Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
BURE PILOT LEARNING WOREDA DIAGNOSIS AND PROGRAM DESIGN
July, 2007
ii
Table of Content
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. IV
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ VI
LIST OF ANNEXS ............................................................................................................ VII
1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1
2. BIO-PHYSICAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF BURE ............. 2
2.1. Location, area and population .................................................................................................................... 2
2.2. Climate ................................................................................................................................................................ 4
2.3. Soils..................................................................................................................................................................... 8
2.4. Water resource ................................................................................................................................................. 9
2.5. Land use .......................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.6. Vegetation cover and Topography .......................................................................................................... 13
2.7. Farming systems ........................................................................................................................................... 13 2.7.1 Cereal/pepper/ livestock farming system ............................................................................................... 14 2.7.2 Cereals/potato/livestock farming system................................................................................................ 19
2.8. Environmental challenges .......................................................................................................................... 23
3. INSTITUTIONS .......................................................................................................... 25
3.1. Marketing ......................................................................................................................................................... 25
3.2. Input supply .................................................................................................................................................... 31
3.3. Rural Finance ................................................................................................................................................. 33
3.4. Women Affairs Office ................................................................................................................................... 38
3.5. Agricultural extension service .................................................................................................................. 39
3.6. HIV/AIDS service ........................................................................................................................................... 42
3.7. Bure ATVET College ..................................................................................................................................... 43
4. PRIORITY COMMODITY ANALYSIS & POTENTIAL INTERVENTIONS ............... 44
5. OUTLINE OF PROGRAM OF WORK BURE WOREDA PLS .................................. 65
5.1. Priority commodities & Natural resource management technologies .......................................... 65
5.2. PLS Knowledge management –general (RBM Code 100 Series) .................................................... 65
iii
5.3. PLS public institutional capacity building (RBM code 200 series) ................................................ 67
5.4. PLS sustainable livelihood development (RBM code series 300) .................................................. 69
5.4.1. Pepper .......................................................................................................................................................... 70
5.4.2. Bread wheat ............................................................................................................................................... 72
5.4.3. Fruit .............................................................................................................................................................. 74
5.4.4. Potato ........................................................................................................................................................... 76
5.4.5. Shallot .......................................................................................................................................................... 77
5.4.6. Faba bean ................................................................................................................................................... 79
5.4.7. Fattening (cattle and sheep fattening) ............................................................................................... 81
5.4.8. Poultry ......................................................................................................................................................... 83
5.4.9. Dairy (butter/milk production) .............................................................................................................. 84
5.4.10. Apiculture ................................................................................................................................................... 86
6. ANNEXES .................................................................................................................. 88
iv
List of Tables
TABLE 1 POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLDS BY SEX IN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS OF BURE WEREDA ................................................................................................................................................................. 3
TABLE 2 HOUSEHOLD SIZE, POPULATION, AREA AND AGRO-ECOLOGY OF PAS AND THEIR DISTANCE ............................................................................................................................................................... 3
TABLE 3 AREA AND PRODUCTION OF DIFFERENT CROPS IN BURE WOREDA IN 2005/6 .................... 7 TABLE 4 LIVESTOCK POPULATION IN BURE WOREDA IN 2004/5 .................................................................. 8 TABLE 5 LIST OF RIVERS DIVERTED FOR IRRIGATION AND NUMBER OF BENEFICIARIES................. 9 TABLE 6 LIST OF MAJOR RIVERS TRADITIONALLY DIVERTED AND AREA OF LAND IRRIGATED .... 10 TABLE 7 AREA AND TYPES OF CROPS GROWN WITH IRRIGATION IN 2006 ........................................... 11 TABLE 8 LAND USE TYPE IN BURE WOREDA (2006/7) .................................................................................... 12 TABLE 9 DOMINANT CROP AND LIVESTOCK TYPES OF EACH FARMING SYSTEM .............................. 14 TABLE 10 MULTI-PURPOSE COOPERATIVES IN BURE WEREDA, MEMBERS AND THEIR CAPITAL IN
2006/7 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 28 TABLE 11 AMOUNT OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZER DISTRIBUTED BY DAMOT UNION ................................ 33 TABLE 12 AMOUNT OF MONEY BORROWED FROM ACSI IN 2006 AT BURE BY ACTIVITY .................. 34 TABLE 13 SAVING AND CREDIT COOPERATIVES IN BURE WOREDA, MEMBERS AND THEIR
CAPITAL IN 2006/7 ............................................................................................................................................. 37 TABLE 14 MANPOWER OF BURE WOREDA OOARD BY EDUCATION LEVEL AND TEAM ..................... 39 TABLE 15 NUMBER OF DAS AT BURE BY SEX AND PROFESSION IN 2007 .............................................. 42 TABLE 16 HIV/AIDS PREVALENCE AT BURE WOREDA BASED ON AGE GROUPS ................................. 43 TABLE 17 BREAD WHEAT ......................................................................................................................................... 44 TABLE 18 PULSES (FABA BEAN)............................................................................................................................. 47 TABLE 19 PEPPER ....................................................................................................................................................... 48 TABLE 20 POTATO ...................................................................................................................................................... 50 TABLE 21 SHALLOT ..................................................................................................................................................... 52 TABLE 22 TROPICAL AND SUB-TROPICAL FRUITS .......................................................................................... 54 TABLE 23 CATTLE FATTENING ................................................................................................................................ 56 TABLE 24 DAIRY ........................................................................................................................................................... 57 TABLE 25 SHEEP FATTENING ................................................................................................................................. 59 TABLE 26 APICULTURE ............................................................................................................................................. 61 TABLE 27 POULTRY .................................................................................................................................................... 63 TABLE 28 PROJECT SUPPORT FOR PLS KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM .................................. 66 TABLE 29 POTENTIAL WOREDA STAFF TO BE INCLUDED IN THE INNOVATIVE METHODS
TRAINING .............................................................................................................................................................. 67 TABLE 30 POTENTIAL WOREDA STAFF TO BE INCLUDED IN TECHNICAL TRAINING OF PRIORITY 68 TABLE 31 PROJECT SUPPORT FOR PLS GENERAL CAPACITY BUILDING SUPPORT* ........................ 69 TABLE 32 FTCS WITH POTENTIAL FOR PRIORITY COMMODITIES AND NRM TECHNOLOGIES IN ... 69 TABLE 33 FTCS WITH POTENTIAL FOR PRIORITY COMMODITIES IN CEREAL/POTATO/LIVESTOCK
................................................................................................................................................................................. 70 TABLE 34 PROJECT SUPPORT FOR PEPPER PRODUCTION ........................................................................ 70 TABLE 35 PROJECT SUPPORT FOR PEPPER INPUT SUPPLY ...................................................................... 71 TABLE 36 PROJECT SUPPORT FOR PEPPER MARKETING ........................................................................... 71 TABLE 37 PROJECT SUPPORT FOR BREAD WHEAT PRODUCTION ........................................................... 72 TABLE 38 PROJECT SUPPORT FOR BREAD WHEAT INPUT SUPPLY ........................................................ 73 TABLE 39 PROJECT SUPPORT IN IMPROVING BREAD WHEAT MARKETING .......................................... 73 TABLE 40 PROJECT SUPPORT ON FRUIT PRODUCTION ............................................................................... 74 TABLE 41 PROJECT SUPPORT ON FRUIT INPUT SUPPLY ............................................................................. 75 TABLE 42 PROJECT SUPPORT ON FRUIT MARKETING .................................................................................. 75 TABLE 43 PROJECT SUPPORT FOR POTATO PRODUCTION ........................................................................ 76 TABLE 44 PROJECT SUPPORT FOR POTATO INPUT SUPPLY ...................................................................... 76 TABLE 45 PROJECT SUPPORT IN POTATO MARKETING ................................................................................ 77 TABLE 46 PROJECT SUPPORT FOR SHALLOT PRODUCTION ...................................................................... 77 TABLE 47 PROJECT SUPPORT FOR SHALLOT INPUT SUPPLY .................................................................... 78 TABLE 48 PROJECT SUPPORT IN SHALLOT MARKETING .............................................................................. 79 TABLE 49 PROJECT SUPPORT FOR FABA BEAN PRODUCTION ................................................................. 79 TABLE 50 PROJECT SUPPORT FOR FABA BEAN INPUT SUPPLY ............................................................... 80 TABLE 51 PROJECT SUPPORT FOR PULSES MARKETING ........................................................................... 80
v
TABLE 52 PROJECT SUPPORT FOR MEAT PRODUCTION ............................................................................. 81 TABLE 53 PROJECT SUPPORT FOR MEAT INPUT SUPPLY ........................................................................... 82 TABLE 54 PROJECT SUPPORT ON MEAT MARKETING................................................................................... 82 TABLE 55 PROJECT SUPPORT FOR POULTRY PRODUCTION SYSTEM ................................................... 83 TABLE 56 PROJECT SUPPORT FOR POULTRY INPUT SUPPLY ................................................................... 83 TABLE 57 PROJECT SUPPORT FOR POULTRY MARKETING ......................................................................... 84 TABLE 58 PROJECT SUPPORT FOR DAIRY ......................................................................................................... 84 TABLE 59PROJECT SUPPORT FOR DAIRY INPUT SUPPLY ........................................................................... 85 TABLE 60 PROJECT SUPPORT FOR MARKETING OF DAIRY PRODUCTS ................................................. 85 TABLE 61 PROJECT SUPPORT FOR IMPROVING HONEY PRODUCTION .................................................. 86 TABLE 62 PROJECT SUPPORT FOR IMPROVING HONEY INPUT SUPPLY ................................................ 86 TABLE 63 PROJECT SUPPORT TO IMPROVE HONEY MARKETING ............................................................ 87
vi
List of Figures
FIGURE 1 MAP OF ETHIOPIA DEPICTING 10 PILOT LEARNING WOREDAS (PLWS) ................................. 2 FIGURE 2 LONG TERM MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL MAP OF BURE WOREDA .............................................. 4 FIGURE 3 ELEVATION MAP OF BURE WOREDA ................................................................................................... 5 FIGURE 4 LONG TERM MEAN ANNUAL TEMPERATURE MAP OF BURE WOREDA ................................... 6 FIGURE 5 SOIL TYPES DISTRIBUTION MAP OF BURE WOREDA .................................................................... 9 FIGURE 6 LAND USE LAND COVER MAP OF BURE WOREDA ........................................................................ 12 FIGURE 7 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF OOARD .................................................................................. 40
vii
List of Annexs
ANNEX 1 CROPPING CALENDAR IN BURE PLW ................................................................................................ 88 ANNEX 2 LIST OF WALC MEMBERS PARTICIPATED IN FARMING SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION AND
PRIORITY COMMODITY IDENTIFICATION ON MAY 11, 2007 ................................................................ 90 ANNEX 3 LIST OF OOARD STAFF PARTICIPATED IN FARMING SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION AND
PRIORITY COMMODITY IDENTIFICATION IN JUNE, 2007 ...................................................................... 90 ANNEX 4 LIST OF EXPERTS PARTICIPATED IN FARMING SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION AND PRIORITY
COMMODITY IDENTIFICATION ON JUNE 13, 2007 .................................................................................. 91 ANNEX 5 LIST OF EXPERTS PARTICIPATED DURING COMMUNITY CONSULTATION .......................... 92 ANNEX 6 LIST OF PAS ON WHICH COMMUNITY CONSULTATION CONDUCTED AND NUMBER OF
PARTICIPATED FARMERS............................................................................................................................... 92 ANNEX 7 LIST OF BURE IPMS PROJECT PLANNING WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS ................................ 93 ANNEX 8 BURE PLW PLANNING WORKSHOP PROGRAM, JULY 16-17, 2007, BURE ............................. 95
1
1. Introduction The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and the Ministry of Agriculture and
Rural Development (MoARD) initiated a 5 years project in June 2004 with the financial
assistance from the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). The project,
entitled: “Improving productivity and market success” (IPMS) of Ethiopian farmers, aims
at contributing to poverty reduction of the rural poor through market oriented agricultural
development.
The IPMS project follows an innovation systems approach to enhance application of
knowledge or technologies generated by International and National Research Institutes
as well as from other sources to bring about market oriented agricultural development
while contributing positively to livelihood enhancement. IPMS will also pilot alternative
methods and approaches to develop new institutional arrangements for input supply,
marketing, credit and other service delivery systems. Such activities will be done on 10
pilot learning Woredas (PLW) across the country (Fig. 1). Bure district (Woreda) is one of
the 10 selected sites. To further enhance the utilization of such knowledge and the
introduction of technologies, the IPMS project provides assistance to extension, input
supply, marketing and financial institutions, including cooperatives. Such institutional
support will be in the form of technical assistance, capacity building, supply of
demonstration and training materials, credit, some limited funds for innovative
institutional arrangements and studies aimed at developing innovative institutional
arrangements.
2
Figure 1 Map of Ethiopia depicting 10 Pilot Learning Woredas (PLWs) 2. Bio-physical and socioeconomic characteristics of Bure Location, area and population Bure is one of the 15 and 106 woredas of West Gojam Administrative Zone and Amhara
National Regional State, respectively. It is one of the consistently surplus producer
woredas of the Region. The capital city of the woreda, Bure, is found 400 km northwest
of Addis Ababa and 148km southwest of the Regional State capital, Bahir Dar. The
woreda has 15 km asphalt road, 84km all weather gravel road and 103 km dry weather
road. It is nearby and connected by all-weather road to East Wollega Zone of the Oromia
Regional State and Metekel Zone of the Benishangul Gumez Regional State. Therefore,
Bure has good opportunity to sell its agricultural products in different regional states. The
road density in the woreda is 68.5km/1000km2, which is relatively higher than the
average road network in Amhara National Regional State which is 36.72 km/1000km2
(BoFED, 2005). This is good opportunity to easily transport agricultural inputs and
products to and from PAs and market places. Human population of the woreda is
169,609 of which 143,854 (85%) live in rural areas (Table 1). In general, the male
population is relatively lower than female population in the woreda (Table 1), however,
male-headed households are around 6 times higher than female-headed households.
The number of agricultural households, 21,793, is about eight times higher than the
households in the urban areas (Table 1). This indicates that the livelihood of most of the
3
woreda population is dependent on agriculture. The total area of the woreda is 72,739 ha
of which 46.6% is cultivated and average household cultivated land holding is about 1.6
ha. At present the woreda is divided into 22 rural peasant associations (PAs) and two
town associations (Table 2). Bure and Kuchie are the two major towns in the woreda.
Table 1 Population and households by sex in urban and rural areas of Bure wereda
Total Population Number of Household Male Female Total Male Female Total
Rural 72033 71821 143854 19226 2567 21793 Urban 11633 13122 25755 1699 1087 2786 Total 83666 85943 169609 20925 3654 24579
Source: Bure woreda, OoARD (2006) Table 2 Household size, population, area and agro-ecology of PAs and their distance
from the woreda capital
No. Name of rural and
Urban Kebeles
House Hold Population
Area Km2
Distance from Bure (km)
Agro-ecological
zones Male Female Total Male Female Total1 Ageni fereda 1021 132 1153 3964 3968 7932 18.1 18 Highland2 Weheni durbatie 1119 145 1264 4035 4275 8310 17.2 16 Highland 3 Jib Gedele 836 183 1019 3316 3159 6475 17.4 10 Highland 4 Arbisi Menfesawite 732 96 828 2581 2673 5254 13.3 15 Mid altitude5 Woyema Ambaye 1109 143 1252 4176 4205 8381 19.7 13 Highland 6 Wundegi 1109 142 1251 4135 4052 8187 38.8 5 Mid altitude 7 Shakwa 938 124 1062 3614 3659 7273 22.1 7 Mid altitude8 Wangedam 1463 191 1654 5377 5594 10971 19 5 Mid altitude 9 Kebsa Baguna 948 122 1070 3636 3672 7308 28.9 5 Mid altitude
10 TiyaTiya 600 77 677 2311 2264 4575 11.1 7 Mid altitude11 Tengeha Adel Ageta 718 94 812 2682 2645 5327 24 8 Mid altitude 12 Wadera Gendeba 702 92 794 2695 2631 5326 19.7 6 Mid altitude 13 Denbun 989 127 1116 3585 3722 7307 22.9 11 Mid altitude14 Alefa 754 98 852 2849 2714 5563 22.9 8 Mid altitude 15 Gulem 1253 164 1417 5053 4722 9775 24.9 23 Mid altitude 16 Zalema 937 121 1058 3664 3359 7023 42.5 15 Mid altitude 17 Seretekeze 500 65 565 1993 2114 4107 30.9 32 Mid altitude18 Fezele 334 43 377 1336 1384 2720 21.3 37 Mid altitude 19 Zeyew Shewen 1176 153 1329 3667 4008 7675 37.1 28 Mid altitude 20 Gedamlejamur 503 64 567 1909 1742 3651 11.1 36 Lowland21 Fetam Sentom 1052 136 1188 3934 3713 7647 79.6 37 50% Lowland22 BekoTabo 433 55 488 1516 1546 3062 175 45 Lowland
21793 23 Bure * 1699 1087 2786 0 9.06 0 Mid altitude 24 Kuchie * 0.5 27 Mid altitude
* Urban associations
4
Climate Bure woreda receives relatively high amount of rainfall with balanced distribution pattern.
According to available digital data the mean annual rainfall ranges from 1386 to 1757
mm (Fig. 2). The western and northern parts of the woreda receive relatively higher
annual rainfall compared to other parts of the woreda. It has mono-modal rainfall
distribution and extends from May to September. Shortage of rainfall is not a constraint
for crop and livestock production rather, agricultural extension experts reported that long
rainy season sometimes result in sprouting of a widely growing bread wheat variety
(Kubsa or HAR1685). In agreement to this, farmers grow and prefer to grow long
maturing and high yielding maize hybrid variety, BH660, since the rainy season in the
area is relatively extended. Therefore, Bure is different from the other parts of Amhara
National Regional State (ANRS) in terms of amount and distribution of annual rainfall. Farmers practice irrigation to grow crops in the woreda. However, majority of the annual
grain is produced during the rainy season (Meher) under rainfed condition.
Figure 2 Long term mean annual rainfall map of Bure woreda
5
Agro-ecologically Bure is classified into moist and wet lowland (10%), wet Woina-Dega
(82%) and wet Dega (8%). The altitude of the woreda ranges from 713 to 2604 metres
above sea level (masl) (Fig 3). The altitude drops from 2604 to 713 masl as one travels
from north to south part (Nile gorge) of the woreda, while the opposite holds true for
temperature. Long term annual mean temperature of Bure ranges from 14 oC to 24 oC
(Fig. 4). Ecological differences in the woreda gave opportunities to grow diverse crop
types and rear different livestock types. Types of crops grown and livestock reared in
Bure woreda are given in Tables 3 and 4, respectively.
Figure 3 Elevation map of Bure woreda
6
Figure 4 Long term mean annual temperature map of Bure woreda
7
Table 3 Area and production of different crops in Bure Woreda in 2005/6 Crop Type Rainfed Irrigation Total
Area (ha) Prodn (q) Area (ha) Prodn (q) Area (ha) Prodn (q) Cereals 28,881 1,204,167 384 5,562 29,265 1,209,729
• Maize 12,175 730,500 7 182 12,182 730,682• Wheat 6,514 260,560 17 340 6,531 260,900• Tef 4,376 70,016 - - 4,376 70,016• Fingermillet 3,679 95,654 - - 3,679 95,654• Barley 2,137 47,437 360 5,040 2,497 52,477
Pulses 1,312 21,976 65 845 1,377 22,821• Faba bean 982 12,766 - - 982 12,766• Chick pea 195 2,925 65 845 260 3,770• Haricot bean 70 5,570 - - 70 5,570• Field pea 65 715 - - 65 715
Oil crops 908 7,308 - - 908 7,308• Noug 443 2,658 - - 443 2,658• Sesame 465 4,650 - - 465 4,650
Vegetables 2,727 162,390 3,878 408,865 6,605 571,255• Pepper 1,750 26,250 241 3,615 1,991 29,865• Potato 952 134,890 1,548 221,205 2,500 356,095• Shallot+Onion 25 1,250 1,930 164,050 1,955 165,300• Beet root - - 60 7,500 60 7,500• Carrot - - 45 4,950 45 4,950• Tomato - - 27 4,445 27 4,445• Cabbage - - 9 1,350 9 1,350• Garlic - - 7 595 7 595• Swiss chard - - 6 630 6 630• Lettuce - - 5 525 5 525
Spices 5 18 - - 5 18• White cumin 2 6 - - 2 6• Black cumin 3 12 - - 3 12
Perennial crops - - 723 28,864 723 28,864• Coffee - - 541 2,164 541 2,164• Sugar cane - - 55 14,300 55 14,300• Hops - - 49 2,205 49 2,205• Avocado - - 32 5,120 32 5,120• Chat - - 13 2,080 13 2,080• Mango - - 9 1,260 9 1,260• Lemon - - 9 360 9 360• Peach - - 8 640 8 640• Banana - - 7 735 7 735• Papaya - - 7 875 7 875• Guava - - 6 600 6 600• Orange - - 2 190 2 190• Citron - - 2 100 2 100
Total 33,833 1,395,859 5,067 445,901 38,900 1,841,760Source: OoARD of Bure Woreda (2006)
8
Table 4 Livestock population in Bure Woreda in 2004/5 No. Livestock type Population 1 Cattle 71924 o Ox 25575 o Cow 16318 o Heifer 10213 o Bull 10692 o Calve 91062 Small ruminants 23919 o Sheep 15225 o Goat 87943 Equines 6684 o Horse 586 o Mule 85 o Donkey 60134 Poultry 47159 o Local 45371 o Improved 17885 Bee hives 4801 o Modern 1146 o Traditional 3655Source: OoARD of Bure Woreda (2006)
Soils According to the available digital data, three soil types namely Humic Nitosols (63%),
Eutric Cambisols (20%) and Eutric Vertisols (17%) are found in Bure woreda (Fig.5).
Most of the areas in the wet Dega agro-ecology have Humic Nitosols, while areas with
wet Woina-Dega have Humic Nitosols and Eutric Vertisols. On the other hand, the wet
and moist lowlands have Eutric Cambisols. Areas in the wet Dega agro-ecology receive
torrential rainfall, has relatively undulating topography and easily erodable soil type. As a
result, soil erosion is a challenge in the area. In addition to soil erosion, soil acidity is a
problem in the wet Dega part of Bure woreda.
