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Iranian Association of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering.An English to Persian/Farsi dictionary.
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tuobA puorG sweN emitiraM puorG hcraeseR emitiraM sretneC seirtsudnI emitiraM kcabdeeF hcraeS
A
troppuS citatsoriA
C.A = elciheV denoihsuC riA
.
F = TFA
pihs yolla thgil,pihs syolla muinimulA
.
pihs lioforeA
( nalpaes) . liof
tfarc revoh,tfarc gnirevoh,V.C.A,elcihev noihsuc riA
.
tfarc revoh tej ralunnA
.
lessev mrofkrA
eglib . .
lessev kced gninwA
. kced gninwa .
.
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 1 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
lessev yrailixuA
.
yrref rac,yrref otuA
. yrref
reirrac tfarcriA
.
resiurc tnahcrem,resiurc yrailixuA
.
reirrac tfarcria tluassA
. ( reirrac tfarcria)
A
.
LA
2A 1A .
)taolfa syawla( AA
( ) .
.
kaA
. .
tooblAA
.
)ksir lla tsniaga( RAA
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 2 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
. ( .A.W) .
. ( )
)namaes elba = namaes ydob elba( bA
.namaes elba
kcabA
. .
.
tfabA
( ) .
maeb eht tfabA
.
enolabA
nodnabA
( ) . .
rohcna na nodnabA
.( )
llew denodnabA
.
tnemnodnabA
.
.
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 3 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
esualc tnemnodnabA
( )
.
pihs nodnabA
tnemtabA
.
laixabA
)hctac lacigoloib elbatpecca( CBA
. .
maeb eht no=maebA
( ) ( ) ( ) .
noitarrebA
(. )
noitalbA
()
namaes ydob elbA
namaes elba
)ba(namaes ydob elba = namaes elbA
. BA
knat rezilbA
( )
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 4 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.
noitairav citengam lamronbA
.
draobA
.
gnitrobA
()
pihs tuobA
() .kcat
nrut tuobA
(. )
pihs eht draob no = draob pihs =draob no =draob evobA
redrig kced evobA
( ) . ( )
. ( )
aera detcejorp retaw evobA
.
xobA
( )
.dray daeh
tekcarb-A
( ) A
. . tekcarb-A A .
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 5 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
tsaerba
.
.
daorba
.
tpurba
( )
erohs tpurba
)gnippihS fo uaeruB naciremA( SBA
rotacidni ecnesbA = rotacidni galf ecnesbA
( ) . tnannep eetnesba .
(. )
rotacidni ecnesbA
.rotacidni galf ecnesbA
)LOWA( evael tuohtiw ecnesbA
.
rotacidni galf ecnesba = tnannep eetnesba
.rotacidni galf ecnesba
dnabartnoc etulosba
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 6 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
( )
thguord etulosba
. / /
sool etulosba
ssol latot etulosba
( ) .
ssenihtrowaes fo ytnarraw etulosba
() .
alubeN noitprosbA
notruba
.
lassyba=lamsyba
lassyba
ssyba
.
lamsyba=lassyba
.
evac lassyba
( )
roolf lassyba
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 7 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.
nialp lassyba
() .
enoz lassyba
.
cigalepossyba
.
)esruoc deretla( CA
()
ramacA
. ( sunadirE)
.
enoz noitarelecca
( )
. .
)CBA( hctac lacigoloib elbatpeccA
.CBA
slairt ecnatpecca=stset ecnatpecca
.TAH TASTAF
stset ecnatpecca=slairt ecnatpecca
stset ecnatpecca
hctah ssecca
( ) .
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 8 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
taob tnedicca
ecnarusni tnedicca
foorp tnedicca
gnidaol gnirud stnedicca
draobrevo ssol . ( )
noitamilcca
. ( )
noitazitamilcca
.
tsaocca
noitadommocca
noitadommocca
.
htreb noitadommocca
( ) .
reddal noitadommocca
( ) .
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 9 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
. .
repap noitadommocca
nalp noitadommocca
.
ecaps noitadommocca
( )
)SA( selas stnuocca
.
noitsoped = noitercca
( ) .
. . . noisore
seurcca
lucca
.
tset noitalumucca
. ( )
.
rotalumucca
. ( )
yecud yeca
( nommagkcab)
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 01 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.
ranrehcA
. .sunadire
citamorhcA
eruc dica
) . (
kcatta cidica
.
rekca
edoc thcay s,rekcA
nemkca
.
snoisivid ssalc A
A .
. 931c
: 081c .
06-A
03-A
51-A
0-A
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 11 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
noisivid ssalc-C noisivid ssalC-B
rotauqe citengam=enil cinilca
rotauqe citengam
llibkcoc A
.
.
nroca
.
elcanrab nroca
. llehs nroca
llehs nroca
.
sduolc citsuoca
.
.
noisrepsid citsuoca
gnimoh citsuoca
.
.
gol )cinos( citsuoca
.
.
enim citsuoca
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 21 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
noitagivan cinos=noitagivan citsuoca
gnidnuos citsuoca
.
gnipeews citsuocA
. ( )
recudsnart=enohpordyh=rednopsnart citsuoca
enohpordyh
stsoc noitisiuqca
barcA
yab ercA
.
edit eht ssorca
.
xurcA
gnitca
.
sainitcA
.
noitca
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 31 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
troper noitca
noitats noitca
.
rezilbats nif detavitca
. ( ) .
odeprot citsuoca evitca
.
metsys lloritna evitca
.
.
ytud evitca
.
erusserp htrae evitca
gnihsif evitca
tsil evitca
.
metsys noitacol evitca
.
.
