans. 1,100 on the battleship 1,100 on the battleship ArizonaArizona..

1,200 wounded.1,200 wounded.

20 warships sunk or severely damaged.20 warships sunk or severely damaged.

150 planes destroyed.150 planes destroyed.

Americans stunned by attack.Americans stunned by attack.

US Gov’t knew an attack was imminent - US Gov’t knew an attack was imminent - broken the Japanese code.broken the Japanese code.

Declaration of war.Declaration of war.

FDR addressed Congress on Dec. 8FDR addressed Congress on Dec. 8thth..

““a day that will live in infamy.”a day that will live in infamy.” ““since the unprovoked and dastardly attack since the unprovoked and dastardly attack

by Japan on Dec. 7by Japan on Dec. 7thth, 1941, a state of war , 1941, a state of war has existed between the United States and has existed between the United States and the Japanese Empire.”the Japanese Empire.”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VqQAf74fsEv=3VqQAf74fsE

3 days later Germany and Italy declared 3 days later Germany and Italy declared war with US.war with US.

WWII on the Home FrontWWII on the Home Front Dec., 1941 Hitler broke pact with Stalin and opened up the Dec., 1941 Hitler broke pact with Stalin and opened up the

eastern front.eastern front.

Allies: US, Britain, Soviet Union.Allies: US, Britain, Soviet Union.

Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill agreed to concentrate resources Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill agreed to concentrate resources in Europe before shifting resources to defeat Japan.in Europe before shifting resources to defeat Japan.

Industrial Production.Industrial Production.

War Production BoardWar Production Board: established to : established to manage war industries in 1942.manage war industries in 1942.

Office of War MobilizationOffice of War Mobilization: set : set production priorities and controlled raw production priorities and controlled raw materials.materials.

Gov’t used cost-plus systemGov’t used cost-plus system: paid war : paid war contractors the cost of production plus a contractors the cost of production plus a certain percentage for profit.certain percentage for profit.

Government contracts stimulated Government contracts stimulated economy.economy.

Depression over.Depression over.

Industrial output twice that of Axis powers Industrial output twice that of Axis powers by 1944.by 1944.

Tanks and fighter planes rolled off Tanks and fighter planes rolled off automobile assembly lines.automobile assembly lines.

Henry Kaiser’s shipyard in California turned Henry Kaiser’s shipyard in California turned out a new ship every 2 weeksout a new ship every 2 weeks

Tank Production, US, 1943

Wages, Prices and rationing.Wages, Prices and rationing.

Office of Price AdministrationOffice of Price Administration..

Regulated everything, prices, wages, rents and Regulated everything, prices, wages, rents and rationed meat, sugar, gasoline, rubber.rationed meat, sugar, gasoline, rubber.

Unions.Unions.

Agreed to not strike.Agreed to not strike.

Workers disgruntled by frozen wages while Workers disgruntled by frozen wages while corporations made large profits.corporations made large profits.

Miners struck.Miners struck.

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act of Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act of 1943 1943 – allowed gov’t to take over – allowed gov’t to take over business in event of strike.business in event of strike.

FDR used it in 1944 to break the FDR used it in 1944 to break the Philadelphia Transit Strike.Philadelphia Transit Strike.

Financing the war.Financing the war. $100 billion spent in 1945 alone.$100 billion spent in 1945 alone. Increased the income tax.Increased the income tax.

1944 – first time 1944 – first time everyoneeveryone was required to was required to pay taxes.pay taxes.

First time gov’t deducted automatically from First time gov’t deducted automatically from people’s wages.people’s wages.

Sold war bonds.Sold war bonds. Raised $135 billion.Raised $135 billion. Shortage of consumer goods made it easier to Shortage of consumer goods made it easier to

save.save.

The War’s Impact on Society.The War’s Impact on Society.

Increase in factory jobs – people moved Increase in factory jobs – people moved to urban areas in mid-west and on to urban areas in mid-west and on Pacific Coast.Pacific Coast.

New communities arose around New communities arose around factories and military bases.factories and military bases.

New defense installations put in the New defense installations put in the South.South.

African Americans.African Americans.

Moved north.Moved north.

Over a million went into the military.Over a million went into the military.

Race riots in New York and Detroit in Race riots in New York and Detroit in summer, summer, 19431943..

““Double V” slogan – Victory over fascism, Double V” slogan – Victory over fascism, Victory for equality at home.Victory for equality at home.

Membership of NAACP increased.Membership of NAACP increased.

Mexican Americans.Mexican Americans.

