Develop India Year 4, Vol. 1, Issue 183, 5 - 12 Feb, 2012 · § “Holocene ” –€ Bon Iver § Justin Vernon, producer; Brian Joseph & Justin Vernon, engineers/mixers § “Grenade”

DEVELOP INDIA English Weekly NewspaperAllahabad; Sunday; Year 4, Vol. 1, Issue 183, 5 - 12 Feb, 2012

DEVELOP INDIAEnglish Weekly Newspaper11111

DEVELOP INDIAEnglish Weekly Newspaper

YEAR 4, VOL. 1, ISSUE 183, 5 - 12 FEB, 2012

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Sudan and SouthSudan sign treatySudan and South Sudan have signed a non-aggression treaty, as part of internationally-led efforts to

reduce tensions along their poorly demarcated border, local media reported on Feb 12, 2012. Thecountries have also set up a monitoring mechanism so that complaints can be registered and dealt

with peacefully, according to former South Africa president Thabo Mbeki, who has been leading negotiationsbetween the sides in Addis Ababa on behalf of the African Union. The deal was signed by South Sudan’sintelligence chief, Thomas Douth, and his counterpart from Khartoum, Mohammed Atta. Juba last monthhalted oil production, after the north started seizing shipment to cover what it says are unpaid transit fees,heightening regional tensions.Landlocked South Sudan must export its natural resources through the north, but the sides cannot agree on aprice sharing deal. Sudan lost about two-thirds of its oil production when the south split last year to form theworld’s newest sovereign state. Both countries depend heavily on oil sales to fill their coffers.The two countries have also failed to agree on how to share debt responsibilities and where to draw theirborder. “The moment has come for the leaders of both countries to make the necessary compromises, onceagain, that will guarantee a peaceful and prosperous future for both nations,” UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon’s office said in a statement.More than 130,000 people have fled three key border regions in recent months, owing to fighting between a militia allied with South Sudan’s ruling partyand the Sudanese army, according to the United Nations. Khartoum has also been accused of aiding armed groups hostile to the south while conductingaerial strikes inside South Sudan, according to aid groups and Juba.Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir is also wanted by the International Criminal Court in The Hague for alleged war crimes in the restive Darfur regionin the country’s west, where a low-level conflict, ongoing since 2003, is still simmering.Al-Bashir has warned that tensions with South Sudan could lead to a new war. The south became independent in July 2011 after decades of conflict.

54th 54th 54th 54th 54th AnnAnnAnnAnnAnnual Grual Grual Grual Grual Grammammammammammy y y y y AAAAAwwwwwararararardsdsdsdsds 54th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 12, 2012, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles being broadcast on CBS. LL Cool J hosted theshow. It was the first time in seven years that the event had an official host.[1] Nominations were announced on November 30, 2011 on prime-time televi-sion as part of “The GRAMMY Nominations Concert Live! – Countdown to Music’s Biggest Night”, a one-hour special broadcast live on CBS from NokiaTheatre at L.A. Live. Kanye West received the most nominations with seven. Adele, Foo Fighters, and Bruno Mars each received six nominations. LilWayne, Skrillex, and Radiohead all earned five nominations.A total of 78 awards were presented following the Academy’s decision to restructure the Grammy Award categories. Paul McCartney receivedthe MusiCares Person of the Yearaward on February 10, 2012, at the Los Angeles Convention Center, two nights prior to the Grammy telecast.On February 8, 2012, the Academy announced that the 54th Grammy Pre-Telecast Ceremony would stream live internationally. The ceremony tookplace at the Los Angeles Convention Center and was streamed live in its entirety internationally at Grammy’s official website and CBS Television Net-work. The ceremony was co-hosted by Dave Kozand MC Lyte. A total of 68 awards were presented in the Pre-Telecast ceremony. The official poster wasdesigned by Architect Frank Gehry.The night before the awards, Whitney Houston died in Los Angeles, and show producers quickly planned a tribute, with Jennifer Hudson performing atribute, Houston’s I Will Always Love You. The awards show began with a Bruce Springsteen performance followed by an LL Cool J prayer for WhitneyHouston. Adele won all of her six nominations, tying Beyoncé’s record for most wins by a female artist in one night. Foo Fighters and KanyeWest followed with five and four awards, respectively.

Nominees and winners

IATA calls forUN deal to

avert carbontrade war

Global airlines called on Sunday for a deal brokered by a United Nationsagency to avoid an impasse between China and the European Union overjet pollution spilling into a trade war.China’s decision to order its airlines not to join an EU carbon tradingscheme, and the EU’s refusal so far to back down on its plans, havewedged airlines between conflicting laws, the head of the International AirTransport Association said.“This is an intolerable situation which clearly has to be resolved. It cannotgo on like this,” IATA Director General Tony Tyler told Reuters in an inter-view. Airlines have called on the EU to abandon a recently launchedscheme to charge for emissions and negotiate a global agreement atICAO, the aviation arm of the United Nations.“I very much hope of course that we are not seeing the beginning of atrade war on this issue and eventually wiser counsels will prevail,” Tylersaid.He also said airlines faced a tough year in 2012 and warned of furtherairline bankruptcies in Europe or elsewhere if the region failed to resolveits sovereign debt crisis.A carbon tax is an environmental tax levied on the carbon contentof fuels. It is a form of carbon pricing.Carbon is present in every hydrocar-bon fuel (coal, petroleum, and natural gas) and is released as carbondioxide (CO2) when they are burnt. In contrast, non-combustion energysources—wind, sunlight,hydropower, and nuclear—do notconvert hydrocarbons to CO2. CO2 is a heat-trapping ”greenhouse” gas.Scientists have pointed to the potential effects on the climate system ofreleasing greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere (see scientificopinion on global warming). Since GHG emissions caused by the combus-tion of fossil fuels are closely related to the carbon content of the respec-tive fuels, a tax on these emissions can be levied by taxing the carboncontent of fossil fuels at any point in the product cycle of the fuel.Carbon taxes offer a potentially cost-effective means of reducing green-house gas emissions.From an economic perspective, carbon taxes are atype of Pigovian tax. They help to address the problem of emitters ofgreenhouse gases not facing the full (social) costs of their actions. Carbontaxes are a regressive tax, in that they disproportionately affect low-in-come groups. The regressive nature of carbon taxes can be addressed byusing tax revenues to favour low-income groups.A number of countries have implemented carbon taxes or energy taxesthat are related to carbon content. Most environmentally related taxes withimplications for greenhouse gas emissions in OECD countries are leviedon energy products and motor vehicles, rather than on CO2 emissionsdirectly.Opposition to increased environmental regulation such as carbon taxesoften centres on concerns that firms might relocate and/or people mightlose their jobs. It has been argued, however, that carbon taxes are moreefficient than direct regulation and may even lead to higher employment(see footnotes). Many large users of carbon resources in electricity gen-eration, such as the USA, Russia and China, are resisting carbon taxation.

The winners per category were:GeneralRecord of the Year“Rolling in the Deep” – AdelePaul Epworth, producer; TomElmhirst & Mark Rankin, engineers/mixers§ “Holocene” – Bon Iver§ Justin Vernon, producer; Brian Joseph& Justin Vernon, engineers/mixers§ “Grenade” – Bruno Mars§ The Smeezingtons, producers; AriLevine & Manny Marroquin, engineers/mixers§ “The Cave” – Mumford & Sons§ Markus Dravs, producer; FrancoisChevallier & Ruadhri Cushnan,engineers/mixers§ “Firework” – Katy Perry§ Stargate & Sandy Vee,producers; Mikkel S. Eriksen, Phil Tan,Sandy Vee & Miles Walker, engineers/mixersAlbum of the Year21 – AdeleJim Abbiss, Adele Adkins, PaulEpworth, Rick Rubin, Fraser T.Smith, Ryan Tedder & Dan Wilson,producers; Jim Abbiss, Philip Allen,Beatriz Artola, Ian Dowling, TomElmhirst, Greg Fidelman, DanParry, Steve Price, Mark Rankin,Andrew Scheps, Fraser T. Smith &Ryan Tedder, engineers/mixers; TomCoyne, mastering engineer§ Wasting Light – Foo Fighters§ Butch Vig, producer; James Brown& Alan Moulder, engineers/mixers; JoeLaPorta & Emily Lazar, masteringengineers§ Born This Way – Lady Gaga§ Paul Blair, DJ Snake, FernandoGaribay, Lady Gaga, Robert John “Mutt”Lange, Jeppe Laursen, RedOne & ClintonSparks, producers; Fernando Garibay,Lady Gaga, Bill Malina, Trevor Muzzy,RedOne, Dave Russell, Justin ShirleySmith, Horace Ward & Tom Ware,engineers/mixers; Gene Grimaldi,mastering engineer§ Doo-Wops & Hooligans – Bruno Mars§ B.o.B, Cee Lo Green & Damian Marley,featured artists; Dwayne “Supa Dups”Chin-Quee, Needlz & The Smeezingtons,producers;Ari Levine & Manny

EurEurEurEurEuro Gro Gro Gro Gro Groupoupoupoupoup The Euro Group or Eurogroup is a meeting of the finance ministers ofthe eurozone, i.e. those member states of the European Union (EU) whichhave adopted the euro as their official currency. It is the political controlover the euro currency and related aspects of the EU’s monetaryunion such as the Stability and Growth Pact. Its current President is Jean-Claude Juncker.The ministers meet a day before a meeting of the Economic and FinancialAffairs Council (Ecofin) of the Council of the European Union. This group isrelated to the Council of the European Union (only eurogroup states voteon issues relating to the euro in Ecofin) and was formalised underthe Lisbon Treaty.The group has no official name, but is colloquially called the “Euro Group”(formerly Euro-X and then Euro-XI in relation to the number of states adopt-ing the euro), was established at the request of France as a policy co-ordination and consultation forum on eurozone matters. The December1997 European Council endorsed its creation and the first meeting washeld on 4 June 1998 at the Chateau de Senningen in Luxembourg .To begin with, the chair of the eurogroup mirrored that of the rotating Coun-cil presidency, except where the Council presidency was held by a non-eurozone country, in which case the chair was held by the next eurozonecountry that would hold the Council presidency. In 2004 the ministersdecided to elect a President (see “President” below for details) and in 2008,the group held a summit of heads of state and government, rather thanfinance ministers, for the first time. This became known as the Eurosummit and has had irregular meetings during the financial crisis.Since the beginning of the monetary union, its role has grown in regards tothe euro’s economic governance. The fact the group meets just before theEcofin council means it can pre-agree all Ecofn’s decisions that onEurozone affairs. In 2009 the Lisbon Treaty formalised the group and itspresident.

Marroquin, engineers/mixers; StephenMarcussen, mastering engineer§ Loud – Rihanna§ Drake, Eminem & Nicki Minaj,featured artists; Ester Dean, Alex daKid, Kuk Harrell, Mel & Mus, AwesomeJones, Makeba Riddick,The Runners,Sham, Soundz, Stargate, Chris “Tricky”Stewart, Sandy Vee & Willy Will,producers; Ariel Chobaz, Cary Clark,Mikkel S. Eriksen, Alex da Kid, JoshGudwin, Kuk Harrell, JaycenJoshua, Manny Marroquin, Dana Nielsen,Chad “C-Note” Roper, Noah “40”Shebib, Corey Shoemaker, JayStevenson, Mike Strange, Phil Tan,Brian “B-Luv” Thomas, Marcos Tovar,Sandy Vee, Jeff “Supa Jeff”Villanueva, Miles Walker & AndrewWuepper, engineers/mixers; ChrisGehringer, mastering engineerSong of the Year“Rolling in the Deep”Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth,songwriters (Adele)§ “All of the Lights”§ Jeff Bhasker, Stacy Ferguson, ReallyDoe, Kanye West & Malik Yusef,songwriters (KanyeWest featuring Rihanna, KidCudi &Fergie)

§ “The Cave”§ Ted Dwane, Ben Lovett, MarcusMumford & Country Winston,songwriters (Mumford & Sons)§ “Grenade”§ Brody Brown, Claude Kelly, TheSmeezingtons & Andrew Wyatt,songwriters (Bruno Mars)§ “Holocene”

§ Justin Vernon, songwriter (Bon Iver)Best New ArtistBon Iver§ The Band Perry§ J. Cole§ Nicki Minaj§ SkrillexPopBest Pop Solo Performance“Someone Like You” – Adele§ “Yoü and I” – Lady Gaga§ “Grenade” – Bruno Mars§ “Firework” – Katy Perry§ “Fuckin’ Perfect” – Pink


DEVELOP INDIAEnglish Weekly Newspaper 22222

Weekly Current AffairsAfrica Cup ofNations 2012:Ivory Coast onVerge of aPerfectTournament

The Ivory Coast will easily handleZambia and cap off an impressiveand thoroughly dominant Africa Cupof Nations.They started off this tournament asthe favorites, and they will end aschampions. And despite not quiteachieving their ultimate goal, thishas still been a successful run. Unlike their upcoming opponents,Zambia was not expected to con-tend for this title. They have pavedan upset path to reach the finals,but they simply don’t have the talentto seal the deal. The elephants area perfect 5-0 in this tournament, butthat is not their only perfect number.They have yet to allow a goal whilenetting nine of their own. They havea talented front line and an impres-sive defense. Drogba has beenleading the goal scoring charge,and he is joined by fellow PremierLeague players Gervinho, Yaya andKolo Toure. The fact that they are pitching atournament shutout puts them inrare company. Only two other sideshave won this tournament withoutyielding a goal. Cameroon accomplished the feat in2002, and the Ivory Coast did so in1992, which is their only Africa’sCup winning run.This talented team is going to over-whelm Zambia. They will be able tocontrol possession, keep the ball onZambia’s side of the field and dic-tate the tempo.

U.S. and EUClear Google’s

Motorola BuyGoogle Inc.’s $12.5 billion acquisi-tion of smartphone and tablet devel-oper Motorola Mobility Holdings Inc.received antitrust clearance Mon-day from the U.S. Justice Depart-ment and the European Union, butregulators said they will monitorhow Google and others use essen-tial patents in the wireless industry.The Justice Department alsocleared a second tech-patent dealMonday that has raised antitrustconcerns in the smartphone indus-try. It will allow a group of techcompanies, including Apple Inc.,Microsoft Corp. and Research InMotion Ltd. to acquire a trove ofpatents from bankrupt Canadiantelecom-equipment maker NortelNetworks Corp. for $4.5 billion.

