DIALOGICSDIALOGICS97530019753001 沈仁琪沈仁琪

ContentsContents

A Brief Introduction to Mikhail MikhailoviA Brief Introduction to Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtinch Bakhtin

Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin 的文學理論 的文學理論 補充補充 1:heteroglossia1:heteroglossia 補充補充 2:2: 以社會學的觀點看以社會學的觀點看 carnivalisticcarnivalistic後記後記資料來源資料來源

Mikhail Mikhailovich BakhtinMikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin(1895-1975) (1895-1975)

Russian:Михаил Михайлович Бахтин Russian:Михаил Михайлович Бахтин

a Russian philosophera Russian philosopher, , literary criticliterary critic, , semioticiansemiotician and scholar who wrote in and scholar who wrote influential works of literary and rhetorical theory and criticism.fluential works of literary and rhetorical theory and criticism.

Works:Works: Problems of Dostoyevsky’s ArtProblems of Dostoyevsky’s Art: polyphony and unfinalizability : polyphony and unfinalizability Rabelais and His WorldRabelais and His World: carnival and grotesque : carnival and grotesque The Dialogic ImaginationThe Dialogic Imagination: Chronotope, Heteroglossia : Chronotope, Heteroglossia Toward a Philosophy of the ActToward a Philosophy of the Act

Ideas:Ideas: dialogismdialogism 對話論對話論 ,, polyphonypolyphony 多音 複調多音 複調 unfinalizabilityunfinalizability 沒有終結性沒有終結性 ,, carnival,grotesquecarnival,grotesque 狂歡荒誕狂歡荒誕 ,, chronotopechronotope 時空觀時空觀 ,, heteroglossiaheteroglossia 眾聲喧譁 眾聲喧譁

A memorial plaque for Mikhail Bakhtin.A memorial plaque for Mikhail Bakhtin.

Mikhail MikhailovichMikhail Mikhailovich 的文學理論的文學理論

Dialogics is the key term used to describe the narrativDialogics is the key term used to describe the narrative theory of Bakhtin.e theory of Bakhtin.

Dialogics refers to the inherent addressivity of all langDialogics refers to the inherent addressivity of all language.uage.

In this humanistic emphasis, Bakhtin departed from liIn this humanistic emphasis, Bakhtin departed from linguistical approach to literature and from other Russinguistical approach to literature and from other Russian formalists.an formalists.

For him, not only the interaction of characters but For him, not only the interaction of characters but also the act of reading the novel which they exist are livalso the act of reading the novel which they exist are liv

ing events.ing events. P.362P.362

Mikhail MikhailovichMikhail Mikhailovich 的文學理論的文學理論 He contrasts the monologic novels of writers such as Leo Tolstoy He contrasts the monologic novels of writers such as Leo Tolstoy

with the dialogic works of Fyodor Dostoyevsky.with the dialogic works of Fyodor Dostoyevsky. Instead of subordinating the voices of all characters to an overridiInstead of subordinating the voices of all characters to an overridi

ng authorial voice, a writer such as Dostoyevsky creates a ng authorial voice, a writer such as Dostoyevsky creates a polyphopolyphonicnic discourse. discourse.

Bakhtin seems to believe that Dostoyevsky actually though in voicBakhtin seems to believe that Dostoyevsky actually though in voices rather than in ideas and wrote novels that primarily dialogical oes rather than in ideas and wrote novels that primarily dialogical of facts about a character, but the significance of facts voiced to the f facts about a character, but the significance of facts voiced to the hero himself and to other characters.hero himself and to other characters.