Worked in defense industries.Worked in defense industries. 1942 –1942 –bracero program bracero program allowed allowed

temporary workers to enter US.temporary workers to enter US. ““Zoot Suit” riots in Zoot Suit” riots in summer, 1943summer, 1943. .

Started in LA.Started in LA. ""The zoot suit has become a badge of The zoot suit has become a badge of

hoodlumismhoodlumism""

Native AmericansNative Americans.. 25,000 served in the military.25,000 served in the military. Navajo- wind talkers.Navajo- wind talkers. Thousands worked in defense industry.Thousands worked in defense industry. Many never returned to the reservation.Many never returned to the reservation.

WomenWomen.. 200,000 served in the military. (non-200,000 served in the military. (non-

combat).combat). 5 million entered the workforce.5 million entered the workforce.

Japanese Americans.Japanese Americans.

20, 000 native-born Japanese fought for the US.20, 000 native-born Japanese fought for the US.

1942 US gov’t interned 100,000 Japanese 1942 US gov’t interned 100,000 Japanese Americans from west coast (all US citizens).Americans from west coast (all US citizens).

Did not apply to Japanese Americans living in Did not apply to Japanese Americans living in other parts of US including Hawaii.other parts of US including Hawaii.

Korematsu v. US Korematsu v. US (1944): SC upheld (1944): SC upheld constitutionality of internment.constitutionality of internment.

1988, gov’t awarded financial compensation to 1988, gov’t awarded financial compensation to internees still alive.internees still alive.

Japanese internment camp

Anti-Japanese sentiment

PropagandaPropaganda.. Office of War Information Office of War Information – controlled – controlled

news about troop movements.news about troop movements. Movies, radio etc all reflected a positive Movies, radio etc all reflected a positive

view of the war.view of the war.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HDAXHM5LBRY&feature=relatedv=HDAXHM5LBRY&feature=related

Election 1944Election 1944

Roosevelt nominated again.Roosevelt nominated again.

Changed VP to Harry Truman – Missouri Changed VP to Harry Truman – Missouri Senator. (previous: John Garner, Henry Senator. (previous: John Garner, Henry Wallace)Wallace)

Thomas Dewey – Republican nominee.Thomas Dewey – Republican nominee.

FDR won 53% of popular vote – 432 to 99 in FDR won 53% of popular vote – 432 to 99 in electoral college.electoral college.

Fourth term.Fourth term.

The BattlefrontsThe Battlefronts

Fighting Germany.Fighting Germany.

German advance ended in 1942 – German advance ended in 1942 – Stalingrad.Stalingrad.

Battle of the Atlantic – Britain and US Battle of the Atlantic – Britain and US attempted to contain submarine problem.attempted to contain submarine problem.

Began bombing raids on German cities.Began bombing raids on German cities.

North Africa Campaign – took North North Africa Campaign – took North Africa by May, 1943.Africa by May, 1943.

Allies invaded Sicily in summer, 1943.Allies invaded Sicily in summer, 1943.

Invaded Italian peninsula, September Invaded Italian peninsula, September 1943.1943.

Mussolini fell from power, summer 1943.Mussolini fell from power, summer 1943.

Allied forces landing at Salerno, Italy, 1943

D-day to VE DayD-day to VE Day..

June 6, 1944 – largest invasion by sea in June 6, 1944 – largest invasion by sea in history - history - Operation Overlord.Operation Overlord.

By August Allied forces had liberated By August Allied forces had liberated Paris.Paris.

By September Allies were at the German By September Allies were at the German border.border.

Battle of the Bulge Battle of the Bulge – Dec. 1944.– Dec. 1944. A setback but Americans quickly reorganized.A setback but Americans quickly reorganized.

U.S Forces, June 6th, 1944

U.S. infantrymen wade from their landing craft toward Omaha Beach on D-Day, June 6, 1944. (National Archives)

Normandy Invasion, June, 1944

German Surrender and Holocaust.German Surrender and Holocaust.

Hitler committed suicide April 30Hitler committed suicide April 30thth, 1945., 1945.

May 7May 7thth, Nazi armies surrendered., Nazi armies surrendered.

As allied troops advanced they witnessed As allied troops advanced they witnessed the extent of Nazi’s genocide.the extent of Nazi’s genocide.

Buchenwald.Buchenwald.

6 million Jews systematically murdered.6 million Jews systematically murdered.

Survivors at Buchenwald

Fighting JapanFighting Japan

Early 1942 Japanese occupied:Early 1942 Japanese occupied:

Korea, eastern China Korea, eastern China the Philippines, Burma (Myanmar) and the Philippines, Burma (Myanmar) and

Malaya.Malaya. Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos.Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos. Indonesia.Indonesia. and most of the Pacific islands west of and most of the Pacific islands west of

Midway Island.Midway Island.