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 41 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
pihsdraug=pihs evitca
(. )
ranos evitca
( ) .
.ranos evisap
doG fo tca
nam fo tca
.
.
raw fo tca
. .
)pihs a fo( noitom lautca
. . tnemevom lautca
lavirra fo emit lautca
. ()
)LTA( ssol latot lautca
:
.
.
.
. .
yrautca
.
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 51 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
abmuca
.
.mukao
tceffe ecafrus( SES=)enihcam tceffe dnuorg(MEG =)elcihev noihsuc ria(VCA)pihs
( ) .
mrof VCA
( ) 1.V.C.A:
3.V.C.A 2.V.C.A .
dnalsI kadA
.
tnamada
( ) .
anetna kcocda
ssam dedda
. .
tneiciffeoc ssam dedda
( ) .
eldda = ledda
.
mudnedda
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 61 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.
eef lanoitidda
muimerp lanoitidda )PA(
.
ledda=eldda
ledda
noissimmoc sserddA
tsaoc eiledA
.
arahdA
(suiris) .
stsaoc tnecajda
enoz tnecajda
.
edalb elbatsujda
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 71 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.
relleporp hctip elbatsujda
. .
geks elbatsujda
.
retsujda
.
egdew gnitsujda
. egdew gnihcnual .
tnemerusaemda
.
larimdA
. larimda-eciv,larimda-raeR,erodommoc .
.
teelf eht fo larimdA
( ) . larimda teelf)
drawa aes naeco eht fo larimdA
.
. .
hcram s,larimdA
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 81 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.
ytlarimdA
( ) .
rohcna ytlarimdA
.41CA ( )
galf draob ytllarimdA
.
ssarb ytlarimdA
/ .
strahc ytlarimdA
.
tneiciffeoc ytlarimdA
.
= tneiciffeoc ytlarimdA
P V .
.
tnatsnoc ytlarimdA
:
( )/ ( ) =
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 91 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
. .
.
.
truoc ytlarimdA
.
selbat ecnatsid ytlarimdA
.
stiord ytlarimdA
.
galfytlarimdA
. ( )
noitcidsiruj ytlarimdA
.
wal ytlarimdA
.
slangiS oidaR fo tsiL ytlarimdA
.
elim derusaem ytlarimdA
/ . / /
elim aes=elim lacituan=elim ytlarimdA
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 02 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.liam
rohcna gniroom ytlarimdA
.
sreniram ot eciton ytlarimdA
.
rohcna nrettap ytlarimdA
. ( kcots) ( ) .
pmup ytlarimdA
.
snoitceriD gniliaS ytlarimdA
: .
(.tolip fluG naisrep)
rohcna sselkcots dradnats ytlarimdA =rohcna sselkcots ytlarimdA
.( kcots)
peews ytlarimdA
.
) . (
selbat edit ytlarimdA
.
sgninroda
.
aes citairdA
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 12 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.
tfirda
.
(. )
eulav fo sisab eht no=merolavda
( ) .
.
ytud merolavda
.
thgierf merolavda
.merolavda
ecnavda
.
.
( ) .
sllib tsniaga ecnavda
.
.
)J(tneiciffeoc ecnavda
J= = n wvv=av = aV:
= D
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 22 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
= V
= wV
vX)5./.-bCx5/.(=wV
vX)2/.-bCx5/.(=wV
. ( V) J .
enud ecnavdA
. ( )
.enuderof . ( dnasdniw)
ecrof ecnavda
thgierf ecnavda
.
yenom ecnavda
.
eton ecnavda
.
. .
hcaeb a fo ecnavda
oitar ecnavda
()
lias ecnavda
lias yats ecnavda
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 32 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
ecnavda .
ecnavda ediw . . ecnavda yvaeh
edit gnicnavda
.
noitcevda
.
gof noitcevda
.
erutnevda
( ) .
( ) .
rehtaew esrevda
taob ecivda
.
sdrac ecivda
.
.
ezda=zda
. ( sthgirwpihs)
sdnalsI naegeA
( )
aeS naegeA
( )
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 42 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
nailoe=nailoea
) . . ( suleA
htilorea=etiloea
htilorea
suloea
tnalp egawes noitarea
.
lairea
.
draylah lairea
enim lairea
.
ciborea=eboreA
.
eeborea
eborea=ciborea
eborea
airetcab ciborea
.
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 52 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.
taoborea
.
aiglatndorea
sdnalsI eoreA
rehpargorea
( )
etam s,rehpargorea
( )
yhpargorea
.
enalpordyhorea
.
sthgilorea
.sthgil eniramorea .
etiloea=htilorea
.
etiroetem
ygolorea
sthgil eniramorea
thgilorea
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 62 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
lacituanorea
VCA .
erehpsorea
( )
.
dnop lavitsea
( )
refA
.
)maof gnimrof mlif suoeuqa( FFFA
.
.
galf evitamriffa
.( sey) c
yratubirt=tneulffa
thgierffa
rethgierffa
tnemthgierffa
rethgierf .
. rethgierffa
taolfa
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 72 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
dnalsI klangofA
( )
erofa
( tsam ehterofa ssaldniw.) .
arfa
xamarfa
/ .
emarf A
A
. A
A .
. ( )
tfa
( )
epor tsaerb tfa
enil tsaerb
gnirps kcabretfa
.
ttib retfa
.ttib
dne retfa=ydob retfa
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 82 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
( ) ( )
epor wobretfa
( )
epor tsaerb retfa
.
kced poop=eltsac retfa
kced poop .
ssapmoc retfa
.
kced retfa
ydob retfa=dne retfa
ydob retfa
egassap gniylf retfa
.
draugretfa
.