PakistanSupremeCourt likely todecide Gilani’sfate today Pakistan’s embattled Prime MinisterYousuf Raza Gilani will appearbefore Supreme Court on Feb 13,2012 to face contempt charges thatcould decide his fate and plunge thecountry into a fresh political turmoilover his refusal to reopen graftcases against the President.Dealing a major blow to Gilani, 59,Pakistan’s apex court headed byChief Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry onFriday had rejected his appealagainst framing of contemptcharges over his failure to act on itsrepeated orders to revive cases ofalleged money laundering againstAsif Ali Zardari in Switzerland.Gilani personally appeared in thecourt when it took up the contemptcase on January 19 and said thegovernment could not reopen thecases against the President be-cause he enjoys complete immunityin Pakistan and abroad

Refusing to buy his arguments, thecourt told Gilani that he had no

option but to write to Swiss authori-ties to revive graft cases againstZardari as no one was above thelaw.Insiders in the ruling PakistanPeople’s Party on Sunday said thepremier is expected to stick to thisposition when he appears in courtagain.If Gilani is convicted, he could beimprisoned for six months and facepossible removal from office afterbeing disqualified from holdingpublic office for five years.However, legal experts pointed outthat the President had the power topardon him after his conviction. SMZafar, a noted lawyer and parlia-mentarian, said such a presidentialpardon would apply only to thepunishment handed down by thecourt while the conviction wouldremain on record.Therefore, the premier could bedisqualified despite the pardon, heremarked.The apex court has been pressuringthe government to reopen the casessince December 2009, when itstruck down the National Reconcili-ation Ordinance, a graft amnestyissued by former military rulerPervez Musharraf that benefitedZardari and over 8,000 others.The PPP has been reluctant to actbecause top leaders believe anyaction on the cases in Switzerlandcould give the Supreme Court anopportunity to interpret the constitu-tional provision related to presiden-tial immunity.“Once the Swiss cases are re-opened, then the court could say itwants to review the President’simmunity. And all this will pave theway to launch a ‘get Zardari’ move-ment on legal grounds,” a PPPleader, who did not want to benamed, told.At the same time, the PPP’s topleadership has considered thepossibility that Gilani may have tobe replaced if the apex court actsagainst him.Religious Affairs MinisterKhursheed Shah and DefenceMinister Chaudhry Ahmed Mukhtarhave emerged as possible contend-ers for the premier’s slot if Gilani isdisqualified, insiders said.There is a section in the PPP whichbelieves that any action taken bythe Supreme Court against Gilanicould boost the party’s standing,

especially in the premier’s homeprovince of Punjab, at a time whenits fortunes are at a low.“People are already saying that thecourts have never acted againstmilitary dictators and those whoviolated the Constitution. Imaginewhat will happen if the court de-cides to act against the PrimeMinister who freed the judges whowere detained by PervezMusharraf,” said another PPPleader, who too did not want to benamed.“We are fully convinced that Gilani’ssacrifice will give a boost to theparty and help lay a strong launchpad for the next election,” a presi-dential aide said.In an indication of the thinkingwithin the PPP, Gilani told a publicmeeting in Punjab on Saturday thatnow the party’s leaders, and not theworkers, would make “sacrifices”.Legal expert SM Zafar, however,said it would be “bad for the coun-try” if the premier is punished by theapex court.The court could also issue an orderthat whoever occupied the post ofpremier, in the event of Gilani’spossible removal, would have towrite to Swiss authorities to revivethe corruption cases againstZardari.Such a move, Zafar said, could leadto more tensions between the gov-ernment and the judiciary.Such fears have prompted some ofthe PPP’s allies in the ruling coali-tion to suggest that the governmentshould act on the court’s orders,sources said.During the hearing on Gilani’sappeal, the court had said that USD60 million that were allegedly laun-dered will come back to Pakistanonly if the letter is written to Swissauthorities.Gilani is expected to take the PPP’sallies into confidence about hisstrategy for the contempt proceed-ings in the apex court, party insiderssaid.Within the PPP, no leaders havediffered with the top leadership’sdecision not to reopen the cases inSwitzerland, they said.Kamil Ali Agha of the PML-Q, a keyally of the PPP, said his party didnot want a clash of state institutions.“There should not be a clash be-tween the government and thejudiciary as all institutions shouldwork within their constitutionalambit,” he said.

Europe’s firstVega rocketblasts offsuccessfully

Europe’s first Vega rocket blastedoff from French Guiana Monday in asuccessful inaugural flight aimed atgiving Europe a vehicle for scientificsatellite missions.The rocket took off from the Euro-pean Space Agency’s launch site inKourou, French Guiana, on thenortheast coast of South America at7 a.m. local time (5 a.m. ET), withnine scientific satellites on board.Its main payload, the LARES satel-lite that will test aspects ofEinstein’s general theory of relativ-ity, separated from the rocket 55minutes later.Vega will complement the family ofrockets currently available forlaunch from Guiana — the Ariane 5heavy-lift launcher introduced in1996; and the Soyuz, a medium-class launcher.

“A new member of the (European)launcher family has been born,”ESA Director General Jean-JacquesDordain said after the 90-minuteorbital operation.“Today is the first day of a newoperational life which we hope willbe a long and successful one. Vegais a launcher that is necessary forESA,” Dordain said.Vega’s maiden launch follows yearsof delays and budget disputes sinceit was proposed in the mid-1990s.ESA decided to back the rocket in2003.They argued that a rocket for smallsatellites fulfilled a niche market,and that rockets for those satelliteswould be scarce.Most rockets from the former SovietUnion are based on stages of ballis-tic missiles that are no longer inproduction.American competitors in this seg-ment have encountered problems.SpaceX — the brainchild of PayPalfounder Elon Musk — has pulledresources from its Falcon 1e rocketto concentrate on its heavier Falcon9. Only one Falcon 1e launch in2015 is now scheduled. Taurus XL,launched by Virginia-based OrbitalSciences Corp., has suffered twofailures since 2009.$1.3 billion to develop In a break from previous Europeanrocket programs that were heavilyfinanced by France, Vega’s devel-opment price tag of more than 1billion euros ($1.3 billion), includinginaugural flights, has been 60percent financed by Italy.Rome-based ELV SpA, a joint ven-ture company between Italianrocket-propulsion manufacturer Avioand the Italian space agency ASI, isVega’s prime contractor.In French Guiana, Vega’s launch-pad is on the site of the Ariane 1rocket put into service in 1979.Using an already cut and concretedarea of jungle saved between 50and 100 million euros ($66 million to$132 million). .Vega stands 30 meters (98 feet) talland consists of three solid propel-lant stages and a Ukrainian-builtrestartable liquid propellant upperstage. ESA is expected to askmember states for permission toupgrade Vega and replace the liquidstage with a new version built inGermany.Monday’s flight qualified Vega, andfuture Vega flights and contracts willbe handled by the Arianespacecommercial launch consortium.Arianespace chief executive Jean-Yves Le Gall said: “We are off to agood start as we’ve already signedtwo commercial launch contracts tolaunch [satellites] aboard Vega.”

China LimitsForeign-MadeTV ProgramsIn its latest move to reshape whatChinese viewers can watch ontelevision, the government agencythat oversees mass media hasissued a new set of regulations thatseek to restrict comedies, dramasand movies from abroad.

The new regulations, announcedMonday, ban all imported programsduring prime time and limit suchshows to no more than 25 percentof a channel’s offerings each day,according to a circular posted bythe State Administration of Radio,Film and Television. Stations thatviolate the rules will be hit withincreased fines, although the an-nouncement did not provide details.In the past year, the agencyhas sharply reducedentertainmentand reality programming, eliminated

advertising from the middle ofdramas and banned shows employ-ing time travel as a plot device.Popular talent shows like “SuperGirl” have been yanked, while racydating shows like “If You Are theOne” have been forcibly imbuedwith socially salubrious values.Although Communist Party leadershave lately sought to bolster Chi-nese culture at home and abroad,and President Hu Jintao wrote lastmonth about the West’s potentiallypernicious effect on the nation, thelatest rules were aimed at giving thedomestic television industry a legup on Asian competition.China Daily, the state-run newspa-per, said the new rules were in-tended to create “a favorable envi-ronment for TV shows made bycompanies on the Chinese main-land.” Of the 30 imported showsthat were approved last year bymainland regulators, most origi-nated in Hong Kong, Taiwan andSouth Korea, according to theagency’s Web site. Western pro-gramming is almost nonexistent onChinese television.The new rules, like those beforethem, seek to micromanage whatviewers encounter on their televi-sion sets. One limits trailers forimported shows to less than threeminutes, while another seeks toprevent any one country or regionfrom dominating the airwaves,though the wording was vague onhow that would be determined. Onerule capping foreign-made series at50 episodes may be focused on thesprawling South Korean soap op-eras that have enraptured so manyChinese viewers.Even as many people inmainland China have long given upon television or turned to theInternet and pirated DVDs for popu-lar entertainment, users of themicroblog service Sina Weiboreacted with a collective groan onTuesday. “Banning time travel andthen dating shows and then im-ported shows,” one person com-plained. The agency “wants us all togo to bed early.”Another person wrote, referring tothe agency: “They should really putSarft in charge offood safety andhave the State Food and DrugAdministration regulate TV shows— that way we’ll have safe food andgood entertainment.”Some television producers and filmdirectors fret that the increasingnumber of rules will keep drivingaudiences away. These days, any-one with an Internet connection canlog on to the Chinese Website Youku and watch hundreds oftelevision shows and films from theUnited States, Singapore and be-yond.

Francis Baconwork sells forover •25mA painting by Irish-born artistFrancis Bacon has been sold atChristie’s in London for over •25m.

•

A painting by Irish-born artistFrancis Bacon has been sold atChristie’s in London for £21.3m(•25.36m).The Portrait of Henrietta Moraeshad been in the hands of a privatecollector for 30 years and unseen inpublic for 15 years.The price exceeded expectations,making the painting the second

Rupert Murdoch launch“Sun on Sunday” newspaperRupert Murdoch has told staff at the Sun newspaper in Londonhe will launch the Sun on Sunday tabloid. The News Corporationboss, 81, offered his support to Sun journalists at NewsInternational’s offices in Wapping.Ten current and former senior staffat the paper have been arrested since November in connection withalleged corrupt payments to public officials. Mr Murdoch lifted all staffsuspensions pending police inquiries, a move Labour MP ChrisBryant called “cynical”.The high-profile campaigner against and victim of phone hacking,said the decision to lift the suspensions was hypocritical. “It is mas-sively premature because one would have thought the Murdoch empire would want to wait until Leveson hadcompleted his inquiry and the police and prosecuting authorities had completed their investigations,” he said.“News International has tirelessly campaigned for people who have been charged to be suspended frompublic office and yet journalists who have been charged at News International are apparently not going to besuspended.”Mr Bryant was awarded £30,000 in damages after his phone was hacked by the now defunct News of the World(NoW). Lord Justice Leveson’s ongoing inquiry is examining press standards and ethics.It has been suggested that the bail conditions of the arrested Sun journalists might prevent them from returningto work, but a News International spokeswoman confirmed there were no conditions affecting the staff.Mr Murdoch arrived on a private plane at Luton Airport from the US on Thursday evening and was taken toWapping in a vehicle with blacked-out windows.The meeting followed anger at the way in which the News Corporation’s management and standards commit-tee - set up to investigate allegations of wrongdoing - passed on information to the police.But Labour Leader Ed Miliband said it was right that News International had provided evidence to the policethat led to the arrests. “Of course News International should be co-operating with the police. If the companyhad co-operated with police years ago, we would not be in “this mess”, he added.Last year News Corporation closed the NoW over impropriety.Revelations that staff employed by the newspaper hacked the phones of public figures prompted the closure ofthe 168-year-old publication. The National Union of Journalists has said news organisations have a duty toprotect their sources, and is considering a legal challenge to the company.General secretary Michelle Stanistreet (NUJ) told Mr Murdoch could have stemmed the “huge anger and frus-tration” by calling off the committee and acknowledging its action had been a “huge mistake”. “It’s done a hugedisservice to press freedom because we have a situation now where confidential sources have been betrayed...it’s been handled so badly,” she said. Media commentator Steve Hewlett said Mr Murdoch was facing the kindof “ructions” in his company he had never seen before. “What he’s trying to say to the people here is ‘look wereally are on the same side’, but the fact is he is between a rock and a hard place and these are both of his andhis company’s own making,” he said.



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Water skiers set new worldrecord as 145 people arepulled behind a single boatDozens of water-skiers have set a new world record after 145 peoplewere pulled behind a single boat.Some 154 skiers from around the world gathered in Macquarie Harbourin Strahan on the west coast of Tasmania for the record attempt.The skiers needed to stay upright for a full nautical mile in order toqualify for the record

ooks.

Armada: Dozens of water-skiers have set a new world record after 145people were pulled behind a single boat in Macquarie Harbour inStrahan, TasmaniaBut even though nine unlucky participants were unable to last the dis-tance, the 145 who did manage to remain on their skis easily beat theprevious record of 114.That world record was set by the same team in the same place two yearsago.Organisers modified the 114ft-long World Heritage Cruises catamaranEagle in order for it to drag the small army of water enthusiasts behind it.The 3,000 horsepower craft was fitted with different propellers and a308ft-long aluminium boom to prevent the skiers’ ropes from tangling.The youngest entrant, Alexandria Seaton, was just 12 years old.Perfect weather conditions last Friday helped the record breakersachieve their objective.The record is expected to be confirmed by Guinness World Recordsofficials, who witnessed the event, in the coming weeks.On their way: Nine of the 154 participants were unable to last the dis-tance, but the 145 who did manage to remain on their skis easily beatthe previous record of 114Team work: A number of small boats hovered behind the record attemptto pick up those skiers who fell overUpping the ante: The previous world record of 114 skiers was set by thesame team in the same place two years ago

most valuable work of post-warcontemporary art ever sold at theauction house, behind anotherBacon work, Triptych, which sold in2008 for just over £26.3m (•31.3m).The ‘Portrait of Henrietta Moraes’was painted in 1963 and was soldto an anonymous bidder at lastnight’s sale.The price was more than £1mhigher than the top estimate.

UK andFrance signnuclearenergyagreement

The UK has signed a deal withFrance to strengthen co-operationin the development of civil nuclearenergy. The government said itreiterated the UK’s commitment tonuclear energy “as part of a diversi-fied energy mix”.The coalition said the agreementwould create a number of commer-cial deals in the nuclear energyfield, worth more than £500m andcreating 1,500 UK jobs.The deal was signed at a summitbetween PM David Cameron andPresident Nicolas Sarkozy in Paris.‘Joint framework’“This joint declaration will signal ourshared commitment to the future ofcivil nuclear power, setting out ashared long term vision of safe,secure, sustainable and affordableenergy, that supports growth andhelps to deliver our emission reduc-tions targets,” a statement fromDowning Street said.The two governments will worktogether with the InternationalAtomic Energy Agency (IAEA) “tostrengthen international capabilityto react to nuclear emergencies andestablish a joint framework forcooperation and exchanging goodpractice on civil nuclear security”.The move comes 11 months after atsunami in Japan wrecked thenearby Fukushima Daiichi nuclearplant, leaking radioactive materialinto the air and sea.UK and French public and privatesector bodies in the civil nuclearpower industry will also work moreclosely in a number of areas.These include education and train-ing, research and development, andsecurity.“As two great civil nuclear nations,we will combine our expertise tostrengthen industrial partnership,improve nuclear safety and createjobs at home,” said Mr Cameron.Eight sitesLast June, ministers announcedplans for the next generation of UKnuclear plants.

The government confirmed a list ofeight sites it deems suitable for newpower stations by 2025, all of whichare adjacent to existing nuclearsites.The sites are: Bradwell, Essex;Hartlepool; Heysham, Lancashire;Hinkley Point, Somerset; Oldbury,Gloucestershire; Sellafield,Cumbria; Sizewell, Suffolk; andWylfa, Anglesey.Rolls-Royce is expected to win a£400m ($632m) share in the build-ing of the first of the planned powerplants.France’s Areva will supply the coreof the nuclear reactors and Rolls-Royce will supply other engineeringwork.“Rolls-Royce will become our prime

manufacturing partner to supplysome £100m of key critical compo-nents of the reactor for each EPR[next generation nuclear powerplant] that’s constructed in the UK,”said Robert Davies from Areva UK.Rolls-Royce plans to build a factoryin Rotherham to meet orders result-ing from the deal.Earlier this month, the US NuclearRegulatory Commission approvedthe first nuclear reactors to be builtin the country since 1978.

