Developing the Developing the convergence of CAQDAS convergence of CAQDAS

and GISand GIS

Developing the Developing the convergence of CAQDAS convergence of CAQDAS

and GISand GIS

CCésar A. Cisneros Pueblaésar A. Cisneros PueblaAutonomous Metropolitan University Campus Autonomous Metropolitan University Campus

Iztapalapa, MéxicoIztapalapa, MéxicoCAQDAS Free SeminarCAQDAS Free Seminar

University of Surrey, UKUniversity of Surrey, UKNovember 12, 2008November 12, 2008

I. Conceptual FrameworkI. Conceptual Framework

OverviewOverview NaNaïïve Geographyve Geography

Qualitative Mapping: ExperiencesQualitative Mapping: Experiences Geographic Information SystemsGeographic Information Systems

Spatially Integrated Social Science Spatially Integrated Social Science

NaNaïïve Geographyve Geography

Egenhofer (1995) outlined it as: Egenhofer (1995) outlined it as: ””the field of study that is concerned with formal models of the the field of study that is concerned with formal models of the

common-sense geographic world” (p.1)common-sense geographic world” (p.1) ““the body of knowledge that people have about the surrounding the body of knowledge that people have about the surrounding

geographic world” (p.4)geographic world” (p.4) ““stablishes the link between how people think about geographic stablishes the link between how people think about geographic

space and how to develop formal models of such reasoning that space and how to develop formal models of such reasoning that can be incorporated into software systems” (p.11)can be incorporated into software systems” (p.11)

““is also the basis for the design of intelligent GISs that will act is also the basis for the design of intelligent GISs that will act and respond as a a person would, therefore, empowering and respond as a a person would, therefore, empowering people to utilize GISs as realiable sources, without stunning people to utilize GISs as realiable sources, without stunning surprises when using the system” (p.1) surprises when using the system” (p.1)

Qualitative Mapping: Qualitative Mapping: ExperiencesExperiences

Community Mapping as a participatory research Community Mapping as a participatory research and evaluation tool (Amsden & VanWynsberghe, and evaluation tool (Amsden & VanWynsberghe, 2005)2005)

Ethnographic mapmaking (Kuznar & Werner, Ethnographic mapmaking (Kuznar & Werner, 2001)2001)

PLACE as a rapid assessment technique that PLACE as a rapid assessment technique that identifies high risk venues for HIV transmission in identifies high risk venues for HIV transmission in order to target interventions in high risk areas order to target interventions in high risk areas (Weir SS, Morroni C, Coetzee N, Spencer J, & (Weir SS, Morroni C, Coetzee N, Spencer J, & Boerma JT. (2002)Boerma JT. (2002)

Just criticisms to the misuse of GIS?Just criticisms to the misuse of GIS?

Feminist Geography and GIS (Kwan, 2002)Feminist Geography and GIS (Kwan, 2002) Participatory GIS (Elwood, 2006)Participatory GIS (Elwood, 2006) Ontology-based Metadata (Schuurman & Ontology-based Metadata (Schuurman &

Leszczynski, 2006)Leszczynski, 2006) Social Critique of GIS (Gahegan & Pike, Social Critique of GIS (Gahegan & Pike,

2006)2006)

Spatially Integrated Social ScienceSpatially Integrated Social Science(Goodchild, et al 2000)(Goodchild, et al 2000)

Representation of spatial phenomenaRepresentation of spatial phenomena Spatial data analysisSpatial data analysis Visualization and communication of spatial Visualization and communication of spatial

informationinformation Simulation of social systems in a spatial and Simulation of social systems in a spatial and

temporal contexttemporal context Access to spatial dataAccess to spatial data

II. An empirical workII. An empirical work

OverviewOverview Qualitative Geographic Information SystemQualitative Geographic Information System

CAQDAS and Google EarthCAQDAS and Google Earth Case Study: ParaguayCase Study: Paraguay

Qualitative GISQualitative GIS

Critical geographers calling the attention Critical geographers calling the attention about the potential of using GIS in about the potential of using GIS in Qualitative Research (Pavlovskaya, 2006)Qualitative Research (Pavlovskaya, 2006)

Qualitative geographers developing VBA Qualitative geographers developing VBA modules to be integrated to CAQDAS (Kwan modules to be integrated to CAQDAS (Kwan & Ding, 2008)& Ding, 2008)

Geotagging in CAQDASGeotagging in CAQDAS

From a critical view, Goodchild (2006) asked From a critical view, Goodchild (2006) asked about new technologies:about new technologies:

Who does it empower, and who does it marginalize? Who does it empower, and who does it marginalize? What applications are being built on Google Earth, What applications are being built on Google Earth,

and by whom and for what purposes?and by whom and for what purposes? What, for example, determines the variability in What, for example, determines the variability in

Google Earth coverage, from high resolution in some Google Earth coverage, from high resolution in some areas to much lower resolution in others – whose areas to much lower resolution in others – whose agenda is being served here?agenda is being served here?

