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DG ENV.G.4
The Landfill DirectiveThe Landfill Directive
Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/landfill_index.htm
Helmut Maurer, 7 December 2006
European Commission
Unit ENV G4, Sustainable Production and Consumption
DG ENV.G.4
EnvironmentEnvironment
What is the Issue ?What is the Issue ?
SourceSource SinkSink
Extraction:Extraction:16 tons16 tons
Disposal:Disposal: 6 tons6 tons
Growing Growing technospheretechnosphere
To physical stock: To physical stock: 10 tons10 tons
Threats to ecosystem servicesThreats to ecosystem services
2 t/cap CO23.5 t/cap waste0.5 t/cap agr waste
DG ENV.G.4
The Vision: integrating Resources, The Vision: integrating Resources, Products and Waste PoliciesProducts and Waste Policies
EU 6th
ENV Action
Programme
Thematic Strategy on the Preventionand Recycling of waste
Integrated Product Policy / Sustainable Production & Consumption
Thematic Strategy on Sustainable Use of Resources
Similar policies: Circular Economy, 3Rs, SMM (OECD)
DG ENV.G.42005 2030
Objective: DecouplingObjective: Decoupling
Decoupling resource use from
economic growth:
“ more value per kilogram “ Better eco-efficiency:Better eco-efficiency:more value per impactmore value per impact
Decoupling environmental impact from resource use“ less impacts per kilogram “
Economic activity (GDP)
Resource use (kg, km2, kW…)
Environmental impact (“indicators”)
DG ENV.G.4
Waste Framework Dir. (Dir.2006/12/EC, formerly 75/442/EEC)
Under revision
Waste Streams
Waste Treatment Operations
Landfill 99/31/EC
Sewage Sludge
Dir. 86/278/EEC
Batteries and Accumulators
Dir. 91/157/EEC &93/86/EEC
COM(2003)723
Packaging and
Packaging Waste
Dir. 94/62/EC
PCBs Dir.96/59/EC
End-of-life VehiclesDir 2000/53 EC
Hazardous Waste DirectiveDir.91/689/EEC
Waste Shipment Regulation(Reg. (EEC) 259/93)
Just revised – Reg. (EC) 1013/2006
Framework Legislation
Incineration89/369 & 429 (MW) 94/67 (HW)
Replaced by 2000/76/EC
Mining Waste
Dir 2006/21/EC
RecyclingEU Standards, …,
as part of Recycling Strategy
Waste oils Dir
75/439/EEC
Titanium Dioxide
Dir 78/176/EEC
Waste electric and electronic equipment
Dir.2002/95EC
Restriction of
Hazardous Substances
Dir.2002/95ECrepeal with WFD revision
Simplify in 2006
Up-date in 2007 New
proposal in co-decision
Helmut Maurer, 7 December 2006
European Commission
Unit ENV G4, Sustainable Production and Consumption
DG ENV.G.4
INCINERATION
(2000/76/EC)
• Covers MW and HW
• Covers incineration and co-incineration
• Permitting
• Emission limit values (air, water)
• Management of residues
• Recovery of energy
LANDFILL
(1999/31/EC)
• Permitting system • Control procedures• Technical requirements • Reduction of landfill of biodegradable waste• Collection of methane and energy recovery• Internalisation of costs• Interdiction of co-disposal
Waste Treatment Operations
Helmut Maurer, 7 December 2006
European Commission
Unit ENV G4, Sustainable Production and Consumption
DG ENV.G.4
Objectives
Helmut Maurer, 7 December 2006
European Commission
Unit ENV G4, Sustainable Production and Consumption
Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste
To prevent or reduce as far as possible negative effects from the landfilling of waste on
the environment the global environment human health
DG ENV.G.4
Key elements of the Directive
3 classes of landfill: (No co-disposal !)
