DEVELOPEMENT OF A HOLISTC WELLNESS MODEL FOR MANAGERS IN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS

Petrus Albertus Botha

Tshwane University of Technology

Polokwane Delivery site

Overview of presentation

IntroductionProblem statement & hypothesesLiterature reviewMethodologyFindingsConclusion & recommendations

INTRODUCTION

Restructuring higher education institutions

Change process impact well-being - occupational stress, lower job satisfaction, lack of trust, high levels of absenteeism & high mental and physical ill-health symptoms

Survival and longevity depend on well-being

Managers provide strategic direction – wellness crucial

Managers not healthy perception that organisations not healthy

Literature review

Development of a holistic wellness model – assessment of wellness behaviour of managers

Theoretical foundation six dimensions of wellness

Physical wellness

• Physical fitness and nutrition

• Medical self-care focus on immunization, TSE & BSE, tobacco smoking cessation, CAM, water, oral hygiene, skin protection, blood pressure, cholesterol

• Safety and lifestyle – driving under the influence of alcohol & drugs

Literature review cont

Social wellness• Environmental wellness focus on solid waste, air &

water pollution & global warming • Social awareness (social capital)

Emotional wellness• Emotional management focus on stress, burnout,

anxiety & depression• Emotional awareness and sexuality focus on STDs

Intellectual wellness Occupational wellness focus on WLB Spirituality and values

Literature review con

Thus literature review focus on : theoretical foundation wellness behaviour risks associated with each sub-

dimension interventions

Problem statement & hypotheses

Problem statement: The wellness behaviour of managers at two higher education institutions increases their health risks and necessitates wellness interventions.

Hypotheses:H0: There is no correlation between the health risk scores and the wellness behaviour levels of managers.H1: There is a negative relationship between the wellness behaviour levels and the health risk scores of managers.

Problem statement & hypotheses con

H0: There is no significant difference between the mean wellness behaviour levels and mean health risk scores of heads of academic departments and directors of support services. H1: There is a difference between the mean wellness behaviour levels and mean health risk scores of heads of academic departments and directors of support services.H0: There is no significant difference between the mean wellness behaviour levels and mean health risk scores of male and female managers.H1: There is a difference between the mean wellness behaviour levels and mean health risk scores of male and female managers.

Problem statement & hypotheses con

H0: There is no significant difference between the mean wellness behaviour levels and mean health risk scores of post-graduate and PhD graduate managers.H1: There is a difference between the mean wellness behaviour levels and mean health risk scores of post-graduate and PhD graduate managers.H0: There is no significant difference between the mean wellness behaviour levels and mean health risk scores of the three age groups used in this study.H1: There is a difference between the mean wellness behaviour levels and mean health risk scores of the three age groups used in this study.

Problem statement & hypotheses cont

H0: It is not possible to use a wellness prediction model, as a holistic dependent variable, to measure wellness against all possible independent variables.H1: A wellness prediction model can be used, as a holistic dependent variable, to measure wellness against all possible independent variables.

Research methodology

Research approach - survey research approach Research design – single stage survey of the wellness

behaviour levels of managers at two leading tertiary education institutions in Gauteng

Census on total population 324 (164 AC &160 TU) Sample – 89 managers (academic sections heads,

directors of support services & rectorate) 40.45% from AC & 59.55% from the TU Females 31.5% & males 68.5% Measuring instrument based on TestWell Wellness

Inventory for Adults Questionnaire included demographic information, a health

risks assessment and perceived wellness of managers covering the ten sub-dimensions of wellness

Procedures for data analysis

Descriptive statistics – tables, graphs, means & standard deviationsCronbach’s alpha coefficient – reliability of the ten sub-dimensions of the instrument

• Physical fitness and nutrition 0.69• Medical self-care 0.67• Safety 0.76• Environmental wellness 0.71• Social awareness 0.77• Sexuality and emotional awareness 0.81• Emotional management 0.84• Intellectual wellness 0.82• Occupational wellness 0.87• Spirituality and values 0.85• Full TestWell score 0.93

Procedures for data analysis

Pearson product moment correlation to determine the relationship between the heath risk scores and wellness behaviour levels of managersT – tests to compare the mean wellness behaviour levels and mean health risks scores of managers at the AC & the TU, heads of academic departments and directors of support services, female and male managers, and post-graduate and PhD graduate managers ANOVA to compare the mean wellness behaviour levels and mean health risk scores of the three age groups (35-45, 46-55 & 56-65)

Research findings

Research aims was to:• Develop a holistic wellness model• Measure wellness behaviour levels of

managers• Identify health risk factors• Calculate health risk scores• Propose interventions

To accomplish research aims – study designed to explore seven research questions

Research question 1: What is the correlation between the health risks scores and wellness behaviour levels of managers

Research findings con

• No significant correlation the mean physical fitness and nutrition, medical self-care, safety, environmental wellness, social awareness, intellectual wellness, spirituality and values sub-dimensions and the health risk scores of managers

• Significant negative relationship between sexuality and emotional awareness and the health risk scores

• Small negative relationship between emotional management and the health risk scores

• Negative relationship between occupational wellness and the health risk scores.

