"Dibujo en el espacio" Tesis de Mariana Fuentes

8/18/2019 "Dibujo en el espacio" Tesis de Mariana Fuentes

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_HNYOP]NDKD DO KPTO], MNOHMNK] ^ MAL_HNMKMNÝHIkmuctkd do Krto, Dnsoûa y KrquntomturkMkrrork do Krtos Ynsukcos & Iatajrkiìk

DN@_GA OH OC O]VKMNA

Vrayomta pkrk aptkr kc Jrkda Kmkdîlnma do Cnmohmnkdk oh Krtos Ynsukcos yIatajrkiìk

Tìtuca Vraiosnahkc do Krtnstk Ynsukc y Iatýjrkia

Vraiosark Juìk7 Mckudnk Lnsskhk LkhmncckLotadýcaja7 Buja Jkrmìk Jkrrnda

Ostudnkhto7Lkrnkhk Mkracnhk Iuohtos Ackvkrrìk

Nhmcuyo vorsnýh dnjntkc, MD-PAL

]khtnkja do Mbnco, K`rnc do 06;4


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3/51

Dnùga oh oc Ospkmna =

NHDNMO

Vëj.

Posuloh ................................................................................................................. 4

Nhtradummnýh ............................................................................................................ ?

Mkpìtuca ;7 Do ck k`strkmmnýh k ck nhstkckmnýh ..................................................... 9

;.;.- Cas arìjohos do ck k`strkmmnýh .............................................................. 9

;.0.- Oc Lnhnlkcnsla ...................................................................................... >

;.=.- Oc past lnhnlkcnsla y cks prëmtnmks mahtolparëhoks ......................... ;0

Mkpìtuca 07 Lkrma toýrnma ................................................................................... ;4

0.;.- Oc snto spomninm ...................................................................................... ;4

0.0.- Oc dnùga oh oc ospkmna ......................................................................... ;9

0.=.- Ck cuz y oc macar oh oc ospkmna7 nhicuohmnks doc joalotrnsla

cktnhaklornmkha y pasn`ncndkdos mnhîtnmks .................................................... ;2

Mkpìtuca =7 Dnùga oh oc ospkmna mala prëmtnmk mahtolparëhok ................... 00

=.;.- ]oûkckr y mahomtkr oc ospkmna ............................................................. 00

=.0.- Lktornkcos do trk`kga ........................................................................... 04

Mkpìtuca 47 Doskrracca do a`rk ........................................................................... 0:

4.;.- Trk`kga khtornar ................................................................................... 0:

Mahmcusnýh ............................................................................................................ 4:

@n`cnajrkiìk ............................................................................................................ 4>

Atrks iuohtos ........................................................................................................ ?6


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Dnùga oh oc Ospkmna 4

Posuloh

Oh ostk lolarnk so kàrdk ck pra`colëtnmk doc dnùga oh oc ospkmna, os domnr, do

lkhork vaculîtrnmk. Has luostrk oc doskrracca do trk`kga doc kutar, dahdo so

ndohtninmkh cas pramosas, ck ovacumnýh y lotadacajìk quo so kpcnmý, pkrk ccojkr kc

dnùga oh oc ospkmna par lodna do nhstkckmnahos mah bncas. Kdolës do

mahtoxtukcnzkrca mah cas lavnlnohtas doc krto kinhos mala ck k`strkmmnýh, oc

lnhnlkcnsla, past lnhnlkcnsla y krto mnhîtnma.


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Dnùga oh oc Ospkmna ?

Nhtradummnýh

Ck pra`colëtnmk quo so prosohtk oh ostk nhvostnjkmnýh os oc dospckzklnohta doc

dnùga, k trkvîs do cìhoks quo so prayomtkh oh oc ospkmna krquntomtýhnma. Oh osto

mksa cas trkzkdas dogkh oc pckha pkrk talkr muorpa oh cks tros dnlohsnahos,

johorkhda do ostk lkhork atrk rockmnýh mah oc ospomtkdar, yk quo so pradumo uh

romarrnda oh oc mukc îc quodk nhlorsa oh osto dnùga vaculîtrnma. Kc oxnstnr uh

dospckzklnohta kc ospkmna rokc, ck pormopmnýh doc dnùga mkl`nk mahstkhtolohto,

parquo oh oc romarrnda trndnlohsnahkc toholas dnstnhtas puhta do vnstk.

Osto trk`kga malohzkrk par rokcnzkr uhk sìhtosns sa`ro cks prnhmnpkcos

mkrkmtorìstnmks y pastuckdas do ck k`strkmmnýh, oc lnhnlkcnsla y oc past

lnhnlkcnsla, lavnlnohtas oh cas quo oc dnùga dogk do sor injurktnva y pksk k sor

lës khkcìtnma, promnsa, mahmrota y joalîtrnma. Oh oc lkrma toýrnma so praiuhdnzkrë

oh cas mahmoptas quo so rockmnahkh mah ck pra`colëtnmk doc dnùga oh oc ospkmna y

ca quo osta snjhninmk. Cuoja, dosdo cas pramosas do a`rk, so iuhdklohtkrë ck

pra`colëtnmk do ostk nhvostnjkmnýh, pkrk inhkclohto rockmnahkr ln a`rk mah ck

tolëtnmk doc dnùga oh oc ospkmna, su iarlk do kpcnmkmnýh y su prayommnýh.

Ck pra`colëtnmk pckhtokdk so ohlkrmk oh oc mahtoxta do uhk mahstkhto

`÷squodk, do ronhtorprotkmnýh tkhta doc ospkmna mala doc dnùga, ocolohtas

iuhdklohtkcos oh oc Krto y oh ck vnsukcndkd oh johorkc. Ostas pramosas ostëh

vnhmuckdas k ca quo so mahamo mala snto spomninm , dahdo mkdk trk`kga ostëh

tatkclohto cnjkda kc ospkmna oh oc quo so rokcnzk, ca quo ca bkmo nrropotn`co. Mkdk

oxpornohmnk a trk`kga os dnstnhta, yk quo oc mahtoxta mkl`nk.


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Mkpìtuca ;7 Do ck k`strkmmnýh k ck nhstkckmnýh

;.;.- Cas arìjohos do ck k`strkmmnýh

Ck k`strkmmnýh surjo iarlkclohto mah cks kmukrocks do Ekhdnhsey (kcrododar do

;>;6). ]us pnhturks so kcogkh do ca injurktnva y sah dniìmncos do ndohtninmkr, lks kccë

do cas macaros y iarlks. ]o ùsmk uhk sohskmnýh a uhk oxprosnýh, dkhda uh

ospkmna pkrk ck prapnk nhtorprotkmnýh do ca quo volas a ca quo quorolas vor, yk

quo ca quo volas ha ostk prosohtkda mala uh kcja mahmrota a ocolohta

mckrklohto romahamn`co. Vkrkcocklohto, oh Vnmkssa, ostk`k prosohto osto

kcogklnohta do ca injurktnva, kc k`strkor cks injurks k ca lks `ësnma. Osta os ca quo

volas, par ogolpca, oh –Tbo Vaot“ (;>;;), dahdo cks injurks y iarlks so

nhtorprotkh par mkpks, y saca so has dogkh vor k snlpco vnstk ck pnrëlndo quo

iarlkh oh su tatkcndkd.

Lkcovnmb, oh ck oxpasnmnýh –Ck ÷ctnlk oxpasnmnýh iuturnstk“ (;>;?) do ]kh

Votorsùrja, luostrk su huova cohjukgo pnmtýrnma, oh oc mukc yk ha bky hnhjuhk

roiorohmnk k ca lktornkc. Ostk huovk lkhork do pnhtkr ùsmk`k uhk pnhturk

k`sacutk, snh roiorohmnks a`gotnvks, k trkvîs do ck huovk utncnzkmnýh doc macar so

protohdìk cajrkr uhk pnhturk ha a`gotnvk.

Lkcovnmb johork uhk ktlasiork houtrk o nhinhntk, mksn mntkhda kc vkmìa oh cas

iahdas do sus pnhturks. Ck pkcotk do macar quo utncnzk so `ksk oh cas macaros

prnlkrnas, kdolës doc `ckhma y hojra, y par lodna do ostas macaros johork

mahtrkstos.


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Dnùga oh oc Ospkmna :

Vkrk lì so bnza ovndohto quo bk`ìk quo mrokr huovas

lkrmas do macaros puras, mahstrundas par oxnjohmnk do cas

macaros5 y, oh sojuhda cujkr, quo oc macar doòrìk k`khdahkr

ck lozmck pnmtýrnmk y mahvortnrso oh uh ikmtar nhdopohdnohto,

quo so nhmarpark k ck mahstrummnýh mala uh nhdnvndua do uh

snstolk macomtnva y do ck nhdopohdohmnk nhdnvndukc. (Mntk

Lkcovnmb. Pubròrj, ]mbhomeohùrjor, Irnmeo, Bahhoi, 06;0.

p. ;9;)

Ck malpasnmnahos quo mrok k pkrtnr do dnùgas joalîtrnmas y ck mal`nhkmnýh

do îstas johorkh uhk sohskmnýh do lavnlnohta, do`nda k cas ëhjucas y jnras quo

tnohoh cks injurks dohtra doc pckha.

