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DIABETES MILLITUSAND COMPLICATION
พ.ญ. วิ�ภาจรี เสน่ ห์�ลั�กษณา
Classification of DM Diagnosis Risk factors Complication Management
Common metabolic disorder Hyperglycemia Pathophysiologic changes in
multiple organ system
DIABETES MILLITUS
1. Type 1 diabetes ; betacell destruction absolute insulin deficiency
2. Type 2 diabetes ; insulin resistance impaired insulin secretion 3. Other specific types of diabetes 4. Gestational DM
Classification of DM
Symptoms plus random blood glucose > or = 200 mg/dl
Fasting plasma glucose > or = 126 mg/dl
A1C > 6.5 % 2-hr plasma glucose > or = 200
mg/dl ( OGTT)
Diagnosis of DM
Risk factors
Family history of diabetes Obesity ( BMI > 25 kg/m2 ) Physical inactivity Race Previous IFG History of GDM or delivery of baby > 4
kg Hypertension HDL < 35 mg/dl and/or TG >250 mg/dl History of CVD
Acute complication - relative insulin deficiency and volume depletion 1. Diabetic ketoacidosis 2. Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state Chronic complication
COMPLICATION
Vascular Microvascular - retinopathy - neuropathy - nephropathy Macrovascular - coronary heart disease - peripheral arterial disease - cerebrovascular disease Nonvascular
CHRONIC COMPLICATION
Unknown Chronic hyperglycemia = etiologic factor Hypothesis hyperglycemia activate substance
atherosclerosis endothelial dysfunction glomerular dysfunction
MECHANISMS OF COMPLICATION
UKPDS - reduction in A1C associated with reduction
in microvascular complication - strictly BP control reduce both macro and microvascular complication DCCT - improved glycemic control associated
with reduce TG and increase HDL
GLYCEMIC CONTROL AND COMPLICATIONS
Diabetic retinopathy retinal vascular microaneurysm change in venous vessel caliber vasc hemorrhage alter retinal permeability blood flow
EYE DISEASE COMPLICATION
retinal ischemia appearance of neovascularization
rupture easily vitreous hemorrhage , fibrosis and retinal detachment
Prevention most effective therapy
Intensive glycemic and BP control
Eye examination by ophthalmologist
Laser photocoagulation
TREATMENT
Albuminuria associated risk of CVD Commonly have diabetic retinopathy Smoking accelerates the decline in
renal function Chronic hyperglycemia
alter renal microcirculation
RENAL COMPLICATION
Type 1 DM - 5-10 yrs ; 40 percent microalbuminuria - next 10 yrs ; 50 percent macroalbuminuria - macroalbuminuria reach ESRD in 7-10 yrs Type 2 DM - albuminuria may be from other factors such as HT , CHF , prostate disease or infection - less predictive of DN and progression to macroalbuminuria
Glycemic control Strictly BP control < 130/80 mmHg Treatment dyslipidemia ACE I OR ARBs Annual microalbuminuria ,serum Cr
test Nephrology consultation ; GFR < 60
ml/min
TREATMENT
50 percent of patient with long standing DM
Correlate with glycemic control Additional risk factors are
BMI ,smoking ,HT hypertriglyceride
NEUROPATHY
Polyneuropathy Polyradiculopathy Mononeuropathy Autonomic neuropathy
Most common is distal symmetric polyneuropathy
Numbness , tingling , sharpness or burning Lower extremities Worsen at night Progression ; the pain subsides sensory
deficit
POLYNEUROPATHY
Pain in one or more nerve root Thoracic pain , abdominal pain , thigh pain Associated with muscle weakness Self-limited and resolve 6-12 months
DIABETIC POLYRADICULOPATHY
Cranial and peripheral nerve Cranial nerve 3 diplopia
MONONEUROPATHY
Resting tachycardia , orthostatic hypotension Hyperhidrosis of upper extremities Anhidrosis of lower extremities Hypoglycemia unawareness
AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY
Glycemic control improve autonomic neuropathy
Avoidance alcohol and smoking Vitamin B 12 and folate supplement Symptomatic treatment Antidepressants , anticonvulsants Foot wear
TREATMENT
Cardiovascular disease Cerebrovascular disease Peripheral artery disease
MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS
DM marked increase in CHF , CHD , MI ,
sudden death , PAD CHD risk equivalent Additional risk factors DLP , HT , obesity smoking ,reduced physical activity
insulin resistance
activated PAI -1 and fibrinogen
coagulation process and impairs fibrinolysis
thrombosis
Revascularization procedures Beta blocker ,ACE I or ARB in CHD Anti platelet therapy Control other risk factor - DLP - HT - life style modification - stop smoking
TREATMENT
DM the leading cause of non traumatic lower
extremity amputation Pathologic factors ; neuropathy abnormal foot biomechanics PAD poor wound healing
LOWER EXTREMITIES COMPLICATION
Careful selection of footwear Daily feet inspection Keep feet clean and moist Avoid walking barefoot
TREATMENT
Off – loading Debridement Wound dressing ATB Revascularization Limited amputation Hyperbaric oxygen
Glycemic control BP and DLP control Life style modification diet control Weight control Exercise Stop smoking
TAKE HOME MESSAGE
THANK YOU