Research findings con

• With an increase in the sexuality and emotional awareness, emotional management and occupational wellness levels there will be in decrease in the health risk scores

Research questions 2 - 5: Is there a difference between the mean wellness behaviour levels and mean health risk scores of managers at the AC and the TU, heads of academic departments & directors of support services, female and male managers, and post-graduate and PhD graduate managers?

Research findings con

• The null hypotheses could not be rejected

Mean Scores of Wellness Behaviour Levels of Managers at the AC and the TU

Research findings con

TUAC

University

100

80

60

40

20

0

Average percentage

84847978

848481

77

85878383

6866

8892

6062

5656

Spirituality & Values

Occupational Wellness

Intellectual Wellness

Emotional Management

Sexuality

Social Awareness

Environmental Wellness

Safety

Medical Self-Care

Physical Fitness

Research findings con

Mean Scores of Wellness Behaviour Levels of Heads of Academic Departments and Directors of Support Services

Research findings con

Mean Scores of Wellness Behaviour Levels of Female and Male Managers

MaleFemale

100

80

60

40

20

0

Average percentage

8386

79788485

8077

8589

8382

6865

8991

616055

58

Spirituality & ValuesOccupational WellnessIntellectual WellnessEmotional Management SexualitySocial AwarenessEnvironmental WellnessSafetyMedical Self-CarePhysical Fitness

Gender

Research findings con

Mean Scores of Wellness Behaviour Levels of Post-Graduate and PhD Graduate Managers

Research findings con

Research question 6: Is there a difference between the mean wellness behaviour levels and mean health risk scores of the three age groups (35-45, 46-55 & 56-65)

• The null hypothesis was maintained

Research findings con

Mean scores of wellness behaviour levels of the three age groups

56-6546-5535-45

Age Group

100

80

60

40

20

0

Average percentage

8583

86

8076

818483

87

8077

828585

90

828285

72

6464

928988

6258

63

585456

Spirituality & Values

Occupational Wellness

Intellectual Wellness

Emotional Management

Sexuality

Social Awareness

Environmental Wellness

Safety

Medical Self-Care

Physical Fitness

Research findings con

Research question 7: Can a wellness prediction model be used, as a holistic dependent variable, to measure wellness against all possible independent variables?

• Linear regression model could not be used

Research findings con

Combined health risk scores and wellness behaviour levels of managers at the sample universities

56%

61%

90%

67%

83%

86%

79%

84%

78%

84%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1

Wellness sub-dimensions

Average percentage

Physical Fitness

Medical Self-Care

Safety

Environmental Wellness

Social Awareness

Sexuality

Emotional Management

Intellectual Wellness

Occupational Wellness

Spirituality & Values

Research findings con

Combined health risk scores and wellness behaviour levels of managers at the two sample universitiesPhysical fitness and nutrition – 56%Medical self-care – 61%Safety – 90%Environmental wellness – 67% Social awareness – 83%Sexuality and emotional awareness – 86%Emotional management – 79%Intellectual wellness – 84%Occupational wellness – 78%Spirituality and values – 84%Health risk score -19.36%

Research findings con

The wellness behaviour levels ranged between 56% and 90% with an average score of 76.80%. Two lowest scores - physical fitness and nutrition (56%) and medical self-care (61%), while, safety had obtained the highest score (90%).

Conclusion and recommendations

Contribute to growing literature on wellness and healthy lifestyle behaviourHolistic wellness behaviour assessment indication of levels & areas improvementInstrument valid & reliableLow response rate (28%) indicative ignoranceUnwillingness to participateNeed education Wellness - retention toolAgeing workforceWellness behaviour and health risk model – theoretical framework

A wellness behaviour and health risk model for managers at South African Tertiary institutions

Conclusion and recommendations

Conclusion and recommendations

Model – wellness (dependent variable) determined by 11 independent variables

Managers high wellness behaviour levels (76%) & low health risks (19.36%)

Physical fitness & nutrition (56%) & medical self-care (61%) wellness behaviour levels as weaknesses – interventions

THANK YOU !!!!!!