DEVELOPMENT OF RAPD AND SSR MARKER ASOCIATED WITH …€¦ · Web viewThis experiment was conducted in wadi-El-Assiuti, Assiut Governorate, on a site irrigated using drip irrigation

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International Conference on: “New Role for the World Sugar Economy in a Changed Political and

Economic Environment ”

Recycling of Some Sugar-Cane IndustryBy-products to produce Organic Fertilizer

Hassanein,G. H, H.M. Ragheb and M.M.Ahmed

Faculty of Agriculture, Assuit University

Abstract:Extracting sugar from cane is one of the oldest industries in Egypt. More

than 12 million tons of sugarcane plants are annually milled through eight sugar factories extending along four governorates in the Upper Egypt (El-Minia , Sohag, Quena and Aswan). Beside sugar , which is the main product of this industry , some other by-products are produced annually in huge quantities. Between these by products ; bagasse and molasses are reused as row materials for some other industries .On the other hand , filter mud cake, Vinasse and bagasse ash are final by products , which if not wisely used , will exert many hazardeous effects on the environment .

Filter mud cake is annually produced at a rate of 3-4% of the milled cane which means approximately 300,000-400,0000 tons. Vinasse which is the final product of molasses distillation is accumulated annually at approximately a rate of 1.5-2.0% of the milled cane.

A research team of Assiut University in association with a team of the sugar and integrated industries company tried to make a mixture of filter mud cake and vinasse enriched with supper phosphate , potassium sulfate and sulfur (50 kg of each per ton) to produce an organic –mineral fertilizer . Filter mud cake was mixed with vinasse in a ratio of 100:50, 100:25 and 100:12.5 and enriched with P,K and S to produce the so called Takamolia 50% vinasse , Takamolia 25% vinasse and Takamolia 12.5% vinasse . These three types of organomineral fertilizers were compared with filter mud cake in an experiment using sugarcane crop for three successive years as well as in a crop rotation including wheat followed by maize for three years to evaluate the direct and residual effects of the above mentiond treatments on crop production . The obtained data show that the highest crop responses was obtained with Takamolia 50% vinasse followed by Takamolia 25%vinasse either as a direct or residual effects on cane , as well as wheat and maize crops .

In another experiment ,the prepared organomineral fertilizers were compressed in blocks( 3kg weight ) and used as sead-bed material for olive seedlings cultivated on desert soils of Wadi EL-Assiuti , Assiut Governorate .

10-13 November 2012, Aswan, Egypt Hassanein G. Hassanein et al 1

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The obtained results indicated the superiority of adding two blocks (6kg weight) of Takamolia 50%vinasse in a hole , mixed with the soil before planting the olive seedlings .Takamolia 50% vinasse was superior over all other envistigated treatments . The response in growth of olive seedlings under this treatment was vigor and , much better compared with other treatments .

IntroductionThe implementation of environmentally sound management programs for

waste products will clearly be one of the greatest challenges faced by the sugarcane industry in the next decade.

Directly related to this, an infrastructure that can process sugarcane wastes (filter mud cake and vinasse) into value-added products that are economical to transport, easy to apply, and adaptable to a wider variety of cropping system is likely to evolve. An example might include the production of fertilizer blocks that has been enriched with commercial fertilizers, giving a higher analysis material suitable for use in fruit cultivation as a seedbed amendments in newly reclaimed desert soils.

Wadi El-Assiuti lies to the east of Assiut city and constitutes the western part of the eastern desert plateau which considered one of the most promising areas for Agricultural expansion.

Sugar industry from cane is one of the oldest industries in Egypt. More than 12 million tons of sugar cane are milled annually through eight sugar factories extend along four Governorates in Upper Egypt. Beside sugar, which is the main product of this industry, some other by-products are produced in a huge quantities. Between these by-products Bagasse and Molasses are reused as raw materials for some other industries. On the other hand, Filter mud cake, vinasse and bagasse ash are final by-product which if not wisely used, will exert many hazardeous effects on the environment.

MaterialsThis experiment was conducted in wadi-El-Assiuti, Assiut Governorate, on

a site irrigated using drip irrigation system. The drip irrigation system was established so that laterals were put at 4 m apart and drippers on each lateral were fixed at 8 m of each other's. Two self-compensated drippers (4 L/h discharge) per tree were used.