Vertisol covers 17% of the total area of the woreda. It has water logging problem and
farmers use such lands for crop production once per year at the end of the rainy season.
Extensive trainings have been given to farmers in order to efficiently utilize the vertisol
areas for double cropping using broad-bed maker (BBM). In addition to this practice,
introduction of rice varieties followed by chickpea could also be considered for double
cropping without broad-bed construction.
9
Figure 5 Soil types distribution map of Bure woreda Water resource The woreda is endowed with large number of rivers and springs. Farmers use this water
resource for irrigated crop production both with traditional and modern river diversion
schemes. At present, six modern river diversions are constructed and used to irrigate
614 ha of land. These river diversions are currently serving for about 3,665 households
in rural areas (Table 5).
Table 5 List of rivers diverted for irrigation and number of beneficiaries
Name of river
Name of PAs where the river
diverted
Year of construction
Area under irrigation (ha)
No. of beneficiaries
Nesere Wondegi 1991 160 955Selala Wangedam 2000 80 602Densera Shaqwa 2005 83 495Citi Baguna Kebesa 2005 85 507Ahubari Baguna Kebesa 2005 96 533Debehula Arbsi 2005 110 573Total 614 3665Source: OoARD, Water Resource Development Team (June, 2007)
10
In addition to the above modrn river diversions a number of rivers are traditionally
diverted and being used for irrigation. List of major traditionally diverted rivers and area
of land under irrigation is shown in Table 6. Moreover, 99 springs and 3440 shallow wells
are also used for irrigation. Therefore, the water resource in the woreda is widely utilized
for irrigation. However, technical support on irrigation methods and selection of
appropriate crop types and varieties is crucial to maximize the profitability of irrigation.
Farmers use irrigation mainly for the production of horticultural crops using furrow
irrigation method. In 2006, about 4,902.4 ha of land was cultivated using irrigation (Table
7). In addition to crop production, these irrigation schemes could also be used for seed
multiplication purposes and fish production. Starter fish could be obtained and introduced
to the dams with technical assistance of Bahir Dar Fishery Research Centre.
Table 6 List of major rivers traditionally diverted and area of land irrigated No. Name of rivers Area of land irrigated (ha)1 Nesere 392 Elene 1603 Adefita 1804 Selala 1475 Denbero 246 Delelech 357 Linsa 528 Mizizi 659 Selkuta 12510 Belbel 6011 Amber 6912 Matebiya 25Total 981Source: OoARD, Water Resource Development Team (June, 2007)
Even though, this woreda has a substantial amount of land under irrigation in comparison
to other PLWs, IPMS along with OoARD need to work with these farmers to convince
them to grow economically important crops. This is because, substantial area under
irrigation is used for growing low yielding and economically less important crops like
barley (Table 7).
11
Table 7 Area and types of crops grown with irrigation in 2006 No Cereals Crop Area (ha) 1 Barley 385.5 2 Maize 31.0 Sub-total 416.5 3 Vegetables Potato 1206.5 4 Beet root 97.6 5 Tomato 78.125 6 (shallot + Onion) 1197.75 7 Garlic 83.25 8 Head cabbage 57.4 9 Carrot 88.6 10 Swiss chard 1.62 11 Lettuce 0.91 12 Pepper 491.75 Sub total 3303.5 13 Fruits Papaya 44.6 14 Mango 57.5 15 Avocado 65.563 16 Guava 17.8 17 Banana 66.02 18 Lemon 22.31 19 Peach 39.625 Sub total 999.42 20 Others Sugar cane 73.5 21 Coffee 612.5 22 Others 183 Total 4902.42 Source: OoARD, Water Resources Development Team, 2007 Land use According to the woreda OoARD (2006) land use data, area covered by annual crops
accounted for 46.6% of the total area of the woreda. In the same year, the proportion of
the landmass under forestland was 8.4% while area under natural pasture was 6.0%
(Table 8). Because most of the landmass is under cultivation, cow dung and crop residue
are the major source of energy both in the rural and urban areas. Crop residue is also
the major livestock feed resource in the area. Both practices of using cow dung and crop
residues for fuel accelerate the process of soil nutrient depletion on croplands. Most of
the bush and forestland were the major sources of fuel wood. Currently these resources
are depleted and somer reminants are found in the low altitude areas which are
inaccessible. The vegetation cover of this area can be rehabilitated by organizing local
12
community members as gum and resin producers and enriching the area with such tree
species.
Table 8 Land use type in Bure woreda (2006/7) Land use type Area (Ha) Percentage
Cultivated land 33,865 46.6
Pasture land 4,348 6.0
Shrub 10,772 14.8
Natural Forest 6,143 8.4
Water bodies 186 0.3
Construction (road and houses) 4,850 6.7
Perennial crops 740 1.0
Wasteland 11,835 16.3
Total 72,739 100
Source: Bure Woreda, OoARD (June 2007)
Figure 6 Land use land cover map of Bure woreda
13
Vegetation cover and Topography Bure woreda has 6143 ha natural forest and 401 ha plantation forest. Major indigenous
and introduced tree species growing in the woreda include Besana (Croton
macrostachys), Wanza (Cordia africana), Yabesha Tid (Juniperus procera), Sesa (Albizia
gummifera), Berbera (Millettia ferruginea), Zegeba (Podocarpus falcates), Sholla (Ficus
sure), Warka (Ficus vasta), Ydega Abalo (Teminalia briwuni), Kerero (Aningeria
adolfifiriederici), Yefrenji Tid (Cupressus lusitanica), Key Bahir Zaf (Eucalyptus
camaldulesis), Korch (Erythrina bruci), Getem and Yetan Zaf (Bosiovella papifera).
However, most of the indigenous tree species are annually harvested to expand
croplands; and for fuel wood, charcoal making, timber production and construction
purposes. In the previous days (until 2004) incense and resin were produced as forest
product in the lowland areas of the woreda but currently such forest products are
becoming extinct due to deforestation. Awareness creation for the society and investors
is required to conserve not only the indigenous tree species but also the diminishing
biodiversity resources in the remaining undisturbed forest areas.
According to natural resources management experts of the OoARD about 76, 17 and 5%
of the total area is plain, mountainous and valley. Plain areas are mostly found at the
central part of the woreda and have mostly Woina Dega agroecology. On the other hand,
valleys are found in the southern part of the woreda bordering Nile River. Mountainous
areas are found both in the northern and southern part of the woreda. Therefore,
mountainous areas have Lowland and highland agro-ecologies. Areas in the northern
part of the woreda receive higher amount of rainfall which is sometimes torrential.
Torrential rainfall coupled with the mountainous topography aggravated soil erosion in
the area. In this area, promotion of agricultural activities (modern sheep rearing and
perennial crop production), which helps soil and water conservation is vital for the
sustainable utilization of the available natural resources.
Farming systems Like in other parts of the country, farmers in Bure woreda practice crop-livestock mixed
farming system. However, the woreda is classified into two farming systems mainly
based on altitudinal differences and dominant crops and livestock types. The two farming
systems of Bure woreda are:
1. Cereal/pepper/livestock farming system
2. Cereal/potato/livestock farming system
14
Farming systems were classified by consulting experts from Bure woreda OoARD and
other institutions and researchers from Adet and Andassa Research Centers. The
dominant crop and livestock types in each farming system are given in Table 9.
Table 9 Dominant crop and livestock types of each farming system
Source: Bure woreda OoARD (June, 2007)
Cereal/pepper/ livestock farming system General:
There are 18 peasant associations (PAs) which belong to this farming system. This
system covers 92% of the total area of the woreda. Peasant associations belonging to
both the low and mid altitude areas are classified into this farming system. Peasant
associations belonging to this farming system are located on the right hand side of the
road as one travels from Bahir Dar to Addis Ababa and extends to the southern end of
the woreda bordering Nile River. These PAs have altitudes ranging from 731 to 2206
masl and majority of the PAs in this farming system have relatively flat topography.
However, the lowland PAs have relatively undulating topography. The soil types in this
farming system are Humic Nitosols, Eutric Nitosols and Eutric Cambisols. In this farming
system there are some remnant trees. Some parts of the area are accessible using all-
weather road, which connects Bure town to Nekemte, East Wollega. Cereal crops such
as maize, bread wheat, tef, fingermillet and horticultural crops, mainly pepper production
dominate this farming system (Table 9). Most areas have ideal soil and climatic
conditions for the expansion of lowland pulses like haricot bean and soybean as well for
tropical and sub-tropical fruit crops like mango, avocado, banana and papaya.
Farmers in the low altitude areas of this farming system have relatively larger land
holding size compared to other parts of the farming system. In the lowland areas,
farmers practice shifting cultivation. Some private commercial farmers are also found in
this area.
Farming system No. of PAs
Crop and livestock types
Cereal/pepper/livestock 18 Maize, bread wheat, teff, finger millet, noug, vegetables, pepper, tropical fruit crops, cattle, poultry, apiculture, sheep and goats
Cereal/horticulture/livestock 4 Bread wheat, faba bean, potato, shallot, sheep, poultry and apiculture
15
a. Crop production This area has ideal soil and climatic condition for the production of many crops. Maize,
bread wheat, teff, pepper, finger millet, potato, vegetables, coffee, noug, sugarcane,
haricot bean and sesame are grown in this farming system. Subtropical and tropical fruit
crops like mango, avocado, banana and papaya can easily grow in the area. The lion
share of the total crop land is covered by maize. However, it is mainly grown for
household consumption. Among the crops grown in the area, pepper and bread wheat
are serving as the major cash crops to the community.
Fruits: Horticultural crops production, particularly tropical fruit crops like mango and
avocado using irrigation is increasing in the area. The characteristics of mango varieties
grown in the area are fibrous, have small flesh to stone ratio and extensive fruit drop
problems. On the other hand, the height of mango and avocado trees is unmanageable
for harvesting and other management activities. Some farmers have already started to
raise and sell fruit seedlings, which is an encouraging practice for the sustainable
planting material supply of fruit crops. However, planting materials distributed to farmers
from the nurseries of OoARD and nursery owners are of unknown origin. In addition,
seedlings were raised from seeds of low yielding and poor quality local varieties.
Introduction of improved varieties as a source of scion and training of both farmers and
extension workers on fruit crops nursery management, particularly propagation methods
like budding and grafting techniques, could be vital to improve the annual income of
farmers and increase exportable fruit production of the country.
Pepper: Farmers in the lowlands grow pepper on an average of 0.5 to 1 ha of land
annually. Since the area of land planted by pepper is large, farmers follow direct sowing.
This practice requires large amount of seed, 3 kg/ha, which is four times higher than
transplanting method of establishment. Direct sowing has a problem to maintain the
required plant population. Farmers in areas with irrigation facility can reduce seed cost
and maintain adequate plant population by following transplanting method of
establishment. Wello Bush Cricket is an important insect pest, which affects plant
population on the field by damaging at seedling stage. Experts reported that in some
cases it causes total loss. Farmers control cricket damage through mixed planting with
noug and rapeseed as well by spraying chemicals. Wilt (root rot) is an important disease
16
for hot pepper production in the area. Farmers solve wilt problem only by draining excess
water from pepper fields. Observation made in the area indicated that, pepper produced
in the area is of poor quality. This could be attributed to the types of varieties farmers
growing and the poor harvesting and post harvest handling practices. Farmers grow both
local and improved varieties of pepper. Shortage of improved varieties seed supply is
one of the bottlenecks for pepper production. Providing nucleus seed of improved
varieties and training farmers on seed production techniques could solve this problem.
After harvest, some farmers add water to increase the weight of their pepper during
marketing. However, such mal-practices deteriorate the quality of the produce and finally
reduce its market price. This therefore calls for quality based pricing so that quality
pepper production is encouraged.
Bread wheat: It is the second major crop after maize grown in this farming system. Its
area coverage is steadily increasing every year. Farmers grow one improved variety
called Kubsa (HAR 1685). It is preferred by farmers because it has white grain colour,
yields better and fetches good price in the market. However, this variety has sprouting
problem if rainfall continues after it has dried while still in the field. This problem can be
solved if relatively long maturity period bread wheat varieties are introduced. Farmers
harvest manually and thresh using animals. This practice deteriorates the quality of grain
especially to fulfil the quality standard of flour factories because soil gets mixed during
this process. Introduction of mechanical threshing machine will help to improve the
quality of grain by solving the sprouting problem. Farmers reported that weevil is also a
serious problem for bread wheat in the store. They use chemicals but sometimes
ineffective due to use of expired chemicals and use of less than the recommended rate.
This can be solved by training on post harvest management and introduction of better
grain storage structures.
Potato and onion: Potato and oniont are grown in the mid altitude areas of the woreda
using irrigation. Farmers use local varieties. Introduction of high yielding improved
varieties would increase the productivity of these crops. Farmers practice furrow
irrigation system which demands high amount of water for each crop production and may
create destruction of soil structure and salinity problem. Irrigation water use efficiency
can be improved using plastic mulch and drip irrigation technique. On the other hand,
brokers are creating problems in the marketing of onion and potato. Farmers do not have
17
direct contact with traders for marketing of potato and onion. This calls for the creation of
marketing group on these crops.
Priority crop commodities The current major marketable crop commodities in this farming system as agreed by
farmers, experts from the woreda OoARD, BoARD, Adet and Andassa Research
Centres, Bure ATVET and other institutions are as follows:
1. Pepper
2. Bread wheat
3. Vegetables, mainly onion and potato
4. Tropical and subtropical fruit crops (Mango, avocado, banana and papaya)
b. Livestock production
According to the woreda OoARD report (2006), 71,924 cattle, 8,794 goats, 15,225
sheep, 47,159 poultry, 6013 donkey, 85 mule and 586 horses are available in the woreda
(Table 4). Cattle and sheep are major livestock types in this farming system. Poultry is
also important considering the surplus grain production and the presence of known local
chicken breed called Tilili in the area. Cattle and sheep fattening is becoming common
practice in the area but it lacks scaling-up and needs improving the practice in terms of
selecting animals, feeding and health care. There is also good initiation to expand dairy
in the area. Farmers rear and use to fatten different local sheep breeds like Dangela and
Horo types. The Horo type is more adapted and widely reared in relatively warmer part of
the woreda while the Dangela type is dominant in the mid and high altitude areas of the
woreda.
Livestock diseases: In this farming system there are areas which fall in the lowland
range where animal disease transmitted by Tsetse fly called Trypanosomes is a
bottleneck for animal production. Despite this fact, farmers still rear and fatten cattle in
the area. Recently, efforts are underway to introduce pour-on in order to control
trypanosomes. Other animal diseases such as liver fluke, anthrax, black leg and gastro-
intestinal parasites are also prevalent in the area. The veterinary service in the woreda is
very weak due to drug shortage and budget problems. This entails to consider alternative
ways of veterinary service delivery systems in the woreda.
18
Feed resources: Feed shortage is also one of the crucial problems for livestock
production in the area. The natural pasturelands available in each PA are unproductive
due to inadequate improvement and poor management practices. Consequently, farmers
fulfil most of their livestock feed need from crop residues. The most preferred crop
residue for animal feed is teff straw. Naturally the nutritive value of most crop residues,
especially cereals, is very low and farmers do not have knowledge to improve the
nutritive value of these crop residues. Therefore, there is a need to demonstrate how to
improve the nutritive value of crop residue, for example through urea treatment or by
mixing with leaves of leguminous fodder species. Similarly, natural pasturelands could
also be improved through over-sowing or controlled grazing. In some places, farmers
have already decided and started to practice area closure and follow rotational grazing
system. This initiation has to be backed technically by experts until farmers realize the
benefits of this practice.
Dairy and fattening: Improved livestock breed for dairy is almost nil in the woreda. This
is because the AI service provided in the woreda is unsatisfactory due to shortage of
trained manpower (only 1 AI technician) and facilities like the semen and liquid nitrogen.
Transportation facilities are also very poor in the woreda. Besides, there is no bull service
station in the woreda to assist the existing AI service. Therefore, milk produced in the
woreda is mainly obtained from local cattle breed. Hence, beef and milk productivity in
the area could be improved through strengthening the existing AI service by involving
cooperatives or private organizations in delivering AI and bull services. Despite all these
problems, livestock production is a common practice in this farming system. Farmers rear
cattle mainly for traction and milk production. The practice of cattle and sheep fattening
started recently but seems to be expanding at a faster rate. Farmers attracted to this
practice, because of its higher profitability and faster financial return.
Poultry: Poultry is an important commodity for the poor and landless both in urban and
rural areas. It can be done with small initial capital and on a small area compared to
other livestock related activities. Like in other parts of the region and the country as a
whole, poultry is unexploited commodity in the woreda. Surplus grain production coupled
with proximity to Tilili woreda, where the known local poultry breed is found, could have
been a good opportunity for poultry production in Bure. In addition, the proximity of Bure
to big towns like Bahir Dar, Debre Markos and Nekemte indicates the existence of good
19
market opportunity for poultry products. Of the total poultry population (47,159) in the
woreda, only 1788 are improved breeds. No attempt has been made to improve the
productivity of local poultry breeds either through breeding or management. All the
improvement efforts so far made are introduction of improved exotic breeds like White
Leg Horn and Red Island Rhode from a government poultry multiplication centre called
Andassa. Farmers showed desire to these poultry breeds but their supply is currently
terminated. However, these exotic breeds demand too much feed and are susceptible to
diseases compared to local breeds. Therefore, assessment of the local poultry
production, marketing system and improving constraints will be essential to improve
poultry production in the area.
Priority livestock commodities The current major marketable livestock commodities in this farming system as prioritized
by farmers, experts from the woreda OoARD, BoARD, Adet and Andassa Research
Centers, Bure ATVET and other institutions are as follows:
1. Sheep and Cattle fattening
2. Poultry (egg & meat)
3. Honey
4. Butter and milk
Cereals/potato/livestock farming system
General This farming system covers 8% of the total area of the woreda. Jib Gedel, Ageni Fereda,
Weheni Durbete and Weyenima Ambye are the PAs in this farming system. These PAs
are located on the left side of the road as one drives from Bahir Dar to Addis Ababa. The
soil type in this farming system is Humic Nitosols. Acacia dominated protected forest
area found in this farming system. Peasant associations in this farming system are
inaccessible during the rainy season. They are also characterized by cool weather, hail
and frost damage. The area has undulating topography and receives high amount of
rainfall. Therefore, soil erosion is a challenge in this farming system.
20
a. Crop production
Crops grown in the area include wheat, barley, teff, potato, shallot, rapeseed, faba bean,
field pea and others. The cool weather is ideal for the production of food as well as malt
barley, potato, shallot, faba bean, field pea, temperate fruit crops like apple and peach.
However, frost is one of the production constraints in this area. Results of experiments
conducted on malt-barley production are encouraging. However, the ideal area for malt
as well as food barley production is not large enough for many farmers to benefit from.
Potato: Farmers in this farming system grow potato three times per year using irrigation,
under rainfed condition and using residual moisture. Farmers use low yielding and blight
susceptible potato varieties. Consequently, potato productivity is very low. This situation
opens up an opportunity to introduce high yielding and late blight resistant potato
varieties. Wilt is also one of the major problems for potato production. There is no control
measure for this disease as of now except prevention measures like use of disease free
planting material, uprooting and burning or burying diseased potato plants. The damage
of potato tuber moth is also serious and resulted in poor quality tuber. Farmers do not
apply adequate amount of inorganic fertilizer, but apply noug cake as organic fertilizer for
potato production. Fertilizer supply especially for irrigated and with residual moisture
potato production systems is inadequate. A potato processing company is going to be
operational at Koso Ber town soon. Therefore, lack of market and price fluctuation may
not be a constraint for potato production in the future. Potato growers do not have direct
contact with potato traders due to brokers.
Shallot: Bure is also known by its shallot. Farmers grow shallot both under rainfed and
irrigation. The rainfed crop is mainly used to maintain or multiply planting material for the
irrigated shallot production. The rainfed system is not productive since it is more affected
by disease like root rot. Farmers use local varieties which require six months to maturity.
Farmers use manure for shallot production. Hence, shortage of irrigation water and
problems of root rot are major shallot production constraints. Frost damage also causes
significant yield losses on shallot.
Faba bean: Farmers grow faba bean mainly as a source of cash in this farming system.
Varieties grown by farmers are susceptible to chocolate spot and the size of beans is
small. This problem can be solved by introducing improved large seeded varieties which
21
are high yielding. Faba bean is attacked by weevil in the store and farmers control it by
using pesticide. Faba bean requires fertilizer but farmers do not apply adequate amount
of fertilizer mainly due to shortage of cash as is the case for many other crops. This
problem can be solved by introducing bio-fertilizer. The National Soil Laboratory has
proved the increase of yield by applying bio-fertilizer.
Temperate fruits: Even though, landholding is very small compared to other PAs, there
is good water resource for irrigation. Many farmers are benefiting from this resource.
Therefore, high value fruit and vegetable crops production and cool season vegetable
seed production using irrigation could be a lucrative business in the area. Such practices
will also help to reduce the intensity of soil erosion caused by intensive rainfall coupled
with mountainous topography with less vegetation cover and erodable soil type.
Priority crop commodities The current major marketable crop commodities in this farming system as prioritized by
farmers, experts from the woreda OoARD, BoARD, Adet and Andassa Research
Centers, Bure ATVET and other institutions are as follows:
1. Bread wheat
2. Vegetables (Potato and shallot)
3. Faba bean
4. Temperate fruit crops (potential)
b. Livestock production
Sheep: Highland areas of Bure woreda are suitable for sheep production. Farmers rear
Dangela type sheep in this area. This breed is susceptible to disease and not adaptable
to low land areas. Major sheep diseases include, foot and mouth, foot rot, pasteurolosis,
etc. Household income in this farming system can be substantially improved by
improving the traditional sheep production practice through proper feeding, health care
and selecting fast fattening sheep types or breed. Sheep is the major marketable
commodity in the area. However, farmers sell their sheep without fattening since there is
shortage of credit for sheep fattening activity.
