Development, Specifications, and Application Experience with 80 ksi

(552 MPa) Linepipe

by

J. Malcolm Gray

Paper presented at the ABM Annual Congress

Vitoria, Brasil 23 July 2007

Overview

• Introduction

• Application

• Metallurgical Approaches

• Chemical Compositions

• Specifications

• Weldability

• Fracture Control

Figure 1. Development periods for high strength linepipe

Figure 2. Increase in North American natural gas pipeline operating pressures1)

Macro Trends

• Higher Pressures• Thicker Wall• Higher Toughness• Lower Carbon• Higher Alloy Contents• Need for updated specifications.• Cost pressures due to steel prices.• Globalization of manufacture.

Figure 3. Progress in adopting X-80 Steel.

mil l

ion s

of k

mm

il lio

n s o

f km

Type C Mn Nb V Ti Mo Cr Other

Nb – V0.05/0.12 1.50/1.65 0.05 0.08 0.01 - -

Nb – Ti0.06 1.50/1.70 0.06 - 0.02 - -

Nb - Mo0.04 1.70 0.09 - 0.02 0.30 - Cu + Ni

Nb – Cr0.03/0.06 1.65 0.09 - 0.01 - 0.30 Cu + Ni

Table III

Figure 4. Comparison of HAZ hardnesses for mechanized welds in

Nb-Mo, Nb-Cr & Nb-V Steel.

SteelType

C Mn Si Nb V Ti Cr Mo Cu Ni N Pcm

Nb-V 0.104 1.71 0.33 0.041 0.092 0.007 0.04 - 0.05 0.04 0.004 0.22

Nb-Cr 0.04 1.58 0.13 0.098 - 0.011 0.24 - 0.20 0.10 0.004 0.15

Nb-Mo 0.03 1.68 0.27 0.095 - 0.019 0.03 0.30 0.30 0.12 0.010

Table IVChemical Compositions of X-80 Pipe Use For Recent Projects

(a) No prior use of X-70/80 acicular ferrite steels.

(b) Lack of knowledge or confidence.

(c) Isolation.

(d) Committee squabbling.

(e) Copy and paste mentality at Engineering companies.

(f) No platform for change.

(g) Bureaucratic inertia.

(h) Long term bad habits.

Table VSummary of EWI Microalloying Recommend Chemical Composition Limits

Figure 5. Comparison of limits for vanadium and niobium for different pipe grades.

Figure 6. HAZ hardness as a function of heat input and Pcm.

Nb-Mo

17-22 KJ/cm

Nb-Mo

17-22 KJ/cm

Figure 7. Comparison of mean hot rolling flow stress – X70 and X80 steels8)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

Rolling temperature (°C)

me

an

flo

ws

tre

ss

(M

Pa

)

'

X70 MoNb

X80 HiNb HTP

X70 NbV

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

Rolling temperature (°C)

me

an

flo

ws

tre

ss

(M

Pa

)

'

X70 MoNb

X80 HiNb HTP

X70 NbV

Cheyenne Plains (CIG) girth welding procedure

Pass Electrode Diameter Root bead E6010 0.125-0.156” (3.2-4.0 mm) Hot Pass E9010-P1 0.156-0.188 (4.0-4.8 mm) Fill and Cap Passes E9018M and/or E101T1-GM

Shielding gas Preheat Repair preheat

0.045 (1.1 mm) 75/25 % Ar/CO2 150°F (66°C) 250°F (121°C)

Development of Blended Approach to Defect Acceptance Criteria

(Shaded area was adopted by the project)

Figure 15. Defect acceptance levels for Cheyenne Plains X-80 Girth Welds.

