DG Interconnection: Will “Black Box” Technology Get ... · Microturbine Used for Prime Power, ... ABB Automation, Inc. X X X X X X X ... Duration of Interconnection Continuous

Distributed Generation &On-Site Power Conference

March 12, 2002Atlanta, Georgia

Presented by N. Richard FriedmanResource Dynamics Corporation

DG Interconnection: Will “Black Box”Technology Get the Job Done?

8605 Westwood Center DriveVienna, Virginia 22182

703/356-1300, Ext 203 | [email protected]©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation

Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 20022 ©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation

What is Distributed Generation (DG)?

Small power generating units that are close to load,under 50 MW, and most of output used by hostfacilityIncludes

– Combined Heat and Power (CHP)– Backup power– Niche applications such as premium power, peak shaving, and

green powerAbout 30-60 GW of DG in US (4-8 percent of allelectrical generating capacity)


The Dominant Myths ofDistributed Generation

Myth 1 - Lots of money is being madein the DG marketMyth 2 - DG can be installed for lessthan $500/kWMyth 3 - DG will replace central stationgeneration


The “Grid” is No Longer AssumedAs the Only Power Supply Option

Transition to competitive energy marketplaceunderwayNational concerns over grid reliability and securityare well establishedFacilities seeking more control over power supplyA diverse set of DG solutions emerging

– Fuel cells– Microturbines– Renewables– Reciprocating engines and combustion turbines


What’s the DG Market Opportunity?

Facilities use DG to generate power on-site in lieu of gridpurchasesCutting energy costs is a primary motivation, but boostingreliability and quality of power is also a driverCurrently, US manufacturers ship over $3 billion annually inDG worldwide, mostly diesel gensets for backup powerRough market estimates based on emergence of improvedDG units call for $5-10 billion annually in US markets alone(equipment and installation)Service market could be substantial at $1-2 billion annually


How to Get There

Emerging technologies must mature and provenoptions need improvementGrid needs to be DG ready– Interconnection technology issues need resolution– Grid/DG interactions must be encouraged

Backup powerSales to grid/net meteringTransmission and distribution system deferral valueGrid-independent operation?

Market should value non-energy benefits of DG


Why Interconnect?

The users wants the ability to use both the DGand grid, sometimes simultaneouslyUtilities may want the ability to remotelydispatch a customer’s DG unit - the powerexport optionUser needs grid for backup, standby

DG

DGDG

DG

DG Can Be Applied at Many Locations

Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 2002

©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation


DG May Interconnect with the Gridat Several Levels

DERDER

DER

DERDER

Requiring Dispatch and ControlEquipment at Varying Voltages

Complexity also varies by whether a single ormultiple gensets are being interconnected

Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 2002

©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation


The Interconnection System - Whyis it Important?

Understanding the interconnection "black box" marketis important to understanding the future role of andbarriers to distributed powerThe interconnection package is advancing quickly, withfunctional performance available today that was notpossible even 1 year agoThe convergence of software and hardware isproviding the protection relaying and coordinationfunctions at lower cost and at higher reliability


What is an InterconnectionSystem?

The equipment that makes up the physical linkbetween DG and the gridThe means by which the DG unit electricallyconnects to the outside electrical power system

Interconnection systems can also provides monitoring,control, metering, and dispatch of the DG unit.


Interconnection “Black Box”The “Black Box” is often more than one boxThe interconnection “black box” provides a combination offunctions including power conversion, performance monitoring,protective relaying, and generator control and protection“Seamless” power transfer increases complexity with greaterdependence on sub-cycle transfer capability


DG - Grid Interconnection Options

No Interconnection - Complete IsolatedOperationIsolated DG - Automatic Transfer to GridParallel DG Operation - No Power ExportParallel DG Operation w/ Power Export


DG Application Benefits IncreaseWith Interconnection

But individuality of “Black Box”interconnection design, permitting,installation, testing and operationincreases costs

NoInterconnection

Isolated DEROperation With

Automatic TransferTo Area EPS

Parallel OperationTo Area EPS, No

Power Export

Parallel OperationTo Area EPS,

Power Export ToArea EPS

BaseloadCogenerationPeak ShavingEmergency/BackupPremiumRemote


Technical Issues in Aggregation,Dispatch and Control

• Interconnection voltage and generator sizes• Utility and ISO interconnection requirements• Metering• Protection• System synchronization• Power system dispatch• Safety• Communications• Power quality• Islanding


Interconnection System - Example

DER Prime

Mover

DER Electric

Generator

Power

Conversion

Local EPS

Protective

Relaying

Area EPS

Protective

Relaying

Interconnection System

TransferSwitch orParallelingSwitchgear

AC

Loads

Area Electric

Power System

UPS with

StoragePower

Distribution

Power Flow

Communication

Point of Common Coupling

Meter

DER Monitoring

and Metering

Dispatch

and ControlDER Control

DC

Loads


Today’s Most CommonInterconnection Black Box

DER Prime

Mover

DER Electric

Generator

Area EPS

Protective

RelayingInterconnection System

AutomaticTransferSwitch

AC

Loads

Area Electric

Power System

Power

Distribution

Power Flow

Communication


Meter

DER Control

DC

Loads

Reciprocating Engine/Combustion Turbine Used for Emergency/Backup Power


Alternative Configurations RequireDifferent Black Box Components

DER Prime

Mover

DER Electric

Generator

Power Conversion that Includes: Synchronization for Paralleling Operation Local EPS and Area EPS Protective Relaying DER Control and Monitoring Dispatch and Control