22
Poultry: Farmers in this part of the woreda also reported the importance of poultry
production especially improved breeds for their household income. In 2004 and 2005 the
woreda OoARD demonstrated day-old chicken with poultry feed and provided 50 day-old
chicken for farmers for 125 birr. From the demonstration exercised farmers learnt the
profitability of the technology. This practice created community interest on poultry
production. However, supply of day-old chicken and poultry feed to interested farmers is
discontinued. Supply of day-old chickens to the community can only be sustainable if
interested poultry producing farmers are organized and capacitated with training, credit
and necessary facilities. There is a person who makes incubators in Bahir Dar. This
locally made incubator has a capacity of 400-500 eggs and is currently sold at birr 5,500.
Researchers in Andassa witnessed that the efficiency of this incubator was comparable
with imported ones and its hatching efficiency was 75%.
Apiculture: The PAs in this farming system have relatively better vegetation cover and
water resource. Therefore, it is ideal for apiculture and farmers from different Woredas
buy bee colony in this Woreda. Farmers have already started to practice bee keeping
using modern beehives but need technical backup to improve its productivity. Farmers
reported that modern beehives are twice as much high yielder than traditional beehives.
Yield from traditional beehives ranges from 5-10 kg honey per year. On the other hand,
farmers harvest about 17-20 kg hony from a modern beehive. Similarly, Holleta Bee
Research Centre reported 12.24kg as the average honey yield from modern beehive.
This indicates the importance of modern beehives and the potential of the area for honey
production.
According to the OoARD livestock experts, a killo of honey from modern beehives was
sold between 20-22 birr, while honey from traditional beehives was 16-17 birr. In some
PAs there are farmers who own up to 60 modern beehives. Around 2000 modern
beehives have been distributed to farmers in the woreda. However, some of the
problems for beekeeping with modern beehives are high price of its accessories like
honey extractor, wax molder and low preference of the honey by local traders. Local
traders prefer honey with wax since it is preferred by the community for tej (local drink)
making and has relatively low price. Besides this traders get wax from honey harvested
from traditional beehives. These problems can be solved by establishing honey
producers cooperative in the area which can facilitate marketing of honey to big towns
23
and at the same time supply accessories in group with reasonable price. In addition,
insects like wax moth, bee lies, spider, ants, neocema, herbicide and pesticide spraying
for crop production, premature harvesting, poor handling, lack of quality control and
grading system are major problems associated with honey production. Because of lack
of awareness on honey quality and lack of honey grading system, price difference
between honey produced from modern and traditional beehives was very low. This
situation could discourage farmers to adopt modern beehives but could be compensated
by increased income due to higher price and increased yield per beehive as a result of
better management and diversification of products.
On the other hand, bee forages in the woreda like in other parts of the region and the
country are declining. Recently, Andassa Research Center started to evaluate the
adaptability of different introduced and indigenous bee forage species. Shortage of bee
forage is serious during the rainy season since most of the plants are at vegetative
growth stage during this season. Therefore, introduction of adaptable bee forage species
which flower during the rainy season contributes a lot to increase production and quality
of honey in the area.
Most of the problems mentioned above are associated to poor management of bee
hives. This is mainly attributed to lack of awareness and shortage of trained manpower.
Therefore, training on modern beehive management is required both to farmers and
development agents in the woreda.
Livestock priority commodities The current major marketable livestock commodities in this farming system as prioritized
by farmers, experts from the woreda OoARD, BoARD, Adet and Andassa Research
Centres, Bure ATVET collge and other institutions are as follows:
1. Sheep and Cattle fattening (mutton and beef)
2. Poultry (egg & meat)
3. Apiculture (honey)
Environmental challenges Bure is one of the surplus grain producer woredas of Amhara National Regional State. It
is well known in cereals, especially considered as a maize belt of the region. According
to SG2000, the highest maize grain yield of the country (122 q/ha) was recorded in this
24
woreda. Most of the croplands in the low and mid altitude areas are covered with two
crops, maize and bread wheat. Unless this intensive crop production is supported by
application of adequate amount of manure, compost and inorganic fertilizers to
compensate for the annual removal of nutrients in the form of crop residue and grain
from crop lands, this practice will aggravate soil fertility depletion. Measure need to be
taken in order not to aggravate soil acidity problems by applying higher amount of
inorganic fertilizer. Rainfall in Bure is heavy as a result of which soils are acidic and
hence crop/forage production will be affected. As a result, Bure is one of the woredas
where the national soil test based fertilizer trial for acid affected soils carried out by the
Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MoARD).
Nearly all the croplands observed were without any soil conservation structures. In the
absence of vegetative cover, especially during the earlier part of the rainy season, where
the farmland soil is loose and without vegetative cover, soil erosion is serious problem.
Beyond the removal of the top soil from crop fields, many gullies could also be formed. It
is easy to assess this as one can easily see the amount of silt on the roadside ditches
and small streams and rivers. This will also be further aggravated because of the
relatively sloppy crop fields which will facilitate erosion in addition to nature of the soil
which is vulnerable to gully formation and the rainfall conditions. Gullies are already
being formed in many parts of the woreda.
The natural forest of the woreda is found in the lowlands and highlands. The lowland
areas receive high temperature and rainfall and have undulating topography. All these
conditions aggravate soil erosion. On top of these, farmers practice shifting cultivation in
this area. This practice again enhances soil erosion and an overall environmental
degradation. This will also cause irreversible biodiversity losses. Similarly, areas in the
highlands are mountainous and receive high rainfall annually. Landholding in this part of
the woreda is very small and the farmlands have been cultivated for a long period of
time. Consequently, it is vulnerable to erosion and caused river and stream siltation. To
prevent the above environmental challenges both in the lowlands and highlands, farmers
should be advised to use improved land management systems in their croplands and
communal grazing areas.
25
According to Table 4, the current number of livestock in the woreda is 53,868 TLUs. Care
needs to be taken to minimize overgrazing of natural pasture which is only 4348 ha. This
could be more aggravated due to the mono-modal rainfall nature in Bure. This higher
stocking rate is expected to bring about overgrazing and hence erosion of the natural
pastures. This calls for concerted efforts in order to improve the management of livestock
and the natural pastures in the woreda. IPMS already gained knowledge from some of its
PLWs in this regard. In addition, there are also similar experiences from the region and
elsewhere which need to be applied for the benefit of the environment hence the farmer.
Bure is becoming known for its cereal production and use of herbicides for crop
production. This practice is affecting the business of beekeeping in the area. This
therefore calls for strategic solutions so that the increasing honey production is not
hampered with extensive use of herbicide using community bylaws.
3. INSTITUTIONS Marketing Private traders, Ethiopian grain trade enterprise, Damot MPCU/ Cooperatives/ and Bure-
Damot Dairy Cooperative are the agricultural commodities marketing institutions
available in Bure woreda. Farmers sell agricultural commodities to multipurpose
cooperatives, Damot multipurpose cooperatives union, Ethiopian grain trading enterprise
and private traders. Maize, tef, bread wheat, noug, pepper, finger millet, barley, field pea,
faba bean, poultry, sheep, cattle, goat and honey are the marketable commodities in the
area. Of these marketable commodities, only maize, tef, bread wheat, noug and pepper
are purchased by cooperatives and Ethiopian grain trading enterprise. Other
commodities are marketed only by private traders. Therefore, the role of private traders
in marketing of agricultural commodities is immense. Farmers sell their produce only in
the local market due to lack of market information. Consequently, private traders from
different regions buy grain and other products with local market price.
Private traders Private traders involved in marketing of all sorts of agricultural commodities. More than
90% of the annual produce marketed by private traders. They purchase and sale all
quality standards. Private traders are flexible in market price decision making. They
26
purchase and sale throughout the day and the year. These features of private traders
attract farmers.
Private traders buy grains, livestock and honey from Bure, Alefa and Kutchie towns and
sell in Bahir Dar, Wollega, Gonder, Wello, Tigray, Addis Ababa and Metema. There is
good market opportunity for fattened sheep and cattle in the area since a meat
processing private company named Ashrif going to be operational soon (2008) in Bahir
Dar. Animals and animal products are sold only by private traders. Similarly horticultural
crops are marketed only by private traders. This indicates the importance of private
traders in marketing of agricultural commodities. However, private traders use to store all
items together in one store. This practice resulted in quality deterioration problem.
Moreover, since they purchase all quality standards, it did not encourage farmers to
improve or maintain the quality of their produce. Therefore, up-grading of private trader`s
skill through training on quality standards of agricultural produce, store management and
transportation of agricultural produce is vital in order to supply quality produce to
factories and foreign markets.
Ethiopian Grain Trade Enterprise Ethiopian Grain Trade Enterprise is a pioneer in Ethiopian grain trade industry. It is
engaged in wholesales grain trading for over 50 years. It has a branch office and
warehouses with 75,000q storage capacity at Bure. The branch office has 9 employees
including five watchmen. It purchases grains from small holder farmers, investors and
private traders and sell food grain for governmental, non-governmental organizations,
city dwellers and other customers. Its major objective is to stabilize market price of grain
at national level. It purchased 15.21q, 572.44q and 75940q maize grain from small
holder farmers, traders and big private farms, respectively in 2006/7 cropping season.
Their main clients are the two big private farms (Ayehu and Bir farms). The enterprise
has quality measuring equipments and determines price based on grain quality standard
of the country. According to the office manager, although there is grain quality standard
in the country, it is not implemented by private traders while buying grains.
Consequently, it did not encouraged farmers to produce good quality grains. Therefore,
training of private traders, farmers and purchasers of cooperatives on grain quality and
methods of producing quality grain is vital to produce and sell quality grain for local
industries and export market.
27
Bure is one of the surplus grain producer woredas of ANRS. This surplus produce
demands proper storage structure and post harvest handling. Due to lack of appropriate
storage structure and knowledge on post harvest handling of grains, pests (weevil)
damaged considerable amount of grain. Ethiopian grain trading enterprise provides grain
storage service at the rate of 36 cents per quintal for farmers, traders and cooperatives.
Currently, Damot union and one multipurpose cooperative use this service. It can also
share to others about its long term experience on grain store management and
fumigation techniques. However, it is engaged only in marketing of grains, operates only
during office hours and market price is decided by a lengthy process through higher
officials consultation. This situation did not attract small holder farmers to sell their grains
to the enterprise. Improvement of these limitations of the enterprise will benefit the
country since most of the produce will be handled through technically skilled and
experienced personnel.
Cooperatives Cooperatives are very important to solve problems associated to marketing of
agricultural produce. The Cooperative Promotion Team of OoARD is responsible for the
cooperative organization in the woreda. The team has two sections; the audit and
inspection section provides audit and inspection services while the cooperative
promotion and registration section provides promotion and registration services to the
cooperatives.
There are 31 co-operatives in the woreda of which 11 are multi purpose, 14 saving and
credit, 5 irrigation and one dairy cooperative. Multi-purpose cooperatives have 11,588
members, of which 10,542 are males and 1,046 are females (Table 10). About 53.2% of
the total rural households are member of multi-purpose cooperatives. Currently these
multi-purpose cooperatives have 10,751,165.82 birr total capital and are providing grain
milling service, supply industrial products, purchase grains and supply agricultural inputs
(seed, fertilizer and pesticide) to their members in collaboration with Agricultural Input
Supply Corporation (AISCO), Ambasel and Damot Multi-purpose Cooperatives Union.
Multi-purpose cooperatives purchase grain during harvesting time and supply to Damot
Multi-purpose Cooperatives Union to sell when the grain price rises.
28
Table 10 Multi-purpose cooperatives in Bure wereda, members and their capital in 2006/7
No. Name of multipurpose cooperatives
Members Population Capital, Birr
Male Female Total Male Female Total Variable Fixed Total
1 Yegedamate 661 46 707 1,503 1,672 3,175 905,206.20 165,819.75 1,071,025.95
2 Kuch 2,082 152 2,234 5,793 5,614 11,407 2,425,225.45 159,189.15 2,584,414.60
3 Alefa 1,012 150 1,162 1,756 2,893 4,649 988814.08 230,602.84 1,219,416.92
4 Zalema 687 46 733 1,122 1,497 2,619 736,850.84 22,482.65 759,333.49
5 Baguna 1,414 304 1,718 1,042,825.88 46,071.44 1,088,897.32
6 Arbise 865 39 904 594,480.86 53,171.24 647,652.10
7 Bure Woynema 1,530 120 1,650 1,108,349.11 45,119.03 1,153,468.14
8 Tengaha 332 17 349 285,636.81 5,892.36 291,529.17
9 Denbune 671 87 758 525,267.52 85,977.74 611,245.26
10 Wondege 580 18 598 1,268 1,498 2,766 486,049.92 41,094.07 527,143.99
11 Guleme 708 67 775 1,335 1,623 2,959 772362.50 24,676.38 797,038.88
Total 10,542 1,046 11,588 9,871,069.17 880,096.65 10,751,165.82
29
Damot Multi-purpose Cooperatives Union Damot Multipurpose Cooperatives Union was established in December 30, 2000 by six
multipurpose cooperatives with a total capital of 185,000 birr and 8401 male and 516
female totally 8917 members. Causes for its establishment were market problem for
agricultural produce and inadequate supply of agricultural inputs. Currently, it has 40
member cooperatives from seven woredas namely Sekela, Bure, Womberma, Jabithnan,
Dembecha, Dega Damot and Quarit. Its total capital increased to 4,717,966.72 birr and its
members increased to 56,477 of which 50937 and 5540 were males and females,
respectively by the year 2006. Of the total 40 member cooperatives, 10 are multipurpose
cooperatives of Bure woreda. The office of the union is found at Bure town and provides
input supply, grain marketing, rental land ploughing service (using tractor at a rate of 450
bir/ha), grain transportation service using its own truck, grain storage and credit services to
its members. It also provides duplication, printing and fax services. Damot Multipurpose
Cooperatives Union had 4260.3, 180264.0, 221926.0, 345938.0, 4898883.14 and
702238.75 birr profit in 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively.
Although 1.2 million quintal grain is available in the area for marketing, the union buy only
100,000 quintal annually. Maize, bread wheat, rapeseed, tef, noug, pepper, finger millet and
sorghum are the types of crops purchased by the union. In 2005/2006 cropping season
10,485.7q maize, 112,436q bread wheat, 75.99q rapeseed, 1703q tef, 1522q noug, 12q
pepper, 67q finger millet and 5000q sorghum were purchased from farmers by the union. It
considers grain quality during purchasing and sale in different places based on market price
information at different places. However, purchasing price is decided by committee after
lengthy process and it does not buy from farmers throughout the year and the day due to
shortage of credit. Major problems on grain marketing are poor quality of grains and
shortage of credit during harvesting time.
Damot Multi-purpose Cooperatives Union finalized a project document to establish bread
wheat flour factory at Bure in order to sell their produce in a value added form. According to
the union manager, this factory will be operational by the year 2008. It has also a plan to
open livestock drug shop and oil seed pressing factory in the future. If these projects are
realized, it assists farmers to sell their produce in a processed or value added form.
30
Bure-Damot dairy cooperative Milk producers in Bure town have established dairy cooperative named as BureDamot milk
producers cooperative in 2006 and are supplying milk for the urban population. The
cooperative has 38 male and 2 female members. Members of this cooperative totally have
286 cows. However, only 22 cows are crosses with dairy breeds. At present the cooperative
produces 120 lt milk/day, which is inadequate to fulfil the milk demand in the area.
According to leaders of this cooperative the average milk yield from local and cross breeds
is 2lt/day and 8-10lt/day, respectively. Therefore, milk production in the area can be
increased by improving problems associated to health and feed shortage and by replacing
low yielding local cows with cross-bred dairy cows.
The cool weather and long rainy season prevailing at Bure is conducive for dairy cows. It
has also all-weather road in four directions which is vital to collect and sell milk products.
Establishment of BureDamot milk producer cooperative is also important to promote
improved technologies on dairy and to market milk and its processed products collectively.
But, currently this cooperative is facing some problems such as inadequate AI and health
service, shortage of feed and lack of credit to purchase milk processing equipments and
refrigerator. Most of these problems can be solved by linking with credit providing
institutions and food processing industries like wheat flour factories, oil factories, etc in
Bahir Dar.
Irrigation Cooperatives Five irrigation cooperatives with 628 members (565 males and 63 females) are operational
in Bure woreda. The total capital of these cooperatives is 103,583.00 birr. They provide
vegetable seed, credit, irrigation tools and transport service for their members and also
administer irrigation water and collect irrigation water fee from users. The price of irrigation
water varies based on area of land irrigated and type of crops growing. Irrigation water fee
for onion, cabbage and carrot is 36birr/ha/production season. For maize and sugarcane the
irrigation water fee is 24birr/ha/season. On the other hand, 16birr/ha/year is the irrigation
water fee for banana, coffee and hops. Irrigation cooperatives also involved in marketing of
vegetables produced by its members.
General problems in marketing of agricultural commodities
• Lack of market information to farmers
31
• Farmers sale individually. Consequently they did not have power to bargain • Prices are not determined uniformly based on quality • Quality adulteration is a problem in the area and it is done both by farmers and
traders • Both farmers and traders have low level of awareness on quality standard and store
management • Animal and horticultural crop products are marketed mainly by private traders
Input supply In Bure woreda, agricultural inputs are supplied by OoARD, AISCO, Ambasel, Damot
Multipurpose Cooperatives Union and private traders. Types of inputs supplied are,
fertilizer, seed (maize, bread wheat, vegetables and fruit crops planting material), herbicide
(2,4-D), pesticides, drugs for animal diseases, day-old chicken, semen of improved dairy
breed, farm tools such as sickle, sprayer, water pump and modern beehive and industrial
by-products for animal feed.
Private traders: supply pesticide, herbicides, drugs for animal diseases, industrial by-
products for animal feed, sickle and sprayers for farmers. Low technical knowledge to
provide sufficient advice to users on pesticide, herbicide and drugs handling & management
is the problem on private traders who are involved in input supply.
Damot Multi-purpose Cooperatives Union: It is involved only in fertilizer supply.
However, it has a potential to supply pesticides, drugs and AI service. It can also coordinate
farmers based seed multiplication activity in the woreda.
AISCO: Fertilizer, vegetable seed, herbicide, pesticide and sprayer are the agricultural
inputs supplied by AISCO. It has long time experience on agricultural input distribution.
Therefore, this institution could share to other institutions about the handling and
management of agricultural inputs.
Ambasel: Fertilizer, herbicide (2-4, D), pesticide, sprayer and sickle are the agricultural
inputs supplied by Ambasel. It provides genuine inputs and provide technical advice to
users about the proper handling and management of pesticides and herbicides.
OoARD: Seeds of improved varieties, beehives, water pump and other hand tools,
pesticides, drugs for Animal disease, day-old chicken, semen, seedlings of coffee, fruit
32
crops and trees are some of the agricultural inputs supplied by OoARD. Input supply and
marketing team of the office of agriculture and rural development coordinates the supply
and distribution of inputs. In 2006/7, it distributed 1146 modern beehives to farmers.
Improved seed Bure woreda is known in cereal crops production. The two major cereal crops grown in the
woreda are bread wheat and maize. In 2006/7 cropping season 500q and 232q improved
seeds of maize and bread wheat, respectively were distributed to farmers. There is
enormous seed demand for the two crops but the supply is inadequate. Bure is ideal for
bread wheat production. Since it is self-pollinated crop, it is relatively simple to produce
bread wheat seed by farmers. Therefore, promoting farmer based bread wheat seed
production scheme seems essential to solve seed shortage in the area. It is also possible to
specialize farmers as bread wheat seed producer. Currently, a contructual aggrement
signed between Ethiopian Seed Enterprise and farmers to produce bread wheat seed on
40ha land in Bure woreda.
Chemical fertilizer Agricultural Input Supply Corporation (AISCO) is the main chemical fertilizer supplier in the
area. It is a government organization whose main responsibility is to procure and distribute
fertilizer (DAP and Urea), pesticide and insecticide to farmers. In 2006/2007 cropping
season 18,448.75 quintals of DAP and 6,480.75 quintals of Urea has been distributed to
farmers both in cash and credit by AISCO. Other input suppliers in the woreda are,
Ambasel and Damot Multi-purpose Cooperatives Union. Fertilizer supply is usually
adequate and on-time. However, farmers complain about the steadily increasing fertilizer
price. As a result of this farmers are forced to apply inadequate amount of fertilizer and to
prepare and use compost. Pesticide and herbicide supply is inadequate in the area. For
example pesticide used to control Wello Bush Cricket, an important insect pest for pepper,
is not available in Bure. Farmers control this pest by mixed planting pepper either with
rapeseed or noug in the lowlands.
The union also play significant role in distributing fertilizer to its members. The amount of
DAP and Urea distributed by the union in the last seven years is given in Table 11.
33
Table 11 Amount of chemical fertilizer distributed by Damot Union No. Year DAP Urea 1 2000 23973.75 8205.002 2001 22664.25 6040.50 3 2002 28920.25 8682.00 4 2003 53500.00 19566.00 5 2004 65604.50 23703.50 6 2005 89259.50 35008.00 7 2006 102000.00 45237.00 Source: Damot Multi-purpose Cooperatives Union, 2007 General problems on Input Supply
Supply of industrial by-products for animal feed is not adequate
Availability of AI service and drugs for livestock diseases is inadequate
Pesticide supply especially for sporadic pests like Wello Bush cricket is
inadequate
Supply of grafted planting material not started
Rural Finance Farmers in Bure woreda access credit from cooperatives and Amhara Credit and Saving
Institute (ACSI). They also get saving service both with ACSI and Saving cooperatives.
Most of the credit money is obtained from ACSI. Recently, a private financial institution
named as Harbu microfinance is operational in Bure town but it started giving credit and
saving services only to urban dwellers.
Amhara Credit and Saving Institute ACSI is the major credit and saving service provider for the rural population in Amhara
region with 10 branches and 174 sub-branches. It has a sub-branch at Bure town with 10
employees and provides the following financial services:
Credit service
The institute follows group collateral approach for credit. About 5 to 7 male or female
farmers form a group and submit credit request through their respective peasant
associations and PAs screen each member of the group by taking parameters such as
living at least for 5 years in the PA, known to be hard working, economically active (18-60
years old), socially acceptable, motivated and does not have mental illness problem.
Training is given to this group for five to six days. Then each member registers his/her
resource, planned activity to the woreda ACSI office and must voluntarily sign to pay the
34
debt if any one of the group members fails to pay the credit. Finally each member is allowed
to borrow up to 1500.00 birr in the first year and up to 3000.00 birr in the second year
based on his/her first year performance to purchase agricultural inputs like seed, ox,
fertilizer, beehive and poultry. After 15-30 days the office with its staff checks the utilization
of borrowed money for the intended activity and the presence of those registered household
resources. Moreover, each client has to save 5% of the loan when taking the money and
pay 1% of the loan every month as saving.