.
.
yug retfa
.
)HA( hctah retfa
HA
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 92 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
gnirpsdaeh retfa
gnirpsdaeh
dlohretfa
.
.
hceelretfa
.
tsamretfa
tsomretfa
hctaw noonretfa
( )
)pihs fo( trap retfa
()
knat kaep retfa=kaep tfa=kaep retfa
kaep tfa
daehklub kaep retfa
.
kaep tfa=kaep retfa=knat kaep retfa
kaep tfa
)PA( ralucidneprep retfa
.
ekar retfa
.
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 03 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
thgil egnar=thgil egnar retfa
thgil egnar
rellor retfa
.
slias retfa
.
redluohs retfa
nur ( )
gnirps retfa
yats retfa
.
nrutretfA
. nruterof .
kced llew retfa
(eltsac retnec) ( kced poop)
sdray retfa
.
liofordyh tfa
( ) .
knat kaep retfa=kaep retfa=kaep tfa
.
.
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 13 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
rednef epor tfa
.
pihs tfa
)RAA( ksir lla tsniaga
RAA
ycnegA
eef ycnega
) .
. ( eef ecnadnetta
noom eht fo ega
/ .
edit eht fo ega
()
evaw eht fo ega
( )
dohtem lanoitagivan s,notegA
.
regga
edit elbuod
noitadargga
ssol fo ssecxe etagergga
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 23 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
ssol pots etagergga
gnihsif gnitagergga
enil cinoga
. .enil cinogosi
tnemom eht fo ynoga
.
snruter deerga
esualc eulav deerga
.
dnuorga
.
epac sahlugA
/ . .
allawga
( racsal) .
)hctah retfa( HA
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 33 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.
daeha
hcaer daeha
.
.
gnireets daeha
. .
yoha
lluha
.
. gnilluh
edia
.
noitagivan ot edia
. (nocaeb)
.
.
.dia noitagivan
ettelliugia
.
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 43 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
gnilwart demia
)noisluporp tnednepedni ria( PIA
( ) .
. ( )
gniddeb ria
( ) .
rednef kcolb ria
: .
ekarb ria
.
( ) .
gnitnub ria
(. )
kcoc ria
.
rezilbats knat delortnoc ria
.rezilbats knat ( )
pihs lortnoc ria
.
ograc delooc ria
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 53 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.
esruoc ria
( ) ( ) )
. (
revoc ria
.
reirrac tfarcria
( ) .
)VCA( elcihev noihsuc ria
.VCA
eladria
.
thguard ria=tfard ria
. .
.
tcud ria
rotceje=rotceje ria
.
liofria
.
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 63 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
lennuf ria
.
eguag ria
wolg ria
.
remmah ria
.
seloh ria
(mottob elbuod) ( ) .
)PIA( noisluporp tnednepedni ria
PIA
ekatni ria
.
ecnegilletni ria
pmup tfilria
.
sthgil ria
. . riA
kcol ria
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 73 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.
.
ssam ria
. .
stolip ria
epip tnev=epip tnev ria=epip ria
.
elttucs elohtrop=elttucs edis=trop ria
.
.
retaeherp ria
.
reviecer ria
.
retsiger ria
.
ecnatsiser ria
/ ( ) .
radar hcraes ria
.
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 83 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
ekarts ria
( ) ( ) .
slanimret ria
.
thgitria
part ria
tnev ria
.
epip tnev=epip ria=epip tnev ria
epip ria
lessev ria
eltsihw ria
.
hcniw ria
.
noitcejorp sffotiA
. ( ) .
.
.
kamalA
. ( ademordnA)
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 93 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
eittomalA
.
erocablA
epord-raet .
odeblA
. .
.
)nmuloc gnidaol detalucitra( CLA
) . (
dnalsI zartaclA
roclA
( razim)
narabedlA
( suruat) .
dnalsi yenredlA
( )
pmal sidla
.
eela
.
.
sdnalsI naituelA
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 04 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
yrotuelA
nivela
.
ogalepihcrA rednaxelA
( )
dnalsI rednaxelA
( )
aflA
A
eagla
. .
stalf lagla
bineglA
.
loglA
. ( suesrep) ( )
elur thgis=edadila
. ( )
. .
ymene neila
( )
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 14 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.
xat egannot neila
( )
. .
tnemngila
.
htoilA
.( diaklA) ( )
tsila
.
diaklA
htoilA()
niser dykla
.
.
kcab lla
.
. .
gniroom sthgie lla
) ( ) (
.
yawyella
sgniroom sruof lla
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 24 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.
sdnah lla
.
dniw eht ni lla
.
noisilla
htreb fo noitacolla
. .
seirehsif fo noitacolla
ymorhcolla
tnemtolla
.
.
eton tnemtolla
.
tpecnoc nibac edistuo lla
.
hctac elbawolla
.
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 34 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
ecnawolla
.
.
emit yal dewolla
( )
retlif wolf lluf=retlif ssap-lla
.
enibrut noitcaer-lla
. .
ycilop sksir lla =)RA( sksir lla
. ( ) .
ycilop sksir lla
sksir lla
gnidnats lla
dlot lla
( werc) .
.
nuivuolla = muivulla
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 44 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
) . (
ratnacumla=ratnacamla
.
siremehpe=canamla
siremehpe
ratnacamla=ratnacumla
ratnacamla
ocinla
.
malinlA
(noiro)
epor eola
tfola
erohsgnola
erohsgnol
namerohsgnola
)SA( edisgnola
.
foola
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 54 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.
dnalsi rolA
( )
wola
)mroftalp gnidaol detalucitra( PLA
MLAS ) . CLA . (
( )
.
sgalf tebahpla
( 62( Z A .
iruatneC ahplA
drahplA
. . ardyH
accehplA
. silaeroB anoroc ( nrehtroN) . surutcrA diaklA
ztarehplA
.
riatlA
. . beneD agev
pets ratla=ratla
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 64 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
. ( ) . ( kcod yrd)
esruoc fo noitaretla
.