Google Earth phenomenonGoogle Earth phenomenon

Google Earth can Google Earth can properly be described properly be described as a Geographical as a Geographical Information System Information System (GIS). Since its launch (GIS). Since its launch in 2005, Google claims in 2005, Google claims that 350 million copies that 350 million copies have been have been downloaded world downloaded world wide.wide.

Unlike Google Earth, Unlike Google Earth, software applications software applications like ArcGIS suite or like ArcGIS suite or MapInfo are capable of MapInfo are capable of complex analysis and complex analysis and transformations of transformations of spatial data.spatial data.

Google Earth phenomenon (cont.)Google Earth phenomenon (cont.)

Google Earth is at the Google Earth is at the same time:same time:– a software tool, a software tool, – a standard for a standard for

exchanging spatial dataexchanging spatial data– a massive collection of a massive collection of

archived satellite and archived satellite and aerial imageryaerial imagery

by comparison with by comparison with GIS, Google Earth:GIS, Google Earth:– is not a sophisticated is not a sophisticated

cartographic (map cartographic (map drawing) system, drawing) system,

– nor a means of doing nor a means of doing complex spatial complex spatial analysisanalysis

Case Study: ParaguayCase Study: Paraguay

5.8 million people5.8 million people 50% Bilingual Spanish/ 50% Bilingual Spanish/

Guarani; 37% monolingual Guarani; 37% monolingual GuaraniGuarani

Stroessner dictatorship fell in Stroessner dictatorship fell in 1989 – new democracy1989 – new democracy

Economic stagnation with Economic stagnation with growing inequality (GINI 57.7)growing inequality (GINI 57.7)

28% urban population cannot 28% urban population cannot meet basic needs (41% rural)meet basic needs (41% rural)

23% of population are school 23% of population are school age children (6-18)age children (6-18)

AsunciAsunción, Paraguayón, Paraguay The city is bounded on the north The city is bounded on the north

and west by the Paraguay Riverand west by the Paraguay River The greater Asunción The greater Asunción

metropolitan area extends to the metropolitan area extends to the east and south to comprise a east and south to comprise a total population of 1.4 milliontotal population of 1.4 million

The historic city center has The historic city center has declined dramatically in recent declined dramatically in recent decadesdecades

The working poor in Asunción The working poor in Asunción have settled the flood planes have settled the flood planes along the coast of the Paraguay along the coast of the Paraguay river, building houses in a wide river, building houses in a wide range of materials (from range of materials (from cardboard to brick) on informally cardboard to brick) on informally claimed marginal land claimed marginal land

Adolescent Reproductive HealthAdolescent Reproductive Health 60/1000 Age-specific fertility60/1000 Age-specific fertility 27.9% 15-19 ever-pregnant27.9% 15-19 ever-pregnant 22% 15-17 sexually initiated22% 15-17 sexually initiated 57.9% 18-19 sexually initiated57.9% 18-19 sexually initiated <3% married at time of first <3% married at time of first

sex nationally (<1% in sex nationally (<1% in Asuncion)Asuncion)

56% used contraception at first 56% used contraception at first sexsex

66% of contraceptors used 66% of contraceptors used condoms at first sex condoms at first sex

CEPEP’s Espacio Joven ProjectCEPEP’s Espacio Joven Project

Stated GoalStated Goal: to improve sexual and reproductive health of : to improve sexual and reproductive health of adolescents in the cities of Asunción, San Lorenzo, and adolescents in the cities of Asunción, San Lorenzo, and Encarnación, with an emphasis on preventing unplanned Encarnación, with an emphasis on preventing unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections, including pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS

ObjectivesObjectives:: Improve knowledge of sexual and reproductive health Improve knowledge of sexual and reproductive health

issues including HIV/AIDS issues including HIV/AIDS Increase access to sexual and reproductive health services Increase access to sexual and reproductive health services

for adolescents in CEPEP’s clinicsfor adolescents in CEPEP’s clinics

Targeting the Needs Targeting the Needs AssessmentAssessment

Health GoalHealth Goal (maintained): Prevent unplanned pregnancies (maintained): Prevent unplanned pregnancies and Sexually Transmitted Infections including HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections including HIV/AIDS among youth aged 12 - 24 among youth aged 12 - 24

Behavior Change Behavior Change

• Delaying Sexual Initiation Delaying Sexual Initiation

• Reducing the Frequency of Intercourse Reducing the Frequency of Intercourse

• Reducing the Number of Sexual PartnersReducing the Number of Sexual Partners

• Increasing the Use of Condoms and Contraceptives Increasing the Use of Condoms and Contraceptives

““Reduce the number of unprotected sex acts by promoting Reduce the number of unprotected sex acts by promoting the correct and consistent use of condoms and the correct and consistent use of condoms and contraception”contraception”

Determinants IDeterminants I

Community-level FactorsCommunity-level Factors (-) Crime, violence, poverty, unemployment, out-of-school (-) Crime, violence, poverty, unemployment, out-of-school

youth, residential mobility, community stressyouth, residential mobility, community stress (+) Adult community members who monitor youth behaviors(+) Adult community members who monitor youth behaviors (+) Availability of contraceptive services and supplies(+) Availability of contraceptive services and supplies

Family-level FactorsFamily-level Factors (+) Appropriate parental supervision and monitoring(+) Appropriate parental supervision and monitoring (+) Parent/child communication about sex/contraception/HIV(+) Parent/child communication about sex/contraception/HIV (+) Positive use of free time(+) Positive use of free time

Determinants IIDeterminants IIIndividual-level Factors (School, Peers, Partners)Individual-level Factors (School, Peers, Partners) (+) Attachment to school(+) Attachment to school (+) Participation in extra-curricular activities (+) Participation in extra-curricular activities (+) High aspirations for the future(+) High aspirations for the future (+) Received HIV/Sex Education(+) Received HIV/Sex Education (-) Substance use, delinquency, problem or risk-taking (-) Substance use, delinquency, problem or risk-taking

behaviorsbehaviors

(-) Peer risk behaviors (-) Peer risk behaviors (-) Sexually active peers (unless also using protection +)(-) Sexually active peers (unless also using protection +)

(+/-) Relationship type and quality(+/-) Relationship type and quality (+) Partner communication about sex and protection(+) Partner communication about sex and protection (-) Partner risk behaviors(-) Partner risk behaviors

Design of Needs AssessmentDesign of Needs Assessment

CEPEP Target CEPEP Target NeighborhoodsNeighborhoods

6 neighborhoods 6 neighborhoods within 2 kmwithin 2 km

Clinic statisticsClinic statistics

Community MappingCommunity Mapping 500 GPS points for 500 GPS points for

non-residential sitesnon-residential sites Large printed maps Large printed maps

for group for group discussionsdiscussions

Design: Community MappingDesign: Community MappingSmall Group Small Group

DiscussionsDiscussions 24 groups (12m/12f)24 groups (12m/12f) 6-8 participants in each6-8 participants in each Moderator wrote Moderator wrote

fieldnotes then added fieldnotes then added abridged transcriptions abridged transcriptions from digital recordingsfrom digital recordings

Thematic analysis Thematic analysis based on RQ based on RQ domainsdomains

MAXqda2 and MAXqda2 and MAXmaps softwareMAXmaps software

Objectives:Objectives:

Build an understanding of the factors that Build an understanding of the factors that influence youth’s use or non-use of condoms, influence youth’s use or non-use of condoms, contraceptives, and clinical servicescontraceptives, and clinical services

Identify places in the community where youth Identify places in the community where youth spend time and understand how those places are spend time and understand how those places are associated with high risk behaviors and/or associated with high risk behaviors and/or protective activities protective activities

Develop an understanding of adolescent Develop an understanding of adolescent relationships and how they relate to abstinence relationships and how they relate to abstinence and sexual activity and sexual activity

Objective 1Objective 1

To build an understanding of the factors that influence To build an understanding of the factors that influence youth’s use or non-use of condoms, contraceptives, youth’s use or non-use of condoms, contraceptives, and clinical servicesand clinical services• Where do youth get information about protection?Where do youth get information about protection?• Where do they go for contraceptive supplies and/or condoms?Where do they go for contraceptive supplies and/or condoms?• What do they perceive to be the barriers and facilitators of use?What do they perceive to be the barriers and facilitators of use?• Are they familiar with services offered by the Are they familiar with services offered by the Espacio JovenEspacio Joven

project. project.