ACSI sub-branch at Bure since its establishment in 1998, lent out a total of 18, 927,176.90
birr on credit to 7,263 households of which 2,661 were male and 4,602 were females. The
amount of money lent to female and male clients was 10,908,589.20 and 8,018,587.7 birr,
respectively. In 2006 ACSI borrowed 4,810,952.15 birr to its clients for different activities
(Table 12). The interest rate of the institute is 18%. Credit is mainly requested to purchase
ploughing oxen and for cattle and sheep fattening. According to the head of ACSI at Bure,
credit for fattening activities is highly profitable. However, the amount of money available in
the branch office is inadequate to satisfy the credit demand in the area. In the previous
days some clients were unable to pay the loan within the stipulated time. But, currently this
problem is solved by strong awareness creation work and clients experience on credit.
Table 12 Amount of money borrowed from ACSI in 2006 at Bure by activity No Activity Birr 1 Agriculture 3,870,055.80 2 Off-farm activities 224,568.00 3 Agricultural products trading 443,299.25 4 Service provision 25,665.50 5 House construction and furniture 247,363.60 Total 4,810,952.15 Source: ACSI, Bure branch, 2007 Asset loan This type of loan is mainly given to government employees by considering their salary as
collateral and one person as a pledge. Loan is given by multiplying one third of the salary
by 12 months. It is given to purchase household furniture, house construction, house
maintenance, etc. In 2006, ACSI borrowed 247,363.00 birr as asset loan.
35
Saving Service ACSI also provide saving services to any interested individual who wants to save money
starting from 5 birr at the beginning. ACSI has two types of saving clients. The first group
comprises those who borrowed money from the institute and forced to save money in the
institute to use it as a guarantee for the borrowed money. The second group is interested
money savers. The second group has a power to withdraw their money at any time they
want while the first group must pay all their credits before to withdraw money from their
saving. The interest rate of ACSI (4%) is more than the rate of commercial bank (3%) and
cooperatives union (3%). Farmers are not interested to save money since the interest rate
is less than the profit obtained by using the money for trading. Totally the sub-branch has
6,125 saving clients. Voluntary savers have 778,463.81 birr capital. On the other hand,
forced savers have 836,339.64 birr capital. Members of forced and voluntary savers at
ACSI sub-branch are 4162 and 1563, respectively.
Money transfer services ACSI at Bure also administers pension payment for retired persons in the woreda.
Harbu micro-finance It is a private micro-finance institute established recently and providing credit service only for the urban population. Cooperatives Multi-purpose cooperatives also coordinate credit distribution for fertilizer, water pump,
livestock production and fattening, vegetable seeds, etc. From this service multi-purpose
cooperatives and the commercial bank gets 7.5% and 5.25 % interest, respectively.
Members of multipurpose cooperatives borrowed about 3,646,149.48 birr for fertilizer,
634,200 birr for livestock fattening, 56,733.88 birr for seed, 66,728.15 birr for wax, 110,150
birr for bee colony and 152,800 birr for irrigation in the year 2005/2006. Using the credit
money for unplanned activities and shortage and late release of credit money are some of
the problems on the credit service.
Saving and credit cooperatives In Bure woreda 14 saving and credit cooperatives are available. The objective of these
cooperatives is to promote saving culture in the society and provide credit to its members
with relatively low interest rate. These cooperatives have 847 male and 133 female totally
980 members and 634,461.70 birr variable capital (Table 13). About 229 male and 28
36
female members of these cooperatives borrowed 242,185 birr in 2006. Each member can
borrow 3 times as much as its contribution. One of these cooperatives established children
saving scheme. This scheme has 56 member children and 7,044.99 birr capital. In this
woreda a saving and credit cooperatives union named as Gohe was established in 2005
and currently it has 17 member saving cooperatives.
General problems Shortage and late release of money for credit (Union and ACSI)
Group collateral credit system is less preferred
Low awareness of the society about the importance and management of
credit
37
Table 13 Saving and credit cooperatives in Bure woreda, members and their capital in 2006/7
No Name of saving and credit cooperatives
Members Capital (birr)
Male Female Total Variable
1 Hiwote Selam 109 50 159 126,383.05
2 Genet ber 81 27 108 95,214.603 Alem 66 2 68 39,565.004 Alefen 59 6 65 41,092.005 Hiwot Mebrate 74 4 78 41,755.006 Yechalale Ambaye 66 6 72 27,360.007 Etube Denke 64 4 68 18,185.008 Yemesrache 49 3 52 27,805.009 Chazalaye 55 2 57 10,190.0010 Woyneshete 56 5 61 17,610.0011 Walelegne 50 2 52 12,055.0012 Melakeselame 48 2 50 48,813.0013 Medhanite 40 10 50 7,861.0014 Geone (Urban) 30 10 40 24,573.74 Total 847 133 980 638,461.70
38
Women Affairs Office Bure woreda Office of Women Affairs was established in 2006. It is staffed with Office head, vice
head and two experts. Since its establishment efforts were made to solve some of the cultural,
social and economic problems of women in the woreda. The primary focus of the office is to
organize women in the form of women association at PA level and in other forms like HIV/AIDS
victim women associations and government employee women associations. At present 1678
women are organized under 27 associations. Each member contributes 3 birr annually. Of the
total 1063 civil servants of the woreda 406 are women. Of the total 406 women civil servants in
the woreda only 122 are members of women association. Similarly, although there are 85,943
females in the woreda, only 1678 women are members of women association. This indicates the
relevance of awareness creation in order to mobilize and organize women for social and
economic development in the woreda.
Office of Women Affairs has only two experts. Consequently, its activities are carried out on five
model PAs namely, Ambaye, Wangedam, Wundegi, Wadera and Tiyatiya. The office focus on
developing awareness on gender; women’s role in socioeconomic activities of a family and the
community at large; strengthening women’s capacity to access resources and information;
fighting HIV/AIDS and harmful cultures (early marriage, circumcision, etc). To solve some of the
economic problems of women, the office organized training for women about how to plough with
ox. The office also organized women in the form of credit and saving association at Wadera
Gendeba. These women are benefiting from this association since it allowed them to access
money without any bureaucratic processes, which they face from other credit giving financial
institutions.
In fighting the problem of HIV/AIDS the office trained 31 commercial sex workers on other income
generating activities and arranged credit from ACSI to lead their life with what they are trained. As
a result, these women terminated their previous life style. Besides this, the office trained 10
HIV/AIDS victim women on leather bag making. These women started leather bag making and
selling. In addition, the office organized about 21 jobless young girls to generate income from
beekeeping, poultry and vegetable production. It also organized experience sharing forum for
women who are engaged in different income generating activities.
39
The office also organized awareness creation training for progressive couples in one PA and
identified the effectiveness of the approach in order to create common understanding between
husband and wife on gender equality.
The woreda Office of Women Affairs also did need assessment for rural and urban women to
economically invigorate them. However, some of their projects/ efforts/ were not fruitful due to
lack of fund and credit by credit giving institutions especially for poor and landless rural women.
Agricultural extension service At Bure woreda agricultural extension service is delivered to the farming community only by
OoARD. The main objective of the woreda office of agriculture and rural development is to
improve the livelihood of the rural population through providing efficient agricultural extension
service. To achieve its objective the office has two extension teams and each team has a team
leader, crop production and protection expert, livestock production expert, animal health expert,
beekeeping expert, AI technician, natural resources management expert, horticultural crops
production expert, home science expert and rural energy expert. Besides it has supervisors and
three development agents in each PA. To support the extension service and achieve all rounded
rural development the office has additional teams such as cooperative promotion team, input
supply, credit and marketing team, environmental protection, land administration and use team,
water resource development team, food security and disaster prevention and preparedness team,
rural road construction team, plan and program service and administration and general services.
The manpower status of these teams and services is given on Table 14. The organizational
structure is also given in Fig 7.
Table 14 Manpower of Bure woreda OoARD by education level and team Teams/ Services Education level Total
≤ 12th grade
Certificate Diploma BSc
Administration and general service 12 5 3 20 Plan and Program Service 2 1 3 Civil Service Reform 1 1 Extension Team 1 & 2 7 82 (59 DA) 4 93 Cooperative promotion Team 3 2 5 Input supply and Marketing Team 2 2 EPLAU Team 1 4 4 1 10 Water Resource Development Team 2 1 4 1 8 Food Security and DPP Team 1 1 Rural Road Construction Team 1 1 Total 15 22 100 7 144 Proportion (%) 10.4 15.3 69.4 4.9 100 Source: Bure woreda OoARD (May, 2007)
40
Legend
1. Extension Team 1 2. Extension Team 2 3. Environmental Protection, Land Administration and Use Team 4. Cooperative Promotion and Inspection Team 5. Input Supply, Credit and Marketing Team 6. Water Resources Development Team
Figure 7 Organizational Structure of OoARD
Secretary
Administration, Personnel and General Service
Plan and Information Service
Civil Service Reform
Vice Head Agriculture and Rural Development
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Secretary
1
Head, Agriculture and Rural Development Office
7. Rural Road Construction Team 8. Food Security, Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Team
41
Considering the complexity of the extension service emanating from the need to deal
with the diverse sources of agricultural information, advising multiple stakeholders
and partners in the agricultural development effort and the range of extension
mandate, the extension service in the woreda is constrained by shortage of budget
and transport facility, weak vertical linkage, inadequate technical capacity of the
staff, etc. About 26% of the staff is below diploma education background which is
inadequate to cope with the requirements of extension-communication skill.
Therefore, successive training is required to upgrade their skill and to acquaint them
with market oriented participatory extension system.
Extension activities are mostly planned at the woreda level but sometimes it is
planned at national and regional level and forwarded to the woreda for its
implementation. Construction of terraces for soil and water conservation and
demonstration of BBM on vertisol are some of the examples for the nationally/
regionally/ planned activities. In such top-down planning approach the volume of
proposed activity and the reality did not coincide most of the time. It may not also
address the primary problem of farmers. Consequently, development agents face
challenges both from the office and farmers to implement such activities. As a result,
such activities are mostly ineffective and unsustainable.
Agricultural extension services are provided to farmers in collaboration by woreda
agricultural experts, supervisors and development agents. Currently there are 7
supervisors and 59 development agents (Table 15). Experts provide training and
technical backup to supervisors and DAs. A supervisor is assigned for three PAs and
responsible to give technical backup for DAs and to follow up the implementation of
planned activities by DAs and farmers. Development agents create awareness
among farmers, select model farmers and demonstrate new agricultural technologies
or practices on the model farmer`s field and facilitate the evaluation of demonstrated
technology by other farmers. They also teach farmers about improved technologies
on churches and gathering places. They follow household and minimum package
approach. Currently the extension service focused on increasing productivity of field
crops. However, the extension support given to horticultural crops, livestock and
natural resources conservation is limited. Besides the current extension service is
not market oriented and participatory.
42
Table 15 Number of DAs at Bure by sex and profession in 2007 No Field of specialization Sex Total Deficit
Male Female
1 Crop production 21 1 22 0
2 Livestock production 16 2 18 4
3 Natural Resources 18 1 19 3
Total 55 4 59 7
Source: OoARD, 2007
The regional as well as the federal government envisioned to deliver agricultural
extension service more effectively through FTC approach. Three DAs with different
field of specialization assigned in each FTCs to deliver both training and extension
service to the farming community. At Bure 17 FTCs were constructed on 17 PAs and
two FTCs at Alefa and Zalema PAs graduated farmers after training. Most FTCs did
not started its training service due to lack of budget and teaching and demonstration
materials.
HIV/AIDS service HIV/AIDS control and prevention secretariat office of Bure woreda provides
Voluntary Counseling Test (VCT) and Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission
(PMTCT) services. In an effort to reduce the spread of the disease, the woreda
HIV/AIDS office has organized several times a campaign for HIV/AIDS test. As a
result, considerable number of people from all social classes (jobless, farmers,
house wives, government employees, students, traders, soldiers and others) did
HIV/AIDS blood test. HIV/AIDS positive persons were identified from all social
classes and at all age groups (Table 16). Of the total HIV/AIDS positive population in
the woreda, 80 (53 female and 27 male) patients take Anti-Retro Virus Tablet (ART).
In addition, 130 HIV/AIDS patients established an association called Berihan
HIV/AIDS association. This association tries to generate income to its members from
its stationery shop, a photocopy machine and bath rooms. In addition, members of
this association generate income from petty trades and by sewing clothes.
43
Table 16 HIV/AIDS prevalence at Bure woreda based on age groups No Age (Years) No. of persons tested for HIV No. of persons found positive
Male Female Total Male Female Total 1 ≤ 4 3 5 8 1 2 32 5-14 14 15 29 4 5 93 15-19 282 321 603 1 9 104 20-24 241 154 395 6 25 315 25-29 143 99 242 16 40 566 30-34 84 38 122 22 14 367 35-39 48 37 85 14 16 308 40-44 39 15 54 13 8 219 45-49 36 4 40 7 2 910 ≥ 50 37 13 50 10 6 16 Total 927 701 1628 94 127 221Source: Burie woreda Office of HIV/AIDS Secretariat, 2007
Bure ATVET College Bure has an Agricultural Technical and Vocational Training College (ATVET). It was
established to train agricultural experts with 10+3 diploma in 1979 and carried out
this responsibility up to 1985. From 1986 to June 2001 it was restructured as
Technical and Vocational Training Center to train in the field of Agro-Mechanics,
Auto-Mechanics and Electrical mechanics with 10+3 education level and graduated
about 800 students. Starting from 2001 it is upgraded to a college level and is
training Agricultural Development Agents in the field of Animal Science, Natural
Resources Management and Plant Science with diploma. Until 2006, this college
graduated 708 development agents for Awi and West Gojam Administrative Zones.
Its capacity upgraded by constructing offices, classrooms, library and staff residence
at a cost of 15.2 million Birr. Its curriculum focuses on practical training. About 70%
and 30% of the total training time is allocated to practical and theoretical trainings,
respectively. It has 5 ha land in the campus and laboratories in all departments for
practical training. Besides frequent field visit and apparentship organized to upgrade
their practical skill.
44
4. Priority commodity analysis & potential interventions The following tables provide a brief description of production, input supply and
marketing aspects of the priority commodities together with areas requiring attention
and potential interventions as suggested by farmers and professionals during the
PRA survey, the WALC and woreda experts meetings and project planning
workshop. Institutions to be involved in executing these activities are also indicated.
Table 17 Bread Wheat
Production Bread wheat is mainly produced for sale. It is mainly grown in medium altitude areas of the woreda on Nitosol. In 2005/2006 cropping season about 2969ha of land was covered with bread wheat and 113414q grain was harvested. The average productivity of bread wheat in the woreda is 38 q/ha. Farmers mostly use oxen but some times rented tractors for land preparation. They also use fertilizer and herbicide (2,4-D) for bread wheat production but they apply below the recommended rate. Sprouting of wheat emanating from the long rainy season of the area and use of early maturing bread wheat variety is a common problem in bread wheat production. This calls for the introduction of long season varieties to fit with the prevailing long rainy season. Bread wheat is harvested manually in the area but farmers request introduction of motor operated bread wheat threshers in order to minimize the effect of sprouting problem. Therefore, there is a need to demonstrate motorized bread wheat trashing technology in the area. Moreover, farmers should be encouraged to buy and use these threshers through provision of credit service. A group of farmers or individuals could be encouraged to give threshing services to other farmers. This practice will not only help to solve sprouting problem but also improve the quality of grain produced since the current threshing practice done by rotating oxen on the ground deteriorates the quality of grain through mixing grain with soil and manure. Areas requiring attention Potential interventions Responsibility Poor quality produce Train farmers to follow improved
bread wheat production practice ARARI/IPMS/OoARD
Sprouting problem of Kubsa Introduction of non-sprouting bread wheat varieties Solve the problem by adjusting its planting time Introduce motorized trashing machine
ARARI/EIAR/CIMMYT/ IPMS/ OoARD
Septoria and rust affecting wheat production
Encourage use of rust resistant bread wheat varieties Encourage diversification of bread wheat varieties growing in the area
OoARD/ARARI/IPMS/ Bahir Dar plant health clinc
Maize stem borer sometimes affecting wheat production if wheat follows maize
Train farmers and DAs on application of appropriate measures including precursor crop selection and pesticide application
OoARD/ARARI/IPMS/
45
Low rate of fertilizer application
Demonstrate the economic advantage of optimum fertilizer rate application Train farmers and DAs how to prepare and use compost
OoARD/IPMS
Quality reduction due to threshing on the ground by ox
Introduce small scale motorized wheat threshing machine
Cooperatives/Bahir Dar farm machinery, IPMS, OoARD
High post-harvest loss by weevil
Train farmers about grain store management and demonstrate improved grain storage structures
OoARD/ Bhir Dar farm machinery/ IPMS
Input supply Almost the entire farmers of Bure woreda plant only one bread wheat variety called Kubsa (HAR 1685). Growing one variety for a long time and on extended area creates favourable condition for disease out break. Although seeds of improved varieties should not be recycled more than two times, farmers at Bure use 3-5 times recycled seed of bread wheat. Such practice result in quality deterioration and yield reduction. They use recycled seed since seed supply is inadequate and expensive. However, there is a good start in the woreda since Ethiopian Seed Enterprise started to multiply certified seed of bread wheat on farmers’ field. About 40 farmers signed a contractual agreement with ESE to produce certified seed of bread wheat on 40ha of land in this cropping season. Seeds of improved varieties are supplied only through the OoARD as extension package program. Areas requiring attention Potential interventions Responsibility Lack of demonstration of alternative improved bread wheat varieties
Demonstration of available improved bread wheat varieties
ARARI/ EIAR /IPMS /OoARD
Late arrival of fertilizer Strengthen the capacity of cooperatives union in order to timely supply fertilizer
Cooperatives Union/IPMS
High price of fertilizers Strengthen the capacity of cooperative union to supply fertilizer with reasonable price Encourage farmers to use compost Training of farmers and DAs on the scientific method of compost preparation
OoARD/ Cooperatives Union/ IPMS
Inadequate improved seed supply
Establish sustainable seed supply system by organizing seed producer farmers group with skills in proper post harvesting handling Encourage big private farm owners to be involved in bread wheat seed production
OoARD/IPMS/ Cooperatives
Long chain of input supply system
Encourage Cooperative Union to import input, mainly fertilizer
Cooperatives Union/OoARD/IPMS
46
Seed and fertilizer supply is inadequate
Collect input demand of farmers ahead of time by OoARD
OoARD/IPMS/ACSI
Credit High interest rate of credit, especially from ACSI
Look for alternative credit suppliers around
OoARD/IPMS/Cooperatives
Marketing Most of the bread wheat is sold individually to private traders. The amount of grain sold through the cooperative system is very small. It is sold on the local market and farmers did not sale bread wheat directly to bread wheat flour factories. There is also considerable post harvest loss in the stores of private traders or cooperative. Areas requiring attention Potential interventions Responsibility Lack of quality based wheat pricing
Encourage private traders, factory owners and cooperative union to implement quality based pricing of bread wheat Train farmers, traders and experts on bread wheat quality parameters and standards of the country
OoARD/IPMS/ Cooperatives Union
Price fluctuation between years
Develop contract farming system with wheat flour factories Create a platform involving all stakeholders
Cooperatives Union/ OoARD/ IPMS/flour factories
Low market price during harvesting time
Strengthen cooperatives to purchase at a reasonable price during harvesting time Rearrange credit repayment schedule Facilitate grain storage facility to cooperatives in the Ethiopian Grain Trade Enterprise so that they can sell when it becomes expensive
Cooperatives Union/OoARD/IPMS/ EGTE
Shortage of credit for cooperatives to involve in marketing of grain
Arrange credit facility for cooperatives
ACSI/IPMS
Lack of information on the constraints and potentials of bread wheat production and marketing at Bure
Conduct the study using Post graduate students
IPMS
47
Table 18 Pulses (Faba Bean)
Production Faba bean is the most important crop in the highlands but it is also widely grown in the mid altitude areas of Bure woreda. On average 11427q faba bean produced annually on 884 ha land in Bure. Farmers grow low yielding and small seeded local faba bean varieties. Efforts in terms of introducing high yielding and large seeded improved varieties would benefit farmers through export market in Sudan. Faba bean is one of the cash crops for farmers in the highlands. Farmers also grow faba bean in rotation with cereals to improve the fertility of their croplands. Currently farmers reported that faba bean is demanding fertilizer application which was not the case before. Research made by the national soil laboratory indicated that application of bio-fertilizer on faba bean improves productivity. Therefore, use of this bio-fertiliser reduces the cost of chemical fertilizer. Farmers started to use raw planting and apply fertilizer at a very low rate compared to the recommended rate. Farmers grow only local varieties and land preparation is done by ox. They did not use herbicide for weed control. Chocolate spot and rust among diseases and boll worm and weevil among insect pests cause significant yield loss on faba bean. Areas requiring attention Potential interventions Responsibility Lack of demonstration of improved varieties
Introduce and demonstrate export type improved varieties of faba bean
ARARI/EIAR/IPMS/ OoARD
Higher yield loss due to chocolate spot and rust
Develop and introduce diseases resistant varieties and other disease management techniques
ARARI/EIAR/IPMS
Low productivity due to low soil fertility
Use bio-fertilizers and compost ARARI/EIAR/IPMS
Input supply Farmers use local varieties. Seeds of improved varieties are not yet introduced in the area. Moreover, farmers can not maintain improved varieties seed since it is a highly cross pollinated crop. Inoculums for different legumes are available in National Soils Research Laboratory at the cost of 15-20 birr per kg. About 0.5kg inoculums is enough for a hectare of land. But this technology is not yet introduced in the area. Areas requiring attention Potential interventions Responsibility Lack of seed supply of improved faba bean varieties
Develop farmer based seed production by organizing farmers to grow the same variety in group
ARARI/EIAR/IPMS/ OoARD
High fertilizer price and late arrival
Strengthen the capacity of cooperatives union to supply fertilizer at a reasonable price and on time
Marketing Pulses are only sold through private traders. Cooperatives did not buy faba bean. There is price fluctuation in different seasons. The price is very low (300-350 birr/q) between November and January and high (>430 birr/q) in February and afterwards. There is lack of pricing faba bean based on quality standards. Faba bean is susceptible to weevil in the store. Consequently, farmers sell the produce immediately after harvest. Areas requiring attention Potential interventions Responsibility
48
Price fluctuations between seasons and years
Cooperatives should be involved in marketing of faba bean in order to stabilize market price of faba bean
Cooperatives/ ACSI/IPMS
Lack of quality based pricing Encourage private traders to implement quality based pricing of faba bean Training of farmers and traders on quality standards of faba bean
OoARD/IPMS
Serious weevil damage due to poor store management
Train DAs and farmers about store management to control weevil
OoARD/IPMS
Individual marketing resulted in low market price
Strengthen cooperatives Cooperatives/OoARD/ IPMS
Poor quality produce Introduce export quality variety Improve quality of the produce through adopting proper crop production practices
ARARI/EIAR/IPMS/ OoARD
Table 19 Pepper
Production Pepper is mainly produced under rainfed condition in the low and mid altitude areas of Bure woreda. Even though it is limited, pepper is also produced under irrigation. Farmers grow an improved variety called Marko fana and local pepper varieties. Bure and its surrounding is the major pepper producing area in the Amhara region. It is sold to different places of the northern parts of the country. Farmers plant on the average 12% of their land and some farmers get up to 25,000 birr annually from this crop. Land preparation is done by oxen and plough four to six times. Farmers plant by direct sowing method in the lowlands where farmers plant about 1 ha of land and by transplanting of seedlings in the mid altitude areas. Wello Bush Cricket, cut worm and boll warm (insect pests) and dumping-off and root rot (diseases) are major constraints for pepper production. To control crickets farmers use chemicals and intercrop with rapeseed and noug. They apply fertilizer at the rate of 200kg DAP and 100kg Urea. Because of cheating by traders with their weighing scales, farmers have started to adulterate the produce by sprinkling water to the already dried pepper so that it will raise the weight of the produce. This practice resulted in burning of a pepper store at Alefa, one of the PAs in Bure. Areas which need to be addressed
Potential interventions Responsibilities/tasks
Low quality pepper production
Supply seeds of improved varieties of pepper Train on proper pepper production practices
ESE/ARARI/EIAR/IPMS/OoARD
Disease like root rot problem Practice proper land management and crop rotation practice
ARARI/EIAR/IPMS/ OoARD
Pests, cut worm, boll worm , Application of appropriate ARARI/EIAR/ IPMS/
49
but mainly cricket chemicals or cultural practices OoARD Inadequate knowledge on pepper post harvest handling
Train farmers and Traders on the post harvest handling of pepper
IPMS/OoARD
Input supply Farmers grow local varieties because of shortage of seed supply. They prefer to grow Marko fana since it has high market price and higher dry pod yield. Farmer to farmer seed supply system need to be established. However, as pepper is out crossing, improved seed need to be supplied annually from ESE or the research system to seed producing farmers. Farmers apply DAP and urea at the rate of 200 kg/ha and 100 kg/ha, respectively to improve soil fertility for pepper production. Few farmers also use compost in their pepper farms. They use pesticide to control cricket. Areas which need to be addressed
Potential interventions Responsibilities
Inadequate seed supply causes to grow low quality and low yielding varieties
Introduce farmer based seed production in a group approach since it is cross pollinated crop
ARARI/EIAR/IPMS/ OoARD
Lack of alternative varieties seed supply
Introduce and demonstrate alternative pepper varieties
ARARI/IPMS/OoARD
Late arrival of fertilizers Strengthen the capacity of cooperatives union for input supply Encourage private traders to be involved in input supply system
Cooperatives Union/AISCO/OoARD/ IPMS
High fertilizer price Use alternatives like compost to improve soil fertility
OoARD/ IPMS
Higher price and unavailability of chemicals to control cricket
Support cooperatives to supply pesticides with reasonable price and on time Encourage private traders to be involved in pesticide supply system
Cooperatives Union/AISCO/OoARD/ IPMS
Marketing Pepper is sold to private traders and cooperatives. Its local market price is highly variable ranging from 9 birr per kg in December and January to 21birr/kg in May and after wards. Pepper produced in Bure and its environs sold in Gojam, Gonder, Wello and Tigray by private traders. However, the use of the produce as a raw material for oleoresin factories is not yet started. Adulteration of pepper by farmers and weighing scale manipulation by traders are major problems in marketing of pepper. Quality of the produce is substantially affected as a result. Quality based pricing would encourage farmers to produce high quality product so that they will fetch better prices from their product. Pepper from improved varieties like Mareko Fana fetch 3-4 birr/kg extra compared to the local variety. This variety need to be introduced to Bure in a sustainable way. Areas which need to be addressed
Potential interventions Responsibilities
50
Water sprinkling on dry pepper and addition of inert materials affecting the quality
Encourage quality based pricing of pepper Establish stakeholder platform to create awareness and regulate the quality of pepper
OoARD/Traders/Cooperatives/ IPMS
Market price fluctuation Establish pepper marketing cooperatives.