landfills for hazardous waste
landfills for non-hazardous waste
landfills for inert waste
Obligation to treat waste before landfilling
Helmut Maurer, 7 December 2006
European Commission
Unit ENV G4, Sustainable Production and Consumption
Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste
DG ENV.G.4
Key elements (continued)
Permit, control and monitoring requirements:
- content of authorisation request
- conditions for authorisation
- financial security
- monitoring of water and gas emissions (operation phase/after-care phase)
Helmut Maurer, 7 December 2006
European Commission
Unit ENV G4, Sustainable Production and Consumption
Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste
DG ENV.G.4
Key elements (continued)
Ban of certain wastes:
2003 whole tyres, 2006 shredded tyres
liquid waste
explosive, corrosive, oxidising, flammable waste
infectious hospital and veterinary waste
waste not meeting acceptance criteria
Helmut Maurer, 7 December 2006
European Commission
Unit ENV G4, Sustainable Production and Consumption
Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste
DG ENV.G.4
Key elements (continued)
Reduction targets for the landfilling of biodegradable waste
(based on data for 1995):
75 % by 2006
50 % by 2009
35 % by 2016
The 2016 target already reached by AT, BE, DK, DE, NL and SE. The 2009 target reached by FR, IT and FI are close to it. The 2006 target has not been reached by ES, PT, IE. UK second
worst after Greece.Helmut Maurer, 7 December 2006
European Commission
Unit ENV G4, Sustainable Production and Consumption
Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste
DG ENV.G.4
Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation
Art. 5 Strategy on biodegradable wasteArt. 5 Strategy on biodegradable waste
Figure 3. Biodegradable municipal waste distance to target, 2002 Figure 3. Biodegradable municipal waste distance to target, 2002 ((Excluding Luxembourg and the Belgium regions Wallonia and Brussels)Excluding Luxembourg and the Belgium regions Wallonia and Brussels)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
% landfilled
Target 2006
Target 2016
Target 2009
DG ENV.G.4
Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation
Art. 5 Strategy on biodegradable wasteArt. 5 Strategy on biodegradable waste
Figure 2a. Tonnes of biodegradable municipal waste Landfilled, 2001-2003Figure 2a. Tonnes of biodegradable municipal waste Landfilled, 2001-2003
0
4000000
8000000
12000000
16000000
20000000
Tonnes
2001
2002
2003
DG ENV.G.4
Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation
Art. 5 Strategy on biodegradable wasteArt. 5 Strategy on biodegradable waste
0
100
200
300
400
Kg/capita
2001
2002
2003
DG ENV.G.4
Technical Annexes
Annex I: General requirements (location, protection of soil/water)
Annex II: Waste acceptance criteria for landfills (general principles, preliminary criteria)
Annex III: Control and monitoring (water, leachate, gas)
Helmut Maurer, 7 December 2006
European Commission
Unit ENV G4, Sustainable Production and Consumption
Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste
DG ENV.G.4
The principles are set out in Art 11. Detailed rules about standardisation of control, sampling and analysis methods are set out in a separate Council Decision.
There is little transparency about how waste acceptance criteria are applied in different MS.
There is no knowledge about how criteria are applied in the new Member States.
Waste acceptance procedure, Art. 11
Helmut Maurer, 7 December 2006
European Commission
Unit ENV G4, Sustainable Production and Consumption
Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste
DG ENV.G.4
Decision on waste acceptance criteria and procedures (2003/33/EC)
Objective: landfill only waste that is compatible with the protection afforded by each landfill class.
Acceptance procedure: what information to collect, when to test.
Acceptance criteria: limit values and/or lists of waste acceptable at a specific landfill class.
List of test and sampling methods to be used (developed by CEN).
Helmut Maurer, 7 December 2006
European Commission
Unit ENV G4, Sustainable Production and Consumption
Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste
DG ENV.G.4
Waste acceptance criteria (continued)
Procedure Basic characterisation (including sampling) Compliance testing On-site verification
Criteria for three landfill classes, including underground storage.
Higher limit values may be authorised for some parameters under certain conditions (case by case decision, no additional risk)
Helmut Maurer, 7 December 2006
European Commission
Unit ENV G4, Sustainable Production and Consumption
Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste
DG ENV.G.4
Existing landfills
Helmut Maurer, 7 December 2006
European Commission
Unit ENV G4, Sustainable Production and Consumption
Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste
Main Problems:
Landfills for non-hazardous waste and inert waste do often not comply. No comprehensive data from Member States. Too many unauthorized landfills (horizontal cases against some Member States.)
DG ENV.G.4
FACTS AND FIGURES ON LANDFILLS
Total municipal waste going to landfills (EU-25 average): 49% (in some countries 90%).
Although waste generation is growing in parallel with GDP, in EU-25 by 19% between 1995 and 2003, waste landfilled goes slightly down.
Number of existing landfills in EU-15: hazardous waste: 504 (141 comply)
non-hazardous waste: 6286 (1267 comply) inert waste: 3416 (925 comply)
(No figures from UK, Denmark. Czech. Rep. on compliance). Full compliance to be achieved until 16 July 2009.