GermanPresidentWulff quitsovercorruptionclaims

German President Christian Wulffhas announced his resignation,after prosecutors called for hisimmunity to be lifted.An ally of Chancellor AngelaMerkel, Mr Wulff, 52, stepped downover corruption claims involving adubious home loan. He denies anywrongdoing.Mrs Merkel cancelled a visit to Italyon Friday to deal with the crisis, andsaid she regretted that he had quit.German media say the crisis isunprecedented in post-war Ger-many.Mrs Merkel had fought to get MrWulff, from her centre-right Chris-tian Democrat party (CDU), ap-pointed as president. He had beenin the job for less than two years.

Rough seasslow PNGferry rescueeffortRough seas are slowing rescueefforts for as many as 130 people

missing after the ferry MV RabaulQueen sank off the east coast ofPapua New Guinea.Authorities have confirmed that 219survivors have been pulled fromrough seas between PNG’s secondlargest city, Lae, and New Britainafter their ferry sank this morning.But rapidly diminishing light andpoor weather mean the search islikely to be put on hold until Friday.“It is hampering efforts,” said therescue coordinator and acting CEOof PNG’s National Maritime SafetyAuthority, Captain Nurur Rahman.“We cannot transport people fromthe four (rescue ships) to smallerships and then to Lae.”He said he was waiting on confirma-tion that another 13 people hadbeen found alive, and said therewere few signs of injuries amongsurvivors.However, he was hopeful of findingmore survivors in the coming days.“I’m always hopeful,” he said.“People have survived up to twodays in these waters. We havewarm waters.”However, one survivor was exhibit-ing signs of hypothermia and an-other had a dislocated shoulder.The Australian Maritime SafetyAuthority said 219 people had beenrescued and taken aboard some ofthe six merchant vessels that weredirected to the disaster site bymaritime authorities.

PNG awoke to news that as manyas 350 people might have perishedwhen the ship went down as ittravelled from Kimbe in New Britainto Lae, PNG’s second largest city,about 6am (AEST).PNG Prime Minister Peter O’Neillsaid he had received a phone callfrom Australian High CommissionerIan Kemish, who pledged Australia’ssupport.Australia sent several aircraft to thearea where the ferry went down.“Our sympathies go out to thefamilies,” Mr O’Neill said.“We need to bring some safetymeasures back into this industry.”The ship went down in what’s un-derstood to be extremely badweather.Australian Foreign Minister KevinRudd said Australia stood ready tohelp in any way it could.“I spoke to my counterpart, PNGForeign Minister Ano Pala, earliertoday to inform him that Australiastands ready to offer all necessaryassistance,” Mr Rudd said in astatement. The Australian MaritimeSafety Authority (AMSA) arrangedfor ships in the area to conductrescues and for aircraft to fly overthe area.The aircraft will assist with droppingrescue equipment, including liferafts.The Australian High Commission inPort Moresby is still trying to con-firm whether any Australians wereon the vessel.The Department of Foreign Affairsand Trade said the shipping com-pany had advised them there wereunlikely to be any foreigners onboard.Prime Minister Julia Gillard earliersaid there was likely to be a veryhigh loss of life from the tragedy.“This is obviously a major tragedy,”she said.“We have been asked to provideassistance to PNG and we areproviding assistance to PNG.”The opposition said it supported thegovernment’s decision to help in thesearch for survivors.“It is vital that every effort is made tolocate and rescue any of the peoplein the water,” foreign affairs spokes-woman Julia Bishop said.“The coalition extends its sympa-thies to the families of those onboard the MV Rabaul Queen andextends its support to the efforts ofPNG and Australian rescuers.”

India courtscrapstelecomlicences ingraft rowIndia’s Supreme Court scrapped122 telecom licences awarded in a2008 sale at the centre of a corrup-tion scandal, further embarrassing

the government and causing up-heaval in the flagship sector.Mis-selling of the second-genera-tion (2G) mobile licences was esti-mated by the country’s public audi-tor to have cost the treasury up to$40 billion in lost revenue.The minister in charge of the sale,A. Raja, is currently on trial accusedof fraud and cheating, one of sev-eral corruption cases to have buf-feted the government of PrimeMinister Manmohan Singh.While the cancellation order re-opens a damaging episode for thegovernment, there was a reprievefor Home Minister P. Chidambaramwho activists had wanted investi-gated by a special court tryingsuspects in the case.The Supreme Court declined to ruleon the issue, saying it was up to thespecial court to decide if there wasevidence against Chidambaram,who was finance minister at the timeof the 2008 sales.

Raja, a member of the DMK, aregional party in the Congressparty-led national coalition, is sus-pected of rigging rules over the saleof the licences to favour some firmsin return for kickbacks.Lawyer Prashant Bhushan, whobrought the case to the SupremeCourt, welcomed the cancellationsand fines of up to $1 million for thetelecom firms involved.“This is a historic judgement for thereason that now these companieswhich were the beneficiaries ofthese illegal licences... will have toeffectively refund the benefit,” hetold reporters.He added that it would send a“strong signal” to dissuade corruptcorporations and public officialsfrom conspiring together.Justice G.S. Singhvi told the NewDelhi court the Telecom RegulatoryAuthority of India would make rec-ommendations about a fresh auc-tion within four months.Among the companies affected areTata Teleservices, Dubai-based jointventure Etisalat DB, and Uninor, ajoint venture between Norway’sTelenor and India’s Unitech.All three companies were handedfines of 50 million rupees ($1 mil-lion) as they had “benefited by awholly arbitrary and unconstitutionalaction taken by the DoT (Depart-ment of Telecommunications)”, thecourt ruling said.Uninor said it was “shocked” at thepenalty, adding “we have beenunfairly treated as we simply fol-lowed the government process wewere asked to”.Graft has become a hot politicalissue in India due to high-levelscandals such as the so-called “2Gscam” and contracts awarded forthe 2010 Commonwealth Games inDelhi, as well as a street-levelcampaign by activist Anna Hazare.Hazare galvanised millions ofpeople last year when he held a 12-day anti-corruption hunger strike inNew Delhi that triggered hugerallies of supporters across thecountry.Many Indians complain that corrup-tion is part of daily life for transac-tions ranging from getting a drivinglicence to property sales. Graft isalso seen as a major deterrent tointernational investment in India.“This decision has multiple ramifica-tions for the telecom sector, India’simage as a destination for foreigninvestment and a political impact forthe ruling Congress,” said JigarShah, head of research with KimEng Securities.The prime minister, who previouslyenjoyed a blemish-free reputation,has vowed to tackle the problem buthis efforts to pass an anti-corruptionlaw failed in December due topolitical wrangling.The failure was a further blow toSingh, whose administration alsohad to withdraw major reforms latelast year to allow foreign supermar-kets to operate in India.Kapil Sibal, the current telecomsminister, pinned the blame for the2G scandal firmly on Raja, whodenies all charges, and said theprime minister was “in no wayresponsible”.Sibal said the court decision wouldbring clarity to the telecoms sector,which had “greatly suffered becauseof this period of uncertainty”.But Hemant Joshi, a partner ataccountants Deloitte, said the scamwould “open a can of worms” andadd to industry nervousness.The latest set-back for the govern-ment comes amid a flurry of localelections, including one startingnext week in Uttar Pradesh, India’sbiggest state where Singh’s partywas hoping to make gains.

Samsungshifts to newTV technologywith LCD spinoffSouth Korea’s Samsung ElectronicsCo, the world’s biggest maker oftelevisions, is shifting its focus

towards new generation OLEDdisplay technology, and said it willspin off its loss-making LCD flat-screen business into an affiliate.The outlook for liquid crystal displayTVs has dimmed as shoppers indeveloped markets have traded intheir bulky cathode-ray tube TVs forflat screens, and competition hasintensified from low-cost Chinesemanufacturers.Annual global sales of LCD TVs willcontract by 8 percent to $92 billionby 2015, flat panel industry re-search company DisplaySearch hasforecast, while the OLED displaymarket could top $20 billion by2018, accounting for 16 percent ofthe total display industry, up from acurrent 4 percent.Japans’ Sony Corp agreed to exit itsLCD joint venture with Samsung inDecember, while Sharp Corp said itwould halve LCD output for Janu-ary-March at a plant inwestern Japan.Together, Panasonic, Sony andSharp expect to lose $17 billion thisyear, highlighting the savaging ofJapan’s electronics industry, and TVmakers in particular, by foreignrivals such as Samsung, weakdemand and a strong yen.Samsung’s LCD division made anoperating loss of 750 billion won($666 million) last year.With TVs becoming smart - linked toother devices like tablets andsmartphones - an inability to win inthe TV market risks hobbling salesacross the Japanese groups’ widerconsumer electronics line-ups.SHIFT TO OLEDProvisionally named SamsungDisplay Co Ltd, the spun-off LCDunit will officially be launched as a

new business on April 1, with 750billion won in capital, Samsungsaid.Samsung and others such as rivalLG Display Co are shifting to newerorganic light-emitting diode (OLED)flat-screen display currently usedmainly in high-end smartphones,reckoning this technology will re-place LCD in larger-sized panelssuch as TV screens.Samsung Electronics said earlierthis month it was considering fullytaking over Samsung Mobile Dis-play (SMD), its OLED joint venturewith its Samsung SDI subsidiary.SMD is a near monopolistic supplierof OLED displays, which are thin-ner, more power-efficient and boastbetter clarity and color contrast thanLCD screens.There has been speculationSamsung could drop a full acquisi-tion of SMD, which may cost 1.6-2.0trillion won, and instead transfer itsLCD business to the OLED makerand receive a significant number ofnew SMD shares.In a statement on Monday, thecompany said it aimed to be morecompetitive in a rapidly changingmarket with the new technology anda more streamlined decision-makingprocess.Shares in Samsung Electronics lasttraded down 0.1 percent at 1.174million won ($1,000), after earliertouching an intra-day life high of1.194 million won.

Dead for32,000 Years,an ArcticPlant IsRevivedLiving plants have been generatedfrom the fruit of a little arctic flower,the narrow-leafed campion, thatdied 32,000 years ago, a team ofRussian scientists reports. The fruitwas stored by an arctic groundsquirrel in its burrow on the tundraof northeastern Siberia and laypermanently frozen until excavated



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Brawl followsKlitschko’s unanimous

decision win vs. ChisoraVitali Klitschko’s 10th successful defense of his WBC heavyweight titleended in chaos on Feb 18, 2012, when defeated challenger DereckChisora brawled with former WBA champion David Haye at the post-match news conference.

·

Chisora found very little support from the sellout crowd of 12,500 afterslapping Vitali Klitschko’s face at the weigh-in on Friday, and ensured theill feelings continued when he spat in the 40-year-old’s face as thechampion’s record was being called out before their bout.“I wanted to knock him out, to be honest,” Klitschko said. “Such a cheek.”Wladimir acted as a buffer as Chisora continued to goad his olderbrother.Vitali was clearly incensed, but it took some time before he could assertcontrol against the Briton’s aggressive approach. His greater reach andexperience made the difference.The judges scored it 118-110, 118-110 and 119-111.Chisora said after the bout he wanted a rematch, or a bout with Wladimir.“He won’t fight me again. I don’t blame you. I wouldn’t fight me either,”Chisora said.Klitschko improved his record to 44-2 (40 KOs) with the 10th successfuldefense of the title he won from Corrie Sanders in 2004.It was arguably the toughest bout he’s had to endure since losing on atechnical knockout to Lennox Lewis in 2003.“I’m not proud of my performance tonight because I feel I let my fansdown,” Klitschko said.The Zimbabwe-born Chisora dropped to 15-3 (9 KOs) after his thirddefeat in his last four fights, but he had the fans in Munich’s Olympiahalleworried as Klitschko appeared to tire from his relentless attacks.Sensing an upset, they chanted the Ukrainian’s name in the seventhround before Klitschko reasserted his dominance with a series of preci-sion blows.Chisora was bleeding from the lip after the first round, but seemed morethan capable of taking Klitschko’s repeated punishment.Klitschko eventually took control of the bout in the ninth round, catchingChisora with a huge right and seemingly picking his punches at will.Chisora was barely hanging on in the 10th.

by scientists a few years ago.This would be the oldest plant by farthat has ever been grown fromancient tissue. The present recordis held by a date palm grown from aseed some 2,000 years old that wasrecovered from the ancient fortressof Masada in Israel.Seeds and certain cells can last along term under the right conditions,but many claims of extreme longev-ity have failed on closer examina-tion, and biologists are likely togreet this claim, too, with reserveuntil it can be independently con-firmed. Tales of wheat grown fromseeds in the tombs of the pharaohshave long been discredited. Lupineswere germinated from seeds in a10,000-year-old lemming burrowfound by a gold miner in the Yukon.But the seeds, later dated by theradiocarbon method, turned out tobe modern contaminants.Despite this unpromising back-ground, the new claim is supportedby a firm radiocarbon date. A similaravenue of inquiry into the deeppast, the field of ancient DNA, wasat first discredited after claims ofretrieving dinosaur DNA provederroneous, but with improved meth-ods has produced spectacularresults like the reconstitution of theNeanderthal genome.The new report is by a team led bySvetlana Yashina and DavidGilichinsky of the Russian Academyof Sciences research center atPushchino, near Moscow, andappears in Tuesday’s issue of The

Proceedings of the National Acad-emy of Sciences of the UnitedStates of America.

OperationLinda Nchi Operation Linda Nchi is thecodename for a coordinated militaryoperation between the Somalianmilitary, theKenyan military,the Ethiopian military, the Frenchmilitary, and allegedly the UnitedStates military that began on anunspecified date in mid-October

2011, when troopsfrom Kenya crossed the border intothe conflict zones ofsouthern Somalia. The soldierswere in pursuit of Al-Shabaab militants that are allegedto have kidnapped several foreigntourists and aid workers insideKenya. According tothe EthiopianForeign Minister, theoperation represents one of the finalstages in the Islamist insurgency ofthe Somali Civil War.

Former PrimeMinister KevinRudd resignsas ForeignMinister

Former Prime Minister Kevin Ruddresigns as Foreign Minister after“attacks on credibility”.

