Diana Ma_zen_center Environmental_workshop Fina for Post 10-23-09 Ppt

7/29/2019 Diana Ma_zen_center Environmental_workshop Fina for Post 10-23-09 Ppt

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Chung Tai Zen Center of Sunnyvale 1

Renewable Energy

- Power for a Sustainable Future

Diana Ma, Ph.D.

Vice President, SunPower Corp.

October 24, 2009


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Contents

1. The Vital Natural Processes:

2. The Imbalance of Nature Processes due to Mankind

3. Climate Changes: The Fundamental Challenges Confronting Humanity

4. Renewable Energies: Green Powers for a Sustainable Future

Solar Thermal

Solar Photovoltaic

Bioenergy

Wind

5. Reduce Consumption of Energy Services

6. Executive Takeaways


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Chung Tai Zen Center of Sunnyvale 3CO2 in 3 reservoirs was well balanced in pre-industrial days

Ocean: CO2 dissolve: CO2+H2O H2CO3

Land

burns

Organics CO2CO2 +H2O Sugars + O2

CO2

CO2

CO2

Atmosphere Greenhouse Gases: CO2, CH4, NOx, etc.

What is CO2 and Why Does It Matter? CO2 plays an important role during Photosynthesis process, is vital for life

CO2 is a product of respiration by plants, human ,animals, and microorganisms

CO2 is a by-product from combustion of organic matters (e,g. fossil )

CO2 is stored in 3 major reservoirs: atmosphere, lands, and ocean

72%~77%% of total greenhouse gases is CO2


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What is Greenhouse Effect?

Greenhouse effect balances sunlight in and out and makes the earth

surface suitable for life

CO2, CH4, NOx, CFC, etc

Sunlight (UV,

Visible) passes

through the

atmosphere and

warms the Earth

Infrared (IR)

radiation isgiven off by the

Earth to outer

space and cools

the Earth


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When More CO2 Emitted to Atmosphere

CO2 in atmosphere has increased from 280 ppm < 1900s to 387 ppm in

2007, and 50 ppm was increased in the recent 35 years

Ocean: CO2 dissolve: CO2+H2O H2CO3

Land

burnsOrganics CO2CO2 +H2O Sugars + O2

CO2

CO2

CO2

Atmosphere Greenhouse Gases: CO2, CH4,NOx, CFC, etc


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Less IR Radiation Transmitted Out

Increased level of Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere traps IR and

reduces the cooling effect on earth, causing climate changes

CO2

, CH4

, NO2

, CFC-12, etc

Sunlight (UV,

Visible) passesthrough the

atmosphere and

warms the Earth

Some IR is

trapped by

increased

Greenhouse

gases

Infrared (IR)

radiation is given off

by the Earth to outer

space and cools the

Earth


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The Natural Processes are Out of Balance

- Upset Balance of The Natural Processes by Industrial Activitiesand Modern Life Style

Greenhouse

Gas

Preindustrial

level

Current Level Increased

since 1750

Radiative

Forcing

(W/m2)

Carbon Dioxide

(CO2)*

280 ppm 387 ppm* 104 ppm** 1.46

Methane (CH4) 700 ppb 1,745 ppb 1,045 ppb 0.48

Nitrous Oxide 270 ppb 314 ppb 44 ppb 0.15

Halocarbons

CFC-12

0 533 ppt 533 ppt 0.17

* CO2

current level is at its highest for at least 800,000 years.** 50 ppm was increased from 1973 to 2006

Source: Green Gases by Wikimedia

The usage of fossil fuel and excess deforestation all contribute to

the acceleration of CO2 emission

The Greenhouse gas levels will be 2X of the pre-industrial level by

2050 if no action taken, warming up the earth by ~1.8C-6.4C



What Are the Impacts of Climate Changes?

2C rise in global temperature will have serious

negative effects on our environmental, food, watersupplies, and health:

Many ecosystems irreversibly decline.

20-30% of species face extinction.

Sea levels rise due to thermal expansion and ice

melt.

More frequent and extreme whether events such as

heat-waves, floods, storms, wildfires, and droughts

occur around the world.

Regional food shortages, mass migration and

poverty increase, threatening the survival of themost vulnerable population. (source: IPCC 2007)

Patterns of disease change with wide areas of the

world becoming at risk.

2007

1981



What Are the Actions Taken?

1. Internationally, countries have been negotiating a global agreement through UnitedNations, such as the Kyoto Protocol of 1990s.