Trend since implementation: number of permitted landfills declines/ - quantity of wastes, including biodegradable declines/ - landfills improve technically
Helmut Maurer, 7 December 2006
European Commission
Unit ENV G4, Sustainable Production and Consumption
Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste
DG ENV.G.4
Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation
Existing landfillsExisting landfills
Figure 4a. Landfills for hazardous waste; total Figure 4a. Landfills for hazardous waste; total and complyingand complying with the directive with the directive
0
50
100
150
200
250
Number of landfills HZW total
HZW complying
DG ENV.G.4
Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation
Existing landfillsExisting landfills
Landfills for Landfills for non-hazardous wastenon-hazardous waste; total and complying with the directive; total and complying with the directive
0
100
200
300
400
Number of landfills Non-HZW total
Non-HZW complying
DG ENV.G.4
Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation
EnforcementEnforcement
Infringement proceedings Art. 226 ECInfringement proceedings Art. 226 EC Letter of formal notice Reasoned opinion
Infringement proceedings Art. 228 ECInfringement proceedings Art. 228 EC Lump sum or penalty depend on:
Seriousness of infringement (factor x) Duration (factor x) Deterrent effect (factor x)
daily penalties of 140.000€ or a lump sum of daily penalties of 140.000€ or a lump sum of 20.Mio € are not uncommon20.Mio € are not uncommon
DG ENV.G.4
Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation
Questions in infringement procedures Questions in infringement procedures COM/France C-COM/France C-
423/05423/05
Interpretation of Art. 14 Dir. 1999/31/ECInterpretation of Art. 14 Dir. 1999/31/EC
Art. 8 Directive on waste 2006/12/ECArt. 8 Directive on waste 2006/12/EC
Art. 4 Directive on waste 2006/12/ECArt. 4 Directive on waste 2006/12/EC
Art. 9 Art. 9 Directive on waste 2006/12/ECDirective on waste 2006/12/EC
DG ENV.G.4
Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation
Questions in infringement proceduresQuestions in infringement proceduresC- 494/01 IrelandC- 494/01 Ireland
Failure to comply with Art. Failure to comply with Art. 4,5,6,8,9,10,12,13,14 Directive 2006/12/EC 4,5,6,8,9,10,12,13,14 Directive 2006/12/EC on wasteon waste
Failure to comply with Art. 10 EC by Failure to comply with Art. 10 EC by unsatisfactorily responding to a request for unsatisfactorily responding to a request for informationinformation
DG ENV.G.4
Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation
Questions in infringement proceduresQuestions in infringement proceduresreferences to some relevant case law.references to some relevant case law.
IE: C-494/01persistent failure to IE: C-494/01persistent failure to transposetranspose
UK: C-62/03 on failure to transpose UK: C-62/03 on failure to transpose WFDWFD
IT: C-270/03 and subsequent Art IT: C-270/03 and subsequent Art 228 letter for wrongly 228 letter for wrongly exempting waste collectors. exempting waste collectors. C-C-135/05 of 26 April 2007135/05 of 26 April 2007
IT: preliminary ruling –Niselli C-IT: preliminary ruling –Niselli C-456/02 on waste definition456/02 on waste definition4 Art. 228 cases C-383/02, C-4 Art. 228 cases C-383/02, C-516/03,C-375/02,C-447/03 516/03,C-375/02,C-447/03 mostly on breach of Art. 4 and 8 mostly on breach of Art. 4 and 8 WFDWFD
EL: C-387/97 Kouroupitos landfill EL: C-387/97 Kouroupitos landfill (leading case) 228 procedure(leading case) 228 procedureC-112/06 on the same substanceC-112/06 on the same substanceC-502/03 for > 1000 illegal sitesC-502/03 for > 1000 illegal sites
ES: C-157/04 La GomeraES: C-157/04 La Gomera C-446/01C-446/01
FR: C-172/04; C-423/05 of 29 FR: C-172/04; C-423/05 of 29 March 2007 for unauthorized March 2007 for unauthorized landfillslandfills
DE: C-6/03 relevant for DE: C-6/03 relevant for interpreting of Art. 5 LDinterpreting of Art. 5 LD
DG ENV.G.4
Landfill Awareness Raising events 2007Landfill Awareness Raising events 2007ConclusionsConclusions
Insufficient implementation of Directive and Decision Insufficient implementation of Directive and Decision Polluter pays principle not observedPolluter pays principle not observed No pre-treatmentNo pre-treatment Predominance of landfillingPredominance of landfilling High numbers of uncontrolled dumpsHigh numbers of uncontrolled dumps Low coverage through collection systemsLow coverage through collection systems No separation at sourceNo separation at source Low administrative capacityLow administrative capacity Too little investmentToo little investment Profound lack of public awarenessProfound lack of public awareness