The experiment site was irrigated using underground water. Chemical analysis of the irrigation water is presented in Table (2). In this experiment, three formulas of Tcamolia fertilizer of different vinasse content (50, 25 and 12.5%) were prepared by mixing the dry filer mud cake (FMC) with the corresponding amount of vinasse in order to evaluate the deleterious effect of increasing vinasse


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concentration in the mixture due to its high content of salts and acidity. Additional treatment of FMC only was used for comparison. A control treatment of Nile sediments was also used. The seedbed material treatments could be summarized as follows:

1- Filter mud cake.2- Tacamolia 12.5% vinasse.3- Tacamolia 25% vinasse.4- Tacamolia 50% vinasse.5- Nile sediments (control).

Chemical composition of the Tacamolia fertilizers is presented in Table (3). Some chemical analysis of Nile sediments is presented in Table (4).

The aforementioned organo-mineral fertilizers were compressed after preparation in blocks of 20x20x12.5 cm. Each block has a weight of approximately 3 kg.Table (1): Some physical and chemical characteristics of the soil of the experiment.

Soil depth

Mechanical analysis Texture grade

pH(1:1)

Ec (mmhos)

(1:1)

CaCO3

%Clay % Salt % Sand %

(0-40 cm) 2.20 5.10 92.70 Sandy 7.7 9.6 18.15

Table (2): Chemical analysis of irrigation water used to irrigate olive experiment.

pH EC Soluble cation meq/L Soluble anions meq/L SAR

dSm-1 ppm K+ Na+ Ca++ Mg++ CO3- HCO3- Cl-

8.13 1.91 1222 0.205 10.65 3.84 3.36 1.04 2.86 13 5.61

Table (3): Composition of the experimental materials.

Treatments pH(1:10)

EC(1:10)

Macro-nutrients % Micro-nutrients ppmN P2O5 K2O Fe Mn Zn Cu

Filter mud cake (FMC) 6.27 3.32 2.50 4.58 0.42 1186 326 158 165

Tcamolia, 12.5% V 7.40 5.62 2.47 5.61 1.69 1240 451 161 187

Tcamolia, 25% V 7.32 5.87 2.67 7.55 1.93 1260 5\456 185 192

Tcamolia, 50% V 6.50 6.37 2.80 8.01 2.65 1280 499 190 200V: Vinasse pH = 4.5 Ec = 40 mmhos/cmAnalysis of Vinasse: It contains 1.02% N, 0.30% P2O5 and 2.10% K2O1129 ppm Fe, 51 ppm Mn, 65 ppm Zn and 13 ppm Cu.Table (4): Chemical analysis of Nile sediments.


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Treatment pH (1:1)

ECe

(1:1)Total N%

Available ppm

DTPA-extractable ppm

P K Fe Mn Zn Cu

Nile sediments 7.88 1.98 0.61 12 277 11 18 0.8 0.2

Table (5): Amounts of irrigation water (L/day) applied to olive trees during three successive years.

Month Growth year1997 1998 1999

January - 20 25

February - 20 25

March - 30 40

April - 40 50

May - 40 50

June - 40 50

July - 40 50

August 30 40 50

September 20 40 50

October 20 30 25

November 10 20 40

December 10 20 20

Total amounts m3/tree/year 2.7 11.4 14.25

Total amounts m3/fed./year (131 tree) 353.7 1493.4 1866.75

At planting time, holes were digged (60x60x60 cm) along the lateral line of drip irrigation with 8 m apart from each other to be filled later with the prepared seedbed materials. These materials were applied in two rates; 6 and 9 kg per hole (2 or 3 blocks per hole, respectively). Two methods of application were followed. The blocks was witted and the material was either covered directly with sand coming out from the hole (without mixing), or it was mixed with this sand completely in the hole before planting (with mixing).

Four treatment combinations of organo-mineral formula (seedbed materials), 2 application rates and two methods of application of seedbed materials were tested. A randomized complete block design with four replicates was used to distribute treatments within the experimental area.