Oh ck lnslk îpamk, ;>;:, so iarlk`k oc jrupa –Do ]tngc“ (Oc Ostnca) oh cas

Vkìsos @kgas. ]us prnhmnpkcos oxpahohtos iuorah Ykh Daosùrj, Lahdrnkh y @krt

Ykh Dor Come. Vu`cnmkrah uhk rovnstk doc lnsla hal`ro, mah ck mukc nhstkurkrah oc

tîrlnha hoapckstnmnsla, pkrk hal`rkr ck arnohtkmnýh krtìstnmk doc jrupa. Bk`ìk uhk

snlncntud ohtro cks pnhturks doskrracckdks par Do ]tngnc y cks do Lkcovnmb, oh oc

doskrracca do ck pnhturk ha injurktnvk par lodna do ck utncnzkmnýh do ck joalotrìk

mala ocolohtas do malpasnmnýh y ck pkcotk do macaros prnlkrnas, lës cas ha

macaros, oc `ckhma, jrns y hojra. Oh oc mksa do cas hoapckstnmnstks, malpahìkh sus

mukdras mah cìhoks barnzahtkcos y vortnmkcos, snh ùsmkr iarlkr injurks

joalîtrnmks, snha quo malpahìkh par lodna do cas pckhas romtkhjuckros quo so

iarlk`kh. Cks malpasnmnahos do`ìkh ohmahtrkr oc oquncn`rna y ck krlahìk, snh mkor


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oh ck snlotrìk. Oh ;>=; oc jrupa so dnsuocvo, snh ol`krja Lahdrnkh snjuo

oxpornlohtkhda y doskrracckhda pnhturks `kga ostk tohdohmnk.

Oh ;>0= so nhmarpark k ck Osmuock do Krto, Dnsoûa y Krquntomturk @kubkus

oc krtnstk Gasoi Kcòrs, qunoh ockàrý ck toarìk doc macar quo kyudý k johorkr oc

mkl`na doc oxprosnahnsla kc mahstrumtnvnsla. Oh ;>0? ck osmuock so vo a`cnjkdk k

trksckdkrso do Zonlkr k Dossku (kl`ks oh Kcolkhnk). Oh ;>== do`nda k cks

mahdnmnahos nlpuostks par cas hkzns so dninmuctk oc doskrracca harlkc do ck osmuock,

ca quo ck ccovk k su mnorro. Ykrnas do cas praiosaros do ck @kubkus, ohtro ostas

Kcòrs, olnjrkh k Ostkdas _hndas dahdo so snjuoh doskrracckhda mala damohtos.

Cuoja, surjo oc oxprosnahnsla k`strkmta, dahdo oc a`gotnva ork a`tohor mah

ck pnhturk uh oiomta oxprosnva a olamnahkc. K lodnkdas do cas 46´s oc

oxprosnahnsla k`strkmta so dnvndný oh das ostncas. Oc prnlora ùsmk`k ck oxprosnýh

do ck pnhmockdk, dahdo oxnstìk uhk domnsnýh y uh josta. Vaccame oxpornlohtý oh

osto ostnca, dahdo oc drnppnhj a mbarrokda so mahvnrtný oh su prnhmnpkc iarlk do

pnhtkr. Kc ckhzkr ck pnhturk sa`ro cas cnohzas do jrkh iarlkta, so iarlk`kh ck

oxpcasnýh do cks cìhoks.

Oc sojuhda ostnca os ck rospuostk mahtrkrnk do ck pnhturk do kmmnýh a doc

josta. Oh su cujkr so pnhtk`kh cnohzas mah pckhas luctnmacaros, mah cas mukcos so

trkhslntìk uh ostkda olamnahkc. Tohìk uh mkrëmtor mahtolpcktnva, quo ùsmk`k ca

su`cnlo. Lkre Patbea portohomìk k osto ostnca, sus mukdras orkh do uhk tklkûa

uh pama lks jrkhdo quo oc bulkha, ùsmk`k ck nhsormnýh doc ospomtkdar oh ck

pnhturk. Do ostk lkhork so johorý uhk rockmnýh lumba lks sohsntnvk ohtro a`rk y


9/51

Dnùga oh oc Ospkmna >

ospomtkdar. @krhott Howlkh tkl`nîh ùsmk`k ca su`cnlo, oc trktk`k do quo ck

oxpornohmnk doc pnhtar y ck doc ospomtkdar iuosoh ck lnslk, quo ck roicoxnýh ohtarha

k ck pnhturk so trkhsiarlkrk oh ck pkrtnmnpkmnýh do ck pnhturk snohda pkrto do occk.

Ostk `÷squodk do ca ospnrntukc oh Howlkh ca roprosohtk par cks cìhoks vortnmkcos

nhinhntks, k dniorohmnk do Patbea quo olpcok`k cas mahtarhas àrrasas do cas

pckhas romtkhjuckros, quo cumìkh pkromor icatkr k ck pnhturk.

;.0.- Oc Lnhnlkcnsla

Oc tîrlnha lnhnlkcnsla iuo kmuûkda oc kûa ;>9? par oc incýsaia `rntëhnma Pnmbkrd

Zaccbonl, oh uh ohskya oh oc mukc bk`ck`k kmormk do cas trk`kgas mah uh lìhnla

trk`kga lkhukc oh cks mrokmnahos do ck îpamk. Osta parquo so mrok`kh a`gotas

sohmnccas, rodumndas y mahmrotas, –Iarlks vnsukcos lks snlpcos y omahýlnmks

mala snstolks do ropotnmnýh“. (Lkrmbkh, ;>>9. V.;60)

Oh osto porìada cas pramosas do trk`kga so lkhninostkh oh sorno, so kmormk

k cas lîtadas do ck nhdustrnk, kdolës do nhmarparkr huovas lktornkcos k ck

pradummnýh do a`rk, ostas tkl`nîh rockmnahkdas k ck nhdustrnk, mala oc kculnhna,

kmora, tuàs, vnjks do lkdork.

–Oc –lnhnlkcnstk“ ostk lës nhtoroskda par ck tatkcndkd do ck a`rk quo par cks

rockmnahos ohtro cks pkrtos snhjuckros a par su ardohklnohta malpasnmnahkc“.

(Lkrmbkh, ;>>9. p.;66) ^k ha os ca mohtrkc ck ostîtnmk a oc kspomta do ck a`rk, snha

cks roicoxnahos quo so puodoh ostk`comor ohtarha k occk. Trks ck snlpcozk y

pucmrntud bky uhk pckhninmkmnýh, uhk roicoxnýh kmormk do cas mahmoptas quo qunoro

oxproskr oc kutar. Ck pkrtnmnpkmnýh doc ospomtkdar so vuocvo iuhdklohtkc, yk quo


10/51

Dnùga oh oc Ospkmna ;6

so vo ohirohtkda k uhk ostîtnmk y lktornkcndkdos dniorohtos, dahdo so roqunoro do

uh lkyar khëcnsns pkrk pador nhtorprotkr ca quo has qunoro domnr y ostk`comor ksì ck

rockmnýh a`rk-ospomtkdar. –Ck nhtrusnýh do cks iarlks oh oc ospkmna mnrmuhdkhto, ck

rockmnýh a`gota-sugota, a`rk do krto-ospomtkdar k trkvîs doc ospkmna quo cas

sopkrk, a`cnjkh k pckhtokr ck muostnýh doc mahtoxta oh dahdo so snt÷k ck a`rk y oc

ospomtkdar“. (Lkrmbkh, ;>>9. p.;64)

]ac CoZntt os uha do cas krtnstk dostkmkdas doc lnhnlkcnsla. ]u sorno

–Ykrnkmnahos do muàs k`nortas nhmalpcotas“ (;>:4), mahsnsto oh uhk sorno do

ostrumturks laduckros quo marrospahdoh k muàs nhmalpcotas. Osta kpock k ck

rospuostk sohsarnkc do cas ospomtkdaros, cas mukcos mala rokmmnýh nhlodnktk

puodoh malprohdor quo os uh muà, kuhquo co ikctoh kcjuhks do cks cìhoks do

uhnýh ohtro sus vîrtnmos. Ostk sorno tnoho dniorohtos otkpks, cks mukcos so

dotorlnhkh par oc h÷lora do trkzas quo iarlkh ck ostrumturk do cas muàs

(=,4,?,9,:,2,>,;6,;;). Ostk rokmmnýh so pradumo yk quo oc moro`ra os mkpkz do

malpcotkr ck nlkjoh quo ostklas vnohda. ]aca homosntk uh lìhnla do soûkcos,

quo oh osto mksa sah oc lìhnla do cks tros cìhoks ostrumturkcos. Tadas sus

trk`kgas so pckhninmk`kh par lodna doc dnùga, do kbì hkmìk ck oxpornlohtkmnýh do

cks osmucturks, pnhturks a lurkcos.

Atra roiorohto doc lnhnlkcnsla os Dkh Ickvnh, quo mah sus nhstkckmnahos do

cuz vuocvo cas ospkmnas oh pnhturks. K trkvîs do cas tuàs icuarosmohtos, ocolohtas

luy rodumndas y docnmkdas, dnkjrklkdas oh sohmnccks pasnmnahos pkrk malpahor

oh oc ospkmna. K poskr do quo ck cuz os uh lktornkc nhtkhjn`co, cajrk ccohkr y


11/51

Dnùga oh oc Ospkmna ;;

johorkr uh tada oh cks nhstkckmnahos, kdolës do ck rockmnýh quo so ostk`como mah

ck sa`rks y cas roicogas do cks lnslks.

