chapter

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CHAPTER OUTLINE

Section 1 - Deviance

Section 2 - Crime

8DEVIANCE AND SOCIAL CONTROL

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2 Section 1: Deviance

█What is Deviance?– Deviance

• Deviance is behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society.

• Examples of deviants:– alcoholics - bald – gamblers - homeless – mentally ill - “close-talkers”– cheaters - loud people

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3 Deviance

█What is Deviance?– Sociologically, we are all deviant from time

to time.– Each of us violates common social norms in

certain situations. This causes a distinction between social and criminal deviance.

– Deviance involves the violation of group norms which may or may not be formalized into law.

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4 Deviance

█What is Deviance?– Standards of deviance vary from one

group (subculture) to another.– Deviance varies over time. (ex. tattoos) – Deviance is subjective - subject to social

definitions.* Therefore, deviance is “socially

constructed.”

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5 Deviance█ Sociology on Campus: College Binge Drinking

Source: Wechsler et al. 2002:208.

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6 Deviance

█What is anomie?– Situation that arises when the norms of

society are unclear or are no longer applicable.

– Stuck on an Escalator

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7 Deviance

Is deviance always bad?NO !

Social Functions of deviance:1. Helps to clarify norms2. Unifies groups3. Diffuses tension4. Promotes social change5. Provides jobs

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8 Deviance- an example

█How does the NHL deal with fighting in their sport?

█What purpose does fighting have in hockey?

█How does this compare to other sports?█What impact does this deviance have on

others?

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9 Deviance

█Explaining Deviance– Functionalist Perspective

• Deviance is a part of human existence and has positive and negative consequences for society.

• Durkheim introduced the term anomie, defined as a state of “normlessness” that occurs during periods of profound social change.

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10 Deviance

█Explaining Deviance– Functionalist Perspective (continued)

• Merton examined how people adapted to the acceptance or rejection of a society’s goals. Merton’s Anomie Theory of Deviance examines how people conform to or deviate from cultural expectations.

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11 Deviance

█Explaining Deviance– Interactionist Perspective

• Focuses on everyday behavior and why or how a person comes to commit a deviant act.

• Control Theory - Our bonds to members of society lead us to conform to society’s norms.

– We are bonded through:» Family, friends, peers

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12 Deviance

█Explaining Deviance– Interactionist Perspective (continued)

• Cultural transmission theory - one learns criminal behavior through interactions with others.

– Differential association - deviance is determined by the frequency & closeness a person has with deviant or non-deviant people – especially within primary groups

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13 Deviance

█Explaining Deviance– Interactionist Perspective (continued)

• Labeling theory – attempts to explain why certain people are viewed

as deviants while others are not – emphasizes how a person comes to be labeled as

deviant and how some accept this label– Analyzes how being “labeled” may impact

interactions with others (teachers, police, parents, employers, etc)

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14 Deviance

█Labeling – Deviance and Social Stigma

• The term stigma describes the labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups.

• Once members are assigned deviant roles, they have trouble presenting positive images to others.

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15Deviance- real people, real deviants

Why was each labeled deviant?Who labeled them? Have they accepted the label?What impact has it had on them?

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16 Deviance

█Explaining Deviance– Conflict Perspective

• people with power protect their own interests (power, wealth) and define deviance to suit their own needs.

• the criminal justice system of the U.S. treats people differently on the basis of their racial, ethnic, or social class background.

• deviance is a natural result of unfair competition

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17 Deviance█ Social Inequality: Race and the Death Penalty

Source: Based on Bureau of the Census 2002a; Dieter 1998:13; Snell and Maruschak 2002:10, 11.

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18

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19 Section 2: Crime

█ Crime - A violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties

█ Statistics:– Violent crimes have declined significantly

nationwide following many years of increases.– Crime committed by women has increased.

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20 Section 2: Crime - statistics

█About 2/3 (66%) of people arrested are white.

█70+% of people arrested are under the age of 35.

█ Crime statistics are not as accurate as social scientists would like. Why?

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21 Flaws in crime statistics

█Police discretion at the scene█Less reporting if it involves family or

friends█Studies shoe police are more likely to file

a report if the victim is of a higher social class.

█Attitude of the complainant.

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22 Crime

Source: Adapted from Department of Justice, 1988:59.

█ Discretion within the Criminal Justice System

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23 Crime█ Figure 8.3: Victimization Rates, 1973 to 2001

Source: Rennison 2002:12.

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24 Crime

Source: United States Bureau of Justice Statistics, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cvict.htm#ncvs

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25 Crime

Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cvict.htm#ncvs

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26 Crime

Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics.http: //ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cvict.htm#ncvs

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27 Crime

Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice. 2001. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bsj/cvict.htm#ncvs

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28 Crime

█ Types of Crime– Laws divide crimes into categories based on:

• severity• age of offender• potential punishment• jurisdiction

– Violent Crime: murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault.

– Crime against property: stealing property or intentionally damaging it.

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29 Crime

█ Types of Crime– Professional Crime: Crime pursued as a person’s

day-to-day occupation. – Organized Crime: The work of a group that

regulates relations between various criminal enterprises.

– White Collar: Illegal acts committed in the course of business activities, often by affluent people.

– “Victimless” Crimes: The willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services. Such a thing?

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30 Crime

█Criminal Justice System:– Police

– Courts

– Corrections

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31 Crime

█Functions of corrections:– Retribution: revenge for the victim and/or

society.– Deterrence: discourage future criminals and

crimes– Rehabilitation: resocialization – Social protection: removes criminal

offenders from society for the good of the whole.

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32 Crime

█Issues involving corrections:– recidivism: repeated criminal behavior

• Just under 67.5% return within 3 years– Source: D.O.J – 1994

• Deterrence & Rehabilitation – do they work?

• Prison socialization

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33 Crime

Doesn’t work or not used enough?

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34 Public Issues and Social Control

█ Decriminalizing the use of drugs.█ “Tried as an adult”█ Torture & the war on terror█ Post-911 surveillance█ Prison v Rehab█ Character / Affective Education.█ “Three strikes and you’re out” laws█ Megan’s Law█ Death v Life in Jail - costs