Kevin Rudd has announced thisafternoon at a Washington pressconference his resignation asAustralia’s foreign Minister.Mr Rudd says he’ll return toBrisbane on Friday and will make afull statement on his future beforeparliament resumes on Mondayafter consulting with family andcolleagues.“While I am sad to leave this office Iam sadder still that it has come tothis,” Mr Rudd said.He said a number of ministers and“faceless men” had publicly at-tacked his credibility.Mr Rudd’s decision comes after fourdays of frantic speculation he wasthreatening Prime Minister JuliaGillard’s authority.Senior Labor figures had todayurged Ms Gillard to bring the lead-ership to a head.Mr Rudd said the Australian peopleregarded the speculation as littlemore than a soap opera. “They areright,” he said.“Under the current circumstances, Iwon’t be a part of it.”To continue in the job, would meanbe distracting for the government,Mr Rudd said. “The simple truth is I cannot con-tinue to serve as foreign minister if Ido not have Prime Minister Gillard’ssupport,” he said.“I therefore believe the onlyhonourable thing, and the onlyhonourable course of action, is forme to resign.”Australia must be governed by thepeople, not party factions, Mr Ruddsaid.“I promise you this - there is no way,no way, that I will ever be part of astealth attack on a sitting primeminister elected by the people,” hesaid.“We all know that what happenedthen was wrong and it must neverhappen again.”Mr Rudd said it was now up tocaucus to decide on the leadership.“There is one overriding questionfor my caucus colleagues and thatis who is best placed to defeat TonyAbbott at the next election,” MrRudd said.“Mr Abbott, I believe, does not havethe temperament or the experienceto ever be elected to hold the highoffice of prime minister ofAustralia.“But at present and for along time now he has been on trackjust to do that.”Mr Rudd thanked his family for theirsupport.Mr Rudd said he had fewoptions in announcing his resigna-tion overseas.“The truth is I feel very uncomfort-able doing this from Washingtonand not in Australia,” Mr Rudd said.“But I don’t feel like I have a choicegiven the responsibilities over thedays ahead.”Mr Rudd said the ongoing leader-ship speculation about the federalparty was hurting Labor’s prospectsin the coming Queensland election.He said the saga was bad for hisfriend, Queensland premier AnnaBligh.“I believe the good people ofQueensland deserve some clearspace over the coming month asthey make up their minds on a veryimportant decision on the future ofQueensland, my home state,’’ hesaid.Mr Rudd’s daughter Jessicatweeted: “Effing proud of you, Dadxxxx”.His wife Therese Rein responded:“Me too, Kevin xxxx”.Mr Rudd said he would fly out ofWashington on Wednesday andarrive home in Brisbane on Fridaymorning.Other Australian officials wouldreplace him at the scheduled inter-national events.“Under no circumstances do I wantAustralia’s international reputationbrought into disrepute because ofthis ongoing saga,” Mr Rudd said.“Therefore, Ambassador (Kim)Beazley will discharge my functionshere on my behalf in Washingtontomorrow and the permanent secre-tary of my department, DennisRichardson, will represent me inLondon and in Tunis.”Mr Rudd said he was proud of his

department’s work to re-engage withEurope, Africa and Latin America,which he labelled the “major eco-nomic regions of the future”.He also cited the appointment ofAustralia’s first ever ambassador forwomen and girls and hoped thegovernment would still honour acommitment to appoint its firstindigenous Australian as an over-seas ambassador.He thanked his family - wifeTherese and children Jessica,Nicholas and Marcus.“Chatting to them over the course ofthe last several hours, I thank themfor their encouragement and theirsupport as always,” he said.Mr Rudd said he now had “much,much to do’’ and ended his pressconference without taking ques-tions.

Haiti PrimeMinister GarryConilleresigns

The prime minister of Haiti, GarryConille, has resigned after a powerstruggle within the government.His resignation is likely to set backefforts to re-build the country afterthe January 2010 earthquake whichdevastated the capital Port-au-Prince.He was President Michel Martelly’sthird nomination when appointed inOctober, ending a long stalemate.For several weeks there have beenreports of power struggles thatprompted the UN to intervene.Mariano Fernandez, the specialrepresentative of the UN secretarygeneral in Haiti, said there were“repeated crises” between theparliament, president and primeminister.“[These] undermine the properfunctioning of the institutions andthe democratic process,” he said.So far President Martelly has notannounced any replacement orcaretaker prime minister.UN experienceOne of the issues causing divisionwas a parliamentary commissioninvestigating the nationality ofgovernment ministers.Many officials in Haiti and else-where in the Caribbean spendconsiderable time overseas.The commission is investigatingwhether some senior administrationofficials have dual citizenship, whichis prohibited under the constitution.Mr Conille originally trained as adoctor and had previously workedwith the UN.He was an aide to former US Presi-dent Bill Clinton when he was a UNenvoy to Haiti.When Mr Conille took office hepledged to create thousands of jobsby attracting foreign investment tohelp rebuild the country.

Al Qaeda kill26 as newYemeni leaderis sworn in“The strength of the explosionshattered glass windowpanes and

doors in buildings near the explo-sion.”Sanaa, the scene of much fightingin recent months between factionsof the army supporting protestersand units loyal to the former leader,was relatively quiet.After taking the oath, Hadi singled

out al Qaeda, whose active ArabianPeninsula branch is based inYemen, as a top priority for his newadministration, saying: “Continuingthe war against al Qaeda is a na-tional and religious duty.”The former army general was thesole election candidate to replaceAli Abdullah Saleh, who ruledYemen for three decades with aniron fist but was pushed out bymonths of street protests sparkedby the Arab Spring.While the protests and bouts ofbloody repression by security forceshave subsided, Yemen remainsmired in mass poverty, unemploy-ment and corruption, rocked byrebellions in the north and south,and threatened by al Qaeda.Saudi Arabia and the United Stateslong saw Saleh as the main bulwarkagainst al Qaeda in Yemen, whichsits on one of the world’s main oilshipping routes, but threw theirweight behind a power transfer dealas protests against him grew.Some 42 percent of Yemen’s popu-lation of 23 million live on less than$2 per day, fuel and water short-ages are chronic and inflation isrampant.CHAOSHadi said in a speech that Yemenmust draw a line under a year ofprotests and violence and turn itsattention to economic problems andthe job of returning those displacedby the crisis to their homes.“I stand here at a historic moment ...I look to the Yemeni people and givethem thanks. The crisis reachedevery city and village and house,but Yemen will continue to go for-ward,” Hadi said.“If we don’t deal with challengespractically, then chaos will reign.”Jamal Benomar, U.N. envoy toYemen, said: “Yemenis want an endto the crisis, and to turn a newpage. Now it’s time to rebuild, forconsensus and concord ... and tobring people into an inclusive politi-cal process.”The U.S. ambassador to Yemen,Gerald Feierstein, said: “We areseeing the beginning of a processthat I believe will deliver greatresults over the next two years.”Hadi now has the job of overseeinga two-year political transition thatforesees parliamentary elections, anew constitution and a restructuringof the military, in which Saleh’s sonand nephew still hold power.An inauguration ceremony is sched-uled for Monday. Saleh, who re-turned to Yemen early after seekingtreatment in the United States forinjuries suffered in an assassinationattempt last year, is due to attend.After the speech, protesters in thesouthern city of Aden clashed withsecurity forces, killing a soldier, alocal security official said. Twosoldiers and two protesters wereinjured, medics added.

27th27th27th27th27thIndependentIndependentIndependentIndependentIndependentSpirit Spirit Spirit Spirit Spirit AAAAAwwwwwararararardsdsdsdsds The 27th Independent SpiritAwards announced its nominees onNovember 29, 2011. The winners

were announced on February 25,2012 during an awards ceremonyhosted by Seth Rogen. The Artistwins four awards including best filmat the Independent Spirit Awards2011 held in Santa Monica.

Peru firedestroys Limaschool bookwarehouse

A fire at an educational materialswarehouse in Peru has destroyedaround 500,000 school textbooksand 60,000 laptop computers,officials say.Firefighters battled for hours tocontrol the blaze in the capital Lima.Much of the lost material was in-tended for primary school childrenin poor rural areas.The fire struck a week after the startof the new school year in Peru, butthe books had not yet been distrib-uted because of floods in someareas. The losses amount to around60% of the material for primaryschool children across Peru thisyear, officials said.Most of the computers were low-cost models purchased from theUS-based programme, One Laptopper Child. The cause of the fire hasnot yet been established.Education Minister Patricia Salassaid. “The worst affected are thechildren in the rainforest regions ofPeru, as we had delayed the distri-bution of textbooks there becauseof the rains,” she added.The lost materials were valued atmore than $100m (£63m).President Ollanta Humala said hewould make sure that replacementbooks reached school children assoon as possible. n n n



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EDITORIALDEVELOP INDIA

English Weekly Newspaper

Year 4, Vol. 1, Issue 183, 5 - 12 Feb, 2012

SSC HANDLED OVER 91 LAKHAPPLICATIONS IN 2011-12

The Staff Selection Commission(SSC) held a day long Workshop onObjective Type Multiple ChoiceQuestions in Statistics in New Delhitoday. Shri V. Narayanasamy, Minis-ter of State in the Ministry of Per-sonnel, Public Grievances & Pen-sions and PMO delivered the Inau-gural Address. In his address ShriNaraynasamy lauded the work ofSSC in ensuring impartiality andobjectivity in the selection processand selecting the right candidatesfor different jobs. He assured allsupport to strengthen SSC in carry-ing out its plans for modernizationso as to make the selection processfaster. This, he felt, had becomeimperative in view of large numberof applications that SSC has tohandle. The minister felt that it wasappreciable that no complaints werereceived so far SSC selections wereconcerned. The Minister asked thecommission to have a moderationsystem so that candidates from therural background do not sufferbecause of their social condition.Chairman SSC, Shri N.K.Raghupathy, in his remarks saidthat the number of applicationsreceived by SSC in the past 3-4years had gone up substantially.The Commission handled 61.78lakh applications in 2010-11 com-pared to 19.64 lakh in 2009-10 and10.27 lakh in 2008-09. In 2011-12 ithad received 91.00 lakh applica-tions as on 22.3.2012. In order todeal with the huge numbers, theCommission has mooted a proposalfor A single Common Screening Testfor different levels. The aim is tolimit the ratio of second stage appli-cations to vacancies. Presently thisratio is 260:1, he added. He furthersaid that despite the large volume,

the time taken by SSC to completerecruitment process is 12-13months, compared to Europeannations’ 18-20 months.Shri Raghupathy detailed the vari-ous measures/initiatives taken bySSC in the recent years to improveefficacy of the Commission. Theseinclude:(i) Restructuring of all examinationsand regrouping of posts based onthe recommendations of the 2ndAdministrative Reforms Commissionand an Expert Group constitutedwith the approval of the Govern-ment.(ii) Revamping of website and itscontinuous updation with the objec-tive of making the Commission’s tenwebsites the most important sourceof information relevant to the candi-dates. The revamped and user-friendly website of the Commissionlaunched in October, 2009 hasattracted a viewership 2.20 crore sofar and has emerged as one of thelargest viewed websites in theGovernment sector.(iii) Placing of marks of the candi-dates at each stage of the examina-tion.(iv) Placing of answer keys of objec-tive type examinations on thewebsite, inviting objections, consid-eration of objection of the candi-dates with the assistance of expertsand initiating corrective measures.(v) All results and marks are placedon the website in PDF format, re-sults on the same day of finalizationand marks immediately thereafter.(vi) Administration of skill tests oncomputer with no cost to the candi-dates and introduction of ComputerProficiency Test for certain posts. Itis estimated that almost 75% ofcandidates selected by the Commis-

Chitra Singh Rajput

62nd annual BerlinInternational Film

FestivalThe 62nd annual Berlin Interna-tional Film Festival was held from 9to 19 February 2012. British filmdirector Mike Leigh was the Presi-dent of the Jury. The first five filmsto be screened in the competitionwere announced on 19 December2011. American actress MerylStreep was presented withthe Honorary Golden Bear on 14February. Benoît Jacquot’s filmLesadieux à la reine was announcedas the opening film. The GoldenBear for Best Film went to theItalian film Caesar Must Die, di-rected by Paolo and VittorioTaviani.The following people were an-nounced as being on the jury forthe festival:n Mike Leigh, British film director(Jury president)n Anton Corbijn, Dutch photogra-pher and filmmakern Asghar Farhadi, Iranian filmdirectorn Charlotte Gainsbourg, French-British actressn Jake Gyllenhaal, American actorn François Ozon, French filmdirectorn Boualem Sansal, Algerian writern Barbara Sukowa, German ac-tressThe following prizes were awardedby the International Jury:Golden Bear for Best Film: CaesarMust Die by Paolo and VittorioTavianiThe Hollywood Reporter describedthe outcome as “a majorupset”. Der Spiegel said it was a“very conservative selection.” DerTagesspiegel criticised the out-come, “The jury shunned almost allthe contemporary films that wereadmired or hotly debated at anotherwise pretty remarkablefestival.”[12] Paolo Taviani said “Wehope that when the film is releasedto the general public thatcinemagoers will say to themselvesor even those around them... thateven a prisoner with a dreadfulsentence, even a life sentence, isand remains a human being”.Vittorio Taviani read out the namesof the cast.Silver Bearsn Jury Grand Prix: Just theWind by Benedek Fliegaufn Best Director: Christian Petzold for Barbaran Best Actress: Rachel Mwanza for WarWitchn Best Actor: Mikkel Følsgaard for A Royal Affairn Silver Bear for Outstanding ArtisticAchievement: Lutz Reitemeier for the pho-tography in White Deer Plainn Best Script: Nikolaj Arcel and RasmusHeisterberg for A Royal Affairn Alfred Bauer Prize for a work of particularinnovation: Tabu by Miguel Gomesn Special Award – SilverBear: Sister by Ursula MeierHonorary Golden Bearn Meryl Streep

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OPINION - EDITORIALS

sion in 2010-11 have proficiency orworking knowledge of computers.(vii) Introduction of online applica-tions since February, 2010, to theinterest of the candidates andGovernment. It is estimated thateach candidate registering onlinesaves Rs.25 in postal and othercosts and the Commission’s pre-cious time as application processingis not required and data entry costof Rs.4 to 5 per application. Thishas helped in reducing the durationof recruitment cycle too. Approxi-mately 35 lakh applicants haveregistered online since its introduc-tion and the per centage of onlineregistration has been showingsteady increase and touched 50%or above in recent examinations.(viii) Introduction of measures in theHQ of the Commission for ensuringZero error tolerance in vital confi-dential work.(ix) Introduction of Quality Manage-ment Systems in Regional Officeswith a view to effect continual im-provement in the processes and toimprove customer satisfactionlevels. All nine Regional Offices ofthe Commission have obtained ISO9001 : 2008 Certification for theirQuality Management System. West-ern Regional Office at Mumbai isthe last region to obtain the certifi-cation in March, 2012.Examination restructuring andupdation of syllabi require a wellstocked and continuously replen-ished Question Bank of objectivetype question items. Therefore, theCommission has held 10 QuestionBank Workshops so far. This is the11th in the series. Through theWorkshops held so far the Commis-sion has added about 40,000 pre-validated objective type questions

to its well stocked Question Bank inseveral subjects.The Staff Selection Commission hasbeen mandated with recruitment ofGroup ‘C’ non-technical and Group‘B’ non-gazetted posts in variousMinistries/Departments of Govern-ment of India and their Attached andSubordinate Offices except thosefor which recruitment is made by theRailway Recruitment Boards andIndustrial Establishments.The number of applications in theCommission’s recruitments andfinally successful has increasedmanifold in the past three years asshown below:-

The number of candidates selectedin 2011-12 may exceed 80,000 assome examination results are in thefinal stage of processing.The credibility and improved effi-ciency of the Commission havebeen appreciated by its client orga-nizations and candidates populationas evidenced by the growing popu-larity of its recruitments. Ministry ofHome Affairs has been utilizing theservices of the Commission inrecent years for recruiting Intelli-gence Officers, Sub-Inspectors,Assistant Sub-Inspectors (for CISF),Constables (GD)/Riflemen/Sepoy,etc. in the Central Armed PoliceForces and A&N Administration.The Commission is also assistingthe Food Corporation of India this inrecruitment to lower middle levels. Aproposal of Ministry of Home Affairsto utilize the services of the Com-mission for recruitment of Sub-Inspector in Delhi Police has beenaccepted in principle. A proposal toentrust recruitment of autonomous /statutory bodies to the Commissionhas also been under considerationof the Commission.