Ck rockmnýh quo ostk`como mah ck osqunhks, dahdo cks khuck y trkhsiarlk par

lodna do ck cuz, mkl`nk oc ospkmna mah snlpcos jostas, mala macamkr uh tuà oh ck

osqunhk oh –Vnhe aut ai k maurhor“ (;>9=) a oh – Lahuloht 4 iar tbaso wba bkvo

òoh enccod nh klùsb“ (;>99), quo mahsnsto oh uh trnëhjuca oh uhk osqunhk,

iarlkda par tuàs icuarosmohtos oh uh pckha barnzahtkc, quo kdolës tnoho atra

tuà gusta oh oc vîrtnmo do ck osqunhk, dnvndnohda oc trnkhjuca oh das. Tada osta oh

macar raga. Var lodna do cas ëhjucas y dnkjahkcos, toholas quo malpcotkr ck injurk

y su vaculotrìk, yk quo ck cuz has khuck ck prosohmnk do ck osqunhk.

Nlkjoh ;7 Dkh Ickvnh, –Lahuloht 4 iar tbaso wba bkvo òoh enccod nh klùsb“ (;>99)

Iuohto7 tborodcnst.mal


12/51


;.=.- Oc past lnhnlkcnsla y cks prëmtnmks mahtolparëhoks

Oc pastlnhnlkcnsla malnohzk k inhos do cas kûas „96 oh Ostkdas _hndas. Osto

lavnlnohta hkmo mala rospuostk mahtrk oc lnhnlkcnsla. Oc tîrlnha iuo kmuûkda

par oc bnstarnkdar y mrìtnma do krto Paòrt Vnhmus. Cks a`rks so vuocvoh lks

arjëhnmks, kdolës quo cks tolëtnmks do cks a`rks sn puodoh sor samnkcos a

porsahkcos.

]o malnohzk k oxpornlohtkr mah atras lktornkcos ha trkdnmnahkcos mala oc

cëtox, in`rk do vndrna, kckl`ro y muordk, quo orkh ksamnkdas k ca iolohnha y sukvo

`kga cas agas do cas lnhnlkcnstks. Ostks lnslks lktornkcndkdos orkh lumba lks

icoxn`cos, nhmcusa so vacvìkh oiìlorks, yk quo ha so sk`ìk mah mortozk ca quo padìk

pkskr mah ck a`rk oh uhk mkhtndkd do kûas, mahtk`kh mah uhk ikmtar kzkrasa oh ck

pradummnýh do cas trk`kgas.

Ovk Bosso os uhk do cks krtnstks dostkmkdks do osto porìada, tnoho trk`kgas

quo nhmarparkh ocolohtas iuhdklohtkcos doc lnhnlkcnsla, pora co dk uh jnra y

atrk comturk mah ck lktornkcndkd. Mala –Kssohsnah NN“, muà do kmora (ìmaha do ca

lnhnlkcnstk) quo muohtk mah tronhtk lnc kjugoras oh cas mukcos nhtradumo tuàs do

jalk, ostk mkìdk cëhjundk doc lktornkc ca vuocvo lks sohsarnkc. Ca lnsla pksk

mah –]mbolk“, dahdo talk ck rotìmuck mala lktrnz pkrk ardohkr uhk sorno do

lahtìmucas oh uh pckha, tada osta bomba do cktox. Oc ardoh do cas mnohta mukrohtk

y muktra lahtìmucas luostrkh uhk prosnmnýh kc trk`kgkr, pora osta so mahtrkpaho

mah cks nrrojuckrndkdos prapnks doc lktornkc. Oh –Popotntnah Hnhotooh NNN“ sah

dnomnhuovo mncnhdras do in`rk do vndrna, oh cas mukcos ck krtnstk trktk`k do ockàrkr


13/51

Dn`uga oh oc Ospkmna ;=

uhndkdos ndîhtnmks. Cks pnozks muohtkh mah snlnckr iarlk y tklkûa, pora do`nda k

su lktornkcndkd y ock`arkmnýh lkhukc huhmk ccojkh k sor tadks njukcos.

Oc quno`ro quo johork`k Bosso mah sus osmucturks, nhhavkhda mah ck

utncnzkmnýh do lktornkcos ha trkdnmnahkcos, y mahvnrtnohda cks osmucturks oh kcja lks

d÷mtnc, prapahìk kc lnsla tnolpa uhk nhmortndul`ro oh ck lkhtohmnýh do cks a`rks

oh oc tnolpa. Bosso ha prostk`k lkyar nlpartkhmnk k ck mkpkmndkd do trksmohdor5

tkc mala ck vndk durk`k, ksì lnsla cks a`rks tklpama.

Nlkjoh 07 Ovk Bosso, –Kmmossnah NN“, ;>92 (;>9>).

Iuohto7 `cajs.krtnhia.mal


14/51


Mkpìtuca 07 Lkrma toýrnma

0.;.- Oc snto spomninm

Kcrododar do cas „:6 malnohzk ck nhqunotud do cas krtnstks par rokcnzkr cas pramosas

do a`rk oh oc cujkr do oxpasnmnýh5 os domnr, oh cks jkcorìks a lusoas,

trkhsiarlkhda îstas oh tkccoros bkstk cks nhkujurkmnahos. ]ac CoZntt doskrracck`k

osto pramosa do trk`kga kc bkmor sus lurkcos, yk quo tohìk quo trkzkr y dnsoûkr oh

prnlork nhstkhmnk, y cuoja malohzkr k pnhtkr par mkpks su a`rk.

K osto pramosa nh sntu so co ccklk ]nto ]pomninm , oh oc mukc oc prayomta ostë

cnjkdý kc cujkr y k sus mkrkmtorìstnmks. Oc krtnstk mrok uhk a`rk quo so rockmnahk o

nhtojrk mah oc ohtarha oh oc quo so ccovk kmk`a, yk sok oh nhtornar a oxtornar, oh ca

p÷`cnma a ca prnvkda.

Nlkjoh =7 ]ac CoZntt, –Zkcc Drkwnhj Ha.0:=“ (;>:?), 4tb Zkcc

Iuohto7 www.skktmbnjkccory.mal


15/51

Dnùga oh oc Ospkmna ;?

Atra ogolpca do osta os Pnmbkrd ]orrk mah ck sorno –]pcksbnhj“, ck mukc

mahsnstìk oh ckhzkr pcala iuhdnda oh cks pkrodos do jkcorìks a lusoas. Kc

sacndninmkrso quodk`kh cks khtniarlks kzkrasks, pradumta doc drnppnhj oh oc cujkr.

Mkdk uhk so ostks kmmnahos orkh dniorohtos, nrropradumn`cos, kuhquo oc pramosa

sok oc lnsla, yk quo cks mnrmuhstkhmnks y oc ospkmna mkl`nkh.

Oh cas :6„ Jardah Lkttk-Mckre prapaho sus nhtorvohmnahos do

khkrquntomturk, rokcnzkhda martos oh khtnjuas odninmnas do Huovk âre quo ostk`kh

par dolacor. Osto trk`kga ostk tatkclohto rockmnahkda mah oc cujkr k nhtorvohnr y

mah ck mrìtnmk samnkc y krquntomtýhnmk quo Lkttk-Mckre qunoro doskrracckr. Ostks

osmucturks a roostrumturkmnahos do cas cujkros so vacvìkh oh kcja oiìlora, quo saca

so dk k mahamor par lodna doc rojnstra.

Ostks nhtorvohmnahos saca so malpcotkh par oc cujkr. ]o johork uhk

mahoxnýh ohtro oc ospkmna y ck a`rk, dahdo snolpro so mrok uh kl`nohto dnstnhta y

so oxpornlohtkh sntukmnahos ropotn`cos. ^k quo tkhta oc cujkr mala cas dnùgas

airomoh pra`colks dnstnhtas, oh mkdk sntukmnýh.

Joja oh cas :6„ pckhtok quo kc bkòr uhk oxpornohmnk do lavnlnohta,

mkl`nk ck nhtorkmmnýh mah oc ospomtkdar, kc lnsla tnolpa ck a`rk -kc ostkr oh uh

cujkr dotorlnhkda- johork uhk oxpornohmnk dnstnhtk. Os domnr, tadks cks vkrnk`cos

quo radokh a mahiarlkh cks a`rks porlntoh nhhulork`cos comturks. ]us

nhstkckmnahos oh iarlk do trklks trnkhjuckros quo ohvuocvoh cas cujkros, trktkh do

johorkr oxpornohmnks oh cas ospkmnas, dahdo oc ospomtkdar so vuocvk pkrtìmnpo do

cks nhstkckmnahos y doc mkl`na do îstks.


16/51


Nlkjoh 47 –Potnmucërok“ (;>2;)Iuohto7 kv.mockrj.arj.vo/Pomalohdkmnahos/MkrlohBorhkhdoz.btl

0.0.- Oc dnùga oh oc ospkmna

Oc dnùga bk snda k trkvîs do ck bnstarnk doc krto, ck `kso do tadks cks dnsmnpcnhks do

cks krtos vnsukcos. Tadk mrokmnýh pkrto mala uh àmota a uh dnùga do ca quo

padrìk ccojkr k sor. Tkh iuhdklohtkc os, quo padolas doskrracckrca a kprohdorca

do dniorohtos lkhorks. Tadas cas a`gotas, pknskgos a ck injurk bulkhk, puodoh sor

mahstrundas a nhtorprotkdas oh `kso k lodndks y injurks joalîtrnmks. Vadolas

kpcnmkr cas mahamnlnohtas oh ostk lktornk y doskrracckr uh dnùga oh `kso k uh

pckha mkrtosnkha. Do bomba os mah uh snstolk luy snlnckr, mah oc quo so trk`kgk`k

oh oc Pohkmnlnohta, mukhda par lodna do uhk mukdrìmuck, quo so pahìk dockhto

doc pknskgo a oc ladoca, so dnvndìk oh poquoûas mukdrkdas oc pckha tatkc quo

ostë`klas a`sorvkhda. Osto mukdrnmuckda tkl`nîh so iarlk`k oh ck tock, do ostk

lkhork cks cìhoks aporkh mala juìks pkrk trkspkskr oc mahtohnda do mkdk


17/51

Dnùga oh oc Ospkmna ;:

mukdrkda k ck tock, lkhtohnohda cks praparmnahos doc dnùga. Os uhk tîmhnmk pkrk

ropradumnr k osmkck ca quo ostklas vnohda.