OoARD/IPMS
Lack of linkages between farmers and oleoresin factories
Encourage contract farming between farmers and oleoresin factories
OoARD/IPMS
Drying of pepper on the ground also affects quality
Training of farmers on proper drying methods to reduce quality deterioration problem
OoARD/IPMS
Produce from the local varieties is of poor quality
Introduce better quality varieties like Mareko Fana
OoARD/ARARI/IPMS
Lack of market information Available market information to farmers at FTC level
OoARD/IPMS
Lack of information on the profitability of the current pepper production system
Conduct study using post graduate students on the production and marketing system of pepper
IPMS
Table 20 Potato
Production Potato is one of the most widely grown crops in the highlands of Bure. In the highlands farmers grow potato three times per year as rainfed, with residual moisture and irrigation. It is also produced in the mid altitude areas with irrigation. On the average about 356095q ware potato produced from 2500 ha of land annually. Farmers use low yielding and disease susceptible potato varieties. Potato late blight, bacterial wilt, potato tuber moth incur significant yield loss. Therefore, introduction of disease resistant varieties is essential. Similarly, demonstration of proper potato production techniques would help to boost potato productivity in the area. Areas which need to be addressed
Potential interventions Responsibilities/tasks
Grow low yielding local varieties
Introduce and demonstrate high yielding improved varieties of potato
IPMS/ARARI
Late blight Introduce tolerant/ resistant varieties IPMS/ARARI Potato tuber moth damage both in store and in the field
Spray pesticide or use Tagetus manuta (weed) in the store to deter moth Train farmers and DAs on moth control methods (proper field management, use of botanicals, etc)
OoARD/IPMS
Bacterial wilt, locally called AIDS
Proper crop management and crop rotation for 3-4 years away from Solanaceous family Use healthy planting material (seed tuber)
ARARI/ IPMS/ OoARD
51
Uproot diseased plant and burn it Train farmers and DAs about the control methods of wilt
Low level of fertilizer application due to high fertilizer price
Use alternative fertilizers like compost and noug seed cake Determine the optimum rate of compost and noug seed cake for potato production Train farmers and DAs about proper compost preparation
OoARD/ IPMS/ARARI
Short shelf life of potato Introduce Cool Chamber facility for ware potato and diffused light store for seed tuber Train farmers and DAs about the effect of proper harvesting on the shelf-life of potato tuber Arrange experience sharing tours to farmers in Shashemane and Holleta
ARARI/IPMS/OoARD
Input supply Potato is growing three times per year in Bure. Consequently, it demands input supply three times per year. There is no improved varieties seed tuber supply system in the area. Moreover, fertilizer is unavailable for residual moisture and irrigated potato production system. It is not also adequate for rainfed potato production system since its planting date is early compared to other crops. Consequently, farmers solve the above problem through use of compost, FYM and noug cake. Small scale potato harvesting equipments are not introduced in the area like in other parts of the country. Introduction of such equipments will help to increase the shelf life of potato by reducing the amount of tuber damage caused by the current potato harvesting system. Areas which need to be addressed
Potential interventions Responsibilities
Lack of improved potato variety seed tuber supply system causes to grow poor quality, low yielding and disease susceptible varieties
Establish farmer based potato seed tuber multiplication system Train farmers about potato seed tuber production and storage techniques
ARARI/ IPMS/ OoARD
Late arrival of fertilizers for the rainy season crop and lack of supply for irrigated and residual moisture crop
Organise and support cooperatives for input supply Encourage private traders to be involved in input supply system
Cooperatives Union/ AISCO/ OoARD/ IPMS
High fertilizer price Strengthen the capacity of cooperatives union to import and distribute fertilizer at a reasonable price
Damot Union/ OoARD/ IPMS/ACSI
Lack of potato harvester resulted in higher yield loss
Demonstrate and introduce small scale potato harvester
OoARD/ IPMS
52
due to tuber mechanical damage during harvesting Marketing Farmers sale their potato to private traders. According to their report potato produced in Bure apart from the local market it is transported to Wollega. Farmers as well as traders do not sale potato based on quality and do not practice tuber grading. Introduction of such practice will encourage farmers to produce good quality tuber and vital to supply quality tuber for the processing plant which will be operational soon at Koso Ber. Currently farmers complain about the involvement of brokers in potato marketing system. Since potato is perishable product farmers sale their produce as per brokers determined price of potato. This situation makes potato production unprofitable business. Therefore, establishment of strong potato marketing system which can remove mal-functioning brokers seems essential. Potato is also mainly growing in the areas which are relatively inaccessible. Besides potato is bulky for transportation. Hence expansion of this commodity needs expansion of rural roads. Areas which need to be addressed
Potential interventions Responsibilities
Market price fluctuation Create organized potato marketing system
OoARD/IPMS
Lack of direct linkage between potato producers and traders due to brokers (middlemen)
Establish potato marketing groups Take legal actions on middlemen Create strong link with potato processing plant that will be operational soon in Koso Ber
WoA/OoARD
Lack of potato tuber grading system for marketing
Train farmers and traders about tuber grading and encourage quality based pricing system
OoARD/IPMS/ARARI
Lack of road network to transport with truck
Organize farmers to construct dry weather rural road
OoARD
Table 21 Shallot
Production Shallot is an important crop in the highlands of Bure woreda. It is cultivated two times per year with rainfed and under irrigation condition. The irrigated shallot production system is more productive than the rainfed system. Annually about 165300q shallot is produced from 1955ha of land in Bure. Farmers grow local variety. This variety demands up to six month to reach maturity. It is also susceptible to diseases like bulb rot and leaf blotch. Shallot production is also affected by frost. However, farmers strive to produce it since it is the most important cash crop in the area. They did not apply adequate amount of fertilizer for shallot production but apply manure to improve the fertility of the soil. Areas which need to be addressed
Potential interventions Responsibilities
Grow low yielding local varieties
Introduce and demonstrate high yielding improved varieties of shallot from D.Ziet
IPMS/ARARI
Purple blotch and bulb rot problem
Introduce and demonstrate different pesticides Train farmers precaution measures for bulb rot
IPMS/ARARI/ OoARD
53
disease Inadequate chemical fertilizer application due to high fertilizer price
Use alternative fertilizers like compost and manure Determine the optimum rate of compost and manure for shallot production Train farmers and DAs about proper compost preparation
OoARD/ IPMS/ARARI
Inappropriate irrigation system (flooding)
Demonstrate appropriate irrigation schedule Introduce and demonstrate irrigation techniques with high water use efficiency (plastic mulching, etc)
IPMS/OoARD
Short shelf life of shallot Introduce Cool Chamber facility Train farmers and DAs about the effect of curing on the shelf-life of shallot
ARARI/IPMS/ OoARD
Input supply Shallot is growing two times per year in Bure. Consequently, it demands input supply for both the cropping season. There is no improved variety planting supply system in the area. Moreover, fertilizer is unavailable for irrigated shallot production system. Consequently, farmers solve the above problem through use of compost and FYM. Shortage of irrigation water is major constraint for irrigated shallot production. Shallot is affected by bulb rot and leaf blotch but fungicides are not available in the area. Areas which need to be addressed
Potential interventions Responsibilities
Lack of improved shallot variety seed bulb supply system causes to grow poor quality, low yielding and disease susceptible varieties
Establish farmer based shallot multiplication system Train farmers about shallot seed bulb production and storage techniques
ARARI/ IPMS/ OoARD
Lack of fertilizer supply for irrigated shallot production
Organise and support cooperatives for input supply Encourage private traders to be involved in input supply system
Cooperatives Union/ AISCO/ OoARD/ IPMS
High fertilizer price Strengthen the capacity of cooperatives union to import and distribute fertilizer at a reasonable price
Damot Union/ OoARD/ IPMS/ACSI
Marketing Farmers sale their shallot to private traders. According to their report shallot produced in Bure apart from the local market it is transported to Wollega and Addis Ababa. Farmers as well as traders do not sale shallot based on quality standard. Currently farmers complain about the involvement of broker or middlemen in shallot marketing system. Since shallot is perishable product, farmers sale their produce as per brokers determined price. This situation makes shallot production unprofitable business. Therefore, establishment of strong shallot marketing system which can remove mal-functioning brokers seems essential. Shallot
54
is also mainly growing in areas which are relatively inaccessible. Besides it is bulky for transportation. Hence expansion of this commodity needs expansion of rural roads. Areas which need to be addressed
Potential interventions Responsibilities
Market price fluctuation Create organized shallot marketing system
OoARD/IPMS
Lack of direct linkage between shallot producers and traders due to brokers (middlemen)
Establish strong shallot producing and trading groups (platform) Take legal actions on mal-behaving middlemen
WoA/OoARD
Lack of market information Collect and post shallot market information at shallot producing PA FTCs
OoARD/IPMS
Lack of road network to transport with truck
Organize farmers to construct dry weather rural road
OoARD
Table 22 Tropical and sub-tropical fruits Production Bure has ideal environmental condition for the production of tropical and sub-tropical fruits. There is also ample irrigation water resource as well traditional and modern irrigation schemes in the area. However, fruit production is just started and needs to be supported. Fruit juice shops in Bure town receive fruits from Wollega and Addis Ababa for their shop. For the last long time, the small fruit nursery of OoARD was the only fruit crops planting material supplier. This nursery supply mango, avocado, guava and papaya seedlings propagated by seed. It also distributes seedlings and suckers of different coffee and banana varieties respectively. The local mango is fibrous and has small flesh to stone ratio. Similarly avocado trees are tall and less productive with small stone to flesh ratio. Despite this fact, farmers demand to seedlings of these fruit crops is steadily increasing. This situation also pushed some farmers to start in fruit crops seedling raising and selling activity. However, both farmers and the OoARD nurseries multiply and distribute planting materials of unimproved varieties by seed. Propagation of known improved varieties by grafting is not yet started. Moreover, farmers as well as experts are not skilled on grafting. Therefore, training of farmers as well as experts on grafting will contribute for the distribution of improved fruit crops varieties. At about 50 km north of Bure near to a small town called Enjibara there is a private fruit nursery which will be a future school for farmers who will be involved in farmer based fruit seedling supply system. Areas which need to be addressed
Potential interventions Responsibilities
Fruits grown and distributed from OoARD nursery are of poor quality
Introduce grafted improved fruit crops varieties through farmer based fruit crops planting material supply system
OoARD/ IPMS/EIAR
Some fruits like mango are pushed to higher elevations
Train farmers and DAs about the adaptation ecology and requirements of different fruit crops
OoARD/ IPMS
Poor fruit tree management Training of farmers and DAs on OoARD/IPMS/ARARI
55
(pruning, irrigation practice) fruit tree management Organize experience sharing visit
Poor harvesting practice Introduce different fruit harvesting techniques to maintain the quality and elongate the shelf-life of fruits
OoARD/IPMS/ARARI
Input supply The major fruit crops seedlings source to farmers is the nursery of OoARD. Recently, some individual farmers are also raising and selling fruit seedling to fellow farmers. This is an encouraging practice and needs to be supported so that these farmers will be able to sell improved varieties in the future. Farmers grow unimproved varieties of different fruit crops using seedlings. Moreover, other necessary inputs like micro-nutrients essential to improve the quality of fruits and grafting as well as pruning equipments are unavailable. Areas which need to be addressed
Potential interventions Responsibilities
Lack of improved varieties planting material
Introduce scions of improved varieties and train farmers fruit crops grafting techniques Support the farmer based fruit seedling supply system
OoARD/IPMS/ARARI
Shortage of fertilizer during off-season
Make avail fertilizer throughout the year through cooperatives
IPMS/OoARD/Cooperatives
Lack of pruning and grafting equipments
Make available through cooperatives and private traders
IPMS/OoARD/Cooperatives
Shortage of fungicides and pesticides
Make available through cooperatives and private traders
IPMS/OoARD/Cooperatives
Lack of Ice boxes for transporting scions
Avail ice boxes for transporting scions Avail initial mother trees to use them as future sources of scion
IPMS/OoARD/Cooperatives
Marketing Currently farmers did not face market problem for their fruits since the annual produce is extremely lower than the local market demand. Lack of market will not be a problem in the near future for fruits since the big towns in the surroundings are currently getting fruits from long distances in the southern and western parts of the country. Areas which need to be addressed
Potential interventions Responsibilities
Poor quality produce Improve the quality of fruits through using improved varieties or by top-working
OoARD/IPMS/ARARI
Lack of quality based pricing
Introduce fruit grading techniques to farmers and
OoARD/IPMS
56
traders Encourage farmers and traders to determine price based on quality standard
Table 23 Cattle fattening Production The number of livestock particularly of cattle is very high in Bure. The type of cattle breed available in the area is Huro breed. It has small body size compared to Fogera and Borena breed. There is animal disease problem especially in the lowlands. The prevailing environmental condition in Bure is conducive to support cattle fattening. High rainfall and long rainy season in the area is ideal to grow different forage species during the rainy season. Some farmers have the experience in fattening cattle and even selling fattened animals to Sudan at the Metema market. However, farmers fatten their own old ox which does not gain weight within a short period of time. Availability of large amount of crop residues and presence of oil cake from oil pressing factories are feed resources to encourage fattening. However, farmers have low experience in feed combination, housing and health care for fattening. Shortage of credit is a major constraint because cattle fattening is capital intensive activity. Knowledge of selecting appropriate age and cattle type for fattening is essential and hence farmers need to be trained. Establishment of a new meat processing plant called Ashrif in Bahir Dar could be a good source of market for farmers in Bure. Areas which need to be addressed
Potential Interventions Responsibility
Inadequate knowledge on beef cattle management
Train farmers on housing and other beef cattle management techniques
ARARI/EIAR/ILRI/ IPMS
Feed shortage and lack of knowledge on feed conservation and feeding systems
Introduce fodder technologies, improvement of natural pasture, improving the nutritive value of crop residue through Urea treatment, supply of concentrates by cooperatives/Union
BoARD, ARARI, EIAR, ILRI, IPMS, Cooperatives/Union
Livestock diseases affecting cattle fattening
Introduce effective vaccination and treatment and de-worming program Train farmers to minimize transhumance Train of paravets
Extension, ARARI, ILRI, IPMS
Shortage of budget for animal health surveillance,
Training of paravets Extension, ARARI, ILRI, IPMS
Limited involvement of credit institutions in financing fattening activities
Enhance credit service for fattening activities
Extension, ACSI, Cooperatives, IPMS
Input supply The availability of oil seed cakes in Bure is a potential to enhance cattle fattening. In addition, Bure is a cereal belt which is another asset to get different types of brans. However, weak veterinary service may hamper cattle fattening and hence training of paravets will be important.
57
Areas which need to be addressed
Potential Interventions Responsibility
Shortage of cattle with big body size for fattening
Improve the genetic potential of local cattle breed through selection
OoARD, Andassa, BoARD, IPMS
Inadequate industrial by-products supply for animal feed
Organize private concentrate feed suppliers from industries
OoARD/IPMS
Shortage of drugs, poor quality contraband drugs, limited animal health services
Train paravets, improve supply of drugs through cooperatives and supporting trained animal drug traders (Avail credit if necessary)
Extension, ARARI, ILRI, IPMS
Marketing Though few farmers have started selling their fattened animals outside Bure, most sell in the local market to local traders. It is crucial to link farmers involved in fattening with big cattle traders who may be involved in export. Areas which need to be addressed
Potential Interventions Responsibility
Limited linkages with traders Develop strong linkage with cattle fattening farmers and traders through establishing a platform.
OoARD/ IPMS
Limited market information resulting in low prices
Develop market information dissemination system by collecting and posting market prices at FTCs
OoARD/ IPMS
Table 24 Dairy Production Bure has suitable environmental condition for milk production. It is possible to grow different forage species because of the long rainy season in the woreda. The cool weather condition prevailing in the mid and highland areas of Bure woreda is suitable for dairy cattle breed. However, the number of dairy cows available in the hands of farmers is very limited. Despite this fact about 40 urban dwellers have established a milk producers cooperative in 2007. The BureDamot Milk producers’ cooperative has started to collect and sale milk in Bure town. Once the capacity of this cooperative is strengthened, there is a potential that the cooperative will expand its collection sites beyond Bure town. This is expected to encourage farmers in milk production and marketing activities as well as to extend improved dairy management technologies. Areas which need to be addressed
Potential Interventions Responsibility
Inadequate knowledge on dairy cattle management
Increase knowledge on management (production, housing, milk handling, and processing)
ARARI/ ILRI/ IPMS
Feed shortage and lack of knowledge on feed conservation and feeding systems
Introduce fodder technologies, improvement of natural pasture, improving the nutritive value of crop residue through Urea treatment, supply of concentrates by cooperatives Union or private traders
OoARD, ARARI, ILRI, IPMS, Cooperatives Union
58
Disease affecting milk production, e.g mastitis
Introduce precaution and effective treatment measures
OoARD, Bahir Dar animal health laboratory, ARARI, ILRI, IPMS
Limited involvement of credit institutions in financing dairy activities
Enhance credit service for dairy activities
ACSI, Cooperatives, IPMS credit scheme
High yielding indigenous breeds are not considered
Consider high milk producing indigenous cattle breeds (Fogera, Borena, etc.)