Future of Hydrogen EnergyHydrogen - a colourless, odourless gas is increasingly gaining attentionas a future source of energy free from environmental pollution. Its new usehas been found in the automobile and power generation sector. Thebiggest advantage with hydrogen is that it has the highest energy contentper unit mass among known fuels and it burns to produce water as a by-product. It is, therefore, not only an efficient energy carrier but also anenvironmentally benign fuel as well. In fact, the Ministry of New and Re-newable Energy have been supporting a broad based research, develop-ment and demonstration (RD&D) programme on different aspects ofhydrogen energy for over two decades. Consequently, a National Hydro-gen Energy Road Map was prepared in 2005 which provides for variouspathways for development of hydrogen energy i.e. production, storage,transport, safety, delivery and applications. However, the current technolo-gies for use of hydrogen are yet to be optimized and commercialized butefforts for the same have already started.Hydrogen is found only in combined state on earth and therefore its pro-duction involves the process of its isolation from its compounds, a processwhich itself requires energy. Globally, about 96% of hydrogen is producedpresently using hydrocarbons. About 4% hydrogen is produced throughelectrolysis of water. Refineries and fertilizer plants are major in-situproducers and consumers of hydrogen in India. It is also produced as aby-product in chloro-alkali industry.Hydrogen production falls into three categories: thermal process, electro-lytic processes and photolytic processes. Some thermal processes use energy resources while in others heat is used in combination with closed chemi-cal cycles to produce hydrogen from feed-stocks such as water. These are known as “thermo-chemical” processes. But this technology is in earlystages of development. Steam Methane Reformation, gasification of coal and gasification of biomass are other processes of production of hydrogen.The advantage with coal and biomass is that both are locally available resources and biomass is a renewable resource too. Electrolytic processes useelectricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen and can even reduce the emission of green house gases emission if the source of electricity is‘clean’.Hydrogen storage for transportation is one of the most technically challenging barriers to widespread commercialization of this technology. The mostcommon method of storage is in gaseous state in pressurized cylinders, however, it being the lightest element requires high pressures. It can be storedin liquid form in cryogenic systems but would require high amounts of energy. It is also possible to store it in solid state in the form of metal hydrides,liquid organic hydrides, carbon nanostructures and in chemicals. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is presently supporting R&D projects inthis field.Apart from using it as a chemical feedstock in industry, it can also be used as a clean fuel in automobile and also for power generation through internalcombustion engines and fuel cells. In the field of hydrogen in internal combustion engines, R&D projects for using hydrogen blended compressed natu-ral gas and diesel and development of hydrogen fuelled vehicles are being implemented in India. Hydrogen fuelled motorcycles and three wheelershave been developed and demonstrated in the country. Catalytic combustion cookers using hydrogen as fuel have also been developed. The BanarasHindu University, BHU has modified commercially available motorcycles and three wheelers to operate on hydrogen as fuel. With a view to providehydrogen blended compressed natural gas as an automotive fuel, a dispensing station for the same has been set up at Dwarka in New Delhi with partialfinancial support from the Ministry. This facility provides CNG fuel blended with hydrogen up to 20% in volume in demonstration and test vehicles. Adevelopment cum demonstration project for use of H-CNG as fuel in select vehicles (buses, cars and 3-wheelers) is also under implementation. Be-sides, hydrogen fuelled generator set is being developed by BHU and IIT, Delhi.Another application of hydrogen energy is the fuel cell, an electrochemical device converting chemical energy of hydrogen directly into electricity with-out combustion. It is a clean and efficient process of electricity generation. It can be used in UPS systems, replacing batteries and diesel generators. Inview of the relevance of fuel cells in automobiles and power generation, several organizations globally are pursuing RD&D activities in this field. Por-table applications are also being developed. The present efforts in these fuel cells are focused on reducing its cost and improving its durability. Thefocus of the Fuel Cell programme of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has been on supporting RD&D activities on different types of fuel cells.



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Deep Sea ChallengerDeepsea Challenger (DCV 1) is a7.3-metre (24 ft) deep-divingsubmersibledesigned to reach thebottom of Challenger Deep, thedeepest known point on Earth. OnMarch 26, 2012, Canadian filmdirector James Cameron piloted thecraft to accomplish this goal, be-coming the first person to reachChallenger Deep in a one-mancraft. Built in Sydney, Australia bythe research and design companyAcheron Project Pty Ltd,the Deepsea Challenger includesscientific sampling equipment andhigh-definition 3-D cameras, andreached the ocean’s deepest pointafter roughly two hours of descentfrom the surface.The Challenger expedition of 1872–76 was a scientific exercise thatmade many discoveries to lay thefoundation of oceanography. Theexpedition was named after themother vessel, HMSChallenger.Prompted by the Scot, CharlesWyville Thomson—of the Universityof Edinburgh and Merchiston CastleSchool—the Royal Society ofLondon obtained the useof Challenger from the RoyalNavyand in 1872 modified the shipfor scientific work, equipping herwith separate laboratories for natu-ral history and chemistry. The expe-dition, led by Captain GeorgeNares, sailed from Portsmouth,England, on 21 December1872. Other naval officers includedCommander John Maclear. Underthe scientific supervision ofThomson himself, she travellednearly 70,000 nautical miles(130,000 km) surveying and explor-ing. The result was the Report OfThe Scientific Results of the Explor-ing Voyage of H.M.S. Challengerduring the years 1873-76 which,among many other discoveries,catalogued over 4,000 previouslyunknown species. John Murray, whosupervised the publication, de-scribed the report as “the greatestadvance in the knowledge of ourplanet since the celebrated discov-eries of the fifteenth and sixteenthcenturies”. Challenger sailed closeto Antarctica, but not within sight ofit.On her 68,890-nautical-mile(127,580 km) journey circumnavi-gating the globe, 492 deep seasoundings, 133 bottom dredges,151 open water trawls and 263 se-rial water temperature observationswere taken. Also about 4,700 newspecies of marine life were discov-ered.The scientific work was conductedby Wyville Thomson, JohnMurray, John YoungBuchanan,Henry Nottidge Moseley,and Rudolf von Willemoes-Suhm.The official expedition artistwas John James Wild. As well asNares and Maclear, others thatwere part of the naval crew includedPelham Aldrich, Lord GeorgeGranville Campbell, and AndrewFrancis Balfour (one of the sons ofScottish botanist John HuttonBalfour). Also among the officerswas Thomas Henry Tizard who hadalready carried out important hydro-graphic observations on previousvoyages. Though he was not amongthe civilian scientific staff, Tizardwould later help write the officialaccount of the expedition, and alsobecome a Fellow of the RoyalSociety.The original ship’s complementincluded 21 officers and around 216crew members. By the end of thevoyage, this had reduced to 144due to deaths, desertions, being leftashore due to illness, and planneddepartures.Challenger reached Hong Kong inDecember 1874, at which pointNares and Aldrich left the ship totake part in the British Arctic Expedi-tion. The new captain was FrankTourle Thomson. Second-in-com-mand, and the most senior officerpresent throughout the entire expe-dition, was Commander John

Maclear. Willemoes-Suhm died andwas buried at sea on the voyage toTahiti. Lord Campbell and Balfourleft the ship in Valparaiso, Chile,after being promoted.The first leg of the expedition tookthe shipfrom Portsmouth (December 1872)south to Lisbon (January 1873) andthen on to Gibraltar. The next stopswere Madeira and the CanaryIslands (both February 1873). Theperiod from February to July 1873was spent crossing the Atlanticwestwards from the Canary Islandsto the Virgin Islands, then headingnorth to Bermuda, east tothe Azores, back to Madeira, andthen south to the Cape Verde Is-lands. During this period, there wasa detour in April and May 1873,sailing from Bermuda northto Halifax and back, crossingthe Gulf Stream twice with thereverse journey crossing further tothe east.After leaving the Cape Verde Is-lands in August 1873, the expedi-tion sailed south-east at first andthen headed west to reach St Paul’sRocks. From here, the route wentsouth across the equatorto Fernando de Noronha duringSeptember 1873, and onwards thatsame month to Bahia(now calledSalvador) in Brazil. The period fromSeptember to October 1873 wasspent crossing the Atlantic fromBahia to the Cape of Good Hope,touching at Tristan da Cunha on theway.December 1873 to February 1874was spent sailing on a roughlysouth-eastern track from the Capeof Good Hope to the parallel of 60degrees south. The islands visitedduring this period were the PrinceEdward Islands, the Crozet Islands,the Kerguelen Islands, and HeardIsland. February 1874 was spenttravelling south and then generallyeastwards in the vicinity ofthe Antarctic Circle, with sightingsof icebergs, pack ice and whales.The route then took the ship north-eastward and away from the iceregions in March 1874, with theexpedition reaching Melbourne inAustralia later that month. Thejourney eastward along the coastfrom Melbourne to Sydney tookplace in April 1874, passingby Wilsons Promontory and CapeHowe.When the voyage resumed in June1874, the route went east fromSydney to Wellington in NewZealand, followed by a large loopnorth into the Pacific callingat Tonga and Fiji, and then backwestward to Cape York in Australiaby the end of August. The shiparrived in New Zealand in late Juneand left in early July. Before reach-ing Wellington (on New Zealand’sNorth Island), brief stops were madeat Port Hardy (ond’Urville Island)and Queen Charlotte Sound (onNew Zealand’s South Island)and Challenger passed throughthe Cook Strait to reach Wellington.The route from Wellington to Tongawent along the east coast of NewZealand’s North Island, and thennorth and east into the open Pacific,passing by the Kermadec Islands enroute to Tongatabu, the main islandof the Tonga archipelago (thenknown as the Friendly Islands). Thewaters around the Fijian islands, ashort distance to the north-west ofTonga, were surveyed during lateJuly and early August 1874. Theship’s course was then set west-ward, reaching Raine Island (on theouter edge of the Great BarrierReef) at the end of August andthence arriving at Cape York, at thetip of Australia’s Cape York Penin-sula.Over the following three months(September to November 1874), theexpedition visited several islandsand island groups while sailing fromCape York to China and HongKong (then a British colony). Thefirst part of the route passed north

and west over the Arafura Sea,with New Guinea to the north-eastand the Australian mainland to thesouth-west. The first islands visitedwere the Aru Islands, followed bythe nearby Kai Islands. The shipthen crossed the BandaSea touching at the Banda Islands,to reach Amboina (Ambon Island) inOctober 1874, and then continuingto Ternate Island. All these islandsare now part of modern-day Indone-sia. From Ternate, the route wentnorth-westward towards what is nowthe Philippines, passing east ofCelebes (Sulawesi) intothe Celebes Sea. The expeditioncalled at Samboangan(Zamboanga) on Mindanao, andthen Iloilo on the island of Panay,before navigating within the interiorof the archipelago en route to thebay and harbour of Manila on theisland of Luzon. The crossing north-westward from Manila to Hong Kongtook place in November 1874.After several weeks in Hong Kong,the expedition departed in earlyJanuary 1875 to retrace their routesouth-east towards New Guinea.The first stop on this outward leg ofthe journey was Manila. From there,they continued on to Samboangan,but took a different route throughthe interior of the Philippines, thistime touching at the island of Zebu(Cebu). From Samboangan the shipdiverged from the inward route, thistime passing south of Mindanao (inearly February1875). Challenger then headed eastinto the open sea, before turning tothe south-east and making landfallat Humboldt Bay (now Yos SudarsoBay) on the north coast of NewGuinea. By March 1875, the expedi-tion had reached theAdmiraltyIslands north-east of New Guinea.The final stage of the voyage onthis side of the Pacific was a longjourney across the open ocean tothe north, passing mostly west ofthe Carolina Islands andthe Mariana Islands, reaching portin Yokohama, Japan, in April 1875.Challenger departed Japan in mid-June 1875, heading east across thePacific to a point due north ofthe Sandwich Islands (Hawaii), andthen turning south, making landfallat the end of July at Honolulu on theHawaiian island of Oahu. A coupleof weeks later, in mid-August, theship departed south-eastward,anchoring at Hilo Bay off Hawaii’sBig Island, before continuing to thesouth and reaching Tahiti in mid-September. The expedition leftTahiti in early October, swinging tothe west and south of the TubuaiIslands and then heading to thesouth-east before turning easttowards the South American coast.The route touched at the JuanFernández Islands in mid-Novem-ber 1875, with Challengerreachingthe port of Valparaiso in Chile a fewdays later. The next stage of thejourney commenced the followingmonth, with the route taking the shipsouth-westward back out into thePacific, past the Juan FernándezIslands, before turning to the south-east and back towards SouthAmerica, reaching Port Otway inthe Gulf of Penas on 31 December1875.Most of January 1876 was spentnavigating around the southern tipof South America, surveying andtouching at many of the bays andislands of the Patagonian archi-pelago, the Strait of Magellan,and Tierra del Fuego. Locationsvisited here include Hale Cove,Gray Harbour, Port Grappler, TomBay (all in the vicinity of WellingtonIsland), Puerta Bueno(near Hanover Island), Isthmus Bay(near the Queen Adelaide Archi-pelago), and Port Churruca(near Santa Ines Island). The finalstops, before heading out into theAtlantic, were Port Famine, SandyPoint, and ElizabethIsland. Challenger reachedthe Falkland Islands towards the

end of January, calling at PortStanley and then continuing north-ward, reaching Montevideo in Uru-guay in mid-February 1876. Theship left Montevideo at the end ofFebruary, heading first due east andthen due north, arrivingat Ascension Island at the end ofMarch 1876. The period from earlyto mid-April was spent sailing fromAscension Island to the Cape VerdeIslands (visited almost three yearsago on the outward journey). Fromhere, the route taken in late Apriland early May 1876 was a west-ward loop to the north out into themid-Atlantic, eventually turning dueeast towards Europe to touch landat Vigo in Spain towards the end ofMay. The final stage of the voyagetook the ship and its crew north-eastward from Vigo, skirting the Bayof Biscayto make landfall in En-gland.Challenger returnedto Spithead, Hampshire, on 24 May1876, having spent 713 days at seaout of the intervening 1,606. Thecomplete set of reports of the Chal-lenger Expedition, published in 50volumes between 1877 and 1895,are available online.Challenger DeepOn March 18, 2012, after leavingthe testing area in the relativelycalm Solomon Sea, the submersiblewas aboard the surfacevessel Mermaid Sapphire, dockedin Apra Harbor, Guam, undergoingrepairs and upgrades, and waitingfor a calm enough ocean to carryout the dive. By March 24, 2012,having left port in Guam days ear-lier, the submersible was aboardone of two surface vessels that haddeparted the Ulithiatoll for theChallenger Deep. On March 26,2012 local time it was reported thatit had reached the bottom ofthe Mariana Trench.Descent, from the beginning of thedive to arrival at the seafloor, tooktwo hours and 37 minutes - almosttwice as fast as the descent oftheTrieste. Not all systems func-tioned as planned on the record-breaking dive: bait-carrying landerswere not dropped in advance of thedive because the sonar needed tofind them on the ocean floor was notworking, and hydraulic systemproblems hampered the use ofsampling equipment. Nevertheless,after roughly three hours on theseafloor and a successful ascent,further exploration of the ChallengerDeep with the unique sub isplanned for later in the Spring of2012.RecordsOn March 26, 2012, Cameronreached the bottom ofthe Challenger Deep, the deepestpart of the Mariana Trench. Therecorded depth was 10,898.4metres (35,756 ft) whenthe Deepsea Challenger toucheddown. It was the fourth ever dive tothe Challenger Deep and the sec-ond manned dive (with a maximumrecorded depth slightly less thanthat of the Trieste’s 1960 dive). Itwas the first solo dive and the firstto spend a significant amount oftime (three hours) exploring thebottom.Similar effortsAs of February 2012, several othervehicles are under development toreach the same depths. The groupsdeveloping them include:§ Triton Submarines, a Floridabased company that designs andmanufactures private submarines,whose vehicle, Triton 36000/3, willcarry a crew of three to the seabedin 120 minutes.§ Virgin Oceanic, sponsoredby Richard Branson’s Virgin Group,is developing a submersible de-signed by GrahamHawkes, DeepFlightChallenger, with which the solo pilotwill take 140 minutes to reach theseabed.n DOER Marine, a San Franciscobased marine technology company

