DiabetesDiabetes 23.6 million people have diabetes23.6 million people have diabetes 7.8% of population7.8% of population 1.6 million people ages 20 or older 1.6 million people ages 20 or older

were diagnosed with diabetes in were diagnosed with diabetes in 2007.2007.

All of the above information was All of the above information was obtained from NIH.gov.obtained from NIH.gov.

DiabetesDiabetes Disorder of the metabolismDisorder of the metabolism Cells are unable to obtain glucose Cells are unable to obtain glucose

from the blood for energyfrom the blood for energy Pancreas produces little or no Pancreas produces little or no

insulininsulin Results in high blood-glucose Results in high blood-glucose

levelslevels..

InsulinInsulin hormone that causes cells to remove hormone that causes cells to remove

glucose from the bloodstream. The body glucose from the bloodstream. The body can’t use glucose without insulin.can’t use glucose without insulin.

produced by the pancreas.produced by the pancreas. After eating, glucose levels rise, our body After eating, glucose levels rise, our body

releases insulin into the bloodstream to releases insulin into the bloodstream to help our body process the glucose.help our body process the glucose.

Diabetics, cells don’t respond to insulin, Diabetics, cells don’t respond to insulin, thus glucose builds up and flows into the thus glucose builds up and flows into the urine. urine.

Types of DiabetesTypes of Diabetes Type 1 Diabetes:Type 1 Diabetes:

Autoimmune disease (body attacks itself)Autoimmune disease (body attacks itself) when the immune system attacks the insulin-when the immune system attacks the insulin-

producing cells of the pancreas. The body can no producing cells of the pancreas. The body can no longer produce insulin.longer produce insulin.

May be caused by genetic factors and viruses.May be caused by genetic factors and viruses. 5-10% of all diabetes in US (nih.gov)5-10% of all diabetes in US (nih.gov) Also called insulin-dependent or juvenile diabetes Also called insulin-dependent or juvenile diabetes

because diagnoses usually occurs before the age of because diagnoses usually occurs before the age of 18.18.

SymptomsSymptoms increased thirst and urination, fatigue, increased thirst and urination, fatigue, weight-loss, abdominal pain, absence of menstrual weight-loss, abdominal pain, absence of menstrual cycle in women.cycle in women.

TreatmentTreatment includes daily insulin injections and includes daily insulin injections and monitored diet.monitored diet.

Type 2 DiabetesType 2 Diabetes the pancreas can produce insulin, but the body’s the pancreas can produce insulin, but the body’s

cells fail to response to it.cells fail to response to it. 90-95% of diabetes (nih.gov)90-95% of diabetes (nih.gov) Also call Also call noninsulin-dependent diabetesnoninsulin-dependent diabetes.. Associated with old age, obesity, family history, Associated with old age, obesity, family history,

lack of exerciselack of exercise 80% of cases are people overweight (nih.gov)80% of cases are people overweight (nih.gov) SymptomSymptom increased thirst and urination, increased thirst and urination,

fatigue, weight loss, blurred vision, frequent fatigue, weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing sores.infections, and slow healing sores.

TreatmentTreatment diet, exercise, and occasional diet, exercise, and occasional insulin injection.insulin injection.

Treating DiabetesTreating Diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes: The goal is to keep blood-Type 1 Diabetes: The goal is to keep blood-glucose levels as close to normal as possible.glucose levels as close to normal as possible. Must test their blood glucose level several times per Must test their blood glucose level several times per

day. day. May need to give themselves insulin injections.May need to give themselves insulin injections.

Type 2 Diabetes: Type 2 Diabetes: Maintain a healthy diet to control amount of glucose Maintain a healthy diet to control amount of glucose

eaten. eaten. Increase physical activity to help the body use more Increase physical activity to help the body use more

of the glucose in the bloodstream.of the glucose in the bloodstream.

Preventing DiabetesPreventing Diabetes

Currently no way to prevent type 1 Currently no way to prevent type 1 diabetes.diabetes.

Prevention of type 2 diabetes include:Prevention of type 2 diabetes include: Maintain a healthy weight by proper diet and Maintain a healthy weight by proper diet and

regular physical activity.regular physical activity. Avoid tobacco products.Avoid tobacco products. Reduce your amount of stress.Reduce your amount of stress.

Gestational DiabetesGestational Diabetes Develops during pregnancyDevelops during pregnancy Disappears after birth of babyDisappears after birth of baby Caused by hormones during pregnancy or Caused by hormones during pregnancy or

shortage of insulinshortage of insulin

Gestational Diabetes – Risk FactorsGestational Diabetes – Risk Factors

1. Family history of type 2

2. Age – older increases the risk

3. Obesity

4. Previous pregnancy of child 9 lbs. or more

Preeclampsia high blood pressure during pregnancy

May cause liver and kidney damage For baby, it interferes with blood flow to

the placenta and may affect growth

Arthritis

Arthritis condition in which the body’s

joints are damaged leading cause of disability in

people over 65

OSTEOARTHRITIS most common form

cartilage between the joints wears down causing inflammation and pain

bone rubs bone – friction mostly occurs in hands, hips, knee, and spinecartilage cover on the end of bone; acts as

a cushion

OSTEOARTHRITIS - Causes Mostly due to old age Repetitive use causes joint pain

and cartilage eventually breaks down

Heredity

OSTEOARTHRITIS - SymptomsOSTEOARTHRITIS - Symptoms Develop slowly and worsen over time1. Pain in a joint during or after use, or

after a period of inactivity 2. Tenderness in the joint when you apply

light pressure 3. Stiffness in a joint, that may be most

noticeable when you wake up in the morning or after a

OSTEOARTHRITIS - Symptoms

4. Loss of flexibility may make it difficult to use the joint

5. Bone spurs, which appear as hard lumps, may form around the affected joint

6. Swelling in some cases

OSTEOARTHRITIS – Risk factors

11. Older age. Osteoarthritis typically occurs in older adults.

2. Sex. Women are more likely to develop

3. Bone deformities

4. Joint injuries from playing sports or from an accident

5. Obesity. Carrying more body weight places more stress on your weight-bearing joint

OSTEOARTHRITIS - Treatments

1.Rest

2.Exercise

3.Pain medication

4.Joint replacement

5.Surgery

6.Fusing bones

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Immune system attacks the joints (autoimmune)

joints are destroyed resulting in mobility loss and pain

can affect the skin, blood, muscles, heart, and lungs

synovial membrane is inflamed causing bone erosion

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS - Complications

joint damage is debilitating and disfiguring making it impossible to complete daily activities

Rheumatoid arthritis often affects the joints in the fingers, as shown in the hand on the left side of the image. Years of joint damage can leave hands deformed and unusable. The hand on the right side of the image has undergone knuckle replacement surgery. Surgery can dramatically improve the appearance and function of the hand and fingers. However, surgery carries risks, and knuckle replacement surgery may make it impossible to close your hand, such as to make a fist.