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Developing a Method using Potash to Control Mussels in Irrigation Pipelines
Barry OlsonAndrea Kalischuk, Brad Calder, Ki Au, Lloyd Healy
Alberta Agriculture and Forestry
Ivan FriesenEastern Irrigation District
Invasive Mussel CollaborativeWebinar
March 6, 2017
March of the mussels –– 1986 to 2016
Invasive mussels in Montana
Alberta
Saskatchewan
Great Falls
Helena
Lethbridge
Taber
Brooks
Tiber Reservoir
Missouri River
Milk River
Missouri River
Marias River
Canyon Ferry Reservoir
Fresno Reservoir
Nelson Reservoir
Border crossing
100 km
N
S
EW
?
Montana
Southern Alberta is irrigation
Calgary
Lethbridge
Infrastructure:Valued at $3.6 billion51 reservoirs3700 km canals4300 km pipelinesControl structuresPumping stations13 irrigation districts
Supports:Irrigated land (700,100 ha)LivestockCommunities/municipalitiesWetlands (32,000 ha)Parks and recreation
0 100 km
• Chlorine
• Chlorine dioxide
• Chloramines
• Ozone
• Bromine
• Hydrogen peroxide
• Potassium permanganate
• Ferrate
• Ammonium nitrate
But what if they come?
Chemical control possibilities
• Bacteria-based molluscicide (Zequanox)
• BioBullets
• Copper ions (Bluestone)
• Potassium salts
• Sodium metabisulfite
• Flocculation
• Salinity
• pH adjustment
There are no chemicals currently registered for use in Canada
• Chlorine
• Chlorine dioxide
• Chloramines
• Ozone
• Bromine
• Hydrogen peroxide
• Potassium permanganate
• Ferrate
• Ammonium nitrate
But what if they come?
Chemical control possibilities
• Bacteria-based molluscicide (Zequanox)
• BioBullets
• Copper ions (Bluestone)
• Potassium salts
• Sodium metabisulfite
• Flocculation
• Salinity
• pH adjustment
There are no chemicals currently registered for use in Canada
Potassium salts
Why potash?
• Anesthetic
• Potassium ion interferes with gill respiration
• Naturally occurring
• Essential nutrient for plant and animals
• Available locally in large quantities
• Easily purchased
• Used as an agricultural fertilizer
K+
Cl-
Registration of potash for mussel control
• Alberta Environment and Parks (lead)
− Alberta Agriculture and Forestry
− Alberta Innovates
− Agrium Inc.
• Pesticide Management Regulatory Agency
(Health Canada)
− Pre-submission (2015–2016)
− Full registration application (2017)
Potash as a treatment method researchin irrigation infrastructure
Objectives
•Develop and test potash preparation methods.
•Develop and test pipeline injection equipment and methods.
• Assess the effects of irrigating potash-treated water on soil and crop health.
• Confirm the economic costs and considerations for treating Alberta’s irrigation systems with potash.
Research partners
• Alberta Agriculture and Forestry
• Growing Forward 2
• Alberta Innovates
• Irrigation Districts / Eastern Irrigation District
• Alberta Irrigation Projects Association
• Alberta Environment and Parks
2016 Field research studies
• Pipeline Field Trial
– One test in the EID
• Small-plot Study
– Alberta Agriculture and Forestry Irrigation Technology Centre
Pipeline field trial
EW
N
S
Settling pond25 x 100 m
0 0.5 km
Eastern Irrigation District
District pipeline2.5 km long
¼ section pivot40.5 ha
0.4-km pipeline
Pipeline treatment concept
Transport tank112,000 mg/L K+
Dosage pump
Settlingpond
Center pivot
Diluted to 100 mg/L K+
target concentrationHeld for 48 hours
1.8 h to treat the whole pipeline/pivot
Flow meter
3480 L/min
EW
N
S
Soil sampling
4.95 ha received KCl-treated water(5.5 mm)
0–15 cm
Soil chemistry (0 to 15 cm)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
dS/m
Electrical conductivity
a
a
Pre Post0
20
15
10
5
mg/kg
Chloride (Cl-)
aa
Pre Post
700
500
400
300
200
100
0
mg/kg
Potassium (K+)
a a
Pre Post
600
Pipeline trial summary
74 kg KCl was used in the treatment39 kg K+
Irrigated amount: 5.5 mm
7.9 kg/ha K+
Canola (2 tonne/ha) will remove 17 kg/ha K+
65 tonne/ha beef manure (700 kg/ha K+)
Small-plot study
• Three Treatments
0 mg/L
100 mg/L
500 mg/L
• Four replicates
• Treatments were applied three times in 2016
15 mm irrigation rate
Plot layout
0
100
500 0
100
500
0
100
500
0
100
500
Soil sampling micro-plots (3 x 3 m)
0–2.5 cm0–15 cm15–30 cm30–60 cm
Rep A
Rep B Rep C
Rep D
96 m diameter
EW
N
S
Barley (2016)
100 mg/L K+ applied 3 times (15 mm)
45 kg/ha K+
500 mg/L K+ applied 3 times (15 mm)
225 kg/ha K+
Application rates
100 mg/L K+ treatment:
K+, Cl-, and EC increased in surface soil, but not significantly
500 mg/L K+ treatment:
K+ increased in surface soil, but not significantly
Cl- and EC significantly increased in the surface soil
Cl- leached into the soil
After three applications
Future work –– 2017
Potash Preparation
• Continue to modify methods
Pipeline Field Trials
• Test more complex pipelines (four systems)
• Use a new pump and flow-meter system
• Soil chemistry and crop quality
Small-plot Study
• Repeated applications all season
• Soil chemistry
• Crop yield and quality
Economic Assessment
• Began contract work in spring 2017
Thank youThank youThank youThank youBarry [email protected]
Water Quality SectionAlberta Agriculture and Forestry