established in 1992, that is develop-ing avehicle, Deepsearch (andOceanExplorer HOV Unlimited), with somesupport from Google’s EricSchmidt with which a crew of two orthree will take 90 minutes to reachthe seabed, as the program DeepSearch.Diving Technology DevelopmentPre-industrialn Several centuries BC: (Reliefcarvings made at this timeshow Assyrian soldiers crossingrivers using inflated goatskin floats.Several modern authors havewrongly said that the floats werecrude breathing sets and that theyshow frogmen in action.)n Ancient Roman and Greek times,etc.: There have been many in-stances of men swimming or divingfor combat, but they always had tohold their breath, and had no divingequipment, except sometimes ahollow plant stem used asa snorkel.n About 500 BC: (Information origi-nally from Herodotus): During anaval campaign theGreek Scyllis was taken aboardship as prisoner by the PersianKing Xerxes I. When Scyllis learnedthat Xerxes was to attack a Greekflotilla, he seized a knife andjumped overboard. The Persianscould not find him in the water andpresumed he had drowned. Scyllissurfaced at night and made his wayamong all the ships in Xerxes’sfleet, cutting each ship loose fromits moorings; he used a hollow reedas snorkel to remain unobserved.Then he swam nine miles (15 kilo-meters) to rejoin the Greeksoff Cape Artemisium.n The use of diving bells is re-corded by the Greekphilosopher Aristotle in the 4thcentury BC: “...they enable thedivers to respire equally well byletting down a cauldron, for thisdoes not fill with water, but retainsthe air, for it is forced straight downinto the water.”n 1300 or earlier: Persian diverswere using diving goggles withwindows made of the polished outerlayer of tortoiseshell.n 15th century: Leonardo daVinci made the first known mentionof air tanks in Italy: he wrote in hisAtlantic Codex (BibliotecaAmbrosiana,Milan) that systemswere used at that time to artificiallybreathe under water, but he did notexplain them in detail due to whathe described as ”bad human na-ture”, that would have taken advan-tage of this technique to sink shipsand even commit murders. Somedrawings, however, showed differ-ent kinds of snorkels and an air tank(to be carried on the breast) thatpresumably should have no externalconnections. Other drawingsshowed a complete immersion kit,with a plunger suit which included asort of mask with a box for air. Theproject was so detailed that it in-cluded a urine collector, too.n 1531: Guglielmo de Lorena diveson two of Caligula’s sunkengalleys using a diving bell from adesign by Leonardo da Vinci.n 1616: Franz Kessler built animproved diving bell.n Around 1620: CorneliusDrebbel may have made acrude rebreather:n 1650: Otto von Guericke built thefirst air pump.n 1715: the chevalier (sir) PierreRémy de Beauve, a French aristo-crat who serves as garde de lamarine in Brest, builds one of theoldest known diving dresses. DeBeauve’s dress was equipped witha metal helmet and two hoses, oneof them air-supplied from thesurface by a bellows and the otherone for evacuation of the exhaledair.n the Englishman John Lethbridge,a wool merchant, invents a divingbarrel and successfully salvagesvaluables from wrecks.

n 1772: the first diving dress usinga compressed-air reservoir is suc-cessfully designed and built in 1772by Sieur (old French for “sir” or“Mister”) Fréminet, a Frenchmanfrom Paris. Fréminet conceived anautonomous breathing machineequipped with a helmet, two hosesfor inhalation and exhalation, asuite and a reservoir, dragged byand behind the diver, althoughFréminet later put it on hisback.Fréminet called hisinvention machinehydrostatergatique and used itsuccessfully for more than ten yearsin the harbours of LeHavre andBrest, as states theexplaining text of a 1784 painting.n 1774: John Day becomes the firstperson known to have died in asubmarine accident while testing a“diving chamber” in PlymouthSound.n 1776: David Bushnell inventedthe Turtle, first submarine to attackanother ship. It was used inthe American Revolution.n 1797: Karl HeinrichKlingert designes a full diving dressin 1797. This design consists of alarge metal helmet and similarlylarge metal belt connected byleather jacket and pants.n 1798: in June F. W. Joachim,employed by Klingert, successfullycompletes the first practical tests ofKlingert’s armor.19th centuryn 1800: Robert Fulton buildsa submarine, the “Nautilus”n 1839 Canadian inventors JamesEliot and Alexander McAvity of SaintJohn, New Brunswick patent an“oxygen reservoir for divers”, adevice carried on the diver’s backcontaining “a quantity of condensedoxygen gas or common atmosphericair proportionate to the depth ofwater and adequate to the time heis intended to remain below”.n W.H.Thornthwaite of Hoxton inLondon patented an inflatable liftingjacket for divers.n Around 1842: TheFrenchman Joseph-MartinCabirol (1799–1874) settles acompany in Paris and startsmaking standard diving dresses.n 1843: Based on lessons learnedfrom the Royal George salvage, thefirst diving school is set up by theRoyal Navy.n 1856: Wilhelm Bauer starts thefirst of 133 successful dives with hissecond submarine Seeteufel. Thecrew of 12 was trained to leave thesubmerged ship through a divingchamber.n 1860: Giovanni Luppis, a retiredengineer of the Austro-Hungariannavy, demonstrates a design for aself-propelled torpedo to emperorFranz Joseph.n 1863: H.L. Hunley becomes thefirst submarine to sink a ship, theUSS Housatonic, duringthe American Civil War.n 1866: Minenschiff, the first self-propelled (locomotive) torpedo,developed by Robert Whitehead (toa design by Captain Luppis, Aus-trian Navy), is demonstrated for theimperial naval commission onDecember 21.n 1882: Brothers Alphonse andThéodore Carmagnolle of Marseille,France, patent the firstproperly anthropomorphic design ofADS (atmospheric diving suit).Featuring 22 rolling convolute jointsthat were never entirely waterproofand a helmet that possessed 25 2-inch (51 mm) glass viewing ports, itweighed 380 kilograms (840 lb) andwas never put in service.Rebreathers appearn 1808: on June17, Sieur Touboulic from Brest, mechanic inthe Napoleon’s Imperial Navy,



patents the oldest known oxygenrebreather (but there is no evidenceof any prototype having been manu-factured). This early rebreatherdesign worked with an oxygenreservoir, the oxygen being deliv-ered progressively by the diverhimself and circulating in a closedcircuit through a sponge soakedin lime water.Touboulic called hisinvention Ichtioandre (Greek for‘fish-man’).n 1849: Pierre-Aimable de SaintSimon Sicard (a chemist) makes thefirst practical oxygen rebreather. Itwas demonstrated in London in1854.n 1853: Professor T. Schwanndesigned a rebreather in Belgium;he exhibited it in Paris in 1878. Ithad a big backpack oxygen tank atpressure about 13 bars, and twoscrubberscontaining sponges soakedin caustic soda.n 1876: An English merchantseaman, Henry Fleuss, developsthe first workable self-containeddiving rig that uses compressedoxygen. This prototype of closed-circuit scuba uses rope soakedin caustic potash to absorb carbondioxide so the exhaled gas can bere-breathed.Diving helmets get improved andcommonly usedn 1808: Brizé-Fradin designed asmall bell-like helmet connected toa low-pressure backpack air con-tainer.n 1820: Paul Lemaire d’Augerville(a Parisian dentist) invented andmade a diving apparatus with acopper backpack cylinder, and withacounter-lung to save air, and withan inflatable lifejacket connected. Itwas used down to 15 or 20 metersfor up to an hour in salvage work.He started a successful salvagecompany.n 1825: William H. James designeda self contained diving suit that hadcompressed air in an iron containerworn around the waist.n 1827: Beaudouin in France devel-oped a diving helmet fed from an aircylinder pressurized to 80 to 100bars. The French Navy was inter-ested, but nothing came of this.n 1829: Charles AnthonyDeane and John Deaneof Whitstable in Kent in Englanddesign the first air-pumped divinghelmet for use with a diving suit. Itis said that the idea started from acrude emergency rig-up ofa fireman’s water-pump (used as anair pump) and a knight-in-armourhelmet used to try to rescue horsesfrom a burning stable. Others saythat it was based on earlier work in1823 developing a “smoke helmet”.However the suit was not attachedto the helmet, so a diver could notbend over or invert without risk offlooding the helmet and drowning.Nevertheless, the diving system isused in salvage work, including thesuccessful removal of cannon fromthe British warship HMS RoyalGeorge in 1834-35. This 108-gunfighting ship sank in 65 feet of waterat Spithead anchorage in 1783.n E.K.Gauzen, a Russiannaval technician of Kronshtadt navalbase (a district of Saint Petersburg),offers a “diving machine”. His inven-tion was an air-pumpedmetallic helmet strapped toa leather suit (an overall). Thebottom of the helmet is open. Thehelmet is strapped to the leathersuit by metallic tape. Gauzen’sdiving suit and its further modifica-tions were used by theRussian Navy until 1880. Themodified diving suit of the RussianNavy, based on Gauzen’s invention,was known as “three-bolt equip-ment”.n 1837: Following up Leonardo’sstudies, and those of Halley theastronomer, AugustusSiebe develops standard divingdress, a sort ofsurface supplieddiving apparatus.n By attaching the Deane brothershelmet to a suit, Augustus Siebedevelops the Siebe “Closed” Dresscombination diving helmet and suit,considered the foundation of mod-ern diving dress. This was a signifi-cant evolution from previous models

of “open” dress that did not allow adiver to invert. (Siebe-Gorman wenton to manufacture helmets continu-ously until 1975).n 1855: Joseph-MartinCabirol patents a new model ofstandard diving dress, mainly is-sued from Siebe’s designs. The suitis made out of rubberized canvasand the helmet, for the first time,includes a hand-controlled tap thatthe diver uses to evacuate hisexhaled air. The tap includes on itsturn a safety valve which preventswater from entering in the helmet.Until 1855 diving helmets wereequipped with only three circularwindows (for front, left and rightsides). Cabirol’s helmet introducedfor the first time the later well knownfourth window, situated in the upperfront part of the helmet and allowingthe diver to watch above him. Hav-ing been presented tothe Exposition Universelle inParis Cabirol’s diving dress won thesilver medal. These original divingdress and helmet are now pre-served at the Conservatoire Na-tional des Arts et Métiers in Paris.The first diving regulatorsn 1838: Dr. Manuel ThéodoreGuillaumet invented a twin-hose demand regulator. It wasdemonstrated used as surface-demand. Use duration was limitedto 30 minutes by diving in coldwater without a diving suit.n 1860: in Espalion (France), min-ing engineer BenoîtRouquayrol designs a self con-tained breathing set with a back-pack cylindrical air tank that sup-plied air through the firstdemandregulator to be commercial-ized (as of 1865, see below).Rouquayrol called hisinventionrégulateur (‘regulator’), heconceived it to help miners to es-cape from dying drowned in floodedmines.n 1864: Benoît Rouquayrol meetsnavy officer AugusteDenayrouze for the first time, inEspalion, and both, onDenayrouze’s initiative, adaptRouquayrol’s invention to diving.After having adapted it they calledtheir recently patenteddevice appareil plongeurRouquayrol-Denayrouze(‘Rouquayrol-Denayrouze divingapparatus’). The diver still walkedon the seabed and did not swim.The air pressure tanks made withthe technology of the time couldonly hold 30 atmospheres, allowingdives of only 30 minutes at no morethan ten metres deep; during sur-face-supplied configuration the tankwas also used for bailout in thecase of a hose failure. The dura-tions of 6 to 8 hours on a tankfulwithout external supply recorded forthe Rouquayrol set in thebook Twenty Thousand LeaguesUnder the Sea by Jules Verne, arewildly exaggerated fiction.n 1865: on August the 28th theFrench Navy Minister orders thefirst Rouquayrol-Denayrouze divingapparati and mass-productionstarts.Gas and air cylinders appearn Late 19th century: Industry beginsto be able to make high-pressure airand gas cylinders. That prompted afew inventors down the years todesign open-circuit compressed airbreathing sets, but they were allconstant-flow, and thedemand regulator did not comeback until 1937.Underwater photography appearsn 1893: Louis Boutan invents thefirst underwater camera and makesthe first underwater photographs.n 1900: Louis Boutan publishes LaPhotographie sous-marine et lesprogrès de la photographie (TheUnderwater Photography and theAdvances in Photography), the firstbook about underwater photogra-phy.Decompression sickness becomesa problemn 1841: First documented case ofdecompression sickness occurs,reported by a mining engineer whoobserved pain and muscle crampsamong coal miners working in mineshafts air-pressurized to keep waterout.

n 1870: Bauer publishes outcomesof 25 paralyzed caisson workers.n From 1870 to 1910 all prominentsymptoms/causes will be estab-lished: explanations at the timeincluded: cold or exhaustion caus-ing reflex spinal cord damage;electricity caused by friction oncompression; ororgan congestion and vascularstasis caused by decompression.n 1871: The St Louis EadsBridge employs 352 compressed airworkers including Dr. AlphonseJaminet as the physician in charge.There were 30 seriously injured and12 fatalities. Dr. Jaminet himselfsuffered a case of decompressionsickness when he ascended to thesurface in four minutes after spend-ing almost three hours at a depth of95 feet in a caisson, and his de-scription of his own experience wasthe first such recorded.n 1872: The similarity betweendecompression sicknessand iatrogenic air embolism as wellas the relationship between inad-equate decompression and decom-pression sickness is noted byFriedburg. He suggested that intra-vascular gas was released by rapiddecompression and recommended:slow compression and decompres-sion; four hour working shifts; limitto maximum depth 44.1 psig (4ATA); using only healthy workers;and recompression treatment forsevere cases.n 1873: Dr. Andrew Smith firstutilizes the term “caisson disease”describing 110 cases of decompres-sion sickness as the physician incharge during construction ofthe Brooklyn Bridge. The projectemployed 600 compressed airworkers. Recompression treatmentwas not used. The project chiefengineer WashingtonRoebling suffered from caissondisease. (He took charge after hisfather John Augustus Roebling diedof tetanus.) Washington’s wife,Emily, helped manage the construc-tion of the bridge after his sicknessconfined him to his homein Brooklyn. He battled the after-effects of the disease for the rest ofhis life. During this project, decom-pression sickness became knownas “The [Grecian] Bends” becauseafflicted individuals characteristi-cally arched their backs: this ispossibly reminiscent of a thenfashionable women’s dance maneu-ver known as the Grecian Bend.n 1878: Paul Bert publishes LaPression barométrique, providingthe first systematic understanding ofthe causes of DCS.