OoARD/IPMS
Input Supply Dairy development is at infant stage but the potential is very high. The entry point for developing dairy in Bure could be through the existing dairy cooperative. Hence, dairy related input supply is at its initial stage. The cooperative itself did not want to collect and process more than their current capacity of 100-120 l/day due to lack of refrigerators and shortage of cream separator and other equipments. Areas which need to be addressed
Potential Interventions Responsibility
Low genetic potential of local cattle breeds for dairy
Improve genetic potential of local cattle breed through improved delivery of AI service and establishment of bull stations
OoARD, Andassa, BoARD, IPMS
Shortage of drugs, poor quality contraband drugs, limited animal health services
Encourage private veterinary service like that of Ada’a Dairy Cooperative Train paravets at community level Avail drugs through cooperatives
Extension, ARARI, ILRI, IPMS
Cooperative lacks modern handling and processing equipments for dairy (including butter churns, etc.)
Improve handling, processing, storage and transportation facilities of cooperatives Provide training about handling and operating of milk processing equipments Provide credit service
ILRI/IPMS/ACSI
Marketing The cooperative has started buying and selling of milk and milk products. Since its establishment about three months ago, it has increased collecting milk from 10 to 120 l/day. This shows a sign of improvement and is expected to involve as many farmers in the surrounding PAs. The cooperative is still unable to satisfy the milk demand of the town dwellers which is mainly because of lack of equipments. In addition to the town dwellers, there are ATVET and soft drink bottling plant in the town with a number of students and labourers, respectively. This is a good market opportunity for the dairy cooperative. Once the capacity of the cooperative is strengthened, Bure is accessible in four directions which is favourable to open milk collection sites in all directions and in order to reach as many farmers in the countryside. Areas which need Potential Interventions Responsibility
59
to be addressed Cultural barrier to sell milk
Strengthen the existing dairy cooperative in Bure town in order to teach farmers through practical benefits
OoARD/IPMS
There is no milk demand and supply data in Bure
Conduct milk demand and supply study in Bure and nearby towns
OoARD/IPMS
Low level of knowledge on different products of milk and its processing methods
Train farmers and members of dairy cooperative and DAs on different products of milk and processing method.
OoARD/IPMS/ILRI/ LandO`lakes
Table 25 Sheep fattening Production Farmers rear two types of sheep breeds in Bure woreda. Huro breed is common In the lowlands and Dangela breed is common in higher altitudes areas. Some farmers have already got the experience of fattening and selling sheep. There is large number of sheep population especially in the high and mid altitude areas and many farmers desire to be involved in sheep fattening programme. The problem in this practice is mainly related to shortage of credit. The woreda has limited credit scheme for sheep and cattle fattening activities compared to the society demand. Sheep fattening can easily take off if adequate credit is made available. Although farmers in the lowlands have excess feed resource during the rainy season, they do not have the knowledge to conserve the available feed resource and use during the dry season of the year. Moreover there are a number of sheep diseases which result in weight loss and death. Areas which need to be addressed
Potential Interventions Responsibility
Inadequate knowledge on sheep feeding and breeding management
Increase knowledge on management (feeding, selection and housing of sheep)
ARARI, EIAR/ILRI /OoARD/IPMS
Feed shortage and lack of knowledge on feed conservation and feeding systems
Introduce fodder technologies, improvement of natural pasture, improving the nutritive value of crop residue through Urea treatment, production and supply of concentrates by cooperatives/Union
BoARD, ARARI, EIAR, ILRI, IPMS, Cooperatives/Union
Different diseases, internal and external parasites problem
Training of paravets Introduce effective vaccination and treatment and deworming program
OoARD/ Bahir Dar Animal Health Laboratory, ARARI, ILRI, IPMS
Limited credit to support sheep fattening and production activities
Enhance credit service for sheep fattening and production activities
ACSI, Cooperatives, IPMS
Input supply Sheep production and fattening activity can easily take off since most necessary inputs are easily available in the area. There are crop residues, large number of sheep and oil pressing
60
factories which can avail supplementary feed resources. Moreover, There is strong desire to be involved in this programme provided that credit is available. Farmers in the cereal/potato/livestock system have small landholding and could specialize on sheep fattening with a little support on credit. In addition, other farmers in the other farming system also need to be involved in the sheep fattening programme. Areas which need to be addressed
Potential Interventions Responsibility
Feed supply for year round fattening is inadequate
Train farmers and development agents about feed resources and their management for dry season Establish concentrate feed suppliers
OoARD/IPMS/ACSI/ARARI
Shortage of drugs, poor quality contraband drugs, limited animal health services
Develop effective animal health services, train paravets, improve supply of drugs through cooperatives and private traders
OoARD, ARARI, ILRI, IPMS, Cooperatives
Sheep breed management Use better ram ARARI/IPMS/OoARD Marketing The fact that some farmers have the knowledge of fattening and selling sheep. In addition, farmers reported lack of market problem for sheep. However, farmers sell their sheep individually and only in the local market. This indicates that farmers lack market information. Moreover, to document and identify intervention points there is a need to study sheep marketing, its profitability, destination and other market related issues. Areas which need to be addressed
Potential Interventions Responsibility
Most farmers sell sheep without fattening
Train farmers sheep fattening practice
OoARD/ IPMS
Limited linkages with traders
Develop a platform OoARD, IPMS, cooperatives, traders
Limited market information resulting in low prices
Develop market information through the extension system and share with farmers
OoARD, IPMS
Weight loss due to inappropriate transportation for marketing
Improving transportation system during marketing of sheep
OoARD, IPMS
There is no information on sheep production and marketing system of the woreda
Conduct sheep production and marketing study
OoARD, ARARI, IPMS
61
Table 26 Apiculture Production Farmers in Bure woreda have about 4801 beehives. The number of beehives in the woreda is not big but it is increasing every year. The OoARD reported that 1644 modern and 99 Kenya top bar beehives were distributed in 2007 alone. There are farmers who have 60 modern beehives in some of the PAs. Demand to modern beehives is high and the OoARD wants to expand apiculture. There is good vegetation cover which will be bee forage both in the low and high altitude areas. In addition, there is water resource in these areas for bees. Moreover, the size of land holding especially in the highlands is very small and there are a lot of landless youth in the area who can generate income from beekeeping. However due to extensive use of herbicides and pesticides to support cereal production, beekeeping business is backfired in the area. In addition, there is shortage of specialized expert in the OoARD for bee keeping. There will be a bee training centre in Gorgora and the project can utilise this facility to exploit this centre for training DAs and or farmers. Areas which need to be addressed
Potential interventions Responsibilities
Traditional system of honey harvesting (smoking, throwing away of larvae)
Training of farmers OoARD, Andassa Research Center, SOS-Sahel, IPMS
Bee diseases like Nosema and Amoeba and pests and predators like wax moth, ants, bee lice, honey badger and bee eating birds (nebe bella – green with yellow chest)
Training, develop pest and disease control system, Introduce proper hygiene, position of beehive, remove old logs, train on dry season feeding system.
OoARD, Andassa Research Center, ,SOS-Sahel, IPMS
Lack of awareness on supplementation of honey bees during feed shortage season
Awareness creation on importance of supplementation
Andassa Research Center/ OoARD/ IPMS
No regular bee colony market, but the system is farmer to farmer
Examine introduction of queen rearing, colony splitting method
OoARD, Andassa Research center, IPMS
Shortage of credit service to purchase necessary inputs for beekeeping
Sustainable credit service should be designed for bee keeping
ACSI, Cooperatives promotion team
No training on handling and processing
Training of farmers OoARD, Andassa Research Center, IPMS
Wax is about 50 Birr/kg, but farmers do not benefit from it as they sale honey with the wax
Examine holistic approach to apiculture development
OoARD, IPMS
Death of bee colonies during chemical application
Application of chemicals when bee colonies are inactive so that they will not be killed
OoARD/IPMS
Input supply Input related constraints are unavailability and higher price of modern beehives accessories. This problem could be solved by providing adequate credit for beekeeping and by organizing a group of farmers who can buy these accessories in group. Moreover, farmers lack bee forage plants which flower during the rainy season. Areas which need to be Potential interventions Responsibilities
62
addressed Shortage of bee forage (bee feed) during the rainy season
Introduction of bee forage plants
Andassa Research Center/ OoARD/ IPMS
Lack of processing and storage system; inefficient use of wax.
Introduce honey processing equipments to sale bee products in a value added form
OoARD, Andassa Research Center, IPMS
Shortage of improved bee keeping technologies and supplies (wax casting mold, honey extractor, queen excluder, smoking)
Improve supply of improved beehives, train farmers to prepare Kenya top bar using locally available materials train local wood workers in producing bee hives and other necessary equipments
OoARD, Andassa Research Center, IPMS
Marketing Honey is the only honeybee product beekeeping farmers get benefit. However, traders get money by selling wax after separating honey and wax. In Bure there is also a big bee colony market where farmers even from nighbouring Woredas buy bee colony. Therefore, training of farmers about colony splitting, wax extraction and selling will help to encourage farmers to involve in apiculture. The awareness of the producer and trader as well most of the consumer on the quality of honey is very low. Honey is also sold individually to local traders. Consequently producers did not influence the market price of honey. There is also market fluctuation in different time of the year. Areas which need to be addressed
Potential interventions Responsibilities
No quality control, grading handling system
Train and introduce quality control and grading system and quality based honey pricing
OoARD, SOS-Sahel, IPMS
No honey marketing cooperative, farmers sell honey individually to traders in town
Establish and strengthen cooperatives
OoARD, IPMS
Harvesting is poor, contamination with handling facility, smoke contamination and hence price is low
Training of farmers OoARD, ARARI, IPMS
Lack of processing and selling in different forms
Training of farmers about honey processing
OoARD, ARARI, IPMS
Honey produced from modern bee hives has very low preference by traders
Create platform where discussions are held with the stakeholders to identify reasons.
OoARD/IPMS
63
Table 27 Poultry Production Farmers in Bure woreda have about 47159 chickens of which 45371 are local poultry breed. Local poultry breeds are less productive in meat and egg production compared to improved breeds. However, local breeds are relatively resistant to diseases and demands less amount of feed. The local poultry breed in the area is Tilili type. Poultry is important in high, mid and low altitude areas of Bure woreda since it can be managed with relatively small amount of financial resources as well as since Bure is a surplus grain producer woreda. Office of Agriculture and Rural Development demonstrated the importance and management of improved poultry breeds. Diseases, feed shortage and inadequate supply of improved poultry breeds are some of the poultry production problems. Poultry is a promising business for women and poor and landless households. Therefore, it contributes for poverty reduction in the area. Areas which need to be addressed
Potential interventions Responsibilities
Less attention to local breeds and inadequate supply of improved (exotic) breeds
Focus should be given to select highly productive chickens from indigenous chicken ecotypes or breeds eg Tilili Enhance supply of appropriate breeds by introducing locally manufactured less costly incubator
Andassa Research Center/IPMS/OoARD/ ACSI/ Cooperatives
Lack of sound poultry management or production experience
Training and experience sharing IPMS/OoARD
Poultry diseases (NCD, Infectious bronchitis, Coccidiosis etc
Promote vaccination and other treatments Promote awareness creation activities with regard to diseases, causes and treatment measures
OoARD/IPMS/Andassa Research Center/ OoARD
Low level of awareness on the economic importance of poultry production
Train and Involve jobless youth and women to be involved in poultry production
OoARD/IPMS
Input supply The major problem in poultry farms are shortage of balanced diet supply and vaccine for the disease which appears sporadically and causes enormous loss. These problems can be solved by encouraging paravets and input suppliers and training of farmers on preparation of balanced diet from locally available materials. Areas which need to be addressed
Potential interventions Responsibilities
Lack of medicine to treat chicken
Coordinate supply of medicine against cockcidosis
OoARD/IPMS
Feed shortage Training of farmers and livestock production staff about formulation of balanced poultry feed from locally available materials
Andassa Research center/ DZ research center/IPMS
64
Marketing Farmer sale chickens and eggs individually on local markets. Therefore, they are not organized to influence the price of chicken or eggs on the local market. Moreover, there is market price fluctuation due to lack of market information. Areas which need to be addressed
Potential interventions Responsibilities
Market price fluctuation Facilitate availability of market information Facilitate the establishment of link between producers and traders both for egg and meat
IPMS/OoARD
Disorganized marketing of chicken and egg
Organize farmers as poultry producer and marketing cooperative
IPMS/OoARD
65
5. OUTLINE OF PROGRAM OF WORK BURE WOREDA PLS Priority commodities & Natural resource management technologies During the project’s first year, attention will be focused on innovative technology practices and institutional innovations for the following priority commodities and their supporting NRM technologies. Priority commodities in the two faming systems of the woreda are as follows: Cereal/Pepper/Livestock farming system Priority Crop commodities: Bread wheat, pepper, potato, tropical and subtropical fruits (Avocado, Banana, Mango and Papaya) . Priority Livestock commodities: sheep, cattle and poultry meat, egg, milk, butter and honey Natural resources management technologies: soil and water conservation, soil fertility improvement, proper irrigation practices and methods will get due emphasis in this farming system. In this farming system there is incense production. Focus will be made to conserve and increase production of incense by enriching naturally growing incense trees and establishing incense producer cooperative. Cereal/ potato/livestock farming system Priority crop commodities: Bread wheat, potato, shallot, faba bean and temperate fruit crops. Priority Livestock commodities: Sheep, cattle and poultry meat, egg and honey. Natural resources management technologies: soil and water conservation, acid soil reclamation and proper irrigation practices and methods will be emphasized in this farming system. Based on the knowledge captured and the lessons learned during the initial implementation of the innovation program some of the priority commodities may be dropped, while others may be added. PLS Knowledge management –general (RBM Code 100 Series) One pf the four pillars of the project is strengthening innovative knowledge management system. The objective of this component is to develop an agricultural knowledge management system that will enable Ethiopian institutions, farmers and pastoralists to adapt appropriate technologies from research and development institutions based in Ethiopia and elsewhere. Its expected outcome is to establish functional agricultural knowledge management system, which allows sharing knowledge at all levels, highlighting innovations and appropriate technologies. To improve capturing and sharing of knowledge on priority commodities and the supporting NRM technologies in the PLS, the state of knowledge and knowledge
66
requirements will have to be assessed on a continuous base during the project life. The initial PRA and the subsequent assessment will form an integral part of this process. Several information gaps that deserve attention have already been identified in relation to each priority commodity. The knowledge will be synthesized and assembled at the federal level in a resource Information Centre using electronic database formats. To share this knowledge with institutions and communities, various process and mechanisms will be used including the distribution of appropriate printed materials (manuals, trainings materials, posters, leaflets in local language), radio programs, local exhibitions, etc. To link the PLS institutions with Resource Information Centre, electronic linkages with the Woreda Agricultural and Rural Development Office will be established. This effort will be integrated and synchronized with other activities in this field such as Woreda Net and School Net. Both School Net and Woreda Net are operational. The School net is operational since 2005 and it is transmitting lessons from the Educational Media Agency (EMA) in Addis Ababa. There are 33 Plasma TV sets in Bure Woreda of which 24 are functional. There is a need to train ICT staffs of Woreda and School Nets in order to get benefit from all the services of these facilities. Simultaneously innovative ways of creating a culture of knowledge capturing and horizontal knowledge sharing between the actors in the PLS and between the actors at PLS, regional and the federal level will have to be developed – see section 5.3 on capacity building. Table 28 Project support for PLS knowledge management system
Activities Target Responsible (100) Continuous assessment of current state of knowledge requirements based on field work and meetings
Woreda institutions Woreda institutions involved in extension, input supply, micro finance, cooperatives, marketing under the supervision of project staff
(100) Collection and synthesis of data for PLS (GIS) database
Woreda institutions Project staff with Woreda Agriculture Office
(100) Preparation of training materials on priority commodities and NRM technologies *
Woreda institutions and farmers Research and development partners with the help of project funding.
(100) Purchase and installation of computers and hard ware
Woreda Agricultural and Rural Development Office, FTCs
Project staff
(100) Training of staff in electronic knowledge management**
OoARD staff and DAs of selected FTCs
Project staff
* For details see commodity program described in section 5.4. indicated with code number 100 ** Training is suggested on basic computer utilization, data management including introduction to GIS, communication systems and technical support.
67
Some training materials exist at the regional level. However, they need to be customized to the priority commodities and the use of innovative extension methods. Woreda experts will serve as resource persons to train farmers, DAs and supervisors. Woreda experts will be trained by senior staff from BoARD, ARARI, etc. Moreover, since the focus of the extension work for the priority commodities will be the FTCs, new extension and training materials need to be developed that fit the requirements and operation of the FTCs. PLS public institutional capacity building (RBM code 200 series) In order to introduce the project and to train institutional staff in innovative technology transfer methods, inter-institutional collaboration and cross cutting themes like gender and environmental assessment, various trainings will be conducted for woreda staff. Materials for such training will be prepared by the project with the help of consultants and contributions from the project partners. To stimulate the integration with private institution staff, some staff from the private institutions will be involved in this training. The training will be continuous during the project period and the effectiveness of the training will be assessed regularly. Lessons learned will become an integral part of follow up training events. One of the critical trainings to be given will deal with innovative methods of agricultural institutional service delivery. Table 29 Potential Woreda staff to be included in the innovative methods training Woreda Offices Number Crop production 4 Livestock 4 Horticultural Crops 3 NRM 3 EPLAU 4 Cooperatives 4 Water resources development 4 Input supply and marketing 2 Micro finance institutions 2 Women affairs office* 1 HIV/AIDS secretariat office* 1 Trade and investment office* 1Total 33
These trainees are to be included only in the training on gender, HIV/AIDs and environment. Trained Woreda staff (TOTs) are expected to introduce the innovation concepts to the Development Agents in the FTCs, who in turn will use these concepts during their daily work with the farmers and communities (see section 5.4). Use of these innovative methods by FTC staff will be monitored and evaluated by the project staff and form the basis for adjustment in the TOT trainings. In addition the capacity building of the Woreda and FTC staff in the use of innovative methods and institutional arrangements, technical trainings on the priority commodities, including new production methods or techniques, farmer group or
68
cooperative based input supply and marketing systems will be provided. Materials for such training will be prepared by the project with the help of consultants and contributions from the project partners. Details for such training are included in the PLS sustainable livelihood development activities described in section 5.4. Table 30 Potential woreda staff to be included in technical training of priority
commodities Office Priority commodity Number Agricultural Development Sector Pepper, potato and shallot 4 Agricultural Development Sector Bread wheat and faba bean 4 Agriculture development sector Fruit crops 3 Agricultural development sector Milk and beef production 3 Agricultural development sector Poultry and Apiculture 3 Agricultural development sector NRM 2 Water resource development sector
2
An integral component of the capacity building activities at the woreda level is the development of the FTCs. In the initial phase the project will support selected FTCs with printed materials and demonstration materials (see 5.2) in support of the priority commodities and supporting NRM technologies (see section 5.4 for details). While many capacity building activities have been undertaken by numerous projects operating in Ethiopia, the actual use of the increased capacity by the staff in their daily work is often minimal because of a host of other bottlenecks and a lack of reward for those staff which have made progress despite the presence of these bottlenecks. The project will introduce various other capacity building initiatives at the PLS level to alleviate some bottlenecks in order to facilitate the introduction of technologies and institutional innovations. This will include the supply of credit funds and financial and technical support for market studies and linkages for priority commodities and operational cost of experts to supervise and guide the DA staff at FTC level. These activities are integrated in the PLS sustainable livelihood activities (see section 5.4). The project will furthermore set aside some funds for rewarding experts and FTC staff which have made good progress in technology and institutional innovations. One potential reward may be in the form of visits to places of interest (this will be introduced in the second project year). Finally, an integral part of the PLS capacity building support is to create a learning system between the region and the PLS and to create an inter-institutional learning system at the woreda and FTC level. To facilitate this arrangement the project has established Regional and woreda level Advisory and Learning Committees (RALCs and WALCs). A budget will be made available to use/develop various learning mechanisms including field visits and small workshops. An integral part of this learning will be the sharing of knowledge between the regions and institutions concerned.
69
Table 31 Project support for PLS general capacity building support* Activities Target Responsible (200) Training and follow up in innovative methods
Woreda and FTC staff Project staff and consultants
(200) Training and follow up in gender
Woreda and FTC staff Project staff and consultants
(200) Training and follow up in environmental assessment
Woreda NRM staff and FTC staff
Project staff and consultants
(200) Development of a reward system for institutional staff
Experts and FTC staff Project staff and WALC and RALC
(200) RALC and WALC learning activities including field visits and workshops
RALC and WALC Project staff
* Commodity and or technology specific support to Woreda staff, institutions and FTCs is described in section 5.4.- indicated with code 200. PLS sustainable livelihood development (RBM code series 300) The project will concentrate its efforts on introducing innovative technology (practices) and institutional innovations with farmers and communities near Farmer Training Centres (FTC) which have a potential for the identified market oriented priority commodities and supporting NRM technologies. Table 32 FTCs with potential for priority Commodities and NRM technologies in
Cereal/Pepper/Livestock farming systems FTC Pepper Bread
wheat Fruit crops
Potato Fattening poultry Dairy Apiculture
Zalema X X X X X Wangedam X X X X X X Alefa X X X X X X Kuchie X X X X X TiyaTiya X X X X XFetam Sentom
X X X X X
Denbun X X X X Woynema Ambaye
X X
Wadera X X
70
Table 33 FTCs with potential for priority commodities in Cereal/potato/livestock system
FTC Bread
wheat Faba bean
Potato & shallot
Sheep Fattening
Poultry Apiculture Temperate fruit crops
Wondegi X X X X X X Jibgedele X X X X X X Arbisi X X X X X X The following sections deal with activities on the priority commodities, which are envisaged to be accomplished within the first year of the project’s life. Pepper Production Bure has suitable soil and climatic condition for pepper production. Consequently, farmers produce substantial amount of pepper is produced annually. However, productivity is very low and the quality of the produce did not fulfill factory requirements due to several production and post harvest handling problems. Therefore, emphasis should be given to increase productivity as well as to improve quality of the produce in order to sell it for processing factories and individual consumers based on market preferences. Table 34 Project support for pepper production Activities Target Resposbility (400) Study the existing pepper production system and identify potential interventions
Farmers in 4 FTCs Students, IPMS and OoARD staffs
(400) study control methods of wilt and wello bush cricket on pepper and methods of planting (direct sowing and transplanting)
Farmers in 4 FTCs Students/ARARI/EIAR/ IPMS
(200) TOT on improved methods of pepper production including agronomy, disease and pest control and post harvest handling
OoARD and 4 FTCs staff BoARD/ ARARI/IPMS staff
(300) Provide credit for pepper production Farmers in 4 FTCs ACSI with project funds
(200) Training on pesticide use and handling, impact of chemicals on health and the environment and timing of application for wello bush cricket and wilt control
OoARD crop production and protection experts and 4 FTCs staff
Bahir Dar Plant Health Clinic/ ARARI /IPMS staff
(300) Supply of demonstration materials 4 FTCs ARARI/Melkassa Research Centre/ OoARD/IPMS
71
Input supply In Bure most farmlands allocated to pepper production are planted using seeds of local varieties. Since pepper is a cross pollinated crop, it is difficult to save or maintain seeds of improved varieties under small scale and disorganized pepper production system. Moreover, late arrival and high price of fertilizer affect pepper production. Similarly, pesticides to control Wello Bush Cricket are not locally available. Therefore, higher price and inadequate supply of improved varieties seed, fertilizer and pesticide are the bottlenecks in input supply system for pepper production. Table 35 Project support for pepper input supply Activities Target Resposbility (400) Study on existing input supply system and identify potential areas for improvement
Farmers near 4 FTCs, Input suppliers
IPMS and OoARD staff
(300) Facilitate the supply of improved varieties seed and organize farmers as seed out growers.
