DIAC LAB

EC4106: DISCRETE AND INTEGRATED ANALOG CIRCUITS LABORATORY

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:

COMPULSORY EXPERIMENTS:

1. Design of an RC Low Pass filter circuit & observing its response to sinusoidal and square wave inputs.

2. Design of an RC High Pass filter circuit & observing its response to sinusoidal and square wave inputs.

3. Obtaining the frequency response of an emitter follower circuit and calculation of its gain-bandwidth product.

4. Obtaining the frequency response of a two stage RC coupled amplifier & analysing the loading effect on the first stage.

5. Design of an RC Phase Shift Oscillator (Using IC 741 OP AMP) and calculation of its frequency of oscillation.

6. Design of a Wein Bridge Oscillator (Using IC 741 OP AMP) and calculation of its frequency of oscillation.

7. Design of a Hartley Oscillator and calculation of its frequency of oscillation.

8. Design of Relaxation Oscillator (Using UJT 2N2646) and calculation of its frequency of oscillation.

9. Design of a Bootstrap Time Base Generator (using IC 741 OP AMP) and observation of the output waveforms.

10. Design of a Miller Time Base Generator (Using IC 741 OP AMP) and observation of the output waveforms.

11. Design of a R-2R ladder network for conversion of a 4-bit digital signal to an analog equivalent signal.

12. Design of analog-to-digital Comparator circuit for conversion of an analog signal to 8-bit digital signal.

OPTIONAL EXPERIMENTS:

13. Verification of Af = A/(1-L) for a voltage shunt feedback circuit (Using IC 741 OP-AMP).

14. Design of a Colpitts Oscillator and calculation of its frequency of oscillation.

15. Design of a Counter type A/D converter.

16. Obtaining the frequency response of JFET amplifier & calculation of its gain-bandwidth product.

17. Obtaining the frequency response of 1st order inverting active low pass filter circuit using IC 741 OP-AMP.

18. Obtaining the frequency response of 1st order inverting active high pass filter circuit using IC 741 OP-AMP.

19. Obtaining the frequency response of inverting active band pass filter circuit using IC 741 OP-AMP.

20. Obtaining the frequency response of 1st order non-inverting active low pass filter circuit using IC 741 OP-AMP.

21. Obtaining the frequency response of 1st order non-inverting active high pass filter circuit using IC 741 OP-AMP.

22. Implementation of cascode (CE-CB) amplifier and plotting its frequency response.

DEPARTMENTOF

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DISCRETE & INTEGRATED ANALOGUECIRCUITS LABORATORY

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

ON

DESIGN OF AN RC LOW PASS FILTER CIRCUIT & OBSERVING ITS RESPONSE TO SINUSOIDAL AND SQUARE WAVE INPUTS.

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYMESRA, RANCHI

AIM: Design of an RC Low Pass filter circuit & observing its response to sinusoidal and square wave inputs.

APPARATUS:1. Function Generator2. Ac Millivoltmeter3. CRO4. Breadboard

COMPONENTS:

1. Resistor 2. Wish board3. Connecting wires4. Capacitor

THEORY: Passive RC circuit acts as Low Pass filter if output is taken across capacitor. It also acts as integrator for high time constant.

For sinusoidal signal voltage Gain is given by

Where f0 is critical frequency given by

For square wave input it acts as integrator if time constant RC is high with respect to swing time of input wave and under this condition output voltage is given by approximately

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.2. Apply ac sinusoidal input voltage of 1milivolt from function

generator.3. Connect ac Millivoltmeter across capacitor 4. Vary frequency of ac input and measure output voltage.5. Instead of sinusoidal signal apply square wave input and study

output waveform by CRO.

OBSERVATIONS:

Input voltage=1 mVSl. No. Frequency

(Hz)Measured

O/P VoltageIn mV

Voltage Gain20 log10(|Vout/Vin|)

Theoretical Voltage

Gain1 502 703 904 1005 20067

RESULT

PRECAUTION:

1. The breadboard should be handled carefully.

2. The base portions of wires and connection shouldn’t touch during the experiment, as it would result distortion at output.

