Determining MLC

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • 8/2/2019 Determining MLC

    1/11

    18(5):699. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.18.5.699.

    1980,Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.and S W ChapmanR D Pearson, R T Steigbigel, H T Davisconcentrations.lethal antibiotic

    determination of minimalMethod of reliable

    http://aac.asm.org/content/18/5/699found at:Updated information and services can be

    These include:

    CONTENT ALERTS

    morealerts (when new articles cite this article),Receive: RSS Feeds, eTOCs, free email

    http://aac.asm.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtmlInformation about commercial reprint orders:http://journals.asm.org/site/subscriptions/To subscribe to to another ASM Journal go to:

    onDecember5,2011byguest

    http://aac.asm.org/

    Downloa

    dedfrom

    http://aac.asm.org/cgi/alertshttp://aac.asm.org/cgi/alertshttp://aac.asm.org/cgi/alertshttp://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/cgi/alerts
  • 8/2/2019 Determining MLC

    2/11

    A N T I M I C R O B I A L AGENTS AND C H E M O T H E R A P Y , N o v . 1 9 8 0 , p . 6 9 9 - 7 0 80 0 6 6 - 4 8 0 4 / 8 0 / 1 1 - 0 6 9 9 / 1 0 $ 0 2 . 0 0 / 0 V o l . 1 8 , N o . 5

    M e t h o d f o r R e l i a b l e D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f M i n i m a l L e t h a lA n t i b i o t i c C o n c e n t r a t i o n sRICHARD D . P E A R S O N , ' t ROY T . S T E I G B I G E L , l * HENRY T . D A V I S , 2A ND S T A N L E Y W . CHAPMAN1t

    I n f e c t i o u s D i s e a s e s U n i t , D e p a r t m e n t o f M e d i c i n e , ' and D i v i s i o n o f B i o s t a t i s t i c s , 2 U n i v e r s i t y o f R o c h e s t e rS c h o o l o f M e d i c i n e , R o c h e s t e r , N ew Y o r k 1 4 6 4 2The l a c k o f a s t a n d a r d i z e d , s t a t i s t i c a l l y r e l i a b l e m e t h o d f o r i n v i t r o d e t e r m i -n a t i o n s o f t h e m i n i m a l l e t h a l o r b a c t e r i c i d a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f a n t i b i o t i c s h a sc o m p l i c a t e d a n a l y s e s o f i s o l a t e s o f S t a p h y l o c o c c u s a u r e u s w h i c h a p p e a r t o b ei n h i b i t e d b u t n o t k i l l e d b y t h e u s u a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f c e l l w a l l - a c t i v e a n t i b i o t i c s .We d e s c r i b e a m e t h o d w h i c h i d e n t i f i e s s o m e o f t h e c o v a r i a n t s i n v o l v e d i nd e t e r m i n a t i o n s o f m i n i i m a l l e t h a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . L e t h a l i t y w a s d e f i n e d a s a 9 9 . 9 %r e d u c t i o n i n t h e i n i t i a l i n o c u l u m o f b a c t e r i a a f t e r 2 4 h o f i n c u b a t i o n . We l i m i t e dt h e s a m p l e v o l u m e t o 0 . 0 1 m l t o m i n i m i z e t h e i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t o f a n t i b i o t i cc a r r i e d o v e r t o t h e s u b c u l t u r e p l a t e s . We p r o v i d e d a r a n g e f o r t h e i n i t i a l i n o c u l u ma n d c o r r e s p o n d i n g r e j e c t i o n v a l u e s , w h i c h d e t e c t e d l e t h a l i t y w i t h a h i g h d e g r e eo f s e n s i t i v i t y a n d s p e c i f i c i t y . When t h e n u m b e r o f c o l o n i e s o n s u b c u l t u r e w a se q u a l t o o r l e s s t h a n t h e r e j e c t i o n v a l u e , t h e a n t i b i o t i c w a s c o n s i d e r e d l e t h a l f o rt h e t e s t o r g a n i s m . R e j e c t i o n v a l u e s e n c o m p a s s e d i n i t i a l i n o c u l a f r o m 1 0 5 t o 1 0 7c o l o n y - f o r m i n g u n i t s p e r m l f o r s i n g l e a n d d u p l i c a t e s a m p l e s a n d a l l o w e d f o r 1 o r5% v a r i a b i l i t y i n p i p e t t e v o l u m e s a n d e r r o r s i n i n i t i a l i n o c u l u m d e t e r m i n a t i o n s .T h i s m e t h o d w a s u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e m i n i m a l l e t h a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f s e m i -s y n t h e t i c p e n i c i l l i n s f o r S . a u r e u s i s o l a t e s , o n e o f w h i c h w a s t o l e r a n t t o t h e k i l l i n ga c t i o n o f p e n i c i l l i n .