DomainsDomains: : • sex educationsex education• parent/child communication around sex and protectionparent/child communication around sex and protection• peer sexual activity and use of condoms/contraceptivespeer sexual activity and use of condoms/contraceptives• partner communication and agreement on the use of protectionpartner communication and agreement on the use of protection

Objective 2Objective 2

To identify places in the community where youth spend To identify places in the community where youth spend time and understand how those places are associated time and understand how those places are associated with high risk behaviors and/or protective activitieswith high risk behaviors and/or protective activities• How do youth perceive risk in their communities?How do youth perceive risk in their communities?• How and where and with whom do they spend time? How and where and with whom do they spend time? • Where youth go to avoid adult supervision?Where youth go to avoid adult supervision?

DomainsDomains • community-level risk and protective factorscommunity-level risk and protective factors• monitoring and supervision by parents and other adults monitoring and supervision by parents and other adults • attachment to home/family life, school, work, church, etc.attachment to home/family life, school, work, church, etc.• participation in extracurricular activitiesparticipation in extracurricular activities• engagement in risk behaviors (substance use, delinquency, or other engagement in risk behaviors (substance use, delinquency, or other

problem behaviors at the level of individuals, peers and partners)problem behaviors at the level of individuals, peers and partners)

Objective 3Objective 3

To develop an understanding of adolescent relationships To develop an understanding of adolescent relationships and how they relate to abstinence and sexual activityand how they relate to abstinence and sexual activity• Where do youth meet potential romantic partners?Where do youth meet potential romantic partners?• Are partners peers or people outside primary social networks?Are partners peers or people outside primary social networks?

• Where do romantic partners spend time together?Where do romantic partners spend time together?

domainsdomains • types of adolescent relationshipstypes of adolescent relationships• partner characteristicspartner characteristics• perceptions of relationship ‘quality’perceptions of relationship ‘quality’• adult supervision adult supervision

III. Challenges and ReflectionsIII. Challenges and Reflections

New tools (ATLAS.ti 6 & MAXqda 2007)New tools (ATLAS.ti 6 & MAXqda 2007) Integration to Geographic Information SystemsIntegration to Geographic Information Systems

Convergence into Google EarthConvergence into Google Earth Software designSoftware design

Geolinks to GE and hyperlinks in Geolinks to GE and hyperlinks in MAXqda 2007MAXqda 2007

Geolinks to GE in MAXMaps 2007Geolinks to GE in MAXMaps 2007

Embed GE within HU in ATLAS.ti 6Embed GE within HU in ATLAS.ti 6

GE Preferences in ATLAS.ti 6GE Preferences in ATLAS.ti 6

ArcGIS: Density of Contraceptive ArcGIS: Density of Contraceptive AvailabilityAvailability

ArcGIS: Places Where Youth Spend ArcGIS: Places Where Youth Spend Free Time and Density of Free Time and Density of Contraceptive AvailabilityContraceptive Availability

ArcGIS: Perception of Unsafe Places ArcGIS: Perception of Unsafe Places by Young Menby Young Men

ArcGIS: Perception of Unsafe Places ArcGIS: Perception of Unsafe Places by Young Womenby Young Women

ArcGIS: Shared Perception of ArcGIS: Shared Perception of Unsafe Places by Young MenUnsafe Places by Young Men

ArcGIS: Shared Perception of ArcGIS: Shared Perception of Unsafe Places by Young WomenUnsafe Places by Young Women

Final Remarks Final Remarks (from CAQDAS 2007 to this Free (from CAQDAS 2007 to this Free

Seminar 2008)Seminar 2008) Geo-referred coded Geo-referred coded

segments to be segments to be retrievedretrieved

Is Geotagging just a Is Geotagging just a first next step?first next step?

Challenge to integrate Challenge to integrate GIS and CAQDQASGIS and CAQDQAS

Integrate GeoTaggging Integrate GeoTaggging and Geo Viewing tools and Geo Viewing tools to CAQDASto CAQDAS

GE tools into CAQDASGE tools into CAQDAS Complex analysis of Complex analysis of

spatial data using GISspatial data using GIS 3D Visualization tools3D Visualization tools Qualitative GIS as a Qualitative GIS as a

supportive scenariosupportive scenario Dialogue between Dialogue between

disciplines and disciplines and software developmentsoftware development