DEPARTMENTOF




ON

DESIGN OF AN RC HIGH PASS FILTER CIRCUIT & OBSERVING ITS RESPONSE TO SINUSOIDAL AND SQUARE

WAVE INPUTS


AIM: Design of an RC High Pass filter circuit & observing its response to sinusoidal and

square wave inputs.

APPARATUS:1. Function Generator2. Ac Millivoltmeter3. CRO4. Breadboard

COMPONENTS:

1. Resistor 2. Wish board3. Connecting wires

4. Capacitor

THEORY: Passive RC circuit acts as High Pass filter if output is taken across resistor. It also acts as differentiator for low time constant.

For sinusoidal signal voltage Gain is given by

Where f0 is critical frequency given by

For square wave input it acts as differentiator if time constant RC is small with respect to swing time of input wave and under this condition output voltage is given by approximately

PROCEDURE:

6. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.7. Apply ac sinusoidal input voltage of 1milivolt from function

generator.8. Connect ac Millivoltmeter across capacitor 9. Vary frequency of ac input and measure output voltage.

10. Instead of sinusoidal signal apply square wave input and study output waveform by CRO.

OBSERVATIONS:Input voltage=1 mV

Sl. No. Frequency (Hz)

Measured O/P Voltage

In mV

Voltage Gain20 log10(|Vout/Vin|)

Theoretical Voltage

Gain1 502 703 904 1005 20067

RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The breadboard should be handled carefully.2. The base portions of wires and connection shouldn’t touch during

the experiment, as it would result distortion at output.

DEPARTMENTOF




ON

OBTAINING THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF AN EMITTER FOLLOWER CIRCUIT AND CALCULATION OF ITS GAIN-

BANDWIDTH PRODUCT

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYMESRA RANCHI

AIM:- Obtaining the frequency response of an emitter follower circuit and calculation of its gain-bandwidth product.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:1. Multimeter2. AC Millivoltmeter3. Signal Generator4. Power Supply

THEORY:Figure depicts an emitter follower circuit. It is also a common collector configuration of the transistor. The important feature of this circuit is given below.

1. The biasing arrangement used is potential divider biasing.2. No collector resistance has been used, i.e. the collector of the transistor

has been connected t the supply directly.3. In the emitter circuit an emitter resistance, RE has been connected, but

without any bypass capacitor. This results in the negative feedback.4. Coupling capacitor have been used on the input as well as on the output

side.5. When Vi goes positive, the forward bias, Vb increases resulting in an

increase the emitter voltage. Since Ve = Vb – VBE and VBE remain constant effectively. This means that output voltage is almost the same as its input voltage. This means that output voltage at the emitter terminal follows the input signal applied to the base terminal. This justifies the name (emitter follower) given to this circuit.

6. The voltage gain of this amplifier is little less than unity.7. The input impedance of this circuit is very high. The output impedance

is very low. This circuit is used for impedance matching. It is used as last stage of measuring instruments and signal generators.

8. This circuit is capable of delivering power to a load without requiring much power at the input. Therefore, it can be used as a buffer stage of an amplifier.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.2. Set the input signal to 5 mV and 1 KHz, measure the output voltage and

calculate the gain.3. Vary the frequency of the input signal from 15 Hz to 1 MHz. Measure

the output voltages. Calculate gain for each reading. Take at least ten readings.

4. Plot the frequency response curve on a semilog graph paper with gain on the vertical axis and frequency on the horizontal axis.

5. From the frequency response curve, determine the corner frequencies, f1

and f2. Calculate the band width.

OBSERVATIONS:

(i) Frequency response Observation

S. No. Frequency Output Voltage Voltage Gain

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.