    D e s p i t e t h e w i d e s p r e a d c l i n i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n o fb r o t h d i l u t i o n a n t i m i c r o b i a l s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t e s t -i n g , t h e r e a r e v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o ft e s t s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e m i n i m a l l e t h a l ( o r b a c t e -r i c i d a l ) c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( M L C ) o f a n a n t i b i o t i c .E r i c s s o n a n d S h e r r i s ( 6 ) e m p h a s i z e d t h e i m p o r -t a n c e o f s t a n d a r d i z i n g r e a g e n t s a n d c o n d i t i o n sf o r d e t e r m i n a t i o n s o f t h e m i n i i m a l i n h i b i t o r yc o n c e n t r a t i o n o f a n a n t i b i o t i c . U n f o r t u n a t e l y ,t h e r e h a s b ee n n o u n i f o r m e x t e n s i o n t o M LCd e t e r m i n a t i o n s . T h e v a r i a b i l i t y i n m e t h o d s u s e dt o d e t e r m i n e MLCs h a s b e c o m e i n c r e a s i n g l ya p p a r e n t i n r e c e n t r e p o r t s o f t o l e r a n c e o f S t a p h -y l o c o c c u s a u r e u s t o t h e k i l l i n g a c t i o n o f c e l lw a l l - a c t i v e a n t i b i o t i c s ( 2 , 4 , 7 - 1 0 ) . A l t h o u g hm o s t i n v e s t i g a t o r s h a v e d e f i n e d t h e M LC a s t h el o w e s t a n t i b i o t i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n t h a t k i l l s 0 . 9 9 9o r more o f t h e i n i t i a l i n o c u l u m , t h e r e h a v e b e e nw i d e v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f c u l t u r e , t h ec o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e i n i t i a l i n o c u l u m , a n d t h et i m i n g , n u m b e r , a n d v o l u m e o f s a m p l e s s u b c u l -t u r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e n u m b e r o f s u r v i v i n g o r -g a n i s m s . E v e n a f t e r t h e v a r i a b i l i t y d u e t o t h e s ec o v a r i a n t f a c t o r s h a s b e e n a c c o u n t e d f o r , i n t r i n -t P r e s e n t a d d r e s s : D e p a r t m e n t o f M e d i c i n e , U n i v e r s i t y o fV i r g i n i a S c h o o l o f M e d i c i n e , C h a r l o t t e s v i l l e , VA 2 2 9 0 8 .: P r e s e n t a d d r e s s : D e p a r t m e n t o f M e d i c i n e , V e t e r a n s A d -m i n i s t r a t i o n C e n t e r , U n i v e r s i t y o f M i s s i s s i p p i M e d i c a l C e n t e r ,J a c k s o n , MS 3 9 2 1 6 .