P.363P.363

Leo Tolstoy Dostoyevsky Leo Tolstoy Dostoyevsky ((War and Peace, Anna KareninaWar and Peace, Anna Karenina…) (…) (Crime and Punishment, The Brother KaramazovCrime and Punishment, The Brother Karamazov… )… )

Mikhail Mikhailovich Mikhail Mikhailovich 的文學理論的文學理論 Bakhtin identifies such polyphony as a special property ,and he traced it Bakhtin identifies such polyphony as a special property ,and he traced it

back to itsback to its carnivalisticcarnivalistic sources in classical ,medieval,and Renaissance c sources in classical ,medieval,and Renaissance cultures.ultures.

Bakhtin’s constant focus is in the many voices in a novel ,such as DostoBakhtin’s constant focus is in the many voices in a novel ,such as Dostoyevsky, allow character’s voices free play actually placing them on the syevsky, allow character’s voices free play actually placing them on the same plane as the voices of the author. ame plane as the voices of the author.

And one of Bakhtin’s key term isAnd one of Bakhtin’s key term is carnivalizationcarnivalization. Out of the primordial r. Out of the primordial roots of the carnival tradition in folk culture, he argues , arises the many-voots of the carnival tradition in folk culture, he argues , arises the many-voiced novel of the twentieth century.oiced novel of the twentieth century.

In the modern world this carnivalized antitradition appears most of signifIn the modern world this carnivalized antitradition appears most of significantly in the novel.icantly in the novel.

Just as the public ritual of carnival inverts values in order to question Just as the public ritual of carnival inverts values in order to question them, so many the novel call closed meaning s into question.them, so many the novel call closed meaning s into question.

As carnival concretizes the abstract in a culture , so Bakhtin claims that As carnival concretizes the abstract in a culture , so Bakhtin claims that ththe novel carnivalizes through diversities of speech and voice reflected e novel carnivalizes through diversities of speech and voice reflected in its structure.in its structure.

P.364P.364

Mikhail Mikhailovich Mikhail Mikhailovich 的文學理論的文學理論 In a sence there are multiple Bakhtins. He is read differently by Marxist cIn a sence there are multiple Bakhtins. He is read differently by Marxist c

ritics.ritics. He partook of both Christianity and revolutionary Marxism. Marxist criticHe partook of both Christianity and revolutionary Marxism. Marxist critic

s respond more to his notion ofs respond more to his notion of chronotopechronotope, or how time is encoded in f, or how time is encoded in fiction ,and to his notion of the hidden polemic in all speech.iction ,and to his notion of the hidden polemic in all speech.

P.363P.363

Mikhail Mikhailovich Mikhail Mikhailovich 的文學理論的文學理論 As Michael Holquist points out ,rather than seeing the novel as a genre aAs Michael Holquist points out ,rather than seeing the novel as a genre a

longside others, such as epic, ode, or lyric, Bakhtin sees it as a longside others, such as epic, ode, or lyric, Bakhtin sees it as a supergensupergenrere that has always breaking traditional assumptions about form. that has always breaking traditional assumptions about form.

Bakhtin argues ,the novel is “the only developing genre ”(Bakhtin argues ,the novel is “the only developing genre ”(The Dialogic The Dialogic ImaginationImagination ) )

Bakhtin describes how the novelist may voice a moral concern through Bakhtin describes how the novelist may voice a moral concern through narrative technique, particularly the power of knowledge to enact a desinarrative technique, particularly the power of knowledge to enact a design on that which is known.gn on that which is known.

In other to accommodate the consciousness of others,”and he or she dIn other to accommodate the consciousness of others,”and he or she does not turn other consciousnesses, but instead “re-creates them in thoes not turn other consciousnesses, but instead “re-creates them in their authenticeir authentic unfinalizabilityunfinalizability. (Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics). (Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics)

P.365P.365

The Dialogic Imagination The Dialogic Imagination Problems of Dostoevsky’s PoeticsProblems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics

(( 補充補充 1)Heteroglossia1)Heteroglossia 眾聲喧譁眾聲喧譁 The term heteroglossia describes the coexistence of distinct vari

eties within a single linguine code. Bakhtin argues that the power of the novel originates in the coexi

stence of, and conflict between, different types of speech: the speech of characters, the speech of narrators, and even the speech of the author.