Voltage gain at 1 KHz = Lower cut-off frequency, f1 =Upper cut off frequency, f2 =Band width = f2 - f1

PRECAUTIONS:

RESULTS:

DEPARTMENT

OFELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING



ON

OBTAINING THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF A TWO STAGE RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER & ANALYSING THE LOADING EFFECT ON

THE FIRST STAGE


AIM:- Obtaining the frequency response of a two stage RC coupled amplifier & analysing the loading effect on the first stage.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:1. Signal Generator2. AC Millivoltmeter3. CRO4. Power Supply

THEORY: Figure depicts a two-stage RC-coupled CE amplifier. Common power supply VCC has been used for both the transistors. The two transistors used are identical. The resistors R1 and R2 form the potential divider biasing arrangement for the transistors. The emitter resistance RE has been used for stabilization purpose. In this circuit the output of the first stage is developed across the collector resistance. This output of the first stage is coupled to the second stage through a coupling capacitor CC. The output of the first stage is fed to the base of the second stage is through a coupling capacitor, CC and a resistance in parallel path. For this reason this coupling is known as RC-coupling. The purpose of the capacitor, Cin is series with the input signal remains to allow only the ac current from signal source to flow into the input circuit. The coupling capacitor, CC is termed so because it allows signal to flow from the output of the first stage to the input of the second stage. It is also known as blocking capacitor because it blocks the dc current from flowing into the biasing circuit of the second stage. In this way, the biasing arrangement of the second stage remains unaffected. A switch A has been incorporated between the two stages of this amplifier so as to facilitate the study of first stage alone.

We know that in a single-stage CE amplifier the phase of the output signal is reverse to that of the input signal. But in case of two-stage amplifier as the one consideration, this reversal of phase takes place twice. Therefore, in a 2-stage CE amplifier, the phase of the output signal remains same as the phase of the input signal. If the gain of the first stage working independently is A1 and that of the second stage is A2. The overall gain of the 2-stage combined together would be less than A1 x A2. It is because the second stage of the amplifier works as load on the first stage. Due to its loading effect the gain of the first stage is reduced.

PROCEDURE:1. Connect the circuit a shown in Fig.2. Determine the Q-point of both the transistors, by observing the values of IC

and VCE. Ensure that both the transistors operate in the active region.

1. Adjust the frequency of the input signal to 1 KHz, and observe the output on a CRO. Gradually, increase the input voltage till the output waveform on CRO starts distorting. Note this value of the input signal. This gives the maximum signal handling capacity of the amplifier. Repeat the same procedure for single stage of the amplifier by opening the switch S.

4. Adjust the amplitude of the input signal to a suitable value so that the output is not distorted and choose the frequency to be 1 KHz. Then measure the outputs at the first stage as well as at the second stage. Calculate the gain of the first stage, second stage and the overall gain as well.

5. Open the switch S and measure the gain of the first stage, Compare this value with the value obtained with the switch S closed.

6. Now, we wish to make observation for plotting the frequency response of the amplifier under consideration. First, open the switch S. Set the input signal frequency to 1 KHz. It is assumed that an RC-coupled amplifier has the maximum gain in the range of 1 KHz. Note down the gain of the first stage of the amplifier under these conditions. Vary the frequency to the lower side and determine a frequency at which the gain reduces to 0.707 times its maximum value. This is lower cut-off frequency (f1). Next, increase the frequency of the signal beyond, 1 KHz. Again locate a frequency above 1 KHz at which the gain reduces to 0.707 times its maximum value. This is upper cut-off frequency (f2). Calculate f2-f1. This is the bandwidth. Take a few readings at different frequencies so that a smooth curve of the frequency response can be drawn.

7. Next, repeat the step 6 with switch S closed. This gives you the frequency response of both the two stages of the amplifier. Let the two cut-off frequencies obtained are f1’ and f2’. The bandwidth can be calculated as f2’ – f1’.

OBSERVATIONS: The observations made in this experiment should be recorded as given below.

