Nutrition & DigestionTest Review

Nutrients Substances needed for:Cell repairCell growthEnergyObtained from the food we eat

Nutrients ProteinsCarbohydratesFatsVitaminsMineralsWater

Protein Replacement of cellsGrowth Large moleculesC, H, O, N, SSmaller molecules called Amino AcidsFound in meats, eggs, beans

Carbohydrates Primary energy sourceMolecules of C, H, OSugars ~ simple carbohydratesStarches ~ complex carbohydratesFiber Not digested; provides bulk

Fats Also called lipidsProvide energy / stores energyAbsorb vitaminsMake up cell membranesOils at room T ~ usually unsaturated fats Solid at Room T saturated fatsHigh levels of cholesterol

Vitamins Organic (contain carbon)Growth Regulate body functionsPrevent diseaseNo food has all vitaminsWater solubleFat soluble Stored in body

Minerals Inorganic (no carbon)Found on the periodic tableRegulate chemical reactions Build cellsConduct nerve impulsesCarry oxygen

Water Nutrients carried in waterUsed in chemical reactions

Digestion Process the breaks down food into small molecules that can be used by the bodyMechanical ~ chewing, mixing, churningChemical ~ chemicals break down food

Digestive systemDigestive tractAlimentary canalOrgans used in digestion

Digestive systemMouthEsophagusStomachSmall intestineLarge intestineRectumAnus

Digestive system Accessory organs ~ food does not pass throughLiverGall bladderPancreas

Mouth Teeth Mechanical digestion ~ chewingChemical digestion ~ amylase in saliva

Esophagus Peristalsis ~ muscular action that moves foodLined with mucus Epiglottis prevent food from going into trachea

Stomach Muscular bagLined with foldsMechanical & chemical digestionEnzymes (help speed up chemical reactions) & digestive juices Chyme

Stomach

Small intestine 3 partsDuodenumJejunumIleumMost digestion occurs hereLined with villiProjections that increase surface area

Small intestine

Large intestineColonAbsorbs waterMaintains homeostasis ~ steady stateForms fecesRectum ~ stores fecesAnus ~ strong round muscles (sphincter)

Large intestine

Accessory organsProduce and store digestive chemicalsFood does not pass through these

LiverMakes bileAlso:Detoxifies poisonsStores glycogenSynthesizes proteins

Liver

Gall bladderMuscular sac attached to the liverStores bile.

Gall bladder

PancreasMakes enzymesAlso hormones

Pancreas