Deviance and Crime - Weeblyorithirsh.weebly.com/uploads/5/6/7/5/5675213/hughes11_ppt_ch05.pdf · Deviance and Crime Whether something is deviant depends on who is evaluating it When

Chapter 5

Deviance and Crime

The Nature of Deviance

Theories of Deviance

Crime and the Criminal Justice System

McGraw-Hill © 2013 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

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Deviance and Crime

Whether something is deviant depends on who is evaluating it

When important norms (rules) violated, norms and social control function to maintain social organization, social relationships, and meanings that underlie them

Conformity and deviance – behavior that violates a norm –

characterize social life.

Deviance is not inherent in certain forms of behavior; rather, it is a

property conferred upon particular behaviors by social definitions

Definitions of deviance vary greatly in reference to time,

place, and group, and when sociologists study behavior that they

refer to as deviant, they are not implying that the behavior is

immoral or wrong.

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Deviance: behavior a considerable number of people in a society view as reprehensible and intolerable

The Relativity of Deviance

Deviance relative and matter of social definition

Etoro of New Guinea- Etoro believe that humans have a special life force they call the hame.

“The relativity of deviance means simply that there are many moralities across societies and over time and that we cannot understand deviant behavior and the reactions to it without knowing the normative context in which they occur.”

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The Relativity of Deviance (continued)

When people differ regarding definitions of deviant behavior, it becomes question of which individuals and groups will make their definitions prevail

Example: white southerners who supported the civil rights movement in the South in the 1960s were clearly deviant in that setting (Durr, 1985), though their behavior was a moral response to an immoral racist social order.

Definitions of deviance change

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Dysfunctions of Deviance

Interferes with institutional life

Can lower morale of non-deviants

Erodes societal trust

Functions of Deviance

Promotes conformity

Clarifies boundaries

Strengthens the censuring group

Warn non-deviant majority

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Social Control and Deviance

Social control regulates behavior within a society

Functionalists see it as indispensable

Conflict theorists see it as tool of powerful groups

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Three main social control processes

Internalization of society’s normative expectations

Internalization of norms: process by which individuals incorporate within their personalities standards of behavior prevalent within larger society

Because deviance is not a property inherent in behavior but a property conferred upon it by social definitions, it depending on his environment.

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Social control processes (continued)

Structure of social experience: Our society’s institutions also shape our

experiences. We are culture-bound.!

Formal and informal sanctions

Formal sanctions: reactions of official agents of social control such as courts, and the principal’s office in the high school.

Informal sanctions: reactions to deviance that occur in small communities, in groups of friends, and in the family

We conform to the norms of our society because we realize that to do otherwise is to incur punishment.

Break rules: dislike, hostility, gossip, ridicule, ostracism,—even imprisonment and death—

Conformist wins praise, popularity, prestige, and other socially defined good things.

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Anomie and control grew out of functionalism; cultural transmission

Labeling emerged from symbolic interactionism;

Conflict theory is the application of the conflict perspective to deviance.

Anomie Theory- Durkheim’s anomie theory that emerged from the functionalist perspective

Durkheim’s anomie: social condition in which people find it difficult to guide their behavior by norms that they experience as weak, unclear, or conflicting.

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Theories of Deviance Merton’s Theory of Structural Strain

Conformity-accept the cultural goal of material success and the institutionalized means to achieve this goal are available

Innovation- individuals hold fast to the culturally emphasized goals of success, but because the institutionalized means to achieve the goals are not available, they pursue their goals in innovative ways.

Ritualism- losing touch with success goals while abiding compulsively by the institutionalized means.

Retreatism- individuals reject both the cultural goals and the institutionalized means without substituting new norms.

Rebellion-reject both the cultural goals and the institutionalized means and substitute new norms for them.

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Cultural Transmission Theory

Chicago sociologists contended youths become delinquent because they associate and make friends with other delinquents

Sutherland’s Theory of Differential Association

Differential association: individual’s cultural conditions help determine his/her likelihood of and attitudes towards deviance

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Conflict Theory

Individuals victimized by capitalist oppression are driven by their struggle to survive to commit acts that the ruling class brands as criminal

Quinney’s Theory of Class, State, and Crime

U.S. legal system reflects interests and ideologies of ruling capitalist class

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Labeling Theory

Labeling people as deviants has consequences for them

Secondary deviance: deviance individuals adopt in response to the reactions of other individuals

People labeled “deviant” typically find themselves rejected and isolated

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Control Theory

Why don’t people deviate?

Hirschi: Elements of the Social Bond

Societal bond is crucial

Attachment to others

Involvement in the society’s conventional activities

Commitment to other people

Belief in host society’s values

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Crime and the Criminal Justice

System

Crime: act of deviance prohibited by law

Criminal justice system: reactive agencies of the state, including the police, courts, and prisons

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System

Forms of Crime

Violent and property crime

8 index crimes (people, property)

Murder

Rape

Robbery

Assault

Burglary

Theft

Motor vehicle theft

Arson

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System

Forms of Crime (continued)

Juvenile crime

Peak ages 13-14 (property), 18-19 (violent)

Organized crime: large-scale bureaucratic organizations that provide illegal goods and services in public demand

Italian (Mafia), Chinese gangs, Columbian and Cuban (drugs), southern white moonshiners

Hate crime: crimes of hatred and prejudice

Motivated by race, religion, disability, ethnic origin, or sexual orientation

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System


White-collar and corporate crime: crime most commonly committed by relatively affluent persons, often in the course of business activities

Crime committed by government

Genocide

Arms shipments

Bribery and corruption

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System


Victimless crime: offense in which no one involved is considered a victim

Hi-tech crime: attempts to commit crime through the use of advanced electronic media

Identity theft

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System

Drugs and Crime

Obvious connection between drugs and crime

Nearly half of U.S. adults will use drugs illegally

America’s “War on Drugs” seems to focus primarily on arrests

Drug use on rise among Americans of college age

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System

Race and Crime

African-Americans in U.S. are 13% of population, but represent 28% of arrests for index crimes and 43% of prison population (2009-2010)

Peterson and Krivo: structural disadvantage

Familial, employment, and political effects

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System

Women and Crime

25.5% of all arrests in 2010: 19.5% of violent and 27.6% of property crimes

Majority of runaway and prostitution arrests are of women

Women’s participation in violent crime much lower than men’s

Females seem to perceive legal sanctions as more threatening

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System

The Criminal Justice System

The police

First agents of the state

15% of time spent dealing with crime

Community-based policing

The courts

Adversary system

95% of criminal convictions are now by guilty plea, and most of those are the result of plea bargaining

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System


Prisons

Population steadily increasing

U.S. has highest incarceration rate in world

Purposes of imprisonment

Punishment

Rehabilitation

Deterrence

Incapacitation

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Capital punishment: imposition of death sentence for a capital offense

43 executions in 2011

In 2010, 53 people were removed from death row because their sentences or conviction were overturned

Other penalties and approaches

Probation

Parole

Home confinement

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Deviance and Crime - Weeblyorithirsh.weebly.com/uploads/5/6/7/5/5675213/hughes11_ppt_ch05.pdf · Deviance and Crime Whether something is deviant depends on who is evaluating it When