Q-point VCC = ---V. VC1 = ----- V, IC1 = ------- mA VC2 = ----- V, IC2 = ------ mA

Maximum input signal for which output is undistorted.For 2-stages amplifier = ------ mVFor single-stage amplifier = ----- mV.

Loading effect on the first-stage.Gain of the first stage alone =Gain of the first stage-coupled to the second stage =

Frequency response data for the first-stage only.Input signal = 5 mV

Voltage gain at a frequency of 1 KHz =Lower cut off frequency f1 =Upper cut off frequency f2 =Band width f2 – f1 =

Frequency response data for the two-stages coupled together.Input signal = 2 mVVoltage gain at a frequency of 1 KHz =Lower cut-off frequency = f1’ =Upper cut-off frequency = f2’ =Band width = f2’- f1’ =

OBSERVATION TABLE: Complete frequency response data

S. No.

FrequencyOutput voltage Voltage gain

First-stage alone

Two-stages

coupled

First-stage alone

Two-stages

coupled

RESULTS:

Based on the observations recorded above following results can be drawn1. The Q-points of transistors are. T1 : IC1 = ----- mA VC1 = ---- V T2 : IC2 = ----- mA VC2 = ---- V Therefore, both the transistors are functioning in active region.

2. Maximum signal handling capacity of the first stage = ---- mV. Maximum signal handling capacity of both the stages coupled = ---- mV.

2. The loaded gain of the first stage is much less than its unloaded gain.

3. The gain of 2-stage amplifier in much more than that of the single stage amplifier. However, the bandwidth is reduced.

PRECAUTIONS:

Following precautions should be taken care of while performing this experiment.

1. All connections should be neat and tight.2. The zero setting of the instruments should be checked before connecting

them in the circuit.3. The value of input signal may change while performing this experiment.

Care should be taken to observe this change.4. For a wide range of frequency (i.e. midrange). The gain of the amplifier

remains constant. Only a few readings should be taken in this range. On the other hand the gain varies on both sides of this range. Sufficient readings should be taken on both sides of this range.

DEPARTMENTOF


DISCRETE & INTEGRATED ANALOGUE CIRCUITS LABORATORY


ON

DESIGN OF AN RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR (USING IC 741 OP AMP) AND CALCULATION OF ITS FREQUENCY OF

OSCILLATION.

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA RANCHI

AIM: Design of an RC Phase Shift Oscillator (Using IC 741 OP AMP) and calculation of its frequency of oscillation.

EQUIPMENTS:

1. DUAL DC POWER SUPPLY2. CRO3. BREADBOARD.

COMPONENTS:

1. IC 7412. RESISTOR 1M, 10K, 33K.3. Capacitor 0.1Μf.

ABOUT OP-AMP IC 741:

The 741 is the godfather of all operational amplifiers (amplifiers on a chip). Although most up-to-date designs beat it for speed, low noise, etc, it still works well as a general purpose device. One of its advantages is that it is compensated (its frequency response is tailored) to ensure that under most curcumstances it won't produce unwanted spurious oscillations. This means it is easy to use, but the down-side of this is the poor speed/gain performance compared to more modern op-amps.

The 741 is usually supplied in an 8-pin ‘DIL’ (Dual In Line) or ‘DIP’ (Dual Inline Package, or sometimes Dual Inline Plastic) package with a pinout shown above. This has proved so popular that many other competing op-amps

have adoped the same package/pinout. Hence for many applications the various op-amps are ‘drop in’ replacements or upgrades for one another. These days there is a large family of 741 type devices, made by various manufacturers. Sometimes one manufacturer will make different versions, which work better than others in some respect. Each has a slightly different part number, but it generally has “741” in it somewhere!