    s i c s a m p l i n g v a r i a b i l i t y d u e t o t h e P o i s s o n d i s -t r i b u t i o n o f s a m p l e r e s p o n s e s m u s t b e a c c o m -m o d a t e d i n a n y t e s t p r o c e d u r e .T o d e t e r m i n e r e l i a b l y w h e t h e r a n a n t i b i o t i ch a s p r o d u c e d a p r e d e f i n e d r e d u c t i o n i n t h e i n i -t i a l i n o c u l u m , a t e s t p r o c e d u r e m u s t b e d e v i s e ds o t h a t t h e n u m b e r o f c o l o n i e s i n a s a m p l e ( s ) i se q u a l t o o r l e s s t h a n a s p e c i f i c v a l u e ( h e r e a f t e rt e r m e d t h e r e j e c t i o n v a l u e ) . B e c a u s e o f i n t r i n s i cs a m p l i n g v a r i a b i l i t y , i t i s n o t a p p r o p r i a t e t o i n -t e r p r e t t h e r e j e c t i o n v a l u e a s d e t e r m i n i n g w i t hc e r t a i n t y t h a t a p r e d e f i n e d k i l l h a s o c c u r r e d .The s e n s i t i v i t y a n d s p e c i f i c i t y o f t h e t e s t p r o c e -d u r e a r e u s e d a s i n d e x e s o f t h e u n c e r t a i n t y o ft h e p r o c e d u r e . The s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e t e s t p r o -c e d u r e i s t h e t r u e r a t e o f c o r r e c t l y i d e n t i f y i n ga n t i b i o t i c l e t h a l i t y , a n d t h e s p e c i f i c i t y i s t h e t r u er a t e o f c o r r e c t l y i d e n t i f y i n g n o n l e t h a l i t y . A p e r -f e c t l y s e n s i t i v e a n d s p e c i f i c p r o c e d u r e i s c l e a r l yn o t p o s s i b l e . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e s e n s i t i v i t y a n ds p e c i f i c i t y o f a t e s t p r o c e d u r e d e p e n d s u p o n t h ec h o i c e ( o f t e n n o t c l e a r l y s t a t e d ) o f e x p e r i m e n t a lc o n d i t i o n s . I n t h i s p a p e r we ( i ) b r i e f l y o u t l i n et h e p r o b a b i l i t y c o n c e p t s t h a t u n d e r l i e e v e r y t e s tf o r l e t h a l i t y , ( i i ) d e s c r i b e a m o d e l a p p l i c a b l e t ot h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f M L C s , w h i c h p r o v i d e s r e -j e c t i o n v a l u e s w i t h a h i g h d e g r e e o f s e n s i t i v i t ya n d s p e c i f i c i t y , ( i i i ) i n v e s t i g a t e t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o fb i a s i n t r o d u c e d b y a n t i b i o t i c t r a n s f e r r e d i n s a m -

    6 9 9

    onDecember5,2011byguest

    http://aac.asm.org/

    Downloa

    dedfrom

    http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/
  • 8/2/2019 Determining MLC

    3/11

    A N T I M I C R O B . AGENTS C H E M O T H E R .p l e s t o s u b c u l t u r e p l a t e s , a n d ( i v ) g i v e e x a m p l e so f t h e t e s t p r o c e d u r e a p p l i e d t o MLC d e t e r m i -n a t i o n s f o r S . a u r e u s i s o l a t e s .

    M ATERIALS AND M E T H O D SP r o b a b i l i t y c o n c e p t s . We u s e a s t a n d a r d d e f i n i -t i o n o f l e t h a l i t y . T h i s d e f i n i t i o n s t a t e s t h a t i f a p r o -p o r t i o n o f 0 . 9 9 9 o r g r e a t e r o f t h e i n i t i a l i n o c u l u m h a sb e e n k i l l e d b y 2 4 h , t h e a n t i b i o t i c i s l e t h a l ; o t h e r w i s ei t i s n o n l e t h a l . H e n c e , a t e s t f o r a n t i b i o t i c l e t h a l i t y i sp o s i t i v e i f i t i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e a n t i b i o t i c i s l e t h a l a n dn e g a t i v e i f i t i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e a n t i b i o t i c i s n o n l e t h a l .T h e s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e t e s t i s t h e t r u e p o s i t i v e r a t e( t h a t i s , t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f p o s i t i v e s a m p l e s f r o m ap o p u l a t i o n w h e r e l e t h a l i t y h a s o c c u r r e d ) , a n d t h es p e c i f i c i t y o f t h e t e s t i s th e t r u e n e g a t i v e r a t e .T h e t e s t p r o c e d u r e w h i c h we u s e d f o l l o w s . We