Figure 16. Fracture Arrest Predictions: Recent Analyses for X-100

Project History for X-80 Linepipe

Project Owner Location Diameter W.T. Length MAOP % SMYS

Year

in. mm mm Km MPa Megal II Megal Germany 44 DN 1100 14 3.2 9.37 72 1985 Transit Gas Pipeline Czechoslovakia 56 DN 1422 16 1.5 9.89 72 1985 Empress Comp. Station NOVA (TCPL) Alberta, Canada 42 DN 1050 11 1.6 8.1 80 1990 Weme to Schluchtem Pipeline RuhrGas Germany 48 DN 1200 18.4/19.3 250 10.0 62 1992-3 Eastern Alberta Mahtzwin NOVA Eastern Alberta, Canada 48 DN 1200 12.1 54 8.65 80 1994 Central Main Line Loop TCPL Central Alberta, Canada 48 DN 1200 12.0/16.0 91 8.65 80 1997 Eastern Main Line Loop TCPL Eastern Alberta,Canada 48 DN 1200 12.0/16.0 27 8.65 80 1997 Peters Green to South Mimms Transco UK 48 DN 1200 - 1 7.5 1998 Drointon-Sutton on the Hill Transco UK 48 DN 1200 - 25 7.5 2000 Hatton to Silk Willoughby Transco UK 48 DN 1200 15.1/21.8 112 7.5 2001 Canadian Resources Steam Canadian Resources Canada 24 DN 600 25.4 18 - - 2001 Roma to Brisbane APT Roma-Brisbane Australia 16 DN 400 8.83 16 10.2 72 2001 Cambridge to Matching Green Transco UK 48 DN 1200 14.3/20.6 46 7.5 2002 St. Fergus to Aberdeen Transco UK 48 DN 1200 15.1/21.8 72 7.0 2002 Bacton to Kings Lynn Transco UK 48 DN 1200 14.3/20.6 69 7.5 2003 Aberdeen to Lochside Transco UK 48 DN 1200 15.9/22.9 50 8.4 2004 Cheyenne Plains CIG USA 36 DN 915 11.8/16.9 618 10.0 72 2004 Ganstead to Asselby Transco UK 48 DN 1200 14.3/20.6 52 7.0 2006 Herbrandston to Derwen Fawr Transco UK 48 DN 1200 ? 60 ? ? 2007/8 Milford Haven to Aberdulais Transco UK 48 DN 1200 ? 120 ? ? 2007/8 Felindre to Brecon to Tirley Transco UK 48 DN 1200 ? 180 ? ? 2007/8 Pannal to Nether Kellet Transco UK 48 DN 1200 14.3/20.6 93? ? ? 2007/8 Asselby to Pannal Transco UK 48 DN 1200 14.3/20.6 62 ? ? 2007/8

Project Year Company Country Product Grade Wall thickness

(mm)

Tons

TCPL 1972-Present

Ipsco Canada Coil and Pipe

X-70/80 11.8  

TCPL, Hearst Ontario

1982 Algoma SteelCanadian Phoenix

Canada PlatePipe

  15.7 35000

Iroquois Project 1990 Stelco Canada Pipe X65 20.0 18000

Cantarell 1998 Mittal SteelPMT

Mexico Slab, Plate, Pipe

X70 sour gas

22.6 65000

Cameron Highway, offshore

2003 Azov Stal Steel Ukraine Plate X-65 18.0  

Welspun India Pipe X-65 18.0  

Cheyenne Plains 2004 Oregon Steel Mills/Napa Pipe

USA Plate, Coil, Pipe

X80 11.8 35000

1st West-East Gas Pipeline

2004 Bao Steel China Plate and Coil

X70    

Anshan Steel China Plate X70    

Julong Pipe China Pipe X70    

Europipe Germany Pipe X70   30000

Independence Trail, offshore

2005 Azov StalWelspun

UkraineIndia

Plate X70 30.9  

TCPL 2005 Azov Stal Welspun

UkraineIndia

PlatePipe

X-75 (X-80)

22.0 800

Gulf South 2006 Nanjing Steel China Plate and Coil

X-80    

Rockies Express 2007-2009

Oregon Steel USA Coil X70/X80 14.3/15.9  

Production History 0.10% Niobium HTP Steel

Figure 17

20)20)

Figure 18. Relationship between maximum thinning strain ef and Charpy energy