S,A dna S,A = snoitidda dna snoitaretla
S,A dna S,A
)CA( esruoc deretla
()
thgil gnihsalf dna gnitanretla
. .
thgil gnihsalf puorg dna dexif gnitanretla
.
thgil gnihsalf puorg gnitanretla
.
thgil gnitlucco puorg gnitanretla
.
thgil gnitanretla
.
thgil gnitlucco gnitanretla
.
edutitla
.
htumiza edutitla
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 74 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.
ecnereffid edutitla
.
. . .
ydob laitselec a fo edutitla
( ) . .
sulumuC otlA
.
. .
.
)SA( sutartS otlA
( )
. .
.
tuanimulA
. .
.
ordeP seravlA
nivlA
001YH
.
. .
)AA( taolfa syawla
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 84 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
AA
nepo syawla
. .
.
)maidirem etna=naidirem etna( MA
niama
.
easoama
.
aniobma
( )
)SBA( gnippihs fo uaeruB naciremA
doow radec etihw=doow radec naciremA
doow radec etihw
esualC naciremA
.
temmorg naciremA
. ( )
not trohs=not naciremA
.
gnippihw naciremA
.
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 94 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
doowetihW naciremA
.
spihsdim = spihsdima
. .
sepihsdim=noitces spihsdima noitces
noitinumma = omma
.
doog edam tnuoma
eulav ot ecnarusni fo tnuoma
naibihpma
. ( )
.VCA
suoibihpmA
pihs tluassa suoibihpma
( )
.
pihs dnammoc suoibihpma
.
ecrof suoibihpma
(. )
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 05 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
noitarepo suoibihpma
.
knat suoibihpma
. .
emordihpma
.
.
cimordihpma
cimordihpma .
tniop cimordihpma
.
etirtihpmA
( ) .enil eht gnissorc
edutilpma
ssapmoc edutilpma
.
.
edit eht fo edutilpma
dlaoR nesdumA
aes nesdumA
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 15 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
sdniw citabana
.
sehsif suomordana=skcots suomordana
( ) .
ciboreana
. . ciborea
noisorroc ciboreana
.
rohcna
.
.
.
.
llibkcoc A rohcna
( )
.
egarohcna
.
youb egarohcna
.
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 25 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
timrep egarohcna
( draug tsaoc)
.
etacifitrec niahc dna rohcna
( )
. ( )
esualc niahc dna rohcna
.
kaepa rohcna
.
mra rohcna
. ( ekulf)
emoh ta rohcna
yats trohs ta rohcna
.
hsawa rohcna
.
yawa s,rohcna=hgiew s,rohcna=hgiewa rohcna
yawa s,rohcna
sllab rohcna
) ( ) (
.
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 35 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.llab kcalb
lleb rohcna
) .
. ( .
draobllib=deb rohcna
draobllib
tonk rohcna=dneb s,namrehsif=dneb rohcna
.
htreb rohcna
.
llib rohcna
retslob rohcna
.
pohs noisnapxe=tlob rohcna
.
youb rohcna
.
.
elbac rohcna
.
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 45 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
natspac rohcna
etacifitrec rohcna
.
) . . (
niahc rohcna
kcohc rohcna
.
emoh gnimoc rohcna
. emoh .
enarc rohcna
.
.
nworc rohcna
.
tivad rohcna
kced rohcna
.
ytrap elbac=liated rohcna
.
gniggard rohcna
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 55 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.
seud rohcna
.
derohcna
.
lessev derohcna
)rewop gnidloh( ycneiciffe rohcna
/ .
enigne rohcna
eye rohcnA
. ( )
galf rohcna
.
( ) .
.
ekulf rohcna
raeg rohcna
.
ten llig rohcna
.
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 65 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
dnab ytivarg rohcna = elkcahs ytivarg rohcna
.
reswah rohcna
daeh rohcna
. .
rewop gnidloh rohcna
.
.
taob niahc = rethgil gniroom = yoh rohcna
.
eci rohcna
. .
htreb gnirohcna
.
dups gnirohcna
.dups
thgis ni rohcna
.
dneb s,namrehsif =dneb rohcna=tonk rohcna
dneb rohcna
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 75 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
gut gniyal rohcna
thgil rohcna
.
. .
enil rohcna
.
gninil rohcna
.
.
rekcoI rohcna
.
gnikram rohcna
. ( )
elop gniroom fo rohcna
.
. .
nretap rohcna
( gnitsalb dnes)
. ( ) .
aep rohcna
elip rohcna
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 85 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.
etalp rohcna
ssecer rohcna=tekcop rohcna
.
ycilop rohcna
.
noitisop rohcna
.
tfar rohcna
.
tekcop rohcna=ssecer rohcna
tekcop rohcna
gnir rohcna
. ( )
tekcor rohcna
. ( )
rellor erohcna
( ) .
stca selbac niahc dna srohcna
. .
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 95 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
hgiewa s,rohcna =hgiew s,rohcna=yawa s,rohcnA
.
gninies rohcna
.
elkcahs rohcna
. ( gnir rohcna)
knahs rohcna=tfahs rohcna
. ( sekulf)
knahs rohcna
tfahs rohcna
eohs rohcna
.
