Digital Fund

8/22/2019 Digital Fund

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Digital Fundamentals, 9/eDigital Fundamentals, 9/e

CopyrightCopyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

All rights reserved.All rights reserved.

Slide 1

Digital FundamentalsDigital Fundamentals

CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 1

Digital ConceptsDigital Concepts


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Slide 2

Digital and Analog QuantitiesDigital and Analog Quantities


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Slide 3


Analog quantities have continuousAnalog quantities have continuous

valuesvalues

Digital quantities have discrete sets ofDigital quantities have discrete sets of

valuesvalues


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Slide 4


Analog quantitiesAnalog quantities havehave

continuous valuescontinuous valuesDigital quantitiesDigital quantities havehave

discrete sets of valuesdiscrete sets of values


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Slide 5



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Slide 6


Types of electronic devices or instruments:Types of electronic devices or instruments:

AnalogAnalog

DigitalDigital


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Slide 7


Combination analog and digitalCombination analog and digital


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Slide 8

Binary Digits, Logic Levels,Binary Digits, Logic Levels,

and Digital Waveformsand Digital Waveforms


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Slide 9

Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital WaveformsBinary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms

The conventional numbering systemThe conventional numbering system

uses ten digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9.uses ten digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9.

The binary numbering system uses justThe binary numbering system uses just

two digits:two digits: 00 andand 1.1.


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Slide 10


The two binary digits are designatedThe two binary digits are designated 00andand 11

They can also be called LOW and HIGH,They can also be called LOW and HIGH,

wherewhere LOW = 0LOW = 0 andand HIGH = 1HIGH = 1


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Slide 11


Binary values are alsoBinary values are also

represented by voltage levelsrepresented by voltage levels


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Slide 12


Major parts of a digital pulseMajor parts of a digital pulse

Base lineBase line

AmplitudeAmplitude

Rise time (Rise time (ttrr)) Pulse width (Pulse width (ttww))

Fall time (Fall time (ttff))


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Slide 13


ttww = pulse width= pulse width

T = period of the waveformT = period of the waveform

f = frequency of the waveformf = frequency of the waveform

T

1

f


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Slide 14


%100

T

tcycleDuty w

The duty cycle of a binary waveform isThe duty cycle of a binary waveform is

defined as:defined as:


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Slide 15

Digital Waveform Carriers Binary InformationDigital Waveform Carriers Binary Information

clockclock


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Slide 16


Timing Diagram


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Slide 17


Data TransferData Transfer


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Slide 18

Basic Logic OperationsBasic Logic Operations


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Slide 19


There are only three basic logic operations:There are only three basic logic operations:


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Slide 20


When the input is LOW, the output is HIGHWhen the input is LOW, the output is HIGH

When the input is HIGH, the output is LOWWhen the input is HIGH, the output is LOW

The NOT operationThe NOT operation

The output logic level isThe output logic level is

always opposite the inputalways opposite the input

logic level.logic level.


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Slide 21


The AND operationThe AND operation When any input is LOW,When any input is LOW,

the output is LOWthe output is LOW

When both inputs areWhen both inputs are

HIGH, the output isHIGH, the output isHIGHHIGH


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Slide 22


The OR operationThe OR operation

When any input is HIGH,When any input is HIGH,

the output is HIGHthe output is HIGH

When both inputs areWhen both inputs areLOW, the output is LOWLOW, the output is LOW


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Slide 23

Overview of Basic Logic FunctionsOverview of Basic Logic Functions


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Slide 24


Comparison functionComparison function Arithmetic functionsArithmetic functions

Code conversion functionCode conversion function

Encoding functionEncoding function Decoding functionDecoding function

Data selection functionData selection function

Data storage functionData storage function

Counting functionCounting function


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Slide 25


Comparison functionComparison function Compares two binary values andCompares two binary values and

determines whether or not they aredetermines whether or not they are

equalequal


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Slide 26


Arithmetic functionsArithmetic functions Perform the basic arithmeticPerform the basic arithmetic

operations on two binary values:operations on two binary values:

AdditionAddition

Subtraction of two valuesSubtraction of two values

MultiplicationMultiplication

DivisionDivision


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Slide 27


Code conversion functionCode conversion function

Converts, or translates, informationConverts, or translates, information

from one code format to anotherfrom one code format to another


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Slide 28


Encoding functionEncoding function

Converts nonConverts non--binary informationbinary information

into a binary codeinto a binary code


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Slide 29


Decoding functionDecoding function

Converts binaryConverts binary--

coded information intocoded information into

a nona non--binary formbinary form


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Slide 30

3-to-8

Line

Decoder

y0= abc

y1 = abc

y2= abc

y3 = abc

y4 = abc

y5= abc

y6= abcy7= abc

a

b

c

a b c y0 y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6 y70 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 00 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 00 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 01 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 01 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 01 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