Olive seedlings (cv. Manazanillo) were transplanted in the mid hole under the drip irrigation system between two drippers at a distance of 8x4 m (131


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seedlings/fed.). Seedlings were daily irrigated using the amount of irrigation water as summarized in Table (5). Seedlings were fertilized with 130 g/tree/year amonium nitrate and 80 g/tree/year potassium sulphate in the first growth season, meanwhile, in the second growth season, amonium nitrate was applied at a rate of 250 g/tree/year and 150 g potassium sulphate/tree/year as recommended using completely soluble fertilizers.

Electrical conductivity of the soil (ECe 1:1) was measured means of two sites were presented as a contour lines using a computer program (statistica).

Some plant growth parameters including branch length and diameter were measured starting from Nov.1 5, 1997 and were considered as initial data. The same measurements had been repeated in Nov. 15, 1998. Therefore, the relative increase in plant growth was calculated depending on the difference between 1997 and 1998 seasons. After pruning in 1998, data measurements were repeated in 1999 growth season. The relative increase in growth parameters were calculated using the values of 1998 as an initial data.

Results and DiscussionsPreliminary trials in the greenhouse of Assiut University did not succeed in

germinating olive cuttings when planted directly in a seedbed of Tcamolia organic fertilizer, which composed of filter mud and vinasse in a ratio of 2:1 and enriched with potassium sulfate, superphosphate and sulfur. Reasons behind this failure could mainly be due to higher acidity and salinity of vinasse. However, Tcamolia fertilizer was completely successful with sugarcane cuttings when the material broadcasted on the field at the time of land preparation before planting.

In this experiment three different formulas of Tcamolia fertilizer was prepared differed only in vinasse ratio to filter mud cake as follows: 50, 25 and 12.5% and enriched with 50 kg/ton each from superphosphate, potassium sulfate and sulfur. These three formulas were compared with filter mud and Nile sediments, as seedbeds for olive seedlings. The Tcamolia fertilizers were prepared as compressed blocks of three kilograms each.

Another objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of two rates (2 and 3 blocks) and two methods of application mixed with soil and non-mixed of the different seedbed amendments used to raise olive trees in the desert area of Wadi El-Assiuti using drip irrigation system.

The experiment started in 1997 and lasted up to 1999. Results obtained during the three growth seasons represent the main effects of the investigated treatments on olive growth, as well as salt distribution within soil profile.The effect of seedbed amendments on olive growth


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Five types of seedbed amendments, including filter mud cake, Tcamolia 50, 25 and 12.5% vinasse and Nile sediments were tested in this experiment. Growth responses to these seedbed amendments are illustrated in table (6) and figure (1). The illustrated data show the relative increase in the height and diameter of certain branch as well as the numbers of lateral branches of olive young trees through two successive growth seasons; 1997/98 and 1998/99 as affected by the separate effect of the seedbed amendments included in this experiment.

Values obtained showed a significant increase due to the type of seedbed amendments either in the first or the second growth seasons. This was observed for all measured growth parameter except the branch diameter in the second growth season only.

The highest growth response was observed with Tcamolia, 50 and 25% vinasse, meanwhile, the Nile sediments gave the least response. It is worthy to notice that, values of the relative increase in growth parameters were much higher in the first than in the second growth season. This was expected as the growth rate of olive trees is usually higher in the early stages of growth and decrease gradually towards maturity.Table (6): The separate effect of seedbed amendments on the relative increase of some growth parameters of

olive young trees.

Treatments

Relative increase (%) in growth season1997/98 1998/99

Branch height

Branch diameter

No. of lateral

branches

Branch height

Branch diameter

No. of lateral

branches1- Filter-Mud Cake 71 81 81 23 43 62

2- Tcamolia, 12.5% V 72 82 79 23 43 63

3- Tcamolia, 25% V 76 82 85 24 42 68

4- Tcamolia, 50% V 75 85 85 24 43 67

5- Nile Sediments 68 74 71 19 37 56

F-test ** ** ** * - *

LSD 0.05 4 5 5 4 ns 8V : Vinasse.


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Fig. (1): The relative increase in some growth parameters of Olive young trees as affected by the seedbed amendments.



The percent increase in branch height, diameter and number of lateral branches of olive young trees in 1998 growth season treated with Tcamolia fertilizer of 50% vinasse were 9.3, 12.9 and 16.5%, respectively compared with the application of Nile sediments.