( )
snoitats rohcna
. ( )
kcots rohcna
. rohcna dekcots .
ports rohcna
yawa s,rohcna =hgiewa rohcna = hgiew s,rohcna
yawa s,rohcna
leviws rohcna
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 06 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.
elkcat rohcna
( ) .
stset rohcna
( ) () srohcna dekcots) .
sselkcots) ) .
. ( daol foorp) ( tset gnidneb) tset pord
relbmut=reppirt rohcna
. . rab reggirt rab gnisaeler
pu rohcna
.
praw rohcna
. ( praw)
rehsaw rohcna
. .
hctaw rohcna
.
. .
rekcol niahc=llew rohcna
.
.
hcniw rohcna
( )
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 16 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
. .
ssaldniw rohcna
krow rohcna
. .
tneicna
. . ngisne .
seitilicaf yrallicna
)
...(.
dnalsI namadnA
( )
dnalsI fonaerdnA
( )
werdnA
( relliM werdnA) .
.
ademordnA
kamalA
dnalsI sordnA
( )
hpargomena
.
ygolomena
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 26 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
retemomena
.
dne na
na
. dne
retemorab diorena
. .
hpargodiorena
.
airagna
thgir yragna
.
dnalsI legnA
( )
lootstoof s,legna
. reppilc
tohs legna
.
. .
rab elgna
L
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 36 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
parts rab elgna
( )
.
nori elgna
.
ecnavda fo elgna
: ( v) ( xv) (rw)
}]) ,r( v - rw[ / ) ,r( xv{ 1-nat =
: .
= r
= w
=
( ) .
hcaorppa fo elgna
tuc fo elgna
.
pid fo elgna
ecnartne fo elgna
leeh fo elgna
( )
ecnedicni fo elgna
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 46 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
. ( )
thguardni fo elgna
()
tsil fo elgna
.
lloI fo elgna
ZG . .
. ( thgiew pot)
xallarap fo elgna
.
esoper fo elgna
. .
nur fo elgna
fo elgna thgis
ytilibats gnihsinav fo elgna
()
tfil orez fo elgna
( ) ( drohc) ( ) .
tnatxes elgna
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 56 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
( ) .
evlav elgna
( )
gnilgna
ciportosina
aaknA
adhpiD , tuahlamroF ,ranrehcA ,ramacA .
noitairav launna
( ) . .
ralunna
. .
espilce ralunna
.
tcartnoc fo tnemlunna
( )
munna
rotaicnunna
metsys lleb llac
edona
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 66 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
edona laicifiras
yticapac edona
.
)U( rotcaf noitazilitu edona
/ ( ) . . .
gnitaoc cidona
.
citsilamona
htnom citsilamona
.
raey citsilamona
( noilehpa)
.
ylamona
.
karona
( ) .
aixona
tnadnep gnirewsna
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 76 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.
citcratna
citcratnA) (naeco
elcric citcratna
tnerruc ralucric citcratna
ecnegrevnoc citcratna
.
naecO citcratnA
seratnA
( traeh noiprocs) .( oiprocS)
revir tnedecetna
.
meidirem etna =naidirem etna
noilehtna
.
nug riaitna
thgierf detapicitna
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 86 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
. ( ycilop lluh)
enilcitna
. .
evisorrocitna
.
enolcycitna
. .
.
dniw cinolcycitna
.
senuditna
( ) .
tniap gniluofitna
.
.
dnalsI augitnA
( )
alitnA
dnalsI selitnA
( )
edonitna
( )
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 96 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
nif gnihctipitna
( ) ( ) .
yad naedopitna
.
dnalsI sedopitna s
( )
epocsoryg gnilloritna
( )
rezilbats gnilloritna
( leek eglib ) . ( elbatcarter )
( ) .
metsys gnilloritna
.
tfil) : .
leek eglib
. .
reilibats sknat=sknat gnizilbats=sknat gnilloritna
( ) .
.
scitubrocsitna
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 07 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
telbat kcis aes=enicidem ssenkcisaesitna
.
enirambusitna
)CIDSA( eettimmoc noitagitsevni noitceted enirambusitna
CIDSA
trocse enirambusitna
( )
elissim enirambusitna
)corsa( tekcor enirambusitna
( ) .
odeprot enirambusitna
)WSA( erafraw enirambusitna
sdniw edartitna
. .
.
surriC livnA
. ( )
. surric eslaF .
PA
muimerp lanoitidda muimerp lanoitidda
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 17 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
ralucidneprep retfa ralucidneprep retfa
( ) noitisop demussa
yaB eehcalapA
( )
kaepa
. .
ssapmoc cidoirepa
.
ruetirepa
.
erutrepa
.
xepa
noilehpa
.
enoz citohpa
.
egnar naegopa
.
edit naegopa
( ) .
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 27 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
eegopa
( eegirep) . .
tropa
( a) rohsa kcaba
seltsopa
.
elkcat dna lerappa
. .
edutitla tnerappa
( ) ( lellarap) .
devresbo . edutitla eurt , edutitla
eengisnoc ot yreviled no egamad tnerappa
. .
noitidnoc dna redro doog tnerappa
( ) ( )
.
noziroh elbisiv=noziroh tnerappa
.
noitom tnerappa
noon tnerappa
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 37 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
nus eht fo htap tnerappa
.
) . . (
ecalp tnerappa
.
pils tnerappa
. ( )
emit ralos laer=emit ralos tnerappa
.
. ) .
. (
emit lacol=emit tnerappa
emit lacol
evaw tnerappa
thgieh evaw tnerappa
( )
dniw tnerappa
.