Oc dnùga os uhk iarlk do trkhsmrnpmnýh doc a`sorvkr. Mukhda salas

mkpkmos do pador lnrkr y ohtohdor ca quo volas, padolas dnùgkr, yk quo

skòlas oc cujkr quo amupkh cas a`gotas oh oc ospkmna y mala so rockmnahkh mah

oc ohtarha. Ostk mkpkmndkd so kcmkhzk mah ck prëmtnmk, mah barks do pruo`k y orrar,

pora oh doinhntnvk, osta so cajrk kc malprohdor ca quo volas.

Mukhda malohmî k dnùgkr lo pksa kcja luy rkra7 voìk tadks cks cìhoks do

cks masks. Dospuîs do bkòr dnùgkda vkrnks barks k ck solkhk, par uh ckrja

porìada, lo puso lumba lks a`sorvkdark. Lo dotohìk k lnrkr cks masks y k

sojunr mah ck vnstk mkdk cìhok. Lo iksmnhk`k mala cas trkzkdas iarlk`kh masks y

so rockmnahk`kh pkrk iarlkr kcja lkyar.

Oc dnùga has porlnto a`sorvkr a lnrkr, a vnmovorsk, oc pador a`sorvkr a

lnrkr has porlnto dnùgkr. Os osta ca quo so pradumo mah lns nhstkckmnahos,

vnsn`ncnzkr y patohmnkr cks cìhoks doc cujkr dahdo so u`nmkh. Lo nhtorosk nhmntkr kc

ospomtkdar k a`sorvkr, k oxpornlohtkr cas dnùgas quo so trkzkh oh oc ospkmna.

Mah ln trk`kga bkja uh dospckzklnohta doc dnùga, ca skma do su pckha

`ndnlohsnahkc, pkrk kpcnmkrca oh oc trndnlohsnahkc. Lns nhstkckmnahos ostëh bombks

do dnùgas joalîtrnmas vaculîtrnmas, cas mukcos padolas romarror y a`sorvkr

dosdo dnstnhtas puhtas do vnstks. Osta bkmo quo mkl`noh mahstkhtolohto.

Ck `kso doc dnùga os ck cìhok, sah cas trkzas quo krlkh ck tatkcndkd a uh

tada. Os ck uhndkd do malpasnmnýh ck quo has porlnto pckslkr a oxproskr ca quo


18/51


volas. Oh oc mksa do lns nhstkckmnahos cks cìhoks sah rolpckzkdks par bncas, quo

sah cas ohmkrjkdas do krlkr oc dn`uga lkyar, y trksiarlkr cas ospkmnas quo

nhtorvohja.

0.=.- Ck cuz y oc macar oh oc ospkmna7 nhicuohmnks doc joalotrnsla

cktnhaklornmkha y pasn`ncndkdos mnhîtnmks

Oc krto mnhîtnma os uh lavnlnohta quo so johorý oh cas kûas ?6 oh Ourapk, mah

Yìmtar Ykskrocy. Mahsnstný oh doskrracckr nlëjohos a trk`kgas quo pradumìkh

oiomtas a ncusnahos ýptnmks, utncnzkhda cìhoks, porspomtnvk, pktrahos y toarìk doc

macar5 os domnr, vn`rkmnahos mralëtnmks y mahtrkstos. Do ostk iarlk so ohjkûk oc

aga doc ospomtkdar.

Lo nhtorosk pkrtnmuckrlohto ck nhostk`ncndkd ospkmnkc

quo so pradumìk mukhda ohirohtk`k oc aga k sntukmnahos

cìlntos do vnsnýh, mala oh oc mksa do coor ëhjucas kjudas,

quo so dnstarsnahkh par –iktnjk do comturk“. Os ca quo nhtohta

oh Laduckmnýh ýptnmk do ck suporinmno y Mahstrummnýh oh

mkdohk, kl`ks do ;>?:. Mala oc aga so iktnjk khto ostk

sntukmnahos mrìtnmks, so pradumo uhk kl`njóodkd ospkmnkc

quo ork gustklohto ca quo lo nhtorosk`k. Var osa bnmo ostks

ostrumturks dahdo tnohos ck nlprosnýh do quo ck iarlk y oc

macar so vnohoh kc ospkmna. ]n so a`sorvk mah dotohnlnohta,

uha puodo dkrso muohtk do quo prnlora pormn`os uhks

iarlks pckhks, cuoja malnohzks k a`sorvkr uhks iarlks


19/51

Dnùga oh oc Ospkmna ;>

skcnohda bkmnk oc ospkmna, lnohtrks atrks pkromoh buhdnrso.

]n snjuos a`sorvkhda, ck suporinmno so khnlk y so nhvnortoh

cks rockmnahos ospkmnkcos. (Mruz-Dnoz, 06;6, p. ;9>-;:6)

Osta quo pckhtok Mkrcas Mruz-Dnoz, surjný mala nhqunotud durkhto ck

oxpornlohtkmnýh mah ln trk`kga. Ck ncusnýh ýptnmk, ck iarlk do ohjkûkr kc aga doc

ospomtkdar par lodna do cas bncas y cas dnùgas quo iarla mah occas, so trkhsiarlý

oh uha do lns nhtorosos, so vacvný uh a`gotnva. Do lkhork luy nhtuntnvk malohmî k

oxpornlohtkr mah cas macaros y sus mal`nhkmnahos, do ostk lkhork cajrî quo cas

dnùgas pkskrkh do tormork k sojuhdk dnlohsnýh, dopohdnohda doc puhta do

a`sorvkmnýh. K trkvîs do occas trkhsiarla oc ospkmna, ca vnsn`ncnza y bkja kc p÷`cnma

nhtorkmtukr mah îc.

Ksì malohmî k mal`nhkr cas macaros y k dnsoûkr cas dnùgas. Kc prnhmnpna ca

quo lës lo nhtorosk`k ork cajrkr quo cks nhstkckmnahos so vnorkh pckhks5 os domnr,

quo cas bncas pkromnorkh quo ostuvnorkh u`nmkdas kc lnsla hnvoc. Vkrk cajrkr osta

tohìk quo khmckr cas bncas do kmuorda kc puhta mora quo ya dotorlnhk`k. Dosdo kbì

tada pkromorìk uh dnùga icatkhda oh oc cujkr, pora kc lavorso bkmnk mukcqunor ckda,

so vo mýla ostk`k rokclohto iarlkda.

Cuoja nhmarparî do lkhork lës mahsmnohto ck utncnzkmnýh doc macar y ck

nculnhkmnýh. ]uoca mal`nhkr cas macaros malpcolohtkrnas. Do ostk lkhork so

johorkh vn`rkmnahos ohtro cas bncas, y îstas kulohtkh dopohdnohda do ck mormkhìk

quo bky ohtro occas. Os ksì mala lo iun kmormkhda kc ap krt a k ca mnhîtnma. Var ca

johorkc, ksamnk`k osto lavnlnohta sýca k cks nlëjohos do cks ncusnahos ýptnmks


20/51


pkrk hnûas, y mah oc trk`kga do Lktncdo Vîroz, Mkrcas Mruz-Dnoz, y oc ap krt

cktnhaklornmkha oh johorkc. Vora iuo mah Gos÷s ]ata dahdo vn mala so cajrk`k ck

ncusnýh dosdo ck osmucturk a oc vaculoh. Var ogolpca, oh –Tos mah `rnquo“ (;>::),

quo mahsnstìk oh uh mukdrkda do lkdork pnhtkda mah cìhoks `ckhmks y hojrks. Do

ostk `kso skcìkh vkrnas kckl`ros oh iarlk do T, quo ostk`kh kcnhokdas, kdolës

do quo ck pkrto supornar do ck T ork ragk. Osto mukdra vaculîtrnma lo cajrý

ohjkûkr. Iksmnhkdk mah ck vn`rkmnýh do cks cìhoks lo iun kmormkhda, bkstk mksn

mbamkr mah cas kckl`ros oh iarlk do T. Cuoja ca a`sorvî y lo dospckmî bkmnk cas

ckdas y hatî cks huovks cìhoks ragks quo so sulk`kh k ck malpasnmnýh. Ostk os ck

sohskmnýh quo `usma. Ck pnhturk ca cajrk do njukc lkhork, pora kc kpcnmkr ostks

ncusnahos oh ospkmnas vaculîtrnmas, so sulk ck dudk doc a`sorvkdar, do ha ostkr

sojura do ca quo vo, yk quo ostë oh mahstkhto mkl`na y tnoho lks puhtas do

a`sorvkmnýh. Ca quo kpartk oc krto mnhîtnma, os quo snolpro bky uhk sojuhdk a

tormork lnrkdk. @usmklas malpra`kr ca quo volas y kuhquo ostklas sojuras do

quo ca quo toholas ohirohto os uhk ncusnýh, sojunlas oxpornlohtkhda oc

iohýloha.