2. New international negotiations are to be concluded by 12/09 at the Climate Change

Conference in Copenhagen

3. Numbers of countries are setting a national CO2 reduction targets over 2008~2012, 8%

for EU, 7% for the US, 6% for Japan, 8% for Australia, and 10% for Iceland.

4. However, significantly more intensified efforts must be taken in order to stabilize the

atmospheric CO2 level at < 50% above its current level (e.g. < 450ppm), CO2 emission

must be reduced by >80% by 2100



World Electricity Generation by Fuel Type (2007)

Natural gas

19%

Coal

40%

Oil6%

Nuclear

16%

Other

renewables

18%

Solar


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What Are the Main Techniques?

1. Reduce the consumption of energy services

2. Increase the efficiency of energy conversion or utilization

3. Switch to lower carbon content fuel, e.g. natural gas instead of

coal

4. Enhance the sinks for CO2, e.g. forests, soils, and ocean which

draw-down CO2 from the atmosphere

5. Use energy sources with very low CO2 emission, such as

renewable energy or nuclear energy

6. Capture and store CO2 from heavy CO2 emission sources, e.g.

fossil fuel combustion

Source: IEA Report Putting Carbon Back into the Ground , 2001


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CO2 Capture & Storage into Ground & Ocean

Source: Putting Carbon Back into the Ground, IEA, 2001

CO2 Capture & Storage is under investigation and may provide short term cost

relatively effective (2X of current cost) CO2 emission reduction without much

impact on the existing energy infrastructure.

However, the long term environmental impacts are of great concerns and need

to be further investigated.

Source: Ocean Storage of CO2, IEA, 1999


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The Primary Source of Renewable Energy

- Incoming Solar Radiation

Renewable is defined

as energy obtained

from the continuous

currents of energy

recurring in the natural

environment.

The primary source is

the incoming solar

radiation

Among the 5.4Mexajouls (Ej) per year

incoming radiation,

3.8M Ej available,

>10,000 time than

neededSource: Renewable Energy G. Boyle, 2004


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0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100

SolarWind

Biomass

Geothermal

Hydroelectric

Nuclear

Fossi l Fuel

Renewable Energy for CO2 Emission Reduction

Solar, Wind and Biomass Energies will play significant roles in stabilizing CO2

in atmosphere (80% CO2 emission reductions by 2100)

80% by 2100

50% by 2050

Source: Don Aitken adapted from Bull and Billman, NREL 2004

20% by 2020

Examples of Global

Primary Energy

Solar

Wind

Biomass


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Solar Thermal Energy- Convert Sun Thermal Energy to Heat and Electricity

Applications Water and Space Heating

Electricity

Technology Heating: utilize energy-saving building

design or use heat collector

Electricity: Utilize high temperature oils

or salts as heating medium and mirrors

to concentrate lights

Cost & Complexity Heating: cost effective and fast return

Electricity: high upfront capital cost but

relatively low running cost

Environmental Impact 50X less CO2 emission than fossil

energy

Large land demand for power plant

Drawbacks Local climate dependent

Require high upfront investment for

power plant

Combined with energy-saving building design, low temperature solar heating

contributes as significant benefits as a solar thermal or PV power plant

Source: G. Boyle, Renewable Energy 2004

Kramer Juction, CA

Source: G. Boyle, Renewable Energy 2004


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Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Energy

- Convert Sunlight to Electricity

If PV modules of 20% average efficiency were

installed on 0.05% of the earth surface, ~

0.65% earths total desert area, it would meet

current world energy demand

Zen Picture

Chung Tai Zen

Center Rooftop

Solar Power Plant In

Nellis Air Force Base

Source: SunPower Marketing


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Solar PV Energy

Applications

Power for residential and commercial rooftop , as well as power plants (gridconnected), and rural electrification for developing countries (non-grid connected).

Technologies

Si and polysilicon solar cell

Thin-film on glass or flexible substrate

Cost & Complexity

High in upfront capital

Lowest running cost

Easy to install

Environmental Impact

20X lower CO2 emission than conventional coal electricity

Can leverage low value land

Flexible in sizes, suitable for homes, big cities or small rural villages

Drawbacks

~5-10X higher cost than conventional


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Electrification for Rural Areas