.
egadneppa
( ) ( ) trok) ( )
( rezilbats gnilloritna) ( elzzon
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 47 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
rednef gnir elppa
.
nrets elppa
.
llew lasiarppa
.
resiarppa=eesiarppa
eesiappa=resiarppa
ecitnerppa
. .
kram ecitnerppa
( )
ecitnerppa namaes ( )
hcaorppa
eson hcaorppa
.
langis hcaorppa
( )
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 57 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
. :
.
.
htreb detairporppa
.
noitairporppa
.
tiucric devorppa
( ) .
secnanetruppa
.
norpa
.
.
.
etalp kcohc wob=etalp norpa
()
supA
abaqA
( )
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 67 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
ssenisubauqa
edacauqa
gnulauqa
.
enalpauqa
gninalpauqa
. ( )
muirauqa
suirauqA
.
stnalp citauqa
secruoser citauqa
secneics citauqa
rettuc deew citauqa
.
tcudeuqa
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 77 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
refiuqa
() ( )
ssol refiuqa
( )
suoeuqa
)FFFA( maof gnimrof mlif suoeuqa
FFFA
aliuqA
. aruL ocarD
RA
sksir lla
oitar tcepsa
arA
aeS naibarA
( )
aeS arufarA
( )
sdnalsI narA
( )
tselabra
.
noitartibra
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 87 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.
drawa noitartibra
.
draob noitartibra
sserp robra
.
cra
.
gnimarf cra
. .
hcra
llauqs dehcra
elpicnirP sedemihcrA
.
gnihcra
. gniggoh .
norpa cigalepihcra
.
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 97 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
senilesab cigalepihcra
( )
senal aes cigalepihcra
( )
etats cigalepihcra
sretaw cigalepihcra
( )
ogalepihcra
.
eenk hcra
.
ssecxe fo hcra
( ) .
reporp hcra
( ) .
ytilibisiv fo cra
( )
elcric citcra
tnerruc citcra
( sivaD) .
tnorf citcra
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 08 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
naecO citcrA
ekoms citcra
. .
enoz citcra
surutcrA
. . accehplA,diaklA
ycnedra
.
tnedra
( ) .
)wA( senalpretaw fo aera
: .
. wC B L L.B.wC=wA
/ / / wC
.
ogrA
()
seirA
krA
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 18 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
)tfarc gnidnal pihsriaper yrailixila( LRA
adamrA
taelc nroh=taelc mra
.
tsam demra
.
.
namtnahcrem demra
.
erehps yrallimra
. .
gnimra
( )
.
dael eht gnimra
.
yttej a fo mra
.
aes eht fo mra
.( )
ruomra= romra
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 28 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
( )
.
epor deromra
.
.
reyal romra
tnetap gnortsmra
. gnortsmra .
tnemgnarra
.
tserra
.
ecnirp ed tserra
.
raeg retserra
( ) ( ) .
eriw retserra
( ) . ( )
.
pihs fo tserra
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 38 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
mrof noitacifiton lavirra
( )
pihs devirra
( ) .
.
eulav dnuos devirra
(. ) .
. .
.
nometrA
.
.
selcitra s,pihs=tnemeerga fo selcitra
( ) .
)CLA( nmuloc gnidaol detalucitra
CLA
)PLA( mroftalp gnidaol detalucitra
PLA
rewot gniroom detalucitra
. ( )
.
noziroh laicifitra
.
ruobrah laicifitra
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 48 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
( )
.
.
sdnalsi laicifitra
ekal laicifitra
.
tnemhsiruon laicifitra
( ) ( ) ( ) .
aburA
edisgnola -
SA
sutartS-otlA-
selas stnuocca-
)noitidda dna noitaretla(s A dna s A
( )
dnecsa
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 58 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
( )
noisnecsa
.
esrev noisnecsa
( )
)eettimmoc noitagitsevni noitceted enirambus itna(CIDSA
) .
. (ranos niknuD
hsa
. .
gir itnahsa
.
ezeerb hsa
( )
erohsa
. .
si erehw si sa
. ( )
peelsa
. .
dnalsI serosA
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 68 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
nigiro sa
.
)RA( oitar tcepsa
ytirepsa
( ) ( )
.
tsil rep sa
. l.p.a() ( )
.
tnemec tlahpsa
.
aixyhpsa
rotaixyhpsa
)tekcor enirambusitna( corsa
tekcor enirambusitna)
otni detsissa = ssa
.
dnalsI augaetassA
( )
taob tluassa
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 78 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.
tfarc tluassa
pihs tluassa
tekcajefil poort tluassa
.
. .
sevaw tluassa
.
tnemssessa
.
rossessa
( )
stessa
esualc tnemngissa
( ) .
tseretni fo tnemngissa
( )
ycilop fo tnemngissa
()
reenigne tnatsissa
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 88 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.
ssa=otni detsissa
ssa
)PA( noitisop demussa
( )
erussa
derusni = derussa
.
yats trohs = yatsa
.
nretsa
.
.
rewop nretsa
.
tset gnireets nretsa
.
enibrut nretsa
( ) ( )
. .
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 98 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
sdioretsa
. .
. ( ) . ( )
ssapmocortsa
rehpargortsa
ebalortsa
.
.
.
ygolortsa
yrtemortsa
.
noitagivanortsa
) (
selbat noitagivanortsa
setanidrooc lacimonortsa
. .
yad lacimonortsa
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 09 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
ecnatsid lacimonortsa
noziroh eurt =noziroh lacimonortsa
. .