21/51

Dn`uga oh oc Ospkmna 0;

Nlkjoh ?7 Gos÷s-Pkikoc ]ata, –Yortnmkc Yn`rkhto mah Yordo“ (;>>>).Iuohto7 www.snmkrdn.mal


22/51


Mkpìtuca =7 Dnùga oh oc ospkmna mala prëmtnmk

mahtolparëhok

=.;.- ]oûkckr y mahomtkr oc ospkmna

Oh lns trk`kgas os iuhdklohtkc ck `÷squodk doc cujkr do nhstkckmnýh, par ca

johorkc ospkmnas vkmìas quo mkromoh do vnsn`ncndkd. Lumbks vomos tohja ndoks a

àmotas oh lohto, pora ha os bkstk quo ocnga oc cujkr quo ostk so malpcotk. ]ah

snto spomninm , yk quo cas cujkros cas mahsndora uh lktornkc lës doc trk`kga. Oc

mahtoxta y iarlk doc cujkr so vuocvoh uhk `kso pkrk bkmor y dnsoûkr ck

nhtorvohmnýh mah cas bncas. Mah ostk nhiarlkmnýh so malpcotk a so nhnmnk uh huova

prayomta. Os domnr, mahsndorkhda tada cas puhtas khtornarlohto hal`rkdas do

mahtoxta, bnstarnk y iarlks, ha puoda mahmrotkr ck nhstkckmnýh sn ha bky mckrndkd y

sojurndkd, kuhquo oc prayomta vk nr lutkhda bkstk quo so cajro kcjuhk mahoxnýh,

nhmcusa sn os durkhto ck nhstkckmnýh.

Ostas cujkros, uhk voz doinhndks cks cìhoks k trkzkr oh cas àmotas, so

trkhsiarlkh oh ln ospkmna do trk`kga. Oc porìada do lahtkgo os oc lks nlpartkhto,

yk quo os oc lalohta dahdo so mahmrotk ck nhstkckmnýh. Os oh oso lalohta oh oc

mukc cas bncas oiomtnvklohto so malnohzkh k khmckr do uhk pkrod k ck atrk, pkrk

krlkr oc dnùga inhkc. Oc cujkr do oxpasnmnýh so vuocvo ln tkccor, dahdo pksa barks

prayomtkhda cks cìhoks do cas dnùgas. Os uh trk`kga nh sntu, oh oso lalohta y

ospkmna dotorlnhkda. Mckra quo pkrk mkdk prayomta oxnsto uhk pradummnýh khtornar

do `÷squodk, do pohskr y rodnsoûkr oc ospkmna, do ocommnýh do cas macaros o


23/51


24/51


=.0.- Lktornkcos do trk`kga

Khtos do malohzkr k bkmor nhstkckmnahos mah bncas, trk`kgk`k mah pktrahos,

dnùgas y vndoas cnjkdas kc dnùga cnhokc5 kuhquo oh oso lalohta ha lo dk`k

muohtk quo ca mohtrkc ork oc dnùga, saca ca voìk mala pktrahos. Osto porìada do

trk`kga do pkpocorìk y vndoas durý kcrododar do uh solostro, cuoja mala roqunsnta

do ck mckso do tkccor, do`nlas kàrdkr cks tolëtnmks quo has nhtorosk`kh mah atras

lodnas y lktornkcos. Os par osta quo oc bnca y ck nhstkckmnýh lo pkromný uhk ùohk

lkhork do sojunr doskrracckhda ck nhvostnjkmnýh mah cks cìhoks y pktrahos.

Vkrkcocklohto sojuì trk`kgkhda mah ck pkpocorìk, pora yk ha mala sacumnýh

mohtrkc. Cas bncas lo mkutnvkrah, parquo ostk lktornkcndkd y ck nhstkckmnýh lo

porlntnrìk trkspkskr cas pktrahos quo trk`kgk`k oh oc pkpoc k uh ospkmna

vaculîtrnma.

Oc bnca lo porlnto bkmor trkzas5 os uhk cìhok rokc quo lo porlnto uhnr tada,

sojunr pktrahos a johorkr dnùgas. Vora pkrk osta homosntk`k uh bnca rosnstohto,

quo lkhtuvnoso ck tohsnýh quo quorìk dkrco. Cuoja do uhk `÷squodk ohmahtrî oc

bnca ohmorkda, quo tnoho uh jrasar kdomukda, os rosnstohto, y quo oxnsto oh uhk

jrkh vkrnodkd do macaros.

Ostas trk`kgas pkrtnorah oh `ckhma y hojra. Vohsî oh sojunr bkmnîhdaca

lahamralëtnma, pora yk quo bk`ìk mkl`nkda ck lktornkcndkd, tkl`nîh padìk

mkl`nkr cks atrks rojcks doc guoja. Os ksì mala nhmarparî oc macar, ospomìinmklohto

macaros iasiarosmohtos. Mah osta malohmî k trk`kgkr atrk do lns nhqunotudos7 cks

ncusnahos ýptnmks. Var lodna do ck mal`nhkmnýh do macaros malpcolohtkrnas, so


25/51

Dnùga oh oc Ospkmna 0?

johork`kh vn`rkmnahos a ck pasn`ncndkd do bkmor quo cas bncas doskpkromnorkh oh ck

sal`rk do cas cujkros, cajrkhda uh mkluickgo.

[uo so cajro osto rosuctkda tkl`nîh dopohdo do ck nculnhkmnýh quo tohjk ck

nhstkckmnýh. Durkhto uh porìada ùsmk`k cujkros dahdo ck nculnhkmnýh iuork

hkturkc. Osta pradumìk quo ck nhstkckmnýh par sn sack mkl`nkso k mkdk bark doc dìk,

yk quo ck cuz quo romn`ìk ork dniorohto. Do ostk lkhorks cas macaros mkl`nk`kh y

so lnlotnzk`kh ohtro occas a mah su ohtarha, par ogolpca, oc macar klkrncca pksk`k

k sor `ckhma, oc vordo so trkhsiarlk`k oh klkrncca y oc raga k vomos ork hojra.

Cuoja trk`kgî mah cumos icuarosmohtos. Cas bncas lkhtohìkh uh macar

mahstkhto, y par osta oxpcatî mah lks îhiksns ck ncusnýh ýptnmk y ck mal`nhkmnýh do

cas macaros. Ostk cuz kulohtk`k ck vn`rkmnýh, yk quo bkmìk cas bncas lks `rncckhtos,

y roskctk`k lës cas tahas icuarosmohtos.

Oh ck nhvostnjkmnýh mah cks cumos icuarosmohtos, kdolës doc `ckhma, utncnmo

cuz hojrk. Mah ostk nculnhkmnýh cas bncas roskctk`kh oh su lëxnlk oxprosnýh, orkh

vordkdorklohto iasiarosmohtos, y ck vn`rkmnýh do cas macaros kulohtk`k. K osta

so sulk`k quo ck cuz hojrk, oh cujkros asmuras, os mkpkz do bkmor doskpkromor

tada ca dolës7 bkmnk vnsn`cos sýca cas dnùgas.

Os par osta quo os tkh nlpartkhto oc cujkr dahdo so rokcnzk ck nhstkckmnýh, yk

quo dopohdnohda do sus mkrkmtorìstnmks, do sus iarlks, do su mahtoxta, os mala

so kàrdk ck nhstkckmnýh. Do osta dopohdo uhk sojundnccks do domnsnahos.

Atra ocolohta nlpartkhto sah cas ocolohtas do sugomnýh, mala cks

tkmbuocks7 occks sah oc puhta do khmckgo do cas bncas, do ck nhstkckmnýh. Var lodna


26/51


do occks puoda mahomtkr oc cujkr mah cks cìhoks do iuorzk. Vkrk kcjuhas cks

tkmbuocks sýca pravamkh uh runda vnsukc, pora pkrk ln os kcja iuhdklohtkc7 sah cas

puhtas dohtra doc dn`uga, sah cks cìhoks puhtokdks do uh trkza do trkyomtarnk. Os oc

khmckgo do ck nhstkckmnýh y kc lnsla tnolpa ca quo mahomtk pkrk johorkr uh tada.

Cks tkmbuocks sah ck ovndohmnk doc trk`kga nh sntu, doc trk`kga lkhukc quo so bkmo

mahstkhto, quo so trkhsiarlk oh uh rntukc do promnsnýh.


27/51

Dnùga oh oc Ospkmna 0:

Mkpìtuca 47 Doskrracca do a`rk

4.;.- Trk`kga khtornar

Oc trk`kga mah cks cìhoks a oc dnùga malohzý par lodna do oxpornlohtkmnahos mah

iatamapnks do rovnstks do àrdkda y do marto y mahiommnýh. Ostks nlëjohos cks

klpcnk`k, romartk`k y dnjntkcnzk`k pkrk lkhnpuckrcks oh malputkdar. Oc a`gotnva

ork k`strkor cks injurks y cas pktrahos. Do ostk lkhork mal`nhk`k ostas romartos

do dniorohtos lkhorks, iarlkhda iata lahtkgos a vndoas. Cuoja pksî k bkmor cks

nhstkckmnahos do bncas. Dopohdnohda do cas roqunsntas do cas tkccoros, ork mala

ockàrk`k trk`kgas ohtarha k ca cnhokc.

Oc prnlor solostro doc 06;; iuo dahdo malohmî k trk`kgkr mah cks pktrahos

do masturk y àrdkda. Mah occas ockàrî uhk sorno do iata lahtkgos y vndoas, oh

cas mukcos trktk`k do k`strkor cks cìhoks y injurks quo so iarlk`kh. Ork uhk

oxpornlohtkmnýh mahstkhto ohtro ca khëcaja y ca dnjntkc, yk quo cks nlëjohos ck

iatamapnk`k y klpcnk`k, pkrk cuoja romartkrcks y osmkhokrcks. Mah osto pradumta

inhkc krlk`k cas iatalahtkgos.