Farmers in 4 FTCs IPMS and OoARD staff
(300) Provide credit for on-farm seed multiplication
Farmers, cooperatives IPMS and OoARD staff
(200) TOT on agronomic practices and precautions during pepper seed production
Woreda experts and 4 FTC staff
IPMS and Melkassa research centre staff
Marketing Pepper is the first marketable commodity in Bure. Productivity of pepper is between 8-10 qt/ha. Farmers in this farming system allocate up to 1 ha land every year for pepper production. Some farmers get up to 25,000 birr from their annual pepper harvest. Farmers sale mainly to local pepper traders. Pepper produced in Bure and its surrounding woredas sold by private traders in Tigray, Wello, Gonder and different parts of Gojam. So far attempt was not made to link pepper marketing with Ethiopian Spice Extraction Company. Therefore, pepper marketing is managed by private traders. Farmers complain about the cheatings of traders while weighing their produce. On the other hand traders reported quality deterioration of pepper through water sprinkling by farmers. Hence, quality of the produce is deteriorating due to both malpractices on both sides. The quality of the produce is also affected due to producing poor quality local varieties and lack of proper management. Table 36 Project support for pepper marketing Marketing Activities Target Responsible (400) Study on pepper marketing system and quality requirements of consumers and factories
4 FTCs, Private traders, factories, exporters
IPMS staff in collaboration with Woreda staff
(200) TOT in quality improvement before and after harvesting of pepper
Woreda experts and 4 FTCs staff
Melkasa Research Centre staff and IPMS staff
(200) Training on pepper quality standards and storage systems
Farmers, Traders and cooperatives
IPMS staff in collaboration with
72
Woreda staff (300) Provision of credit for pepper marketing to cooperatives
Cooperatives within the 4 FTCs
IPMS staff and OoARD staff
(300) Development of marketing information system and linkage with factories and big traders
Farmers near 4 FTCs IPMS staff/ OoARD experts/ cooperatives
Bread wheat Production Bread wheat is recently introduced but steadily increasing both in area coverage and volume of production in Bure. It is growing both in mid and high altitude areas of the woreda. Farmers grow only one variety HAR 1685 which has sprouting problem in seasons with extended rainfall. They apply 2,4-D for weed control. Trashing by ox contributed for bread wheat quality deterioration. Moreover, grain quality deterioration due to weevil damage is also significant. The present emphasis in wheat production is to increase productivity and improve quality. There are opportunities for contract farming with Guder ago-industry. This requires establishing linkages and training of farmers on the quantity and quality requirements for the agro-industry and local markets. Table 37 Project support for bread wheat production Activity Target Responsibility (200) TOT on bread wheat production technologies (agronomy, and insect pest, weed and diseases control methods)
OoARD crop production team, 4 FTCs staff
ARARI/EIAR/IPMS staff
(200) Supply of demonstration materials on weed, weevil and diseases management
4 FTCs Project in collaboration with ARARI/ EIAR/ BoARD
(300) Demonstration of small scale bread wheat trashing machine to fulfill the quality requirement of agro-industries
Farmers in 4 FTCs OoARD and FTC staff guided and supervised by Bahir Dar farm machinery
(200) TOT in quality improvement at the farm and marketing levels
Woreda experts, 4 FTC staff
Adet Research Centre/ IPMS
(400) Study the current bread wheat production system and identify potential interventions
Farmers in 4 FTCs Students, IPMS and OoARD staffs
(300)Provide credit for bread wheat production
Farmers in 4 FTCs ACSI in collaboration with IPMS project
73
Input supply
The major problems in input supply for bread wheat production are higher price and inadequate supply of improved varieties seed, fertilizer, herbicide and pesticide Table 38 Project support for bread wheat input supply Activity Target Responsibility (400) Study the existing input supply system and identify potential areas for improvement (including gender and environment)
Farmers near 4 FTCs and input suppliers
OoARD and IPMS staff
(200)TOT on farmer based bread wheat seed production
OoARD and 4 FTCs staff
ARARI/BoARD/IPMS
(300) organize seed producer farmers and facilitate supply of basic seed from Adet research centre
Farmers near 4 FTCs OoARD/ Co-operative promotion agency/ Adet Research center/ IPMS.
(300) Provide credit fund for on farm seed multiplication
Farmers near 4 FTCs ACSI/union with project funds
(300) Encourage and support private traders to involve in input supply through credit/training
Traders around 4 FTCs ACSI/Union/OoARD with project fund
Marketing To address the marketing problems of bread wheat with a strategy on improving quality there is a need to link producers with bread wheat flour factories. Lack of quality based pricing of bread wheat did not encourage quality bread wheat production. Besides lack of marketing information and lack of contractual farming with flour factories contributed for marketing problem of bread wheat. This requires the following interventions. Table 39 Project support in improving bread wheat marketing Activity Target Responsibility (400) conduct study on bread wheat market chain and potential quality deteriorating factors
Farmers near 5 FTCs, traders, Union and flour factories
BoARD/ARARI/ OoARD/IPMS staffs
(400)Development of linkages with agro-industries
Farmers, traders and agro-industries
OoARD/IPMS/BoARD
(300)Organize contractual farming with flour factories
Farmers around 4FTCs OoARD/IPMS
74
(300) Farmer training on market oriented production with special emphasis on varieties which give high value
Farmers near 4 FTCs OoARD/IPMS
(400) Establish market information system for bread wheat
Farmers near 4 FTCs OoARD/IPMS/OoTI
(300)Capacitate cooperatives and traders to purchase quality grains (training/credit)
Cooperatives and traders around 4 FTCs
EGTE/ACSI/IPMS/Standardization authority
(200)Training on better store management systems
Traders/Cooperatives/Union
EGTE/OoARD/IPMS
Fruit Production Bure has suitable soil and climatic condition for the production of tropical, subtropical and temperate fruit crops. Currently, farmers grow different fruit crops such as mango, papaya, banana, guava, peach and avocado using irrigation. However, production is limited few areas due to lack of knowledge on fruit crops management, propagation techniques and inadequate supply of planting material. The project will provide due emphasis on stimulating production through introduction of planting materials of improved varieties of different fruit crops and training of extension workers and farmers to upgrade their skills on fruit propagation techniques. Moreover, trainings will be provided on post harvest handling of perishable commodities and introduction and popularization of cold store facilities will be undertaken. Moreover, introduction of different irrigation methods will be considered to stimulate fruit production around homesteads. Table 40 Project support on fruit production Activities Target Responsibilities (200) TOT on fruit production practices
Woreda crop production experts
Melkassa/Adet/IPMS
(300) Training of fruit grower farmers on fruit production methods
Fruit growers around 5 FTCs
OoARD/IPMS/ Adet/ Melkassa Research Center
(200) Train farmers on harvesting and post harvest handling techniques
5 FTCs Melkassa/Adet/OoARD/ IPMS
(200) Train farmers on different irrigation techniques tree management techniques for fruit production
5 FTCs Melkassa/Adet/OoARD/ IPMS
(300) Organize and establish farmer to farmer fruits seedling supply system
Farmers around 5 FTCs
IPMS/OoARD
75
Input supply Despite the high potential to grow fruit trees, the production is limited due to various constraints mainly due to lack of knowledge and input supply. To change the existing situation the following activates will be performed to facilitate input supply system Table 41 Project support on fruit input supply Activities Target Responsibilities (400) Study the existing input supply system for fruit production
BoARD/OoARD/Farmers around 5 FTCs
Students, IPMS staff
(200) Introduce high quality papaya, banana, avocado and mango varieties into the existing OoARD nursery to be used for demonstration and source of planting material
OoARD nursery IPMS/Adet/ Melkassa Research Centres
(200) Supply of demonstration materials including budding, grafting and efficient irrigation equipments cold store facility and other technologies
5 FTCs and Fruit grower farmers
IPMS/ARARI/BoARD
(300) Facilitate supply of improved fruit seed/seedlings from various sources
5 FTCs OoARD/ Research partners, IPMS staff
(300) Facilitate credit for input supply
Fruit growers ACSI/Bank through project funds
(200) Training of farmers on nursery management and propagation methods
Nursery owner farmers around 5 FTCs
IPMS/OoARD/Melkassa
Marketing Although Bure has ideal environmental condition for fruit production, currently its fruit shops receive fruits from the southern and western parts of the country. Therefore, the current market situation favours expansion of fruit production in the area. However, if farmers continue to expand fruit production as it started there will be market problem. Therefore, market studies have to be conducted in large and small towns around Bure Woreda, including Debremarkos, Kosso Ber, Dangella and Bahir Dar. Table 42 Project support on fruit marketing Activities Target Responsibilities (400) Conduct market studies in Debremarkos, Bahir Dar and smaller towns around Bure
Towns near Bure
Students/ IPMS/ OoARD
(400) Conduct feasibility/profitability study on fruit production
Farmers in and around 5 FTCs
Students/ IPMS/ OoARD
(200) Train small scale traders in value added form of fruit marketing
Small scale traders
Melkassa/ IPMS/ OoARD
76
(200) Training on group marketing Farmers and traders
OoARD/IPMS
(200) Train traders and farmers on quality parameters of fruit
Farmers and traders
Melkassa/ IPMS/ OoARD
Potato Production Potato is both food and cash crop in the highlands of Bure. Farmers grow potato three times per year under rainfed, with residual moisture and irrigation. Its productivity is low due to late blight, wilt and tuber moth problems. Farmers did not apply recommended management practices due to higher price of inputs and inadequate supply. Therefore, the project give focus to improve productivity and quality of the produce through the following interventions. Table 43 Project support for potato production Activity Target Responsibility (200) TOT on potato production technologies (agronomy, and insect pest, weed and diseases control methods)
OoARD crop production team, 3 FTCs staff
ARARI/EIAR/IPMS staff
(200) Supply of demonstration materials on tuber moth, wilt and late blight management
3 FTCs Project in collaboration with ARARI/ EIAR/ BoARD
(300) Demonstration of small scale potato harvesting machine to fulfill the quality requirement for processing and extend shelf life
Farmers in 3 FTCs
OoARD and FTC staff guided and supervised by Bahir Dar farm machinery
(400) Study the current potato production system and identify potential interventions
Farmers in 3 FTCs
Students, IPMS and OoARD staffs
(300)Provide credit for potato production Farmers in 3 FTCs
ACSI in collaboration with IPMS project
Input supply The major problems in input supply for potato production are higher price and inadequate supply of fertilizer and lack of improved varieties seed tuber supplier. Table 44 Project support for potato input supply Activity Target Responsibility (400) Study the existing input supply system and identify potential areas for improvement (including gender and environment)
Farmers near 3 FTCs and input suppliers
OoARD and IPMS staff
(200)TOT on farmer based potato seed tuber production
OoARD and 3 FTCs staff
ARARI/BoARD/IPMS
(300) organize seed tuber producer farmers and facilitate supply of basic seed from Adet research
Farmers near 3 FTCs
OoARD/ Adet Research Centre/ IPMS
77
centre (300) Provide credit for seed tuber multiplication
Farmers near 3 FTCs
ACSI/union with project funds
(300) Encourage and support private traders to involve in input supply
Traders ACSI/Union/OoARD with project fund
(300) Demonstrate construction of DLS from locally available materials for seed tuber storage
Farmers near 3 FTCs
OoARD/IPMS/Adet research center
Marketing The marketing activity of potato is handled by private traders. Since potato is bulky and perishable commodity, farmers are usually forced to sell their produce to private traders without strong negotiation. Moreover, brokers or middlemen create a gap between producers and traders and regulate the market price as per their benefit. Lack of marketing information and inaccessibility of potato producing areas contributed for marketing problem in potato. On about 40km a potato processing factory will be established. Therefore, the project will focus on the following interventions to solve marketing problems of potato. Table 45 Project support in potato marketing Activity Target Responsibility (400)Conduct study on potato market chain
Farmers near 3 FTCs and traders
OoARD/ IPMS staffs
(300) Establish organized potato traders
Potato traders OoARD/IPMS
(300)Introduce and demonstrate cold store facility to extend the shelf life of potato
Farmers near 3 FTCs OoARD/IPMS
(400) Establish market information system
Farmers near 3 FTCs OoARD/IPMS/OoTI
Shallot Production Shallot is a cash crop in the highlands of Bure. Farmers grow shallot two times per year using irrigation and under rainfed condition. Its productivity is low due to bulb rot and leaf blotch problems. Farmers use local varieties which require six months to maturity. Farmers did not apply recommended management practices due to higher price of inputs and inadequate supply. Therefore, the project gives focus to improve productivity and quality of the produce through the following interventions. Table 46 Project support for shallot production Activity Target Responsibility (200) TOT on shallot production technologies (agronomy, irrigation and insect pest, weed and diseases
OoARD crop production team, 3 FTCs
ARARI/EIAR/IPMS staff
78
control methods) staff (200) Supply of demonstration materials on bulb rot and leaf blotch management
3 FTCs Project in collaboration with ARARI/ EIAR/ BoARD
(300) Demonstration of curing to extend the shelf life of shallot
Farmers in 3 FTCs
OoARD and FTC staff guided and supervised by Bahir Dar farm machinery
(300) Demonstration of techniques which increase irrigation water use efficiency (plastic culture,
Farmers in 3 FTCs
OoARD/IPMS
(400) Study the current shallot production system and identify potential interventions
Farmers in 3 FTCs
Students, IPMS and OoARD staffs
(300) Provide credit for shallot production
Farmers in 3 FTCs
ACSI in collaboration with IPMS project
Input supply Problems in input supply for shallot production are higher price and inadequate supply of fertilizer and lack of improved varieties seed bulb supplier. Table 47 Project support for shallot input supply Activity Target Responsibility (400) Study the existing input supply system and identify potential areas for improvement (including gender and environment)
Farmers near 3 FTCs and input suppliers
OoARD and IPMS staff
(200)TOT on farmer based shallot seed bulb production
OoARD and 3 FTCs staff ARARI/BoARD/IPMS
(300) organize seed bulb producer farmers and facilitate supply of basic seed from Debreziet Research Centre
Farmers near 3 FTCs OoARD/ Adet Research Centre/ IPMS
(300) Encourage and support private traders to involve in input supply
Traders ACSI/Union/OoARD with project fund
Marketing The marketing activity of shallot is handled by private traders. Shallot produced in Bure is sold in Wollega, Addis Ababa, different places of Gojam and Gonder. Since shallot is bulky and perishable commodity, farmers are usually forced to sell their produce to private traders without strong negotiation. Moreover, brokers or middlemen create a gap between producers and traders and regulate the market price as per their benefit. Lack of marketing information and inaccessibility of shallot producing areas contributed for marketing problem in shallot. Therefore, the project will focus on the following interventions to solve marketing problems in shallot.
79
Table 48 Project support in shallot marketing Activity Target Responsibility (400)Conduct study on shallot market chain
Farmers near 3 FTCs and traders
OoARD/ IPMS staffs
(300) Establish organized shallot traders
Shallot traders OoARD/IPMS
(300)Introduce and demonstrate cold store facility to extend the shelf life of potato
Farmers near 3 FTCs OoARD/IPMS
(400) Establish market information system
Farmers near 3 FTCs OoARD/IPMS/OoTI
Faba bean Production Faba bean is produced in mid altitude and high altitude areas of Bure woreda. The most important faba bean production constraints in the area are diseases like chocolate spot and insects like boll worm and weevil. Poor soil fertility is an overarching problem of crop production in the woreda. The project will provide support to contribute to the alleviation of these production problems of faba bean. Table 49 Project support for faba bean production Activity Target Responsibility (400) Study existing production constraints
Farmers in and around 3 FTCs
ARARI, EIAR, ICARDA, students
(200) Training on agronomic management (including application of inoculums), diseases and pest control and , improved storage
OoARD and 3 FTCs staff
ARARI/ EIAR/ ICARDA/ IPMS
(300) Farmer training and program follow up at FTCs in agronomic management of pulse production, including pest disease control; use of bio fertilizers and quality improvement
Farmers around 3 FTCs
FTC staff with supervision of OoARD staff
(200) Supply of demonstration materials on diseases, pests, cultural practices, and quality control
3 FTCs ARARI/BoARD/EIAR and IPMS staff
Input supply Increasing faba bean production and improving quality requires steady and adequate supply of improved varieties seed and other necessary inputs. Improved varieties seed supply problem can be solved through introducing farmer based seed production system. Faba bean is nitrogen fixing crop but it requires starter fertilizer in order to fix nitrogen. However there is no bio-fertilizer inoculums supply system for pulse production in the woreda. Therefore, the project intervention on input supply
80
system focus in order to increase productivity and quality of produce both for the local and export market. Table 50 Project support for faba bean input supply Activity Target Responsibility (400) Study the existing input supply system
Input suppliers, cooperatives, farmers
IPMS staff, OoARD
(400) Study the need for inoculums Farmers in and around 3 FTCs
ARARI/ National Soils Laboratory
(300) Facilitate supply of improved pulse seeds
Farmers around 3 FTCs
Adet research center/ OoARD/ IPMS staff
(300) Facilitate supply of inoculums, if required
Farmers in and around 3 FTCs
NSL/ IPMS staff
(200) Training on farmer based seed production system
OoARD and 3 FTCs staff
ARARI/BoARD/ IPMS staff
(300) Farmer training and program follow up at FTCs in farmer based seed production
Farmers around 3 FTCs
FTC staff supervised and guided by Woreda staff
(300) Supply of demonstration materials for farmer/cooperative input supply
3 FTCs ARARI/ EIAR/ICARDA
Marketing Faba bean marketing is handled by private traders. Currently, it is sold in the local market but there is an opportunity to expand the destination to export market like Sudan via Metema. However, farmers grow small seeded varieties and there is lack of market information both to traders and farmers. Weevil damage due to poor store management will also affect export market. Therefore, the project focus to study market requirements and marketing practices of farmers and the export market potential in order to design innovations through capacity building program for Woreda and FTC staffs and farmers. Table 51 Project support for pulses marketing Activity Target Responsibility (400) Study on pulses marketing, quality requirements, and export potential in order to develop innovative marketing strategy
Private traders, farmer cooperatives, pulses and oil seeds exporters association
BoARD/ ARARI/ OoARD/ IPMS/ students
(200) Training in community based marketing system
cooperatives promotion staff and staff of 3 FTCs
OoARD/OoTI/ IPMS
(300) Farmer and cooperative staff training and program follow up (in FTCs) on community based marketing
Farmers and cooperatives in and around the 3 FTCs
FTC staff with supervision of Woreda/project staff
(200) Training of cooperative staff in purchasing and storage of beans
Grain purchasing staffs of cooperatives
EGTE/ARARI/ BoARD/IPMS
81
(300) Facilitate provision of marketing credit
3 cooperatives Cooperative promotion staff/ Union/ACSI/ IPMS
Fattening (cattle and sheep fattening) Production Farmers rear cattle for draught power, milk and meat production and sheep for meat production. Sheep and cattle fattening activity is started on all PAs of Bure woreda. Farmers are encouraged to be involved in fattening activity since it is highly profitable. However, feed shortage and inadequate health service are problems to expand their fattening activity. Farmers sell their fattened animals mainly in the local towns. There is also new market opportunity since a huge meat processing factory called Ashrif is going to be opened very soon in Bahir Dar. However farmers fattening activity is not year round. Therefore, there is a need to improve quantity and quality of produce in order to remain competitive with the nearby Woredas as well to fulfill the demands of the factory. Table 52 Project support for meat production Activity Target Responsibility (200) ToT in market oriented sheep and cattle fattening
Livestock experts and staff from 5 FTCs
ARARI/BoARD/ILRI/ IPMS
(300) Farmer training and follow up in FTCs in market oriented sheep and cattle fattening method
Interested farmers around 5 FTCs
FTC staff with supervision of OoARD/ARARI/IPMS staff
(200) Supply of demonstration/training materials on meat production including posters and leaflets
5 FTCs ARARI/BoARD/ILRI/ IPMS staff
(200) Training of experts and FTCs staff on feed formulation for fattening
Livestock experts and 5 FTC staffs
BoARD/ARARI/ILRI/ IPMS
Input supply Input supply systems envisaged for year 1 include provision of forage seed/germplasm, provision of supplies for paravets and credit access for farmers interested in fattening.