.
edutital lacimonortsa
edutignol lacimonortsa
noitavresbo lacimonortsa
noitisop lacimonortsa
.
noitcarfer lacimonortsa
slobmys lacimonortsa
. ( )
.
epocselet lacimonortsa
edit lacimonortsa
emit lacimonortsa
( )
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 19 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
. .
elgnairt lacimonortsa
( ) ( ) ( )
.
thgiliwt lacimonortsa
tinu lacimonortsa
U.A . ( ) .
raey laeredis=raey lacimonortsa
raey laeredis
ymonortsa
epocsortsa
)erafraw enirambusitna( WSA
rohcna ta
.
.
morf dna ta
.
trawhta
eswah trawhta
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 29 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
( ) .
spihstrawhta
.
dnalsI aktA
( )
LTA
)ssol latot lautca(LTA
ecitnaltA
(. )
naecO citnaltA
.
A erehpsomta
A A . D A
. ( egnar elbammalf) .
B erehpsomta
B . ( timil elbammalf rewol) .
C erehpsomta
C .
.
D erehpsomta
D . ( timil elbammalf reppu)
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 39 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
knat niard cirehpsomta
.
.
.
llota
.
nollota
.
pihs derewop cimota
.
.
.
noisluporp cimota
. .
rezimota=resimota
noitazimota
( )
resimota=rezimota
airtA
. . edartsuA mulugnairT
pirta
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 49 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
yrta
aes ta
.
seitivac dehcatta
.
.
enirambus ssalc kcatta
.
.
epocsirep kcatta
.
rettolp kcatta
.
retaehrepused = rotarpmetta
retaehrepused
eef ecnadnettA
( )eef ycnega
.
draobrats ro trop ot noitnetta
( ) ( ) ( )
. .
noitaunetta
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 59 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.
.
esualc noitaunetta
pid eht ta
( ) .
dnalsI uttA
( )
hcniw gninoisnet tnatsnoc=)hcniw gninoisnet citamotua( WTA
hcniw gninoisnet tnatsnoc
sdnalsI dnalkcuA
( )
gnitidua=tidua
)
. (
regua
. ( )
mets regua
.
noitatnemgua
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 69 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.
.
noitcerroc noitatnemgua
( ) .
noom fo noitatnemgua
ecnatsiser fo tnemgua
( )
aileruA
.
eloerua
agiruA
arorua
.
.
.
silartsua arorua
.
thgil ralop=thgil nrehtron=silaerob arorua
. .
enoz larorua
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 79 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
siralop arorua
retsuA
. .
sngis laretsua
secsip) ( arbiL)
ainaecO=ailartsuA
ainaecO
draoB nailartsuA
( ) .
tnerruC nailartsuA
.
noitacitnehtua
langis mrala otua
.
. .
. .
reirrac rac otua
yrref otua
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 89 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.
reniarts neelk otuA
( ) .
rood gnisolc-fles =rood gnisolc citamotua
(rood gnisolc-fles)
nug gof citamotua
.
toliporyg=tolipotua=tolip citamotua=namsmleh citamotua
youb gnidnuos citamotua
.
rereets citamotua
hcniw gninoisnet tnatsnoc=)WTA( hcniw gninoisnet citamotua
hcniw gninoisnet tnatsnoc)
eguag edit citamotua
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 99 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.
thgil edis gnitalitnev citamotua
) . (
)RVA( rotaluger egatlov citamotua
( ) . ( )
repeekhctaw citamotua
rotagivanotua
.
trop suomonotua
. . .
elbisrembus suomonotua
namsmleh citamotua =tolip citamotua=toliporyg=tolipotua
.
xoniuqe lanmutua
( )
yrf nmutua
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 001 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
eci nmutua
.
yrailixua
.
rewolb yrailixua
( ) ( ) .
reliob yeknod=reliob yrailixua
) but erif) (
.( reliob
seitilicaf yrailixua
.
teelf yrailixua
yrenihcam yrailixua
( )
rewop yrailixua
) (
lessev derewop yrailixua
.
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 101 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.
.
)LRA( tfarc gnidnal pihsriaper yrailixua
daeh reddur yrailixua
.
. ( rellit)
pihs yrailixua
.
maets yrailixua
.
sknat yrailixua
. .
lessev yrailixua
thcay yrailixua
.
tsava
( )
egareva
demotsucca egareva
egareva yttef
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 201 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
retsujda egareva
( ) .
tnega egareva
. retsujda egareva .
.
dnob egareva
egareva lareneg) . .
(tnemeerga
htped egareva
.
gnidaeh egareva
tfird)
.
eci fo timil egareva
.
egatolip=yttep egareva
.
. .
retats egareva
roivA
.
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 301 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
)rotaluger egatlov citamotua( RVA
rotaluger egatlov citamotua)
ijawA
( )
drawa
hsawa
.
.
.
kced hsawa
yawa
.
rehtaewa
hgiewa
tfehwa
(praw) .
.
lwa
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 401 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.
gninwa
.
niatruc gninwa
kced gninwa
.
hctih gninwa
sdraynal gninwa
.
epor gninwa
. .
sports edis gninwa
) . (
raps gninwa
.
noihcnats gninwa
yats gninwa
ports gninwa=pots gninwa
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 501 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
ports gninwa
rehcterts gninwa
.
pots gninwa =ports gninwa
.
)evael tuohtiw ecnesba( LOWA
xa
.
dnalsI grubieH lexA
( )
pmup yrubretaw=pmup notsip laixa
pmup yrubretaw
htrae eht fo sixa
. / . .
snevaeh eht fo sixa
ris eya , eya
.
lulyA
.
dohtem eryA
.
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 601 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
htumiza
.
noitcejorp lahtumizA
.