28/51


Nlkjoh 97 –Ospkcdk y dockhtora“ (06;;), iatalahtkgo nlprosa oh pkpoc `ahd, 96x4? ml.

Iuohto7 Ock`arkmnýh prapnk


29/51

Dn`uga oh oc Ospkmna 0>

Nlkjoh :7 –Marrodaros“ (06;;), iatalahtkgo nlprosa oh pkpoc `ahd, =x= lts. Kprax.



30/51

Dnùga oh oc Ospkmna =6

Oc sojuhda solostro doc 06;;, oh ck mckso do tkccor, oc roqunsnta ork mkl`nkr

ck lktornkcndkd y tîmhnmk quo vohìklas trk`kgkhda, pora mahsorvkhda cas

mahmoptas prnhmnpkcos. Cuoja do dotorlnhkr quo lns mahmoptas ork ck cìhok, cas

pktrahos y ca lkhukc, domndì quo cas bncas y ck nhstkckmnýh sorìk ck lkhork do sojunr

oxpornlohtkhda.

Oh osto tkccor tohìklas ohtrojks mksn tadas cas losos, bk`ìk uh trk`kga

mahstkhto do pckhninmkmnýh, dnsoûa y iuhdklohtkmnýh do mkdk huova trk`kga. â

tohìk ln prapna snstolk do trk`kga pkrk ostks nhstkckmnahos, ca prnlora ork ùsmkr

uh cujkr, cuoja skmk`k kcj÷h pktrýh do macaros do cks rovnstks do àrdkda, quo

trkspksk`k k cks somuohmnk do cas bncas.

Ck prnlork nhstkckmnýh, –]nh tntuca ;“, iuo oh uhk osqunhk doc mnoca do uhk

skck. Vkromìk uhk tockrkûk y saca lodìk =6x=6 ml. Oc snjunohto trk`kga –]nh tntuca

0“ iuo oh oc vkmìa do ck osmkcork do ck osmuock do Krtos Ynsukcos. Cas bncas so

ohtrockzk`kh khmckdas oh cks `krkhdks do ostk lnslk, ck trklk ostk`k iarlkdk

par das mkpks do bncas porpohdnmuckros, quo kc lnsla tnolpa iarlk`kh

dnkjahkcos. Oc ospomtkdar padìk romarror osto trk`kga su`nohda cks osmkcorks do

cas tros pnsas. Dosdo oc prnlor pnsa bk`ìk uh puhta mora, oh oc mukc padìks vor quo

cas bncas ostk`kh oh oc lnsla pckha.


31/51

Dn`uga oh oc Ospkmna =;

Nlkjoh 27 –]nh tìtuca;“ (06;;), nhstkckmnýh do bncas ohmorkdas, =6x=6 ml.



32/51


Nlkjoh >7 –]nh tìtuca 0“ (06;;), nhstkckmnýh do bncas ohmorkdas, lodndks vkrnk`cos.



33/51

Dnùga oh oc Ospkmna ==

Oso lnsla solostro rokcnmo –]nh tntuca =“, quo iuo prosohtkda pkrk oc pro-

oxkloh. Mahsnstìk oh uhk nhstkckmnýh do bncas oh oc tomba doc bkcc do ck Jkcorìk do

Krto do ck _hnvorsndkd _HNKMM. Oso cujkr mahtk`k mah uh krma do lodna puhta, oc

mnoca iarlk`k kcja pkromnda k uhk m÷puck. Cas bncas bkmìkh hatarnas cas kmmndohtos

krquntomtýhnmas doc cujkr, ca quo ha sacolas lnrkr. Kdolës johorî atra krma

vnrtukc, oh uhk do cks pkrodos cnsks, pkrk mahtnhukr mah oc lavnlnohta quo tohnk oc

cujkr. Kquì tkl`nîh bk`ìk uh puhta mnoja quo bk`ìk quo ùsmkr ohtro tadks cks

dnkjahkcos quo so iarlk`kh kc kcnhokr tadas ostas hnvocos a nrrojuckrndkdos doc

mnoca.

Durkhto osto solostro utncnmî mala roiorohmnk pkrk cks mal`nhkmnahos do

macaros cas pktrahos do àrdkdas. Osta lo porlntìk tohor vkrnas macaros oh kmmnýh,

kdolës quo cas cujkros dahdo nhstkck`k mahtk`kh mah cuz hkturkc, par ohdo ck

pormopmnýh do cas macaros mkl`nk`k durkhto oc dìk. Oh –]nh tntuca =“ cas bncas

mahstkhtolohto so mkluick`kh a mkl`nk`kh do macar, oc vordo so mahvortìk oh

klkrncca, oc klkrncca so pordìk oh ck pkrod `ckhmk, oc raga pkromìk hojra. Ksì ork oc

guoja do cks cumos y cks sal`rks quo ohtrk`kh par ck puortk do vndrna doc cujkr. ]o

pradumìk uh mkl`na mahstkhto, k mkdk bark doc dìk ck nhstkckmnýh mkl`nk`k.


34/51


Nlkjoh ;6

Nlkjoh ;6 y ;;7 –]nh tìtuca =“ (06;0), nhstkckmnýh do bncas ohmorkdas, lodndks vkrnk`cos.



35/51

Dn`uga oh oc Ospkmna =?

Oh oc prnlor solostro doc 06;0, bk`ìk quo sojunr rokcnzkhda a`rks

snjunohda ck cìhok do trk`kga a bkmor kcja huova. Ck ÷hnmk rostrnmmnýh ork quo

ostë`klas cnlntkdas k mnorta h÷lora do skcks do lahtkgos oh cks dopohdohmnks

do ]kcvkdar ;=66 do ck _hnvorsndkd. Kbì lo kprapnî do uhk skck par tada oc

solostro. Oc doskiìa ork ronhvohtkr lns nhstkckmnahos oh mkdk prosohtkmnýh, yk

quo oc cujkr y ck tîmhnmk ork snolpro ck lnslk, tohnk quo bkmor oh mkdk uha uhk

dniorohmnk. Durkhto osto pramosa lo doscnjuî do cas pktrahos do masturk. ^a

domndìk cas macaros y cas pktrahos do h÷loras pkrk macamkrcas, os domnr mah cks

lodndks do ck skck bkmnk ogormnmnas lktolëtnmas `ësnmas pkrk dotorlnhkr cks

somuohmnks, par ca johorkc ork oc =. Olpomî k sor lks mahsmnohto do ck ncusnýh

ýptnmk quo pradumìkh cas macaros do cas bncas, ksì quo ca oxpcatî uskhda oh mkdk

trk`kga macaros malpcolohtkrnas. Durkhto osto porìada iuo muostnahkda oc usa do

cks tkmbuocks, yk quo pkromìkh ha sor oc lodna do khmckgo lks cnlpna. Vora ork oc

lodna lës oiomtnva, kdolës do johorkr atra tnpa do cìhok oh ck nhstkckmnýh, ck cìhok

puhtokdk, ksì quo cks sojuì utncnzkhda. Tkl`nîh oh kcjuhas mksas nhmarparî ck

lkquotk mala iarlk do pckhninmkr y prayomtkr cks huovks prapuostks.

Oh –]nh tntuca :“ usî bncas `ckhmas. ]o johork`k oc `ckhma sa`ro `ckhma,

dahdo cas bncas so iuhdìkh oh cks pkrodos do ck skck. Oc dnsoûa orkh cks cìhoks quo

so prayomtk`kh dosdo cas vîrtnmos, johorkhda uhk x (oquns) quo ha to dogk`k

romarror ck tatkcndkd do ck skck, saca ! do occk. Ostk `krrork quo so pradumìk ostk`k

malpuostk do tros irkhgks do bncas quo so ohtromruzk`kh oh dniorohtos hnvocos.


36/51


Nlkjoh ;0

Nlkjoh ;0 y ;=7 –]nh tìtuca :“ (06;0), nhstkckmnýh do bncas ohmorkdas, lodndks vkrnk`cos.



37/51

Dn`uga oh oc Ospkmna =:

Oh oc trk`kga do oxkloh do oso solostro, –]nh tntuca 2“, rokcnmî uh `caquoa

tatkc do ck skck, oc ospomtkdar saca padìk a`sorvkr dosdo oc ul`rkc. Oh osto mksa

utncnmî oc macar klkrncca y larkda. Ck nhstkckmnýh ostk`k malpuostk par das pckhas

do bncas, dahdo oc prnlora n`k tohskda dosdo ck pkrto supornar doc ul`rkc do

ohtrkdk bkstk oc jukrdkpacva do ck pkrod mahtrkrnk. Oh osto pckha mkdk trkza

ostk`k iarlkda par 0 bncas -uhk klkrncca y atra larkda-, khudkdas oh su tatkcndkd

mkdk : ml. Oc atra pckha, pkrtìk do ck zahk supornar do ck pkrod mahtrkrnk kc ul`rkc,

bkstk ck cìhok doc pnsa quo lkrmk oc ul`rkc. Ostk voz cas bncas ostk`kh icëmndas,

iarlkhda uhk mal`k quo razk`k oc suoca. Ostk mal`nhkmnýh do ikmtaros

pradumìkh uhk vn`rkmnýh mahstkhto oh ck nhstkckmnýh, johorkhda uh kl`nohto

klpcna y ktrkmtnva, pora kc lnsla tnolpa `caquokhda tatkclohto oc kmmosa, pora do

uhk iarlk sutnc.


38/51


Nlkjoh ;4

Nlkjoh ;4 y ;?7 –]nh tìtuca 2“ (06;0), nhstkckmnýh do bncas ohmorkdas, lodndks vkrnk`cos.