He defines heteroglossia as "another's speech in another's language, serving to express authorial intentions but in a refracted way." It is important to note that Bakhtin identifies the direct narrative of the author, rather than dialogue between characters, as the primary location of this conflict.

“ 小說才是唯一展現眾聲喧譁的場域，其它文類，如戲劇或詩，皆是獨白而非對話”。 novel is considered as the most proper genre to present heteroglot languages for Bakhtin, and how Bakhtin enumerates the artistic techniques of forming heteroglossia in literary works.

(( 補充補充 2)2) 社會學的觀點來看社會學的觀點來看 BakhtinBakhtin 一位民間文化專家一位民間文化專家 官方官方 ,, 高級高級 ,, 權威權威 VS.VS. 民間民間 ,, 低俗低俗 ,, 弱勢弱勢 民間最強的力量民間最強的力量 POWERFULPOWERFUL ：嘉年華：嘉年華 拉伯雷和他的世界拉伯雷和他的世界 ((Rabelais and his World)Rabelais and his World) －平民文化的內在動力－平民文化的內在動力 Bakhtis Bakhtis 區辨出的嘉年華會是「一種特殊的邏輯，『由裡朝外』的區辨出的嘉年華會是「一種特殊的邏輯，『由裡朝外』的、、

『反轉』的，一種由上而下、由前到後的持續轉變」『反轉』的，一種由上而下、由前到後的持續轉變」 eg:eg: 反抗事件反抗事件 嘉年華屬於符號性和儀式性的存在，而非實踐性的嘉年華屬於符號性和儀式性的存在，而非實踐性的 巨人傳巨人傳

群學出版有限公司 社會學大有用群學出版有限公司 社會學大有用

後記後記 這次選擇第十章這次選擇第十章 BakhtinBakhtin 的理論來當個人報告內容，覺得的理論來當個人報告內容，覺得

還蠻幸運的，因為在第十二週時上社會學課時，課本也有還蠻幸運的，因為在第十二週時上社會學課時，課本也有提到這位大師，所以在做這次報告時並沒有太大的陌生感，提到這位大師，所以在做這次報告時並沒有太大的陌生感，而且又可以從文學和社會學來看這位大師，讓我想到同一而且又可以從文學和社會學來看這位大師，讓我想到同一個理論是放諸四海皆準的，它可以適用時文讀也能融入於個理論是放諸四海皆準的，它可以適用時文讀也能融入於社會當中供我們研究，希望在將來的報告當中也能有這種社會當中供我們研究，希望在將來的報告當中也能有這種如魚得水的感覺。如魚得水的感覺。

資料來源資料來源

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakhtinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakhtin http://www.litphil.sinica.edu.tw/publish/PDF/Bulleton/33/33-00http://www.litphil.sinica.edu.tw/publish/PDF/Bulleton/33/33-00

1-034.pdf (1-034.pdf ( 中央研究院中國文哲研究所 周建渝教授論文中央研究院中國文哲研究所 周建渝教授論文 )) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroglossiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroglossia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dostoevsky.jpg&vhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dostoevsky.jpg&v

ariant=zh-twariant=zh-tw http://www.books.com.tw/exep/prod/booksfile.php?item=0010http://www.books.com.tw/exep/prod/booksfile.php?item=0010

373195373195 http://www.utexas.edu/utpress/books/bakdia.htmlhttp://www.utexas.edu/utpress/books/bakdia.html http://www.upress.umn.edu/Books/B/bakhtin_problems.htmlhttp://www.upress.umn.edu/Books/B/bakhtin_problems.html http://www.erraticimpact.com/~20thcentury/html/mikhail_mikhttp://www.erraticimpact.com/~20thcentury/html/mikhail_mik

hailovich_bakhtin.htmhailovich_bakhtin.htm