Diabetes Melitus

7/21/2019 Diabetes Melitus

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diabetes-melitus-56da3da86b53b 1/17

Fransiska Kartika030.11.108

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2



A condition in which the body cannot make or cannot useinsulin properly

Metabolic disorder of multiple etiology (causes)

characterized by hyperglycemia with carbohydrates, fat,

and protein metabolic alterations that result in defects in

the secretion of insulin, its action or both. If someone suffering to diabetes , the majority of intake of

food is conerted into glucose. !he pancreas produces the insulin hormone, which help

the glucose to entry body cells In persons with diabetes, the insulin does not work.

!herefore, the sugar and the fat increase in the blood.





Diabetes Mellitus type 2 is of unknown etiology

(i.e., origin). Diabetes mellitus with a known etiology,

such as secondary to other diseases, known genedefects, trauma or surgery, or the effects of drugs, is

more appropriately called secondary diabetes mellitus

or diabetes due to a specific cause. Examples include

diabetes mellitus such as MD! or those caused by

hemochromatosis, pancreatic insufficiencies, or

certain types of medications (e.g., long"term steroid

use).



NOT an Equal Opportunity Disease!







Jelaskan bagaimana epidemiologikarena acara adat budaya dll di

indonesia




In case of type " diabetes mellitus, the insulin can be normal, een

more, but the number of receptors (catcher) on the surface of cells

lacking insulin. Insulin receptor can be likened to the lock entrance

into the cell. In case of type " diabetes, the less the key hole, so that

een if the key (insulin) a lot, but because the key hole (receptor) is

less, then the glucose into the cells slightly, so that the cells shortage offuel (glucose) and glucose leels in blood increases. !hus the situation

is similar to type # $M state, the difference is in type " diabetes in

addition to high glucose leels, insulin leels are too high or normal.

%n type " diabetes can also be found sufficient amount of insulin or

more but less good &uality, thus failing to bring glucose into the cell.

In addition to the aboe causes, diabetes can also result from impairedglucose transport in cells that failed to be used as fuel for energy

metabolism. Now we see the explanation in the picture mightbe more easily understood !




Pada keadaan diabetes mellitus tipe 2, jumlah insulin bisanormal, bahkan lebih banyak, tetapi jumlah reseptor (penangkap)insulin di permukaan sel kurang. Reseptor insulin ini dapatdiibaratkan sebagai lubang kunci pintu masuk ke dalam sel. Padakeadaan DM tipe 2, jumlah lubang kuncinya kurang, sehinggameskipun anak kuncinya (insulin) banyak, tetapi karena lubangkuncinya (reseptor) kurang, maka glukosa yang masuk ke dalamsel sedikit, sehingga sel kekurangan bahan bakar (glukosa) dankadar glukosa dalam darah meningkat. Dengan demikian keadaanini sama dengan keadaan DM tipe 1, bedanya adalah pada DMtipe 2 disamping kadar glukosa tinggi, kadar insulin juga tinggi

atau normal. Pada DM tipe 2 juga bisa ditemukan jumlah insulincukup atau lebih tetapi kualitasnya kurang baik, sehingga gagalmembaa glukosa masuk ke dalam sel. Di samping penyebab diatas, DM juga bisa terjadi akibat gangguan transport glukosa didalam sel sehingga gagal digunakan sebagai bahan bakar untukmetabolism energy.




'ossible induction of type " diabetes from a ariety of hormonalabnormalities, such as hormone secretion of the adrenal gland, pituitary and

thyroid is an obserational study that is worthy of leaes at this time. oreample, the incidence of I*! and diabetes mellitus are related by the so+

called acromegaly or ushing-s syndrome and hiperkortisolism.

ormone hypersecretion of * in acromegaly and ushing-s syndrome often

results in insulin resistance, both in the lier and other organ, withhyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia simtoma, which hae an impact on

cardioascular disease and cause of death.

* does hae an important role in glucose metabolism by stimulatingglukogenesis and lipolysis, and increased leels of blood glucose and fattyacids. In contrast, insulin+like growth factor # (I*+I) increased sensitiity to

insulin, especially in striated muscle. oweer, in acromegaly, increased ratioof I*+I can not lower insulin resistance, because ecess *.



http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diabetes-melitus-56da3da86b53b 10/17Diabetes Mellitus Type 2



Normal "nsulin acts as a key open up the cells so

it can sa#e the glucose

!$"n a person with a type two diabetes your

insulin receptors at lack sensiti#e . %#enyour pancreas continous to produce

insulin it is still not able to meet theneeds o& your body. "t is more di'cult&or glucose to enter the cells and raiseyour blood glucose le#el.



http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/diabetes-melitus-56da3da86b53b 12/17Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Early symptoms may be

nothing more than chronic

fatigue, generalised weakness

and malaise (feeling of unease)

Excessi#e urine production

Excessi#e thirst and increasedfluid intake

$lurred #ision (typically from

lens shape alterations, due to

osmotic effects, e.g., high

blood glucose le#els)

%nexplained weight loss&ethargy

'tching of external genitalia



Symptoms (suggest possible diabetes)

High glucose in blood (confrm i higher than 126 mg/dl)

Glucose in hemoglobin (indicates quality o diabetes

control higher than ! mmol)




"edications

(insulin #s$ hypoglycaemic agents) %ncrease physical acti#ity

at least &al' or min$ most days *ppropriate diet

#egetables

ruit lo& in at and carbohydrates

+iestyle changes




,ell balanced diet-.ercise

ou can choose the

physical activity that that you like to

do

"edications &hen appropriate0imely access to health care

ser#iceso tobacco dont e#er try to smo'eo alcohol




https((docs.google.com(#iewer)a*#+,*cacheJ-d3u#/$0Jocw.usu.ac.id(course

http((www.newsmedical.net(health(!iabetes$ellitus2ype4athophysiology.aspx

http((www.natap.org(005(6"7(0110590.html http((emedicine.medscape.com(article(11:853o#er#iew





Documents

Diabetes Melitus