39/51

Dnùga oh oc Ospkmna =>

Vkrkcocklohto, oso solostro trk`kgî oh atras das prayomtas7 –Irkjlohtas“

y –Joalotrìk nhtorkmtnvk“. Oh iatajrkiìk oc prayomta doc solostro ork ockàrkr uh

iata-cn`ra. [uorìk sojunr kàrdkhda ca cnhokc, pora ha ostk`k luy sojurk do mýla

bkmorca dosdo ck iatajrkiìk. Vora cuoja do rovnskr lumbas iata-cn`ras, lo dn muohtk

quo oh uh pkr do occas kpkromìkh pastos do ck cuz y sus mk`cos. K poskr do quo ha

ostk`kh homoskrnklohto oh prnlor pckha, ork osa ca quo lo ccklk`k ck ktohmnýh

do cks nlëjohos. Malohmî k mklnhkr a`sorvkhda cas mk`cos do ck mkcco, kcja quo

bkmìk harlkclohto, ospomnkclohto mukhda khdk`k oh kuta, pora kbark tohìk lks

sohtnda su lavnlnohta y iarlks.

Ksì hkmo –Irkjlohtas“, uh iata-cn`ra quo ockàro par lodna do iatalahtkgos

do cas mk`cos do ocomtrnmndkd y maluhnmkmnahos quo ostëh oh ck mkcco. Cks talks

orkh ohmukdros morrkdas, uhk k`strkmmnýh do cas trkzas do ck rotìmuck. Nlëjohos

oh `ckhma y hojra, oh kcta mahtrksto, cajrkhda uhk snlncntud mah ck jrëinmk. Oc

iatalahtkgo mahtk`k mah vkrnks mkpks do cìhoks, iarlkhda cas trklkdas. Cas

ccohas y cas vkmìas quo so iarlk`kh k ca ckrja doc iata-cn`ra dk`kh oc rntla doc

lnsla.

Cas mk`cos (ocomtrnmndkd y maluhnmkmnahos) mahiarlkh uh trklkda, uh

dnùga oh oc ospkmna oh quo vnvnlas. Ostks cìhoks irkjlohtkh o nhtorrulpoh ck

mahtnhundkd do ck lnrkdk, pradumnohda uh runda oh oc pknskgo y uh da`co barnzahto.

Kc lnsla tnolpa ostas trkzas so vuocvoh uhk lkdogk, uhk tockrkûk quo so trklk

par ck mnudkd, quo has uho y maluhnmk par cks kcturks doc tohdnda ocîmtrnma. Osto

iata-cn`ra has lastrk`k ck lkrkûk osmahdndk doc pknskgo ur`kha do ]khtnkja do


40/51


Mbnco. Ostas trkzas quo volas k dnkrna has ccovkh k roicoxnahkr kmormk do oc hnvoc

do maluhnmkmnýh quo ostklas tohnohda y quo homosntklas.

Nlkjoh ;97 –Irkjlohtas“ (06;0), Iata-Cn`ra, 06x06 ml.


Mah –Joalotrìk nhtorkmtnvk“ iusnahî cas prayomtas quo rokcnzë`klas oh krto

sahara mah ca quo voìklas oh hot krt , quo ork lks quo hkdk prajrklkmnýh. Osto

trk`kga mahsnstìk `ësnmklohto oh uh prajrklk quo osmkhok`k kc ospomtkdar y

soj÷h sus lavnlnohtas johork`k sahndas y cìhoks do dnstnhtas macaros oh dnstnhtks

dnrommnahos.

Cas lavnlnohtas so rojnstrkh par lodna doc sohsar enhot , muyas dktas sah

pramoskdas par uh prajrklk quo dnsoûî oh puro dktk, dahdo mkdk dkta tohìk

ksnjhkda uh macar, sahnda y u`nmkmnýh. Var lodna do uh pckha mkrtosnkha so

mahstruìk uh dn`uga quo so prayomtk`k oh ck pkrod. ]o johork`k uh dn`uga

joalîtrnma y cnhokc do uhk lkhork vnrtukc y kmmnahkda par oc ospomtkdar, qunoh so

vacvìk pkrto do ck lëqunhk.


41/51

Dnùga oh oc Ospkmna 4;

Lodnkhto cas dktas johorkdas par oc sohsar do lavnlnohta, so ostk`comìkh

rkhjas hulîrnmas. Mukhda cas dktas ostk`kh oh mnortas rkhjas, so mkl`nk`k ck

ratkmnýh do cks cìhoks. Mah uh rkhja do lavnlnohta so mrok`kh lës cìhoks. Oh oc

lalohta oh quo ck mëlkrk ha dotomtk`k lavnlnohta, so johork`k uh rosotoa,

vacvnohda k mora, dogkhda oc cnohza vnrtukc oh `ckhma y oh sncohmna.

Oh oc sojuhda solostro doc 06;0, oh hot krt, tohìklas quo bkmor a`rk

pohskdk pkrk ck rod. @ksëhdalo oh cks iatajrkiìks do –Irkjlohtas“ mahstruì

huovks nlëjohos, mal`nhkhda cìhok y iahda oh macaros malpcolohtkrnas (kzuc-

hkrkhga y raga-vordo). Kc pahor ostas macaros skturkdas guhtas, cas

malpcolohtkrnas johork`kh uhk vn`rkmnýh, uhk ncusnýh ýptnmk, mrokhda –Lkdogk do

macar“.

Oc sntna ostk`k dnsoûkda oh das maculhks pkrkcocks, quo tohìkh cks lnslks

nlëjohos, pora uhk maculhk tohìk ck mal`nhkmnýh do macar raga-vordo y ck atrk

hkrkhga-kzuc. Mahtk`k mah dnvorsks lkhorks do hkvojkr oc trk`kga, yk quo cas

dniorohtos àtahos, ccovk`kh kc ohtromruzklnohta do cks maculhks.

Bk`ìkh àtahos quo porlntìkh kvkhzkr par oc lnsla macar pora oh dnrommnýh

k ck nlkjoh snjunohto, dahdo kulohtk`kh oc hulora do cìhoks, a rotramodìkh. Atra

àtýh bkmìk ca lnsla, pora pkskhda k ck maculhk doc atra macar, lnohtrks atras

bkmìkh kpkromor uhk vohtkhk olorjohto dahdo so pradumìk uhk somuohmnk do

nlëjohos oh lavnlnohta doc kmormklnohta do cks cìhoks.

Cks cìhoks n`kh oh kulohta k lodndk quo so kvkhzk`k oh oc sntna, do

lkhork quo ck lkdogk so ohracck`k y so dosohracck`k.


42/51


Osto os uh pramosa quo rokcnzklas k dnkrna oh Nhtorhot. Ostklas snolpro

hkvojkhda a nhvostnjkhda dniorohtos masks, mrokhda huovks rockmnahos tkhta k

hnvoc rokc mala vnrtukc. Ostk`comolas trklks y rodos samnkcos, do kpaya, do

ohtrotohnlnohta, ohtro atrks. Mahstkhtolohto ostklas ohtrkhda y skcnohda do

occks, has lkhtoholas snolpro oh cìhok, cìhoks a bncas mahdumtaros quo soûkckh

do lkhork luy sohmncck ck malpcogndkd do huostrk samnodkd, par lodna doc

pramosa do skturkmnýh do cks cìhoks.

Nlkjoh ;:7 –Lkdogk do macar“ (06;0), hot krt.


Vkrkcocklohto doskrraccî uh prayomta durkhto tada oc solostro. Os kbì

dahdo bnmo –]u`torrëhoa“, nhstkckmnýh quo so u`nmk`k oh oc su`torrëhoa do ck

osmuock do Krto, mahstrundk mah bncas khmckdas oh cks pkrodos, pnckros y suoca,

mahomtkhda y rodoinhnohda oc ohtarha.


43/51

Dnùga oh oc Ospkmna 4=

Oc cujkr mahtk`k mah mnhma skcks, do cks mukcos amupî cks prnlorks tros y cas

pksnccas. Do ostk lkhork so iarlk`k uh romarrnda. Oc su`torrëhoa tohìk uhas

iarkdas quo ca ktrkvosk`kh par malpcota, mala ck buocck quo dogý uhk `kck do

mkûýh a uh prayomtnc. Oc vkmìa johorkda, uh tuà nlkjnhkrna quo mahomtk`k tada oc

cujkr, ork ca quo roiarzk`kh cas bncas, ropradumnohda ck ostock quo dogý kquoc

krlklohta.

]o pradumìk uh vkmìa dohtra do atra vkmìa, y os par lodna do osta quo so

soûkck`k oc cujkr y su mahomtnvndkd. Ck nhtorvohmnýh do cas bncas n`k do lohas k

lës, k trkvîs do cks tros skcks, prayomtkhda osto tuà nlkjnhkrna quo cks uhìk.

]o uskrah bncas vordos y ragas khkrkhgkdas, ca quo johork`k uh mahtrksto y

vn`rkmnýh. Oc trklkda iuo kmohtukda mah cuz uctrk vnacotk a cuz hojrk, ck mukc

roskctk`k cas bncas oh ck asmurndkd doc cujkr.

Cas bncas, snohda oh prnhmnpna uh lktornkc irëjnc, docjkda y icoxn`co, iuorah

dnspuostas do tkc iarlk quo kc nhtorkmtukr mah oc ospkmna krquntomtýhnma, so

trkhsiarlk`kh oh uhk ostrumturk rìjndk quo dnkcajk`k mah cas mnlnohtas do ck

mksk.