+

DecoderDecoder

a

b

c

def

g

3

True table of the logic of this decoder


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Slide 31


Data selection functionData selection function

Multiplexer (Multiplexer (muxmux))

Switches digital data from anySwitches digital data from any

number of input sources to a singlenumber of input sources to a single

output lineoutput line

DemultiplexerDemultiplexer((demuxdemux))

switches digital data from a singleswitches digital data from a single

input to any number of output linesinput to any number of output lines


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Slide 32

4-to-1

MUX

I0

I1

I2

I3

A B

Z

A B Z0 0 I00 1 I1

1 0 I21 1 I3

+

AB

I3

A

B

I2

A

BI1

A

B

I0

MultiplexerMultiplexer


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Slide 33

MultiplexerMultiplexer


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Slide 34


Data storage functionData storage function

Retains binary data for a period ofRetains binary data for a period of

timetime

FlipFlip--flops (flops (bistablebistable multvibratorsmultvibrators)) RegistersRegisters

Semiconductor memoriesSemiconductor memories

MagneticMagnetic--media memoriesmedia memories

OpticalOptical--media memoriesmedia memories


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Slide 35

44--bit Serial Shift Registerbit Serial Shift Register


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Slide 36

Parallel Shift RegisterParallel Shift Register


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Slide 37


Counting functionCounting function

Generates sequences of digitalGenerates sequences of digital

pulse that represent numberspulse that represent numbers


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Slide 38

Storage FunctionStorage Function

FlipFlip--flopsflops

SS--R TypeR Type

D TypeD Type

Q

QS

R

Q

Q

Clock

D


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Slide 39

Storage FunctionStorage Function

RegistersRegisters

Semiconductor MemoriesSemiconductor Memories

Magnetic MemoriesMagnetic Memories


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Slide 40

N0 Need

ExampleExample


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Slide 41

FixedFixed--Function Integrated CircuitsFunction Integrated Circuits


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Slide 42


IC package stylesIC package styles

Dual inDual in--line package (DIP)line package (DIP)

SmallSmall--outline IC (SOIC)outline IC (SOIC)

Flat pack (FP)Flat pack (FP)

PlasticPlastic--leaded chip carrier (PLCC)leaded chip carrier (PLCC)

LeadlessLeadless--ceramic chip carrier (LCCC)ceramic chip carrier (LCCC)


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Slide 43


Dual inDual in--line package (DIP)line package (DIP)


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Slide 44


SmallSmall--outline IC (SOIC)outline IC (SOIC)


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Slide 45


Flat pack (FP)Flat pack (FP)


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Slide 46


PlasticPlastic--leaded chip carrier (PLCC)leaded chip carrier (PLCC)


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Slide 47


LeadlessLeadless--ceramic chip carrier (LCCC)ceramic chip carrier (LCCC)


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Slide 48

Homework 2 (due after one weeks)Homework 2 (due after one weeks)

TTwo as a team, one alone is allowed.wo as a team, one alone is allowed.

Draw a conceptual block diagram byDraw a conceptual block diagram by

means of basic gates and logic functionmeans of basic gates and logic function

units introduced (please refer to theunits introduced (please refer to theexample of Slide 40)example of Slide 40)

No correct answer at all.No correct answer at all.

Please develop your designPlease develop your design

wwith full freedomith full freedom


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Slide 49

Introduction to Programmable LogicIntroduction to Programmable Logic

((Skip: This class will skip all the contents related toSkip: This class will skip all the contents related to

programmable logicprogrammable logic))


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Slide 50


SPLDSPLDSimple programmable logicSimple programmable logicdevicesdevices

CPLDCPLDComplex programmable logicComplex programmable logic

devicesdevices

FPGAFPGAFieldField--programmable gate arraysprogrammable gate arrays


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Slide 51


SPLDSPLD PAL (programmable array logic)PAL (programmable array logic)

GAL (generic array logic)GAL (generic array logic)

PLA (programmable logic array)PLA (programmable logic array)

PROM (programmable readPROM (programmable read--only memory)only memory)


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Slide 52

CPLDCPLD


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Slide 53

FPGAFPGA


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Slide 54


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Slide 55

Test and Measurement InstrumentsTest and Measurement Instruments


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Test and Measurement InstrumentsTest and Measurement Instruments

Analog OscilloscopeAnalog Oscilloscope Digital OscilloscopeDigital Oscilloscope

Logic AnalyzerLogic Analyzer

Logic Probe,Logic Probe, PulserPulser, and Current, and CurrentProbeProbe

DC Power SupplyDC Power Supply

Function GeneratorFunction Generator

DigitalDigital MultimeterMultimeter

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