20th centuryn 1900: John P. Holland builds thefirst submarine to be formally com-missioned by the U.S.Navy, Holland (also called A-1).n Leonard Hill uses a frog model toprove that decompression causesbubbles and that recompressionresolves them.n 1903: Siebe Gorman starts tomake a submarine escape set inEngland; in the years afterwards itwas improved, and later was calledtheDavis Escape Set or DavisSubmerged Escape Apparatus.n from 1903 to 1907:Professor Georges Jaubert, inventsOxylithe, which is a form of sodiumperoxide (Na2O2) or sodiumdioxide (NaO2). As itabsorbs carbon dioxide it emitsoxygen and can be used ina rebreather.n 1905 Several sources, includingthe 1991 US Navy Dive Manual (pg1-8), state that the MK V Deep SeaDiving Dress was designed by theBureau of Construction & Repair in1905, but in reality, the 1905 NavyHandbook shows British Siebe-Gorman helmets in use. Since theearliest know MK V is dated 1916,these sources are probably refer-ring to the earlier MK I, MK II, MK III& MKIV Morse and Schraderhelmets.n 1905: The first rebreather withmetering valves to control the sup-ply of oxygen is made.n 1907: Draeger of Lübeck makesa rebreather called the U-Boot-Retter. = “submarine rescuer”.

n 1908: Arthur Boycott, GuybonDamant, and John Haldane publish“The Prevention of Compressed-AirIllness”, detailed studies on thecause and symptoms of decompres-sion sickness, and propose a tableof decompression stops to avoid theeffects.n The Admiralty Deep Diving Com-mittee adopts the Haldane tables forthe Royal Navy, and publishHaldane’s diving tables to the gen-eral public.n 1910: the British RobertDavis invents his own submarinerescuer rebreather, the Davis Sub-merged Escape Apparatus, for theRoyal Navy submarine crews.n 1912: US Navy adoptsthe decompression tables publishedby Haldane, Boycott and Damant.Driven by Chief Gunner GeorgeStillson, the navy sets up a programto test tables and staged decom-pression based on the work ofHaldane.n Maurice Fernez introduces asimple lightweight underwaterbreathing apparatus as an alterna-tive to helmet diving suits.n Draeger starts the commercializa-tion of his rebreather in both con-figuration types, mouthpiece andhelmet.n 1913: The Navy also beginsdeveloping the future MK V, influ-enced by Schrader and Morsedesigns.n 1914: Modern swimfins are in-vented by the Frenchman Louis deCorlieu, capitaine decorvette (Lieutenant Commander) inthe French Navy. In 1914 DeCorlieu made a practical demon-stration of his first prototype for agroup of navy officers.n 1915: The submarine USS F-4 issalvaged from 304 feet establishingthe practical limits for air diving.Three US Navy divers, Frank W.Crilley, William F. Loughman, andNielson, reached 304 fsw using theMK V dress.n 1916 With the addition of a bat-tery-powered telephone, the designof the MK V is finalized – however,several more design improvementsare made over the next two years.n The Draeger model DM 2 be-comes standard equipment ofthe German Navy.n 1917: The Bureau of Construction& Repair introduces the MK Vhelmet and dress, which then be-comes the standard for US Navydiving until the introduction of theMK 12 in the late seventiesn 1918: the Japanese Ohgushipatents his “Ohgushi’s PeerlessRespirator”. It was a constant-flowdiving and industrial open-circuitbreathing set. The user breathedthrough his nose and switched theair on and off with his teeth.n Around 1920: HanseatischenApparatebau-Gesellschaft make a2-cylinder breathing apparatus withdouble-lever single-stage demandvalve and single widecorrugated breathing tube withmouthpiece, and a “duck’s beak”exhalent valve in the regulator. Itwas described in aminerescue handbook in 1930. Theywere successors to Ludwig vonBremen of Kiel, who had the licenceto make the Rouquayrol-Denayrouze apparatus in Germany.n 1924: De Corlieu leaves theFrench Navy to fully devote himselfto his invention.n 1925: Maurice Fernez exposes,at the Grand Palais, a new model ofhis underwater surface-suppliedapparatus. Yves le Prieur, assistantat the exhibition, decides to meetthe man in person and asks him totransform Fernez’s apparatus into ahand-controlled self-containedunderwater breathingapparatus. It delivered air at con-stant pressure without a demandregulator.n 1926: Fernez-Le Prieur selfcontained underwater breathingapparatus demonstrated to thepublic in Paris, and adopted by theFrench Navy.n Draeger displayed a rescuebreathing apparatus that the wearercould swim with. While the previousdevices served only for ascendingto the surface and were designed

also to develop lift so that thewearer arrived at the surface with-out swimming movements, thediving set had weights, which alsomade it possible to dive down withit, to search and save after anaccident.n The 1930s:n In France, Guy Gilpatric startsswim diving with waterproofgoggles, derived from swimminggoggles (which were originallyinvented byMaurice Fernez in1920).n Sport spearfishing became com-mon in the Mediterranean, andspearfishers gradually developedthe common sport diving mask andfins and snorkel, with GeorgesBeuchat in Marseille, France, whichcreated the speargun and Italiansport spearfishers started usingoxygen rebreathers. This practicecame to the attention of the ItalianNavy, which developed its frogmanunit Decima Flottiglia MAS.n n n n n 1933:n In April Louis de Corlieu registersa new patent (number 767013,which in addition of two fins for thefeet included two spoon-shaped finsfor the hands) and calls thisequipment propulseurs de natationet de sauvetage (which can betranslated as “swimming and rescueimpulse device”).n In San Diego, California, the firstsport diving club is started by GlennOrr, Jack Prodanovich and BenStone, called the San Diego BottomScratchers. As far as it is known, itdid not use breathing sets; its mainaim was spearfishing.n More is known of Yves Le Prieur’sconstant-flow open-circuit breathingset. It is said that it could allow a 20minute stay at 7 meters and 15minutes at 15 meters. It has onecylinder feeding into acircular fullface mask. Its air cylin-der was often worn at an angle toget its on/off valve in reach of thediver’s hand; this would havecaused an awkward skew drag inswimming.n 1934:In France, establishmentof Beuchat, oldest scubadiving and spearfishing company inthe world,n In France a sport diving club isstarted, called the Club des Sous-l’Eau = “club of those [who are]under the water”. It did not usebreathing sets as far as is known.Its main aim was spearfishing.(“Club des Sous-l’Eau” was laterrealized to be a homophone of “clubdes soulôts” = “club of the drunk-ards”, and was changed to ‘Clubdes Scaphandres et de la Vie SousL’Eau’ = “Club of the diving appara-tuses and of underwater life”.)n Otis Barton and WilliamBeebe dive to 3028 feet usinga bathysphere.n 1935: The French Navy adoptsthe Le Prieur breathing set.n 1936: On the French Riviera, thefirst known sport scuba diving clubstarted. It used Le Prieur’s breath-ing sets.n 1937: US Navy publishes itsrevised diving tables based on thework of O.D. Yarbrough.n 1937: The American DivingEquipment and Salvage Company(now known as DESCO) develops aheavy bottom-walking-type divingsuit with a self-contained mixed-gashelium and oxygen rebreather.n 1939: After floundering for years,even producing his fins in hisown flat in Paris, De Corlieu finallystarts mass production of his inven-tion in France. The same year herented a licence to Owen P.Churchill for mass production inthe United States. To sell his fins inthe USA Owen Churchill changedthe French De Corlieu’s name(propulseurs) to “swimfins”, which isstill nowadays thecurrent English name. Churchillpresented his fins to the US Navy,who decided to acquire them forits Underwater DemolitionTeam (UDT).n Hans Hass and Hermann Stelznerof Drager, in Germany make theM138 rebreather. It is developedfrom the 1912 escape set a type ofrebreather used to exit sunkensubmarines. The M138 sets are

oxygen rebreathers with a 150 bar,.6 liter tank and appear in many ofhis movies and books.n 1941: The Italian Navy’s DecimaFlottiglia MAS usingoxygen rebreathers and mannedtorpedoes, attacks the British fleetin Alexandria harbor.n 1944: American UDTand British COPP frogmen (COPP: Combined OperationsPilotage Parties) used the “Churchillfins” during all priorunderwater deminings, allowing thisway in 1944 the Normandy land-ings. During years after World WarII had ended, De Corlieu spent timeand efforts struggling into civilprocedures, demanding othersfor patent infringement.n 1954: Underwater hockey(octopush) is invented by four navysub-aqua divers in Southsea whogot bored swimming up and downand wanted a fun way to keep fit.The diving regulator reappearsn 1934: René Commeinhes,from Alsace, invents a breathing setworking with a demand valve anddestined to allow firefighters tobreathe safely in smoke environ-ments.n 1937: Georges Commeinhes, sonof René, adapts his father’s inven-tion to diving and develops a two-cylinder open-circuit apparatuswithdemand regulator. The regulatorwas a big rectangular box betweenthe cylinders. Some were made,but WWII interrupted development.World War IIn 1939: GeorgesCommeinhes offers his breathingset to the French Navy, which couldnot continue developing uses for itbecause of WWII.n 1940-1944: Christian J.Lambertsen of the United Statesdesigned a ‘Breathing apparatus’ forthe U.S. military. It was a rebreather.n 1942: Georges Commeinhespatents a better version of his scubaset, now called the GC42 (“G” forGeorges, “C” for Commeinhes and“42” for 1942). Some are made bythe Commeinhes’ company.n 1942: with no relation with theCommeinhes family, Émile Gagnan,engineer employed by the AirLiquide company, obtains in Paris aRouquayrol-Denayrouze apparatus(property of the Bernard Piel com-pany in 1942). He miniaturizes andadapts it to gas generators sincetheGermans occupy France and con-fiscate the French fuel for warpurposes. Gagnan’s boss andowner of the Air Liquidecompany, Henri Melchior, decides tointroduce Gagnan to Jacques-YvesCousteau, his son-in-law, becausehe knows that Cousteau is lookingfor an efficient and automatic de-mand regulator. Both men meetthen in Paris in December 1942 andadapt Gagnan’s regulator to adiving cylinder.n 1943: after fixing some technicalproblems Cousteau and Gagnanpatent the first modern demandregulator.n Air Liquide builds two moreaqualungs: there were now three,owned by Cousteau but also at thedisposal of his first two divingcompanions FrédéricDumas and Taillez. All three menuse them to shoot thefilm Épaves (Shipwrecks), the firstunderwater film having been shot bymeans of scuba sets.n In July Commeinhes reached 53metres (about 174 feet) using hisGC42 breathing set off the coast ofMarseille.n In October, and not knowingabout Commeinhes exploit, Dumasdives with a Cousteau-Gagnanprototype and reaches 62 metres(about 200 feet) off Les Goudes, notfar from Marseille. He felt then whatis now called a nitrogen narcosis.n 1944: Commeinhes died in theliberation of Strasbourg in Alsace.His invention was submerged byCousteau’s invention.n Various nationsuse frogmen equippedwith rebreathers for some of thebest known and most spectacularwar actions: see Human torpedo.n Hans Hass later said thatduring WWII the German divinggear firm Dräger offered him an



open-circuit scuba set witha demand regulator. It may havebeen a separate invention, or it mayhave been copied from a capturedCommeinhes-type set.n Early 1944: the USA government,to try to stop men from beingdrowned in sunken army tanks,asked the company Mine SafetyAppliances (MSA) for a suitablesmall escape breathing set. MSAprovided a small open-circuit breathing set with a small (5to 7 liters) air cylinder, acircular demand regulator with atwo-lever system similar toCousteau’s design (connected tothe cylinder by a nut and conenipple connection), and one corru-gated wide breathingtube connected to a mouthpiece.This set was stated to be made from“off-the-shelf” items, which showsthat MSA had that regulator designbefore; also, that regulator lookslike the result of development andnot a prototype; it may have arisenaround 1943. In an example recov-ered in 2003 from asubmerged Sherman tank inthe Bay of Naples the cylinder wasbound round in tape and tied toa lifejacket. These sets were toolate for the D-day landings in June1944, but were used in the invasionof the south of France and inthe South Pacific war.n 1944: Cousteau’s first aqualung isdestroyed by a mis-aimed artillery shell inan Allied landing on the FrenchRiviera: that left two.Postwarn The public first hearsabout frogmen.n 1945: In Toulon, Cousteau showsthe film Épaves to theAdmiral Lemonnier. The Admiralmakes then Cousteau responsiblefor the creation of the underwaterresearch unit of the French Navy(the GRS, Groupe de RecherchesSous-marines, nowadays called theCEPHISMER). GRS’ first missionwas to clear of mines the Frenchcoasts and harbours. While creatingthe GRS, Cousteau only had at hisdisposal the two remaining Aqua-Lung prototypes made by l’AirLiquide in 1943.n 1946: Air Liquide creates LaSpirotechnique and starts to sellCousteau-Gagnan sets under thenames of scaphandre Cousteau-Gagnan(‘Cousteau-Gagnan scubaset’), CG45 (“C” for Cousteau, “G”for Gagnan and “45” for 1945, yearof their first postwar patent)or Aqua-Lung, the latter for com-mercialization in English-speakingcountries. This word is correctlya tradename that goes with theCousteau-Gagnan patent, but inBritain it has been commonly usedas a generic and spelt “aqualung”since at least the 1950s, includingin theBSAC’s publications andtraining manuals, and describingscuba diving as “aqualunging”.n Henri Broussard founds the firstpost-WWII scuba diving club,the Club Alpin Sous-Marin.Broussard was one of the first menwho Cousteau trained in the GRS.n Yves Le Prieur invents a newversion of his breathing set. Itsfullface mask’s front plate was loosein its seating and acted as a verybig, and therefore, very sensitivediaphragm for a demand regulator:see Diving regulator#Demandvalve.n The first known underwater divingclub in Britain, “The AmphibiansClub”, is formed in Aberdeen by IvorHowitt (who modified an oldcivilian gas mask) and somefriends. They called underwaterdiving “fathomeering”, to distinguishfrom jumping into water.n The Cave Diving Group (CDG) isformed in Britain.n 1947: Maurice Fargues becomesthe first diver to die using anaqualung while attempting a newdepth record with Cousteau’s Un-dersea Research Groupnear Toulonn 1948: Auguste Piccard sends thefirst bathyscaphe, FNRS-2, onunmanned dives.n Siebe Gorman and/or Heinke start making Cousteau-type aqualungs in England. SiebeGorman made those first patentedaqualungs at Chessington from1948 to 1960, popularly knownas tadpole sets. Captain Trevor