The values given below are ‘typical’ for an ordinary 741, better versions (more expensive) may give better results...Typical values of Basic Parameters:

Rail voltages : +/- 15V dc (+/- 5V min, +/- 18V max)Input impedance: Around 2MegOhmsLow Frequency voltage gain: approx 200,000Input bias current: 80nASlew rate: 0.5V per microsecondMaximum output current: 20mARecommended output load: not less than 2kilOhms

Note that, due to the frequency compensation, the 741's voltage gain falls rapidly with increasing signal frequency. Typically down to 1000 at 1kHz, 100 at 10kHz, and unity at about 1MHz. To make this easy to remember we can say that the 741 has a gain-bandwidth product of around one million (i.e. 1 MHz as the units of frequency are Hz).

THEORY:The RC phase shift oscillator consists of an op-amp as amplifier

and 3 RC cascade networks as the feedback circuit. The op-amp is used in the inverting mode, so output signal will be 180˚ out of phase. The feedback RC network provides the exactly 180˚ phase shift. So the total phase shift is 0˚.

The gain of the amplifier is also kept large to produce oscillation.The frequency of oscillation is given by

F= 0.065/RC.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit 1.2. Observe the sinusoidal output on CRO.3. Measure the time period of the sinusoidal wave and calculate its

frequency.4. Compare the measured frequency with

F= 0.065/RC.

RESULT:

PRECAUTION:

DEPARTMENTOF




ON

DESIGN OF A WEIN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR (USING IC 741 OP AMP) AND CALCULATION OF ITS FREQUENCY OF

OSCILLATION.


AIM: Design of a Wein Bridge Oscillator (Using IC 741 OP AMP) and calculation of its frequency of oscillation.

EQUIPMENTS:

1. DUAL DC POWER SUPPLY 2. CRO3. BREADBOARD

COMPONENTS:

1. IC 741 2. RESISTORS 1.8K, 3.3KΩ3. CAPACITORS 100KpF4. POTENTIOMETER 47KΩ



The 741 is usually supplied in an 8-pin ‘DIL’ (Dual In Line) or ‘DIP’ (Dual Inline Package, or sometimes Dual Inline Plastic) package with a pinout shown above. This has proved so popular that many other competing op-amps

have adoped the same package/pinout. Hence for many applications the various op-amps are ‘drop in’ replacements or upgrades for one another. These days there is a large family of 741 type devices, made by various manufacturers. Sometimes one manufacturer will make different versions, which work better than others in some respect. Each has a slightly different part number, but it generally has “741” in it somewhere!

The values given below are ‘typical’ for an ordinary 741, better versions (more expensive) may give better results...

Typical values of Basic Parameters: Rail voltages : +/- 15V dc (+/- 5V min, +/- 18V max)Input impedance: Around 2MegOhmsLow Frequency voltage gain: approx 200,000Input bias current: 80nASlew rate: 0.5V per microsecondMaximum output current: 20mARecommended output load: not less than 2kilOhms


THEORY:In a WEIN bridge oscillator the WEIN bridge is connected

between the amplifiers input terminals. When the wein bridge is balanced the resonant frequency is given by:

F =

Av =

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit 1

2. Observe the output on CRO adjust the gain of amplifier using potentiometer to produce oscillation.

3. Measure the time period of the sinusoidal wave and calculate its frequency.

4. Compare the measured frequency with

F =

RESULT:

PRECAUTION:

DEPARTMENTOF




ON

DESIGN OF A HARTLEY OSCILLATOR AND CALCULATION OF ITS FREQUENCY OF OSCILLATION


AIM: Design of a Hartley Oscillator and calculation of its frequency of oscillation.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:1. Transistorised power supply2. CRO with calibrated time base/ frequency counter.

THEORY: An Hartley oscillator essentially consists of a tapped coil and a capacitor across it as shown in Fig. This forms the tank circuit of the oscillator. The biasing to the transistor is done through the resistors R1 and R2

such that the amplifier operated in class C. The pulses of current flow through the parallel tuned circuit at a rate determined by the resonant frequency of the tank circuit i.e.

f = 2πThe voltage developed across L and C (i.e. tank circuit) is fed back to the base emitter junction. The variable tap inductor and the capacitor of 0.02μF form the feed back circuit. It produces the *** phase relationship. Hartley, oscillator is used to generate radio frequencies. A coil known as radio frequency choke (RFG) is connected in series with dc supply. It provides short circuit for dc currents and offers very high impedance to the high frequency currents.