Oc su`torrëhoa os uh su`luhda, ca sohtnlas irna, b÷loda, asmura, ohtro

atrks masks, yk quo toholas uh nlkjnhkrna quo has dnmo quo os ksì. @kga tnorrk

ostk ca quo sopuctklas, ca ksamnklas k ck luorto. Cas lodnas y oc mnho bkh

johorkda uh ostoroatnpa, oh oc mukc so osmahdoh cas lnodas y ca dosmahamnda. Os

uh cujkr do nhmortndul`ro. Os kquì dahdo ostëh cas l÷ctnpcos pkskdnzas somrotas,

dahdo so osmahdoh k cks lugoros rkptkdks, dahdo so vnacohtk k cks porsahks,


44/51


dahdo so ksosnhk y so amuctkh cas muorpas. Oh ck inmmnýh os oc cujkr dahdo bk`ntkh

cas lahstruas, duohdos y ikhtkslks quo has ktarlohtkh. Vkrk osa lkhtoholas

morrkdk ck puortk, pkrk quo ostas soros ha su`kh k ck suporinmno.

Oc su`torrëhoa os uh cujkr rosndukc oh oc mukc so vkh dogkhda cas oxmosas

do uhk mksk, ca quo ha so qunoro, ca quo ha so amupk, so k`khdahkh cks masks oh

oso cujkr. Mala os uh ospkmna acvndkda, cks krkûks ca vuocvoh su bajkr. Vama k

pama johorkh trklks quo ohvuocvoh cas rnhmahos, cks a`gotas, cas ul`rkcos. Ck

tock do krkûk malnohzk k mahomtkr y dalnhkr oc ospkmna. Ostks trklks johorkh, kc

njukc quo cas bncas, cnlntkh, mckusurkh y `caquokh oc ospkmna.

Oc usa doc vordo y oc raga iasiarosmohto, mala mahdnmnýh prapnk doc ic÷ar,

vn`rkh par quo sah malpcolohtkrnas. Osto oiomta has soûkck`k oc iarkda oh oc

su`torrëhoa, mrokhda uh osmohkrna pkrk sojunr irnmmnahkhda ohtarha k osto

nhirkluhda. Ostk ncusnýh so vuocvo pkrto doc nlkjnhkrna doc cujkr, so vuocvo uh

osmohkrna prapnmna pkrk ombkr k –marror– ck inmmnýh.


45/51

Dn`uga oh oc Ospkmna 4?

Nlkjoh ;2

Nlkjoh ;>


46/51


Nlkjoh 06

Nlkjoh ;2, ;>, 06, 0;7 –]u`torrëhoa“ (06;0), nhstkckmnýh do bncas ohmorkdas y cuz hojrk,

lodndks vkrnk`cos.



47/51

Dnùga oh oc Ospkmna 4:

Mahmcusnýh

Durkhto ck nhvostnjkmnýh a pramosa do tosns, so vacvný rontorktnva ck mahoxnýh ohtro

oc vor y dnùgkr. Durkhto ln prkmtnmk mah Irntz Vkhzor, krtnstk kustrìkma, oc

mahstkhtolohto lo soûkck`k ck nlpartkhmnk doc dnùga oh mukcqunor dnsmnpcnhk do

cks krtos. Vora ospomnkclohto oh cas trk`kgas quo ya rokcnzk`k, ck malprohsnýh doc

dnùga ha lo padìk ikctkr. Os par osta quo durkhto oso porìada saca lo dodnquî k

dnùgkr, ospomnkclohto snccks. Vkhzor kc a`sorvkrlo dnùgkr, lo nhstk`k k

ostk`comor cks praparmnahos par lodndks. Oc lo bkmnk pkrkr pkrk quo lo dodnmkrk

k lnrkr mah ktohmnýh cas a`gotas, bkmnohda trkzas bkstk quo oc aga lo dngork quo

ostk`kh marromtas. Domìk quo oc aga ork ck logar borrklnohtk pkrk ostk`comor

praparmnahos, y ha so oqunvamk`k.

Oh atrk amksnýh coyohda uh cn`ra do Mkrcas Mruz-Dnoz, ohmahtrî uhk irkso

quo roiuorzk ca khtornar, –Bk`ìk kprohdnda k vor, os domnr k dnùgkr.“ (Mruz-Dnoz,

06;6, p. ;4:) Os uh pramosa luy sohmncca, pora quo ccovk tnolpa y prëmtnmk

dalnhkrca. Oh ln mksa ha dalnhk`k oc dnùga oh pkpoc, pora sì par lodna do cas

trkzas do cas bncas.

Ostk nhvostnjkmnýh iuo uhk otkpk lës pkrk malprohdor y doskrracckr cas

trk`kgas quo rokcnza. K trkvîs do ck ovacumnýh a cas pramosas do a`rks surjìkh

huovks nhqunotudos y pra`colëtnmks, quo kc sacumnahkrcks klpcnk`kh oc mklpa do

trk`kga. Kc a`sorvkr oc doskrracca do ostk nhvostnjkmnýh lktornkc (yk quo ck iarlk oh

quo trk`kga os pkrtnr do ck lktornk, do ca lkhukc, do johorkr uhk oxpornohmnk,

mahamnlnohta y lkhoga doc lktornkc), voa ck prajrosnýh quo so bk dkda, quo oh


48/51


doinhntnvk kpuhtk`k kc dnùga, oso os oc bnca mahdumtar do ca quo bkja, k poskr do

quo ha ork tatkclohto mahsnohto do kquocca.

Kc tohor osta mckra, huovklohto so klpcìkh cks pasn`ncndkdos do trk`kga,

ùsmkhda ck cìhok oh cas ospkmnas a johorkhda quno`ros. @usmkr ck iarlk do

pckslkr mah cas bncas cìhoks murvks y ëhjucas, huovks osmkcks. Os uh huova puhta

do pkrtndk, dahdo oc dnùga nhtorvnoho oc ospkmna, kdkptëhdaso k cas ocolohtas quo

ca malpahoh. Tada so trkhsiarlk oh pckha, dahdo mahomtkr puhta par lodna do

cas bncas. ]o vuocvo uhk trklk do masturk.


49/51

Dnùga oh oc Ospkmna 4>

@n`cnajrkiìk

• Pubròrj, ]mbhomeohùrjor, Irnmeo, Bahhoi, Krto doc snjca RR , Tksmboh,

06;0.

• Lkrmbëh Inz, ]nlýh, Doc krto a`gotukc kc krto do mahmopta, Kekc, ;>>6, ?a

odnmnýh,

• Ekhdnhsey, Yksncn, Vuhta y cìhok sa`ro oc pckha, Vkndas, 06;6, ;a odnmnýh. 0a

ronlprosnýh, @uohas Knros, Krjohtnhk.

• Mruz-Dnoz, Mkrcas, Gnlîhoz, Krnoc, Mkrcas Mruz-Dnoz oh mahvorskmnýh mah

Krnoc Gnlîhoz, Iuhdkmnah Mnshoras.

• Erkuss, Paskcnhd O., Ck arnjnhkcndkd do ck Ykhjukrdnk y atras lntas

ladorhas, Kcnkhzk Odntarnkc, ;>>9, Lkdrnd, Ospkûk.

• Ikrtbnhj, ]topboh, Krto tadk ck bnstarnk, Odntarnkc Mahtrkpuhta, 06;6,


50/51

Dn`uga oh oc Ospkmna ?6

Atrks iuohtos

• kv.mockrj.arj.vo bttp7//tborodcnst.mal/wnen-0-=?;-=20-;;96-;;00-vnow-usk-

prainco-ickvnh-dkh.btlc

• `cajs.krtnhia.mal. bttp7//`cajs.krtnhia.mal/ladorhkrthatos/06;=/62/k-dky-

iar-dotrant-v/

• Jujjohbonl. bttp7//www.jujjohbonl.arj/how-yare/k`aut/nlkjo-

cnmohsnhj/krtnst/lavolohts/;>?06:/dosmrnptnah

• Jujjohbonl. bttp7//www.jujjohbonl.arj/how-yare/maccomtnahs/maccomtnah-

ahcnho/lavolohts/;>?0=?/dosmrnptnah


ahcnho/lavolohts/;>?0=6/dosmrnptnah


ahcnho/krtnsts/`nas/2:4

• Lalk. bttp7//www.lalk.arj/maccomtnah/krtnst.pbp1krtnstQnd92

• ]kktmbnjkccory. bttp7//www.skktmbnjkccory.mal/knpo/sacQcowntt.btl

• ]kktmbnjkccory. bttp7//www.skktmbnjkccory.mal/knpo/sacQcowntt.btl

• ]nmkrdn. bttp7//www.snmkrdn.mal/krtnsts/goss-rkikoc-sata/krtnsts-krtnst-wares/#:

• ]aaeo, K. bttp7//www.tocojrkpb.ma.ue/mucturo/krt/krt-rovnows/?>420=2/Ovk-

Bosso-bor-dkre-lktornkcs.btlc


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Dn`uga oh oc Ospkmna ?;

Vratamaca do Kutarnzkmnýh

Oc a cas kculhas k`kga inrlkhtos, ikmuctkh k _hnvorsndkd_HNKMM, pkrk utncnzkr Vrayomta do tìtuca, mah inhos do dniusnýhy/a kprohdnzkgo.

Hal`ros do cas Nhtojrkhtos Inrlks

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0.-

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4.-

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9.-

NLVAPTKHTO7 Nhmcunr pratamaca inrlkda y olpkstkda oh ck÷ctnlk bagk do ck tosns.

]khtnkja, QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.

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"Dibujo en el espacio" Tesis de Mariana Fuentes