These results may be attributed to the direct enrichment with nutrients included in the Tcamolia compounds, which enhanced the vegetative growth characters of the plant as reported by Hassanein (1999) and Sikora and Azad (1993).The effect of rates and methods of application of seedbed amendments on olive growth:

Results of the effect of rate and methods of application of seedbed amendments on the relative increase of branch height, branch diameter and the numbers of lateral branches during the growth seasons of 97/98 and 98/99 are presented in table (7).

Increasing the rate of application of seedbed amendments from 6 kg/hole to 9 kg/hole did not give any significant effect on the growth parameters of olive tree in both growth seasons except branch height in the growth season of 97/98 which was increased significantly as a result of applying 9 kg/hole in comparison to the application of 6 kg/hole.Table (7): Separate effect of the rate and methods of application of seedbed amendments on the relative

increase of some growth parameters of olive young trees.


0

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Treatments

Relative increase (%) in growth season1997/98 1998/99

Branch height

Branch diameter

No. of lateral

branches

Branch height

Branch diameter

No. of lateral

branchesRate of application-2 Blocks application (6 kg) 70 81 81 23 41 62-3 Blocks application (9 kg) 75 80 79 23 43 65F-test ** - - - - -LSD 0.05 2 ns ns ns ns nsMethods of application- Mixed 74 80 81 21 39 61- Not-mixed 71 81 79 24 44 65F-test ** - - * - -LSD 0.05 2 ns ns 3 ns ns

As the olive seedlings were transplanted on these seedbed amendments in 1997, it was excepted that the root system is still limited and did not yet explored all the quantity of seedbed amendments. The quantity of seedbed amendments might be reflected on the later stage of growth. The role of seedbed amendments in supplying plant nutrients and water conservation will be more noticeable as the root system grow more and explore more area in the soil. The relative increase in growth parameters were more than 70% in the first season of 97/98, while it was far below this value in the second growth season 98/99. This holds true either for rates or methods of application of the different seedbed amendments.

The seedbed amendments; mixed with the soil or not did not exert a specific trend on the growth parameters of olive seedlings in both seasons. Inspite of the positive and significant effect of mixing the seedbed amendments with the soil only on branch height in the first season, it was significantly inferior to the non-mixed treatments on the same character in the second season as presented in Table (7).


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PP

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Effect of the investigated treatments on salt distribution in soil profile at different depths:

Because of the high salinity of vinasses supported by the high salinity of underground irrigation water which was almost over 1000, ppm and because of using drip irrigation systems which reduces water drainage and leaching of salts out of the root zone; it was found important to evaluate salinity build up in the soil profile and distribution of salts underneath the drippers. Methods of application were also a main factor in salinity distribution in soil profile. Mixing seedbed amendments means distribution of it in the whole profile with a subsequent dilution of its effect compared with the non-mixed application. The subsequent application of the irrigation water through three years might also have an influence on salt accumulation, which is considered important to be evaluated.

Figure (2) indicate the contour line of salt distribution either vertically or laterally from the dripper under all seedbed amendments used after the first year of planting olive seedlings.

Mixing filter mud cake with the soil reduces salinity in the soil profile either vertically or horizontally to reach a minimum of 1.0 mmhos/cm at 40 cm of both directions. Maximum salinity did not exceed 4.0 mmhos/cm at the surface and 30 cm away from the dripper. In comparison with adding filter mud in blocks without mixing with the soil, it could be observed that a minimum of 0.5-mmhos/cm salinity was observed in the deep layers 30-40 cm away from the dripper. Maximum salinity reached 9.5 mmhos/cm at the surface 10 cm and extended laterally up to 40 cm away from the dripper. This could be explained in view of the fact that mixing filter mud distributes it capacity in retaining water allover the soil profile. Hence salinity variations was limited between (1- and 4 mmhos/cm). In the same time adding the seedbed amendments in location without mixing with the soil, concentrate its effect in this location. This was reflected in minimizing salt content at the profile center, while salts starts to accumulate as we go far from this center to give a wide range of salinity between 0.5 and 9.5 mmhos/cm in the same profile.

This trend was again observed with a different magnitude when Tcamolia 12.5% vinasse was used instead of filter mud cake. The range in this case varied between (1.0 and 4 mmhos/cm) when it mixed and (25 and 15.0 mmhos/cm) when it was added without mixing with the soil profile.