- Solar PV in an Isolated Village of Amazon, Brazil

Source: SunPower Marketing

Solar PV has the potential to meet the need of the worlds poorest with

affordable clean energy

By 2012, 500,000village scale PV

systems will be installed- EU Plan for Take off

By 2020, Solar PV

power will be provided

to 1B off-grid people- European PV Industry

Association and

Greenpeace

Electricity also allows

isolated villages to

access solar-poweredmedical clinic, water

pump & satellite internet

access


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How to Close the Cost Gap

Fossil Electricity

Economic Viability

Federal Tax Subsidies

$0.15/kwh

$0.10/kwh

Reduce solar PV system cost

Reduce development cost and timeline

Lower PV financing cost

Increase production cost due to

resources depletion

Add carbon mitigation cost


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Solar Panel Cost Reduction Factors

>20% efficiency module

- Conversion Efficiency

- Manufacturing Scale

- Silicon Utilization- Manufacturing Yield

Source: SunPower Q209 Earning Call, July, 2009


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Bioenergy- Convert Biomass into Heat, Power and Fuel

The bioenergy cycle on the local scale

Source: G. Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2004

Biomass of all the living earths

matter is an enormous energy

store

Through photosynthesisprocesses the biomass energy

store is continuously replenished

Naturally, biomass experiences

numerous energy exchanges via

chemical, physical and biological

processes

Bioenergy have been used since

mankind began


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BioenergyApplications

Mainly for heating, fuels (e.g. ethanol) and electricity (most suitable for small scalelocate generation or operating as combined heat and power (CHP) plants)

Biomass Sources

Energy crops : the purpose-grown energy crops (e.g. corn, sugar cane)

Wastes (energy from wastes): unwanted products from human activities

Technologies

Combustion

Anaerobic digestion

Gasification

Cost & Complexity

Upfront equipment capital for electricity is high.

Fuel cost can be significant

Environmental Impact

CO2 emission: 93gCO2/kWh (combustion), 25 gCO2/kWh (gasification).

Increased other greenhouse gases and air pollutants: NOx , CH4, and SO2.

Energy consumption for some processes can be high

Land-greedy and energy crops compete with agricultural land


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Biomass Energy

Extraction of landfill gas (CH4) Straw-fired power station

G. Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2004


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Wind Energy

- Convert Wind Energy to Electricity

Applications Power plant

Technology Maturity One of the earliest alternative energies

Horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines

Cost & Complexity The most cost effective and competitive with fossil

energy

Environmental Impact Lowest CO

2emission with minimal pollution

Minimal water and energy consumption.

Noise

Electromagnetic interference

Birds fatal collisions

Visual



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Integrated Wind and Solar Energies to Building


A future building concept that maximizes two main natural energy resources.


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Increasing Electricity Demand

Average Annual Percentage Change in Net Electricity Consumption (2003 2030)

Source: US Department of Energy - EIA

Countries Canada / USA Europe 3rd World

(China/India)

Annual per capita

electricity use (kWh)

12,000 14,000 2000 8000

Spain Australia

< 2000

Source: SVTI, 2008

Choice of our lifestyle has great impact of energy demand


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Reduce Consumption of Energy Services

>40% of current CO2 emissions are caused by the choices we make

~ 25 consumer electronic products in every US household now vs 3 in 1980

Consumer electronics consume 15% power demand and will increase by 3X in the

next 2 decades

More and bigger cars and houses

Eating more meats

Waste more water More wastes generated: electronic wastes, plastic bags, papers

.

Choosing a green and low emission lifestyle is the most cost effective and

fastest action we can take to reduce CO2 emission

Become a vegetarian (at least one day a week)

We must jumpstart a fundamental transformation of global economics, politics,

social responsibility and low emission lifestyle towards a global climate-

resilient, green-low emission and more sustainable future


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Executive Takeaways Mankinds industrial activities and modern lifestyle have upset the

natural balance.

Global climate change is threatening the earths well-being andendangering our sustainable future.

Intensified efforts must be taken across the globe in all aspects,

technically, economically, politically, and socially in order to reduce

greenhouse gas emissions

Renewable energy and other energy efficiency improvements arecrucial to reduce CO2 emissions

Reducing energy consumption is the most cost effective and fastest

solution that everyone can contribute

Be part of the solution!


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Backup


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Ch T i Z C t f S l 30

Other Renewable Energies

RenewableEnergies

TechnologyMaturity

Cost CO2Emission

Environmentalimpacts

Hydro Matured and

being used for

years

Comparable Low Large dams

environmental and

social impacts can

be significant

Geothermal Maturing and

being used

Comparable Relatively

Low

Relatively low

Marine

( Waves, Tidal)

Emerging High Similar to

PV

Relatively low

(under study)

Documents

Diana Ma_zen_center Environmental_workshop Fina for Post 10-23-09 Ppt