Hampton had a dive with one. SiebeGorman and the Royal Navy ex-pected aqualungs to be used withweighted boots for bottom-walkingfor light commercial diving.n Ted Eldred in Australia startsdesigning the first open-circuit single-hose scuba set known:see Porpoise (make of scuba gear).n Georges Beuchat in Francecreates the first surface buoy.n 1948 or 1949: Rene’s SportingGoods shop in California importsaqualungs from France. Two gradu-ate students, Andy Rechnitzer andBob Dill obtain a set and begin touse it for underwaterresearch. Hollywood seesAqualungs and gets interested.n 1949: William Beebe and OtisBarton makes record dive to 4,500feet in the Benthoscope.n 1950: a British naval divingmanual printed soon after this saidthat the aqualung is to be used forwalking on the bottom with a heavydiving suit and weighted boots, anddid not mention Cousteau.n A report to Cousteau said thatonly 10 aqualung sets had beensent to the USA because the marketthere was saturated.n The first camera housing calledTarzan is released by GeorgesBeuchat,n 1951: The movie “The Frogmen”is released. It is set in the PacificOcean in WWII. In its last 20 min-utes, it shows USA frogmen, usingbulky 3-cylindered aqualungs on acombat mission. This equipmentuse is anachronistic (in reality theywould have used rebreathers), but itshows that aqualungs were avail-able (even if not widely known of) inthe USA in 1951.n 1951: The US Navy starts todevelop wetsuits, but not known tothe public.n 1951: In December, the first issueof Skin Diver Magazine (USA)appears. The magazine ran untilNovember 2002.n Cousteau-type aqualungs go onsale in Canada.n 1952: UC Berkeley andsubsequent UC San Diego ScrippsInstitution ofOceanography physicist HughBradner, invents the modern wetsuitn 1952: Cousteau-type aqualungsgo on sale in the USA.n Ted Eldred in Melbourne, Austra-lia starts making for public salethe Porpoise (make of scuba gear).This was the world’s first commer-cially available single-hose scubaunit and was the forerunner of mostsport SCUBA equipment producedtoday. Only about 12,000 weremade.n After World War II Lambertsencalled his 1940-1944 rebreatherLARU (for Lambertsen AmphibiousRespiratory Unit) but as of 1952Lambertsen renamed again hisinvention and coins the acronymSCUBA (for “self-contained under-water breathing apparatus”). Duringthe following years this acronymwas used, more and more, to iden-tify the Cousteau-Gagnan appara-tus, taking the place of its originalname (Aqualung). In Britain theword aqualung, used for any de-mand-valve-controlled open-circuitscuba set, still continues to be usednowadays; in old times it was some-times inaccurately for any scuba setincluding rebreathers.Public interest in scuba diving takesoffn 1953: National GeographicMagazine publishes an article aboutCousteau’s underwater archaeologyat Grand Congloué island nearMarseille. This started a massivepublic demand for aqualungs anddiving gear, and in France andAmerica the diving gear makersstarted making them as fast as theycould. But in Britain SiebeGorman and Heinke kept aqualungsexpensive, and restrictions onexportingcurrency stopped peoplefrom importing them. Many Britishsport divers used home-madeconstant-flow breathing sets and ex-armed forces or ex-industrialrebreathers. In the early1950s, diving regulators madeby Siebe Gorman cost £15, whichwas an average week’s salary.n After the supply of war-surplus frogman’s drysuits ran out,free-swimming diving suits were notreadily available to the generalpublic, and as a result many scuba

Syria says revolt over, armyto pull out gradually

Syria says the year-longrevolt to topple PresidentBashar al-Assad is now over,but it will keep its forces incities to “maintain security”until it is safe to withdraw inkeeping with a U.N.-backedpeace deal. The agreementproposed by United Nations-Arab League special envoyKofi Annan says the Syrianauthorities must be first towithdraw troops and stopviolence immediately.The army kept up an offen-sive against oppositionstrongholds on Saturday,pummelling the Khalidiyadistrict of Homs city. “Mortars are falling every minute and the sounds ofexplosions are shaking the neighbourhood,” an activist report said. A childwas killed by rocket fire in the al-Bayyada area and a man was killed incrossfire in clashes near a check point.Rebels battled army forces near a base in Jaramaneh in Damascus prov-ince. Five bodies bearing signs of torture were found near Maarat al-Noaman, the report said. A soldier was killed when rebels ambushed atroop carrier in Deraa province. Despite the violence, Damascus says ithas the upper hand.“The battle to topple the state is over,” Syrian Foreign Ministry spokesmanJihad al-Makdissi told Syria TV late on Friday. “Our goal now is to ensurestability and create a perspective for reform and development in Syriawhile preventing others from sabotaging the path of reform.”His assertion follows army victories over rebel strongholds in the cities ofHama, Homs and Idlib, and Assad’s acceptance this week of Annan’s planthat does not demand he step down.Calls by Gulf Arab states to arm the rebels have fizzled. The politicalopposition remains divided, and prospects of Western-led military inter-vention are close to zero. Assad has endorsed Annan’s six-point peaceplan, which has the U.N. Security Council’s unanimous backing, butWestern leaders say the 46-year-old Syrian leader has broken similarpromises before and must be judged by actions not words.Assad’s opponents have not yet formally accepted the plan.They were due to meet the foreign ministers of allied Western powers,including U.S. Secretary of Sate Hillary Clinton, on Sunday at a “Friendsof Syria” conference in Turkey, which provides a safe haven for Syrianrebels.Makdissi said Annan, who had talks with Assad in Damascus on March10, had acknowledged the government’s right to respond to armed vio-lence during the ceasefire phase of the peace plan. He said Syria’s condi-tions for agreeing to Annan’s plan included recognition of its sovereigntyand right to security. “When security can be maintained for civilians, thearmy will leave, he said. “This is a Syrian matter.”However, Annan’s plan says Syria must stop putting troops into citiesforthwith and begin taking them out.“The Syrian government should immediately cease troop movementtowards, and end the use of heavy weapons in, population centres, andbegin pullback of military concentrations in and around population cen-tres,” it states. “As these actions are being taken on the ground, the Syr-ian government should work with the envoy to bring about a sustainedcessation of armed violence in all its forms by all parties with an effectiveUnited Nations supervision mechanism,” it says.The U.N. peacekeeping department will send a team to Damascus soonto begin planning for a possible ceasefire observer mission, Westerndiplomats said on Thursday, adding that it was unclear the 200 to 250monitors envisaged would ever be deployed. “We are very far from apeace to keep,” one said.Western diplomats say the key to the implementation of Annan’s ceasefire— the main thrust of the deal — lies in the sequencing of the army pull-back and ending rebel armed attacks.They say the opposition won’t feel safe negotiating before the army haltsits offensive, but also note it would be impractical to expect a completegovernment pullout before the rebels are obliged to respond.In 2011, an Arab League observer mission sent to oversee the promisedwithdrawal of the Syrian army from opposition flashpoints collapsed partlyover the issue of when and how troops could be withdrawn.More than 9,000 people have been killed by Assad’s forces during therevolt, according to the United Nations, while Damascus says it has lostabout 3,000 security force members.“The armed opposition is incapable of toppling the regime,” said SayyedHassan Nasrallah, leader of Assad’s Lebanese ally Hezbollah. Foreignintervention was a “closed subject”, he said.“Betting on military efforts to topple the regime is a losing gamble and theburden is too great: more bloodshed and loss of life and property, to noavail,” he said.Western and Arab foreign ministers backing Syrians trying to toppleAssad head for Istanbul on Saturday for what diplomats predict will be achallenging “Friends of Syria” conference.They will seek clear endorsement of the Annan plan from the SyrianNational Council (SNC), although their own governments are scepticalthat Assad will genuinely try to implement it.In Libya a year ago, the West and the Arabs quickly granted recognitionto a revolutionary national council as the sole legitimate government ofLibya. They are not close to doing the same for the splintered SNC inSyria, diplomats say. There is also little chance they will agree to armrebels. The Istanbul conference is instead expected to declare strongsupport for Annan’s peace proposals, which do not include an oppositionand Arab League demand that Assad go now. It is expected to demandthat he order a ceasefire without delay. If he does not withdraw his forces,the opposition can hardly be expected to begin a dialogue with him,diplomatic sources said. If he does, one question will be how effectivelythey can persuade disparate armed rebel groups to stop shooting.The Istanbul conference may press for immediate steps “to accept andimplement a daily two-hour humanitarian pause”, as Annan’s plan stipu-lates, until all fighting ceases. If Assad fails to keep his word, Annanwould have to decide whether to call time and tell the United Nations hehas failed to make peace through a “Syrian-led process”. The issue wouldthen return to the U.N. Security Council, with increased pressure onAssad’s allies Russia and China, which have endorsed Annan’s mission,to get tough with Damascus. Russia, however, has warned in advancethat it is not up to the “self-styled friends of Syria” to pronounce on Sun-day on whether Assad is keeping his part of the Annan deal or not.Diplomats say “Friends of Syria” powers construe the carefully-wordedterms of Annan’s six-point plan as intending that Assad will eventuallycede power in a political transition. but the language is nuanced to get astep-by-step process going. “I think inevitably we will see frustration thisweekend. We are all frustrated,” said one Western diplomat, speaking oncondition of anonymity. “It is frustrating that after more than a year, theviolence continues in Syria and has been particularly brutal over the lasttwo or three months and at the moment does not seem to be stopping.”

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divers dived with their skin bareexcept for swimming trunks. That iswhy scuba diving used often to becalled skindiving. Others dived inhomemade drysuits, or in thicklayers of ordinary clothes.n After the supply of war-surplusfrogman’s fins dried up, for a longtime fins were not available to thepublic, and some had to resort tosuch things as gluing marineply to plimsolls.n Captain Trevor Hampton foundsthe British UnderwaterCentre at Dartmouth in Devon inEngland.n Rene’s Sporting Goods shop(now owned by La Spirotechnique)becomes U.S. Divers, now a leadingmaker of diving equipment.n 15 October 1953: The BSAC isfounded.n 1954: USS Nautilus, the firstnuclear-powered submarine, islaunched.n The first manned dives occur inthe bathyscaphe FNRS-2.n First scuba certification course inthe USA is offered by the Los Ange-les County Department of Parks andRecreation. Program created byAlbert Tillman and Bev Morgan nowknown as LA County Scuba.n 1954: In theUSA, MSA advertises (in PopularMechanics magazine) a two-cylin-der aqualung-like open-circuitdiving set using the MSA regulator.n 1955: In Britain, “Practical Me-chanics” magazine publishes anitem “Making an Aqualung”.n 1955: Jacques-Yves Cousteauand assistant director Louis Malle, ayoung film maker of 23, shoot TheSilent World, one of the first films touse underwater cinematography toshow the ocean depths in color.n 1956: Wetsuits become availableto the public.n 1956: US Navy publishes tablesthat allow for repetitive diving.n Around this time, some Britishscuba divers start making homemade diving demandregulators from industrial parts,including Calor Gas regulators.(Since then, Calor Gas regulatorshave been redesigned, and thisconversion is now impossible.)n Later, Submarine ProductsLtd in Hexham in Northumberland,England designed round theCousteau-Gagnan patent and madesport diving breathing sets accessi-bly cheap. This forced SiebeGorman’s and Heinke’s prices downand started them selling to the sportdiving trade. (Siebe Gorman gaveits drysuitthe tradename ”Frogman”.) Be-cause of this better availability ofaqualungs, BSAC’s policy towardsrebreathers became merely “Herebe dragons: keep out!” and re-mained so for a long time. In theUSA, some oxygen diving clubsdeveloped down the years. Eventu-ally, the Cousteau-Gagnanpatent time-expired and any firmcould legally copy it.n 1956: The Silent World receivesan Academy Award for Best Docu-mentary Feature, and the Palmed’Or award at the Cannes FilmFestival.n 1957: The television series SeaHunt begins. It introduces scubadiving to the television audience. Itran until 1961.n 1958: USS Nautilus completesthe first ever voyage under the polarice to the North Pole and back.n 1958: The CMAS (World Under-water Federation) is founded inBrussels.n 1959: NAUI is founded by AlbertTillman and Neal Hess.n 1960: Jacques Piccard andLieutenant Don Walsh, USN, de-scend to the bottom ofthe Challenger Deep, the deepestknown point in the ocean (about10900m or 35802 feet = 6.78 miles)in the bathyscaphe Trieste.n USS Triton completes the firsteverunderwater circumnavigation of theworld.n In Italy, sport diving oxygenrebreathers continued to be madewell into the 1960s.n 1962: Robert Sténuit lives aboarda tiny one-man cylinder at 200 feetfor over 24 hours off Villefranche ontheFrench Riviera, becoming theworld’s first aquanaut.n 1964: In France, GeorgesBeuchat creates the Jetfins, first

vented fins.n 1964-1969: The U.S.Navy’s SEALAB underwaterhabitat project.n 1965: Robert D. Workman ofthe U.S. Navy Experimental DivingUnit (NEDU) publishes an equationfor computing decompression re-quirements suitable for implement-ing in a dive computer, rather than apre-computed table.n The film version of JamesBond in Thunderball (using bothsorts of open-circuit scuba) is re-leased and helps to make scubadiving popular.n 1966: PADI starts.n 1968: First known rebreatherwith electronic parts is made:the Electrolung.n 1971: Scubapro introduces theStabilization Jacket, now in Englandcommonly called stab jacket, andelsewhere Buoyancy Control (orCompensation) Device (BC orBCD).n 1972: Scubapro introduces thedecompression meter (the firstanalogic dive computer).n 1976: Professor Albert A.Bühlmann publishes his work ex-tending the equations to adapt todiving at altitude and with complexgas mixes.n 1983: The Orca Edge (the firstelectronic dive computer) is intro-duced.n 1985: The wreckof RMS Titanic is found. Air IndiaFlight 182, a Boeing 747 aircraft, isfound and salvaged off Cork,Ireland during the first large scaledeep water (6,200 feet) air crashinvestigation.n 1986 Apeks Marine Equipmentintroduced the first dry sealed 1stStage developed by Alan Clarkeengineering designer, later to housea patented electronic pressuresensor named STATUS.n 1989: The film TheAbyss (including an as-yet-fictionaldeep-sea liquid-breathing set) helpsto make scuba diving popular.n The Communist Bloc falls andthe Cold War ends (see Fall ofCommunism and dissolution of theSoviet Union), and with it the risk offuture attack by Communist Blocforces including by their combatdivers. After that, the world’s armedforces had less reason to requisitionrebreather patents submitted bycivilians, and sport diving automaticand semi-automaticmixture rebreathers start to appear.See “rebreather history” link below.n 1995: BSAC allows nitrox divingand introduced nitrox training.n 1996: PADI releases their En-riched Air Diver Course.n 1997: The film Titanic helps tomake underwater tripsonboard MIR submersible vehiclespopular.n 1998 August: Dives onRMS Titanic occur using RemotelyOperated Vehicle controlled fromthe surface (Magellan 725). Firstever live video broadcast from thesunken White Star liner is made.n 1999 July: The Liberty Bell 7 Mer-cury spacecraft is raised from16,043 feet (4891 m) of water in theAtlantic Ocean during the deepestcommercial search and recoveryoperation to date.

21st centur21st centur21st centur21st centur21st centuryyyyyn 2001 December:The BSAC allows rebreathers to beused in BSAC dives.n 2006 August 1: Equipped with anADS 2000 atmospheric suit a USNavy diver establishes a new depthrecord: 2,000 feet deep (609metres).n 2009 June: NAUI approves thefirst Standard Dress Sport Divingcourse. The course is conducted inAustralia, bringing antique helmetdiving back. n n n

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Develop India Year 4, Vol. 1, Issue 183, 5 - 12 Feb, 2012 · § “Holocene ” –€ Bon Iver § Justin Vernon, producer; Brian Joseph & Justin Vernon, engineers/mixers § “Grenade”