PROCEDURE: This experiment can be performed in the following steps.

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.2. Connect CRO at the output terminals of the oscillator. Measure the time

period of the sine wave generated by the oscillator by suing the calibrated time base of the CRO. Then calculate the frequency of oscillations of the oscillator.

OBSERVATIONS:

The time period of the wave shape of the Output = ----- sec.

The frequency of oscillation = f = 1/T = ---- KHz

PRECAUTIONS:

1. All connections should be neat and tight.

2. The measurement on CRO should be taken attentively.

DEPARTMENTOF




ON

DESIGN OF RELAXATION OSCILLATOR (USING UJT 2N2646) AND CALCULATION OF ITS FREQUENCY OF OSCILLATION


AIM: - Design of Relaxation Oscillator (Using UJT 2N2646) and calculation of its frequency of oscillation

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Wish board2. D.C. Power Supply Or Trainer Kit3. C.R.O

CIRCUIT COMPONENT:

1. UJT 2N26462. Resistors (33, 1K, 33KPOT)3. Capacitors (0.01F)4. Connecting wires

THEORY:

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.2. Before switching ON the power supply, make sure that the

connections are correct.3. Observe the waveforms at points A, B1, and B2 as shown in the

circuit diagram respectively using CRO.4. Plot the observed waveform.5. Measure the waveforms amplitude and time period and tabulate the

same in observation table.6. Repeat step-5 for different values of R.

OBSERVATIONS:

Sl. No. R (K) V (Volts) T (msec) F=1/T(Hz)

=1-e-1/FRC

1 202 303 50

RESULT:

PRECAUTION:

DEPARTMENTOF




ON

DESIGN OF A BOOTSTRAP TIME BASE GENERATOR (USING IC 741 OP AMP) AND OBSERVATION OF THE OUTPUT WAVEFORMS


AIM: - Design of a Bootstrap Time Base Generator (using IC 741 OP AMP) and observation of the output waveforms

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Wish board2. D.C. Power supply3. Function generator Or Trainer Kit4. C.R.O

CIRCUIT COMPONENT:

1. IC 7412. Resistors (122K)3. Capacitor (10 pF)4. Connecting wires



The 741 is usually supplied in an 8-pin ‘DIL’ (Dual In Line) or ‘DIP’ (Dual Inline Package, or sometimes Dual Inline Plastic) package with a pinout

shown above. This has proved so popular that many other competing op-amps have adoped the same package/pinout. Hence for many applications the various op-amps are ‘drop in’ replacements or upgrades for one another. These days there is a large family of 741 type devices, made by various manufacturers. Sometimes one manufacturer will make different versions, which work better than others in some respect. Each has a slightly different part number, but it generally has “741” in it somewhere!




THEORY:

PROCEDURES:


connections are correct.3. Observe the waveforms at points A, and pin 6 as shown in the circuit

diagram respectively using CRO.4. Plot the waveform observed.

RESULT:

PRECAUTION

DEPARTMENTOF




ON

DESIGN OF A MILLER TIME BASE GENERATOR (USING IC 741 OP AMP) AND OBSERVATION OF THE OUTPUT WAVEFORMS

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA RANCHI

AIM: - Design of a Miller Time Base Generator (Using IC 741 OP AMP) and observation of the output waveforms

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Wish board2. D.C. Power supply3. Function generator Or Trainer Kit4. C.R.O

CIRCUIT COMPONENT:

1. IC 7412. Resistors (115K)3. Capacitor (10 pF)4. Connecting wires



The 741 is usually supplied in an 8-pin ‘DIL’ (Dual In Line) or ‘DIP’ (Dual Inline Package, or sometimes Dual Inline Plastic) package with a pinout

shown above. This has proved so popular that many other competing op-amps have adoped the same package/pinout. Hence for many applications the various op-amps are ‘drop in’ replacements or upgrades for one another. These days there is a large family of 741 type devices, made by various manufacturers. Sometimes one manufacturer will make different versions, which work better than others in some respect. Each has a slightly different part number, but it generally has “741” in it somewhere!