82
Table 53 Project support for meat input supply Activity Target Responsibility (300) Supply of forage seeds for demonstration purposes
Interested farmers around FTCs
IPMS staff/ARARI
(200) Supply of demonstration materials
5 FTCs ARARI/ILRI/Project staff
(200) TOT in livestock disease, withdrawal period after spraying or application of drugs and vaccines, clinical sign
Experts and 5 FTCs staff
Bahir Dar animal health laboratory/ILRI/IPMS staff
(300) Training of farmers in livestock disease, withdrawal period after spraying or application of drugs and vaccines, clinical sign
Farmers near 5 FTCs
FTCs staff with woreda experts/IPMS staff
(300) Credit to purchase animals/feed/ drugs etc
Farmers near 5 FTCs
Rural finance/IPMS
(300) organize and establish input suppliers
Traders OoARD/IPMS
Marketing The demand for live animals is considerable in the major towns around Bure woreda. Some farmers supply for Sudan market via Metema. However, the market demand is not studied in detail. Based on this information a marketing strategy will be developed between traders and farmers. Animal fattening farmers will be organized as cooperatives in order to increase their negotiating power and to transport together inputs and out puts. Moreover, linkage will be created with livestock fattening farmers and meat processing factory. Table 54 Project support on meat marketing Activity Target Responsibility (400) Study the market demand of live animals and relation between farmers and traders
Farmers and traders BoARD/ARARI/ILRI/ IPMS
(200) TOT in the formation of marketing groups
Cooperative promotion and 5 FTCs staff
IPMS staff/consultants
(300) Farmer training and follow up (in FTCs) in the formation of marketing groups
Interested farmers around FTCs/DA posts
FTC staff guided by Woreda/ IPMS staff
(400) Establish market information system
Farmers near 5 FTCs
OoARD/IPMS/OoTI
(400)Create linkage with meat processing factory
Farmers and meat processing factory
BoARD/OoARD/IPMS/OoTI
83
Poultry Production In the rural areas, there is a large poultry resource in the Woreda. Production is traditional using local chicken. There was an attempt to introduce improved chicken (RIR) breeds under smallholder conditions for both egg and meat production. However, such activity is terminated due to shortage of chicken from regional poultry multiplication centers. Marketing is often done at local markets at Bure and other small towns. The project focus to increase production and to strengthen the marketing aspect. Table 55 Project support for poultry production system Activity Target Responsibility (200) ToT in modern poultry production system
Woreda livestock expert and staff from 5 FTCs
ARARI/BoARD
(300) Farmer training and follow up near 5 FTCs on modern poultry production
Farmers around 5 FTCs
FTC staff with woreda/ IPMS staff support
Input supply A major bottleneck for the on farm poultry production is the supply of improved genetic materials, diseases control and the supply of feed. There is limitation in availability of improved breeds. In order to alleviate these problems the project proposes to introduce the Hay box brooder and locally made small size incubator. Some new vaccines have recently been developed which do not require cold chain (I2 and AV2 and AV4). These vaccines should also be supplied through a private drug supplier (in the first year they may be supplied by the project on a demonstration basis). Training of paravets shall provide the basis for efficient animal health services. An option to be considered for the supply of feed is a private and/or cooperative system. Table 56 Project support for poultry input supply Activity Target Responsibility (200) TOT in the use of hay brooders, and vaccines (paravets)
Woreda livestock experts and 5 FTC staff
ARARI/EIAR/BoARD/ IPMS
(300) Training of farmers on the use of hay brooders and vaccines.
Farmers around 5 FTCs
FTC staff with woreda experts and IPMS staff support
(300) Supply of hay brooders, day old chicks and vaccines for demonstration purposes
Interested farmers around FTCs
OoARD/IPMS staff
(200) Supply of demonstration materials including hay brooders and locally made incubators
5 FTCs OoARD/IPMS staff
(300) Credit for interested farmers Farmers near 5 FTCs Project/microfinance institutions
84
(300) organize and establish input supplier (women or youths)
Traders OoARD/IPMS
Marketing Poultry production (egg and meat) is practiced in all the PAs of Bure woreda. Market for these products is in local small towns. A study will be conducted to determine how the existing market system can be improved, expanded. Group formation may be followed to transport it in to the surrounding big towns for the better market. The project will focus on the following interventions. Table 57 Project support for poultry marketing Activity Target Responsibility (400) Study the existing supply and demand for poultry products to develop a more detailed marketing strategy
Farmers and private traders
OoARD/BoARD/IPMS staff
(200) Training in (women) group formation to improve marketing
Woreda livestock expert and staff from 5 FTCs
IPMS/OoARD staff/consultants
(300) Farmers training and follow up in FTCs/DA posts for group formation
Farmers around 5 FTCs
FTC staff with woreda experts
(200) Supply of egg storage facilities for safe transportation
5 FTCS Project/cooperatives
Dairy (butter/milk production) Production In the rural areas, there is a tradition of butter production and marketing at the local markets. In urban areas there is a culture of milk production through BureDamot milk producers cooperative. This cooperative will play a key role in strengthening the urban-rural linkage in milk and milk products marketing as well to extend improved dairy technologies to the rural areas. The focus shall be to strengthen the dairy association and develop rural dairy production with a strong linkage with urban markets. Some of the problems in the dairy cooperative are inadequate veterinary service, shortage of feed resources, credit facility and knowledge on dairy management. Table 58 Project support for dairy Activity Target Responsibility (200) TOT on dairy cattle management, feed resources development, feeding systems and diseases control
Woreda production team, 5 FTC staff
LandO`Lakes/BoARD/ARARI/ILRI/IPMS
(200) Supply of training materials on dairy production and management
Woreda experts, FTCs staff
ARARI/ ILRI/IPMS
(200) TOT in forage production Woreda experts ARARI/BoARD/ILRI/ IPMS
85
(200) TOT in basic animal health Paravets, experts, Bahir Dar livestock health laboratory
(300) Farmers training on dairy cattle management, forage production, basic animal health
Members of dairy cooperative
woreda experts
(300) Develop farmer based animal genetic improvement program
Dairy cooperative OoARD/IPMS
(400) Study the dairy production system and potential for development
Dairy cooperative and farmers near 5 FTCs
IPMS, students
Input supply The major problem in input supply is shortage and high price of improved genotypes, shortage of feeds and lack of drugs and adequate veterinary services and lack or inadequate handling, processing and storage equipment. Table 59Project support for dairy input supply Activity Target Responsibility (400) Study the existing farm input supply system and identify potential areas for improvement (including gender and environment)
Cooperative members
OoARD/IPMS
(200) Supply demonstration materials for input supply (improved churner, processing equipments, posters, leaflets)
Cooperative ARARI/EIAR/IPMS/ILRI
(300) Facilitate supply of forage germplasm from ILRI and EARO DZ centre
Cooperative and farmer near 5 FTCS
Woreda input supply with funds provided by the project.
(300) Provide credit for animal genetic improvement and milk processing equipment
Cooperative and farmers near 5 FTCs
Micro Finance with project funds
Marketing Capacity of BureDamot milk producers and marketing cooperative will be strengthen to improve the marketing of milk and milk products. Emphasis will also be put on increasing productivity per animal and quality and standard of produce for the marketing of high quality dairy products. Table 60 Project support for marketing of dairy products Activity Target Responsibility (400) Study on the dairy production and marketing system
Dairy cooperative and farmers near 5 FTCs
OoARD/IPMS
(300) Farmer training on animal production, milk handling and processing
Dairy cooperative and farmers in 5 FTCs
Woreda experts
86
(300)Strengthen dairy cooperative for production, processing and marketing of dairy products
Dairy cooperative Woreda cooperative promotion team
Apiculture Production The major production constraints of honey production in the woreda include pests and diseases and shortage of bee forage. Other constraints include shortage of improved beehives and accessories, and colonies. The project will provide support to the alleviation these constraints. Table 61 Project support for improving honey production Activity Target Responsibility (400) Conduct study on the existing honey production system
Farmers around 5 FTCs.
IPMS staff/ Andassa Research Centre/ Students
(200) Conduct training on improved honey production and management (including pests and diseases management, bee forage development, honey harvesting, extraction, processing, etc.)
Woreda livestock experts and staff of 5 FTCs
Andassa research Centre
(300) Farmer training and program follow up on improved honey production and management, and honey extraction and processing
Farmers around 5 FTCs
FTC staff under supervision and guidance of woreda experts
Input Supply Modern beehives have started to be supplied in the woreda. However, problems ranging from quality to unavailability of accessories are real problems to farmers. The shortage of bee forage was also mentioned as an important constraint. The project will provide support in alleviating the input supply problem faced by honey producers by the following interventions. Table 62 Project support for improving honey input supply Activity Target Responsibility (400) Conduct study on the existing input supply system (beehives and accessories, bee colony, bee forages etc.) to develop innovative methods of input supply
Farmers around 5 FTCs and input suppliers
OoARD/ IPMS staff
(300) Facilitate the supply of inputs (bee hives and accessories, forages, honey processing, etc.)
Farmers around 5 FTCs
Cooperative promotion team/ Input supply team and IPMS staff
(200) Training in appropriate queen rearing and farmer to farmer supply
Woreda apiculture
Andassa Research Centre
87
experts and staff of 5 FTCs
(300) Training and program follow up on improved queen rearing practices and farmer to farmer supply
Farmers around 5 FTCs
FTC staff under guidance and supervision of woreda experts
(200) Supply demonstration materials like bee forages, improved bee hives, manuals on honey and wax utilization, processors, extractors, casting, mould, uncapping fork, protective, etc.
Farmers around 5 FTCs
ARARI/OoARD/IPMS project
Marketing In Bure Honey marketing is done on individual basis. The project will provide support in organizing group marketing of honey, and training in handling and marketing skills of farmers. Table 63 Project support to improve honey marketing Activity Target Responsibility (400) Conduct study on honey marketing
Farmers around 5 FTCs and private traders
OoARD/IPMS staff
(300) Training of farmers in group marketing of honey
Farmers around 5 FTCs
Woreda experts
(200) Training on honey handling, processing and packaging
Woreda apiculture Woreda experts and staff of 5 FTCs
IPMS staff, Andassa Research Centre/ SOS-Sahel
(300) Training of farmers and follow up (at FTCs) in honey handling, processing and packaging
Farmers around 5 FTCs
FTC staff under the guidance and supervision of Woreda apiculture experts
88
6. Annexes Annex 1 Cropping calendar in Bure PLW Crop Activities January February March April May June July August September October November DecemberTef Land preparation Planting Weeding Harvesting and trashing Bread wheat Land preparation Planting Weeding Harvesting and trashing Barley Land preparation Planting Weeding Harvesting and trashing Finger millet Land preparation Planting Weeding Harvesting and trashing Maize Land preparation Planting Weeding Harvesting and trashing Faba bean Land preparation Planting Weeding Harvesting and trashing Field pea Land preparation Planting Weeding Harvesting and trashing Chick pea Land preparation
89
Planting Weeding Harvesting and trashing Noug Land preparation Planting Weeding Harvesting and trashing Sesame Land preparation Planting Weeding Harvesting and trashing Potato Land preparation Planting Weeding Harvesting and trashing Shallot Land preparation Planting Weeding Harvesting and trashing Pepper Land preparation Planting Weeding Harvesting and trashing Source: Bure wereda OoARD, 2007
90
Annex 2 List of WALC members participated in farming system classification and priority commodity identification on May 11, 2007 No Name Institution affiliated 1 Ato Getnet Tarik OoARD, Head (WALC Chairman) 2 Ato Dessalew Fekad OoARD, V/Head 3 Ato Hailu Assefa OoARD, Input supply and Marketing Team 4 Wro. Tsehayneshe Tegegne OoWA, Expert 5 Ato Shegaw Tadesse HIV/AIDS Office, Head 6 Ato Hiruye Geremew AISCO, Head 7 Ato Assefa Wondie ACSI, Head 8 Ato Ayalnehe Dagne OoARD, Extension Team I, Team Leader 9 Ato Abaye Woretaw OoARD, Extension Team II, Team Leader 10 Ato Sefefe Mekonnen Damot cooperative Union, Manager 11 Dr. Yehenew G/Selassie Adet Research Centre, Manager 12 Ato Tekeba Eshete Andassa Research Centre, Manager 13 Ato Abewa Zewdie Bure ATVET, Dean 14 Dr. Yigzaw Dessalegn IPMS/Bure RDO (WALC secretary) Annex 3 List of OoARD staff participated in farming system classification and priority commodity identification in June, 2007 No Name Position 1 Ato Getenet Tarik Head, OoARD 2 Ato Zelalem Abebe V/Head, OoARD 3 Ato Tadesse Denkew Cooperative promotion expert 4 Ato Hailu Assefa Input supply and marketing Team leader 5 Ato Yohanse Shemekaw AI technician 6 Ato Sentayhu Kinde Livestock production expert 7 Ato Abaye Woretaw Extension Team Leader 8 Ato Berhanmeskil Alemu Forestry expert 9 Ato Girma Tamir Horticulture expert 10 Ato Tesfaye Zemere Water resources development team leader 11 Ato Baynesagne Agegnehu Animal health expert 12 Ato Kelemwork Admasu EPLAU team leader 13 Ato Getachew Bogale WKMC 14 Dr. Yigzaw Dessalegn IPMS, Bure 15 Ato Ayalnehe Dagegn Extension Team Leader 16 Ato Abebaw Zerihun Livestock production expert 17 Mrs. Misrach Asmare Crop protection expert
91
Annex 4 List of experts participated in farming system classification and priority commodity identification on June 13, 2007
No Name Institution Affiliated 1 Ato Getenet Tarik Head, OoARD 2 Ato Zelalem Abebe V/Head, OoARD3 Dr. Yihenew G/Selassie Adet Research Center (Center Manager) 4 Ato Tekeba Eshete Andassa Research Center (Center Manager) 5 Ato Abewa Zewdie Bure ATVET 6 Ato Yigzaw Zelalem Trade and Investment promotion Office 7 Ato Asefa Wondie ACSI, Bure 8 Ato Hiruye Geremw AISCO, Bure 9 Ato Tilahun Tadesse Agronomy Researcher, Adet 10 Ato Adebabaye Kebede Bee keeping Researcher, Andassa 11 Ato Getenet Zeleke Poultry Researcher, Andassa 12 Ato Bayhe Berihun Horticulture Researcher, Adet 13 Ato Yehalem Denekew Animal feed researcher, Andassa 14 Ato Tadesse Denkew OoARD, Cooperative promotion 15 Ato Hailu Assefa OoARD, Input supply and marketing Team leader 16 Ato Yohanse Shemekaw OoARD, Bure 17 Ato Sentayhu Kinde OoARD, Livestock production 18 Ato Abaye Woretaw OoARD, 19 Ato Berhanmeskil Alemu OoARD, Forester 20 Ato Girma Tamir OoARD, Horticulturist 22 Ato Tesfaye Zemere OoARD, Water resources development 23 Ato Baynesagne Agegnehu OoARD 24 Ato Kelemwork Admasu OoARD 25 Ato Getachew Bogale OoARD 26 Dr. Yigzaw Dessalegn IPMS, Bure
92
Annex 5 List of experts participated during community consultation No. Participant name Institution 1 Ato Kahsay Berhe IPMS, Addis Ababa 2 Ato Getenet Zeleke Poultry specialist Andassa Research Centre 3 Ato Adebabaye Kebede Apiculture Specialist Andassa Research Centre 4 Ato Adam Abebe Horticulturist Adet Reserch Centre 5 Ato Tarkegne Sheferaw, Agronomist ZOoARD 6 Ato Ahemed Alkadir, livestock expert BoARD 7 Ato Sentayhu Kinde, Livestock expert OoARD 8 Ato Ayaleneh Dagne, Extension Team Leader OoARD 9 Ato Berhanmeskil Alemu, Forester OoARD 10 Ato Ademe Zeleke, Agronomist OoARD 11 Dr. Yigzaw Dessalegn IPMS/Bure Annex 6 List of PAs on which community consultation conducted and number of participated farmers
No Name of PA Number of participant farmers Female Male Total
1 Wangedam 6 32 38 2 Zalema 9 79 88 3 Wundegi 4 72 76 4 Fetam-Sentom 14 41 55 5 Beko-Tabo 5 18 23 6 Jib Gedele 13 14 27 Total 51 256 307
93
Annex 7 List of Bure IPMS project planning workshop participants
1 Ato Kumsa Zeqargachew DA Wondegi PA 2 Ato Wasu Yohanese OoARD 3 Ato Ayalenehe Dagegne OoARD 4 Ato Zelalem Asnake OoARD 5 Ato Berhanemiskel Alemu OoARD 6 Ato Sentayhu Kindie OoARD 7 Ato Abebaw Zerihun OoARD 8 Ato Mosie Gelaw Farmer 9 Ato Baynesagne Agegnehu OoARD 10 Ato Mengestie Asrese OoARD 11 Ato Walelegn Admasu EGTE, Bure 12 Ato Hiruye Germew AISCO 13 W/ro Tsehayeneshe Tegegne OoWA 14 W/ro Terusew Adego Farmer, Wangedam 15 Ato Dersolegne Gebeyhu Chairman, Bure Damot Dairy
cooperative 16 Ato Ermias Sehai ILRI-IPMS 17 Dr. Eshete Dejene ARARI-IPMS focal person 18 Dr. Tesfaye Lemma ILRI-IPMS 19 Ato Getachew Addis OoARD 20 Ato Getnet Zeleke Andassa Livestock Research
Centre 21 Ato Baye Berihun Adet Agricultural Research Centre 22 Ato Solomon Tekeste Bahir Dar Rural Technology
Research Centre 23 Ato Ademe Zeleke OoARD 24 Ato Yebeltale Ewnetu DA, Fetam-Sentom PA 25 Ato Amsalu Terefe DA, Beko-Tabo PA 26 Ato Shegaw Taddesse HIV/AIDS secretariat 27 Ato Yenehun Ayechew DA, Wangedam PA 28 Ato Kelelegne H/Mariam Bure ATVET college V/Dean 29 Ato Hailu Asefa OoARD 30 Ato Taye Workie Private Trader (pepper) 31 Ato Wondale Alamerew Farmer Wundegi PA 32 Wro. Yemesrach Asmare OoARD 33 Ato Asmamaw Mekonen Bure Woreda Administrator 34 Ato Getnet Tarik OoARD Head and WALC chairman 35 Ato Andargie Demessie Guder Agro. Industry 36 Wro. Tezurbete Alem Farmer Wundegi PA 37 Ato Abewa Zewdie Dean, Bure ATVET College 38 Ato Mekuriaw Gessesse OoARD 39 Ato Betew Melese BoARD, Head Agronomy
Department 40 Ato Lakew Belaye BoARD, Head Livestock
Department 41 Ato Aynalem Gezahegne BoARD, RALC chairman 42 Ato Tesfahun Gerem Farmer, Wangedam PA
94
43 Ato Asefa Wondie ACSI, Bure 44 Ato Yohanesse Shemekaw OoARD 45 Ato Fentahun Abedo Farmer, Fetam-Sentom PA 46 Ato Admassie Gashu DA, Jibgedele PA 47 Ato Tenaw Berhane Farmer, Jibgedele PA 48 Wro Enatalem Tsehaye Farmer, Jibgedele PA 49 Ato Ambaye Desalew DA, Zalema PA 50 Wro Melese Tesema Farmer, Zalema PA 51 Ato Yehalem Maru Andassa Research Center 52 Ato Maru Berhanie Bahir Dar Animal health laboratory 53 Ato Amare Mengist ARARI 54 Ato Taye Yohannese Guder Agroindustry 55 Ato Amanu Bantie BoARD 56 Ato Tilahun Gebye Fogera IPMS, RDO 57 Ato Teshome Derso Fogera IPMS, RDA 58 Ato Megbare Alemu OoARD 59 Ato Mengist Ayalew OoARD 60 Ato Alemayhu Tamerate Office of Information 61 Ato Tesfaye Molla Amhara Mass Media Agency 62 Ato Mulugeta Baye ,, 63 Ato Mezmure Hawaze ,, 64 Ato Getachew Asmamaw ,, 65 Ato H/Mariam Mamo ,, 66 Ato Yigzaw Zelalem Bure Woreda OoTI 67 Ato Getachew Bogale Wundegi 68 Ato Mulugeta Alemayhu Andassa Research Center 69 Dr. Daresema Gulima Bahir Dar Livestock health
laboratory 70 Wro. Lemlem Aregu ILRI-IPMS 71 Ato Yehalem Denekew Andassa Research Center 72 Ato Kahsay Berhe ILRI-IPMS 73 Dr. Azage Tegegne ILRI-IPMS 74 Dr. Yigzaw Dessalegne Bure IPMS, RDO
95
Annex 8 Bure PLW Planning Workshop Program, July 16-17, 2007, Bure
Date Time Activity Responsibility July 16 8:30 – 9:00 Registration Organizers (OoARD/RDO) 9:00 – 9:10 Welcome Address Ato Asmamaw Bure Woreda
Administrator 9:10 – 9:20 Program Introduction Ato Getnt Tarik, Head OoARD and
WALC Chairman Chairman: Ato Ermias Sehai, IPMS/ILRI 9:20 – 9:40 Introduction about IPMS Dr. Azage Tegegne (IPMS/ILRI) 9:40 – 10:00 Steps followed for farming
system classification and priority commodity identification
Dr. Yigzaw Dessalegn (IPMS-Bure)
10:00 – 10:30 Coffee Break Organizers 10:30 – 10:50 Crop production Ato Kahsay Berhe (IPMS/ILRI) 10:50 – 11:05 Discussion Participants 11:05 – 11:25 Livestock production Dr. Azage Tegegne (IPMS/ILRI) 11:25 – 11:40 Discussion Participants 11:40 – 12:00 Institutions Dr. Yigzaw Dessalegn 12:00 – 12:15 Discussion Participants 12:15 – 12:30 Group formation for
discussion Ato Kahsay Berhe (IPMS/ILRI)
12:30 – 13:30 Lunch Break Organizers Chairpersons and Rapporteurs for group discussion
• Livestock: Dr. Azage Tegegne/ Ato Sentayhu (OoARD) • Crop and horticulture: Ato Betew (BoARD) / Ato Ayalnehe (OoARD)
13:30 – 13:50 Visit to BureDamot Dairy Cooperative
Cooperative Chairman
13:50 – 15:30 Group discussion Participants 15:30 – 16:00 Coffee Break Organizers 16:00 – 17:30 Group discussion continued Participants July 17 8:30 – 12:30 Group discussion continued Participants 10:00 – 10:30 Coffee Break Organizers 12:30 – 13:30 Lunch Break Organizers 13:30-13:50 Visit to WKMC Dr. Yigzaw Chairperson: Ato Aynalem Gezahegn RALC Chairman 13:50 – 14:15 Livestock Production group
report Ato Sentayhu
14:15 – 14:30 Discussion Participants 14:30 – 14:55 Field and horticultural crops
production group report Ato Ayalnehe
14:55 – 15:10 Discussion Participants 15:10 – 16:00 General Discussion Participants 16:00 – 16:30 Participants observation Participants 16:30 – 17:00 Wrap up and way forward Dr. Azage Tegegne 17:00 – 17:10 Closing Remark Ato Aynalem Gezahegne (RALC
Chairman)