Interconnection System

AC

Loads

Area Electric

Power System

Power

Distribution

Power Flow


Meter

DC

Loads

Microturbine Used for Prime Power, as a Peaking Unit,For Backup or For Power Export


Black Box Components areProduced by Over 80 FirmsManufacturer

Tran

sfer

sw

itche

s

Para

llelin

gsw

itchg

ear

Com

mun

icat

ion

and

cont

rol

DER

gen

erat

orco

ntro

lPo

wer

con

vers

ion,

Inve

rter

sM

eter

ing

and

mon

itorin

gR

elay

s an

dpr

otec

tive

rela

ying

ABB Automation, Inc. X X X X X X XAdvanced Energy Inc. X XAeroVironment Inc. X XAlpha Power Systems, Inc X X X XAmetek Power Instruments XAsco Power Technologies X X XAstroPower, Inc.Baldor Electric Company XBallard Generation SystemsBasler Electric Co. X X XBeckwith Electric Co., Inc. X X XCapstone Turbine Corporation X X X XCaterpillar, Inc. X X X X


Protection Equipment• 81 O/U• 3PH 59• 3PH 27• 47• 59N• 51G• 50/51• 50/51G

Power MonitoringEquipment• 3PH• All powerparameters incl kwHkVA hr etc andharmonics• Modbus Output• Typically notRevenue grade, butmight be

All components interfaced with PLC or other microprocessor basedsystem controller

Typical “Mid Size” Interconnection System (4160V, 5.6MW on35kV radial feeder)

Duration of Interconnection

Continuous

Type of Interconnection System

Momentary(<100ms)

Extended(30 min - 12 hours)

Short(1 min - 5 min)

Closed TransitionAutomatic

Transfer Switch

SoftloadAutomatic

Transfer Switch

SoftloadParalleling

Switchgear

Peak ShaveParalleling

Switchgear

BaseloadParalleling

Switchgear

Customer Focus

Power Quality

Power Reliablity

Power Reliablity

Rate Abatement

Power Producer

Thousands of Installations

Hundreds of Installations (>250)

Hundreds of Installations (>250)

Over 100 hundred installations

25 - 50 installations

Scalability of Interconnection Systems


Static Transfer Switch Pricing $/kW

0

50

100

150

200

250

$0.00 $100.00 $200.00 $300.00 $400.00 $500.00 $600.00 $700.00 $800.00 $900.00

$/kW

kW


Inverter Pricing $/kW

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

$0.00 $200.00 $400.00 $600.00 $800.00 $1,000.00 $1,200.00 $1,400.00 $1,600.00 $1,800.00 $2,000.00

$/kW

kW


Automatic Transfer Switch Pricing $/kW

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

$0.00 $10.00 $20.00 $30.00 $40.00 $50.00 $60.00 $70.00 $80.00

$/kW

kW


Manual Transfer Switch Pricing $/kW

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

$0.00 $50.00 $100.00 $150.00 $200.00 $250.00

$/kW

kW


Interconnection Codes andStandards

Codes and standards primarily addressreliability, safety and power quality issues.Codes and standards set requirements for DGinterconnection equipment manufacture,installation, and operation.Major organizations:

– National Fire Protection Association (NFPA),– Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)– Underwriters Laboratories (UL)

BODY OF STANDARDSP1547 Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems.

P1589 Standard forConformance TestProcedures forEquipmentInterconnectingDistributed Resourceswith Electric PowerSystem.

P1608Application Guidefor IEEE 1547Standard forInterconnectingDistributedResources withElectric PowerSystems.

Guide forMonitoringand Control

Guide for NetworkInterconnection

Guide for Grid/DGImpactsDetermination

Guide forIslanding &Anti-Islanding

DG Specifications andPerformance

InterconnectionSystem

CertificationGuide


Coverage of Standards

Limited coverage interconnection systems– IEEE P1547– UL 1741

Most standards apply to “components”Certification for grid interconnection is a hugegap


Cutting Edge TechnologyDevelopments are Needed

Successful integration of all DER technologies into theutility networkCode and market requirements must be achievable bythe technologyIncreasingly need seamless transfer of powerMust build in design flexibilityIncreasingly complex control systems, parallelingswitchgear, transfer switches are needed for a smartsystem


Proposed RD&D Efforts

Defining a single communications protocol (“grid to chip”)Transforming the interconnection system into a set of plug-and-play componentsTurning the black box into a distributed metering and monitoringstation of a smart Area EPSDeveloping more flexible, adaptive, cheaper, and reliable controlsystems using digital processors/telemetry to perform enhancedmetering, logging and dispatchUsing interconnection control and monitoring systems toimprove DER environmental performance, as well as unitpredictive and scheduled maintenance


For More Information

www.distributed-generation.com“Richard Friedman”<[email protected]>

703-356-1300 Ext 203

Distributed Generation &On-Site Power Conference

March 12, 2002Atlanta, Georgia

Presented by N. Richard FriedmanResource Dynamics Corporation

DG Interconnection: Will “Black Box”Technology Get the Job Done?

8605 Westwood Center DriveVienna, Virginia 22182

703/356-1300, Ext 203 | [email protected]©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation

Documents

DG Interconnection: Will “Black Box” Technology Get ... · Microturbine Used for Prime Power, ... ABB Automation, Inc. X X X X X X X ... Duration of Interconnection Continuous