Similar trends was observed when Tcamolia 25% and 50% vinasse were used with a magnified salt accumulation on the soil surface only when added without mixing to reach 26 mmhos/cm at the surface and far away laterally from


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the dripper. Reasons behind that may be the high salt content of vinasse and that of irrigation water and the capillary and lateral movement of irrigation water.


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Mixing Nile sediments with the soil gave a complete different picture than when it was added without mixing. Mixing of this material forced salts to accumulate either on the surface or far away from the dripper with a minimum values of 2.9 mmhos/cm at a depth more than 15 cm and laterally far away 27 cm from the dripper. An opposite picture could be seen when this Nile sediments were added deeper in the hole without mixing to reach a value of a maximum of 11.0 mmhos/cm at a depth of 25-40 cm. A minimum value of 2.0 mmhos/cm was observed at a depth of more than 30 cm and at a distance of more than 15 cm laterally from the dripper. This means that Nile sediments tended to accumulate salinity in the spot where it is located.

In the second year 1998, figure (3) illustrates the salt distribution in soil profile as affected by the methods of seedbed amendments application. Generally, it was observed that maximum salt concentration was more lower under all types of seedbed amendments either mixed or not with the soil compared with the first year 1997. It seems that continuous irrigation for two years helped in moving the salts out of the root-zone area to give the following figures.

Mixed Not-mixedFilter mud cake 0.7-2.4 1.0-7.0 mmhos/cmTcamolia, 12.5% vainasse 0.8-2.6 0.8-5.8 mmhos/cmTcamolia, 25% vinasse 1.0-2.4 2.5-15.7 mmhos/cmTcamolia, 50% vinasse 1.2-6.7 1.0-6.3 mmhos/cmNile sediments 0.8-7.2 0.8-3.6 mmhos/cm

In this respect, Tollefson (1995) reported that good management of surface trickle irrigation for long time remarkably reduced the salt content in soils of cotton production in Arizona. Ragheb (1997) reported that increasing the amount of irrigation water relatively pushed the salts out of the root zone.

Highest levels of salts were observed at the surface layer and far laterally away from the dripper, meanwhile, the lower levels were observed at the deeper layers and close to the site of the drippers.

In the third year, 1999, figure (3) draws a picture similar to that of the second year with same decrease in salinity levels. For example salinity level dropped to a minimum of 0.4 mmhos/cm with FMC, Tcamolia 12.5, 25 and 50% and 0.6 mmhos/cm with Nile sediments and a maximum of less than 2.6 mmhos/cm in all investigated treatments when these amendments were mixed with the soil.

If the seedbed amendments were not mixed with the soil, minimum salinity was 0.7 mmhos/cm and the maximum was 6.1 mmhos/cm. The minimum was


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observed with filter mud cake and Tcamolia compounds, while the maximum was obtained with the Nile sediments.

The aforementioned discussions means that mixing the seedbed amendments with the soil before planting olive seedlings is preferable compared with the application without mixing from the standpoint of salt accumulation. Increasing the duration of the experiments up to 3 years diluted salinity in the root zone area which means that salts might moved down and or out this area (40x50 cm) through irrigation water. As irrigation water was delivered to the soil through the drip system, the movement of salts will not be far enough with increasing the age of the orchards. The point needs further investigation.

ReferencesHassanein, H.G. 1999. Recycling of sugar industry by-products to produce

organic fertilizers suitable for alluvial and desert soils (filter mud, vinasse and bagasse ash). First International Conference on: Sugar & Integrated Industries (Present & Future). Luxor, Egypt., 1999.

Jackson, M.L. 1958. Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice-Hall Inc. USA.Sikora, L.J. and M.J. Azad, 1993. Effect of compos-fertilizer combinations on

wheat yields. Compost Sci. and Utilization, (2): 93-96.Ragheb, H.M. 1997. Irrigation and fertilization management for yield

maximization of drip-irrigated potato grown on sandy calcareous soil. Proc. of the First Sci. Con. Agric. Sci., Fac. Agric., Assiut Univ., Dec. 13-14, Vol. 1.


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DEVELOPMENT OF RAPD AND SSR MARKER ASOCIATED WITH …€¦ · Web viewThis experiment was conducted in wadi-El-Assiuti, Assiut Governorate, on a site irrigated using drip irrigation