THEORY:

PROCEDURES:


connections are correct.3. Observe the waveforms at points A, and pin 6 as shown in the circuit

diagram respectively using CRO.4. Plot the waveform observed.

RESULT:

PRECAUTION:

DEPARTMENTOF




ON

DESIGN OF A R-2R LADDER NETWORK FOR CONVERSION OF A 4-BIT DIGITAL SIGNAL TO AN ANALOG EQUIVALENT SIGNAL.


AIM: Convert four bits Digital signal to an Analog equivalent signal using R-2R ladder Network

APPARATUS:5. CRO OR MULTIMETER6. Dual Power Supply (+15V)7. Trainer board (Microlab-II)

COMPONENTS:5. Op-Amp. IC 741 – 1 No.6. Resistor 10KΩ - 22 No.s7. LED with limiting resistors8. Wish board9. Connecting wires

(3 & 4 are Operational, if Trainer board not provided)

PROCEDURE:

11. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.12. Apply the input bit combinations as per observation table and

note down the output voltage.13. Repeat step-2 for all entries mentioned in observations table.14. At the end, compare the output voltage observed with

theoretically calculated output voltage.15. calculate the errors of conversion.

OBSERVATIONS:

Sl. No. Decimal Equivalent of Binary I/P’s

Input (V)

B3 B2 B1 B0

O/P Voltage Theoretically

(V)

O/P Voltage (Analog value)

Practically (V)

1 0 0 0 0 02 1 0 0 0 53 2 0 0 5 04 3 0 0 5 55 4 0 5 0 06 5 0 5 0 57 6 0 5 5 08 7 0 5 5 59 8 5 0 0 010 9 5 0 0 511 10 5 0 5 012 11 5 0 5 513 12 5 5 0 014 13 5 5 0 015 14 5 5 5 016 15 5 5 5 5

DEPARTMENTOF




ON

DESIGN OF ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL COMPARATOR CIRCUIT FOR CONVERSION OF AN ANALOG SIGNAL TO 8-BIT DIGITAL

SIGNAL


AIM: Design of Analog-to-Digital Comparator circuit for conversion of an analog signal to 8-bit digital signal.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:1. DC Variable Power Supply (0-5v)2. DC Power Supply (0-12V3. Trainer Board (microlab-II)

COMPONENTS:1. IC LM324- 2No.s2. Resistor 1KΩ - 12 No.s3. LED with limiting resistor – 8 No.s4. Wish Board5. Connecting wires (3 & 4 optical, if trainers board is not provided)

THEORY:- The operational amplifier is a direct coupled high gain amplifier to which a feedback is added to control its overall response characteristic. It is used to perform a wide variety of linear functions (and also some non-linear operations) and is often referred to as the basic linear integrated circuit.

The integrated operational amplifier has gained wide acceptance as versatile and economic building block as a versatile and economic system building block. It offers all the advantages of an integrated circuit, i.e. small size, high reliability, reduced cost, temperature tracking and low off set voltage and current.

PROCEDURE:

1. The circuit is connected as shown in the circuit diagram.2. The input voltage is applied in steps, as given in observation

table.3. Output status is used verified with illumination of LED as

mentioned in observation table.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sl. No.

APPLIED INPUT VOLTAGE (V)

OUTPUT STATES

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.

RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The breadboard should be handled carefully.2. base portions of wires and connection shouldn’t touched as their

would be distortion of output.

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DIAC LAB