.
elcric htumiza
.
ssapmoc htumiza
.
margaid htumiza
.
rorrim htumiza
( ) .
.
ydob laitselec a fo htumiza
tcejbo lairtserret a fo htumiza
enav thgis=thgis htumiza
.
selbat htumiza
.
retsurht htumiza
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(801 fo 701 egaP
mth.a/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
) (
Azores current
.
Azov sea
) (
2003 Iraname Corporation. All rights reserved.
Page 108 of 108(Iranian Association of Naval Architecture and Marine Engeeniering)
2006/11/05http://www.iraname.ir/En/Edu/Dictionary/a.htm
tuobA puorG sweN emitiraM puorG hcraeseR emitiraM sretneC seirtsudnI emitiraM kcabdeeF hcraeS
B
noitauqE illuonreB
.
TAC.A.B = naramataC draobA graB
ecrof gnidneB
leek egliB
( )
nalp ydoB
)L.B( enil esaB
.
kcottuB
tneiciffeoC kcolB
taoB
.
taob ograc.taobyrreF :
taob deggir inocraM,taob deggir adumreB
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(28 fo 1 egaP
mth.b/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
(thcay) . ( nottum)
egdirB
krab renoohcs,enit nakrab,enitnekraB
(.nezzim) ( krab)
kraB
.nezzim
reirrac kluB
.
talf,egraB
() .
wot,niart gniwot,niart egraB
. ( egrab)
taob thgil,taob nocaeB
. ( pihsthgil)
regderd reddab,regderd rotavele,regderd reddal,regderd tekcuB
) tekcub . ( reddal
taob gnireknuB
.
taob frus,taob erohs,taob hcaeB
. ( taob eucser)
taob muB
. ( taobwor)
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(28 fo 2 egaP
mth.b/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
egrab rotom,egraB
.
thguondaerd,pihselttaB
.
resiurc elttaB
( pihs elttab) ( resiurc) .
rejieoB
( reieob) . .
B
.
gninnil tibbab
.
latem etihw=latem tibbab
( dael) ( nit) . ( uc) ( bs)
bednamlebaB
.
dnalsI pauhtlebaB
hctaw noobab
. ( ) .
dnalsI nayubaB
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(28 fo 3 egaP
mth.b/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
)naramatac draoba egrab( TACAB
naramatac draoba egrab
rohcna na kcab
.
rohcna kcab
.
dniw eht fo gnikcab=dniw gnikcab=dnuora kcab
erohskcab=hcaebkcab
erohskcab
enobkcab
.
.( leek)
niahc kcab
.
erif kcab
( )
wolf kcab
( ) .
.
thgierf kcab
.
nommag kcab=emag kcab
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(28 fo 4 egaP
mth.b/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
esion snuorgkcab
lluahkcab
regderd eohkcab
.
. ( ) . ( )
gnikcab
.
) (
dnuora kcab=dniw gnikcab =dniw eht fo gnikcab
.
nur gnilaes=nur gnikcab
( )
dniw eht fo gnikcab =dnuora gnikcab =dniw gnikcab
kcik kcab
. ( ) .
hsalkcab
rettelkcab
golkcab
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(28 fo 5 egaP
mth.b/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
kcapkcab
eceip kcab reddur=eceip kcab
erusserp kcab
.
marf nrets=tsop nrets=tsop reddur=tsop kcab
tsop reddur
hsawkcab=hsurkcab
( )
hcaeb erohskcab=erohskcab
( ) ( ) ( smreb hcaeb) hceabkcab) . (WHHM)
ecilps kcab
( )
gnirpskcab
. gnirpskcab erof()
. ( )gnirpskcab retfa
ffatskcab
. ( ) . ffatskcab()
yatskcab
.
maerts kcab
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(28 fo 6 egaP
mth.b/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
ekortskcab
pu kcab
gnippit=pid drawkcab
. ( )
.
hsurkcab=hsawkcab
retaw kcab
evruc retawkcab
namdaed=thgiewkcab
. ( )
gir namdaed=gir thgiewkcab
. .
.
gnidniwkcab
. .
noisorroc lairetcab
.
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(28 fo 7 egaP
mth.b/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
. .
ytirup lairetcab
()
egrahcsid tcudnoc dab
egdab
( )
pin dab
.
yab niffaB
( )
etalp elffab=elffab
. . ( )
aera elffab
reip elffab
elffab=etalp elffab
elffab
dniw gnilffab
.
ograc gab
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(28 fo 8 egaP
mth.b/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
.
namerof egaggab
.
retsam egaggab
moor egaggab
.
alaggaB
krowgab = gniggab
( ) .
.
elknirw gab=elknirw-o-gab=elknirw yggab
( gnifahc) .
feer gab
.
moor gab
oiugaB
( ) . ( noosnom)
.
elknirw yggab=elknirwgab
elknirw yggab
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(28 fo 9 egaP
mth.b/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
gniggab=krowgab
gniggab ( )
amahaB
( )
liab
elbaliab
dnobliab
eeliab
relab=reliab
tnemliab
roliab
tuo liab
namsliab
( )
tiab
( )
)gnireineegnE eniraM dna erutcetihcrA lavaN fo noitaicossA nainarI(28 fo 01 egaP
mth.b/yranoitciD/udE/nE/ri.emanari.www//:ptth50/11/6002
taob rekirts=taob tiab
( ) ) ( )
. taob nies
draob tiab
) . (elawnug
gnitiab
enies tiab
esrep anut) ( ) . . (enies
nihplod lleb rekab
.
anealaB
( )
draob ecnalab
.
egdirb elucsab=egdirb ecnalab
) . (
reddur decnalab
emarf erauqs=emarf