Turning Point, 1942Turning Point, 1942..

War in the Pacific dominated by naval War in the Pacific dominated by naval forces.forces.

May 7-8 – May 7-8 – Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of the Coral Sea – – U.S. aircraft carriers stopped an invasion U.S. aircraft carriers stopped an invasion of Australia.of Australia.

June 4-7 – June 4-7 – Battle of Midway Battle of Midway – US – US destroyed 4 Japanese carriers and 300 destroyed 4 Japanese carriers and 300 planes.planes.

Island-hoppingIsland-hopping.. US bypassed strongly held Japanese islands and US bypassed strongly held Japanese islands and

isolated them.isolated them.

Admiral Chester Nimitz.Admiral Chester Nimitz.

General Douglas Macarthur commanded army General Douglas Macarthur commanded army units in the southern Pacific.units in the southern Pacific.

US reoccupation of Philippines followed largest US reoccupation of Philippines followed largest naval battle in history – naval battle in history – Battle of Leyte GulfBattle of Leyte Gulf..

Japanese navy virtually destroyed.Japanese navy virtually destroyed.

Kamikazes.Kamikazes.

Battle of Okinawa Battle of Okinawa (April to June 1945) – US (April to June 1945) – US suffered 50,000 casualties, killed 100,000 suffered 50,000 casualties, killed 100,000 Japanese.Japanese.

MacArthur, returning to the Philippines, 1944.

Atomic BombsAtomic Bombs Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project, begun in 1942., begun in 1942.

J. Robert Oppenheimer.J. Robert Oppenheimer.

Employed 100,000 people and cost over $2 billion.Employed 100,000 people and cost over $2 billion.

A-bomb tested successfully in NM on July 16, 1945.A-bomb tested successfully in NM on July 16, 1945.

Japan refused to surrender.Japan refused to surrender.

Bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945.Bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945.

On August 9On August 9thth another dropped on Nagasaki. another dropped on Nagasaki.

250,000 people killed.250,000 people killed.

Hiroshima, Japan, 1945

Japan surrendered Sept. 2nd, 1945

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NF4LQaWJRDg

Wartime ConferencesWartime Conferences

CasablancaCasablanca: January 1943 – FDR : January 1943 – FDR and Churchill – agreed to invade and Churchill – agreed to invade Sicily and demand “unconditional” Sicily and demand “unconditional” surrender of Axis powers.surrender of Axis powers.

TeheranTeheran: November, 1943 FDR, : November, 1943 FDR, Churchill and Stalin – Agreed British Churchill and Stalin – Agreed British and Americans would invade France, and Americans would invade France, USSR would invade Germany.USSR would invade Germany.

YaltaYalta: Feb. 1945. Agreement would have : Feb. 1945. Agreement would have long-term significance:long-term significance:

Germany divided into occupation zones.Germany divided into occupation zones.

Free elections in liberated countries of Eastern Free elections in liberated countries of Eastern Europe.Europe.

Soviets would enter the war against Japan – Soviets would enter the war against Japan – August 8August 8thth, 1945., 1945.

Soviets would control some islands in the Pacific Soviets would control some islands in the Pacific and have special concessions in Manchuria.and have special concessions in Manchuria.

A new word peace organization (UN) would be A new word peace organization (UN) would be formed at a conference in San Francisco.formed at a conference in San Francisco.

Death of RooseveltDeath of Roosevelt.. April 12, 1945 Roosevelt died in Georgia.April 12, 1945 Roosevelt died in Georgia.

Harry S. Truman became president.Harry S. Truman became president.

Potsdam, GermanyPotsdam, Germany: July 17 – Aug. 2, : July 17 – Aug. 2, 1945.1945. After Germany’s surrender Truman, Clement After Germany’s surrender Truman, Clement

Atlee (new British PM) and Stalin met.Atlee (new British PM) and Stalin met.

Issued a warning to Japan to surrender Issued a warning to Japan to surrender unconditionally.unconditionally.

Agreed to hold war-crime trials of Nazi leaders Agreed to hold war-crime trials of Nazi leaders (Nuremberg).(Nuremberg).

At War’s EndAt War’s End 300,00 Americans died, 800,000 injured.300,00 Americans died, 800,000 injured.

Cost $320 billion.Cost $320 billion.

Federal spending increased 1,000%.Federal spending increased 1,000%.

National debt reached $250 billion, five times that National debt reached $250 billion, five times that of 1941.of 1941.

United Nations- October 24, 1945.United Nations- October 24, 1945. Senate ratified it this time.Senate ratified it this time.