    d e f i n e j a s t h e n u m b e r o f s a m p l e s , e a c h o f v o l u m e v ,2 4 h a f t e r a n a n t i b i o t i c h a s b e e n a d d ed t o a n i n i t i a li n o c u l u m . T h e t o t a l n u m b e r ( N ) o f v i a b l e c o l o n y -f o r m i n g u n i t s ( C F U s ) i n t h e s e j s a m p l e s i s t h e nc o u n t e d . We t h e n c o m p a r e N w i t h t h e r e j e c t i o n v a l u eo f t h e t e s t ( R ) . I f N ' R , t h e t e s t i s p o s i t i v e , a n d i f N2 R , t h e t e s t i s n e g a t i v e . I f we l e t I d e n o t e th e i n i t i a lc o n c e n t r a t i o n o f b a c t e r i a i n CFU p e r m i l l i l i t e r , t h e nt h e r e j e c t i o n p o i n t o f t h e t e s t ( R ) i s a f u n c t i o n o f I , j ,v , t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f l e t h a l i t y , a n d t h e d e s i r e d s e n s i t i v i t yo f t h e t e s t ( i n p e r c e n t ) . The r e j e c t i o n v a l u e d e t e r m i n e st h e s p e c i f i c i t y o f t h e t e s t . T h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e r e j e c -t i o n v a l u e i s b a s e d u p o n t h e p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o no f N .We l e t p d e n o t e t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e i n i t i a l i n o c u -l u m r e m a i n i n g a f t e r 2 4 h . ( I f t he a n t i b i o t i c i s l e t h a l ,we s h o u l d h a v e p c 1 0 - ' . ) I t c a n b e t h e o r e t i c a l l yp r o v e n t h a t i f ( i ) e a c h o f t h e j s a m p l e s i s a r a n d o ms a m p l e f r o m t h e p o p u l a t i o n a n d ( i i ) t h e s a m p l e s a r ei n d e p e n d e n t , t h e n N f o l l o w s a P o i s s o n d i s t r i b u t i o nw i t h t h e mean 6 = ( j ) ( I ) ( v ) ( p ) .C o n v e r s e l y , i f N d o e s n o t e m p i r i c a l l y f o l l o w a P o i s -s o n d i s t r i b u t i o n , e i t h e r t h e s a m p l e s a r e n o t i n d e p e n -d e n t o r , m o r e l i k e l y , t h e s a m p l i n g m e t h o d d o e s n o ty i e l d r a n d o m s a m p l e s f r o m th e p o p u l a t i o n . F o r s a m -p l e s t o b e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , t he p o p u la ti o n m u s t b ea d e q u a t e l y m i x e d b e f o r e s a m p l i n g a n d e a c h s a m p l em u s t b e o f t h e s a m e v o l u m e .U n d e r t h e a b o v e - d e s c r i b e d P o i s s o n m o d e l , t h e r e -j e c t i o n v a l u e i s d e f i n e d t o b e a p o i n t s u c h t h a t aP o i s s o n r a n d o m v a r i a b l e w i t h m e an O L =( j ) ( I ) ( v ) ( 1 0 - 3 ) i s l e s s t h a n t h e r e j e c t i o n v a l u e i n e x -a c t l y , B p e r c e n t o f t h e s a m p l e s f r o m t h a t r a n d o mv a r i a b l e . I n p r o b a b i l i t y n o t a t i o n , t h i s i s e x p r e s s e d ,l e t t i n g Y d e n o t e t h e P o i s s o n r a n d o m v a r i a b l e w i t hmean & L , a s : P r ( Y c R ) = , B / 1 0 0 .T h e e x a c t v a l u e o f t h e s p e c i f i c i t y o f t h e t e s t c o n -s t r u c t e d a b o v e d e p e n d s u p o n t h e a l t e r n a t i v e k i l l t ow h i c h i t i s c o m p a r e d . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e t e s t c o n -s t r u c t e d a b o v e i s m o r e s p e c i f i c f o r a n a l t e r n a t i v e o f0 . 9 9 5 k i l l t h a n i t i s f o r a n a l t e r n a t i v e o f 0 . 9 9 8 k i l l . T h a ti s , t h e h i g h e r t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f i n i t i a l i n o c u l u m r e -m a i n i n g , t h e m o r e s p e c i f i c t h e t e s t i s . We h a v e u s e d a0 . 9 9 5 o r l e s s k i l l o f t h e i n i t i a l i n o c u l u m a s a r e a s o n a b l ea l t e r n a t i v e k i l l t o c a l c u l a t e s p e c i f i c i t y . The l o w e s ts p e c i f i c i t y v a l u e w o u l d t h e n o c c u r w h e n a p r o p o r t i o no f e x a c t l y 0 . 9 9 5 o f th e i n i t i a l i n o c u l u m h a s b e e n k i l l e d .I n t h a t c a s e , P = 0 . 0 0 5 , a n d t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f

    c o l o n i e s i n a l l s a m p l e s f o l l o w s a P o i s s o n d i s t r i b u t i o nw i t h mean 5 6 , w h e r e 6 i s t h e mean f o r a 0 . 9 9 9 k i l l . I f- y e q u a l s t h e p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t Z > R , w h e r e Z i s aP o i s s o n r a n d o m v a r i a b l e w i t h mean 5 6 , t h e n t h e s p e c -i f i c i t y o f t h e t e s t i s y x 1 0 0 % .C o r r e c t i o n f o r e r r o r i n s a m p l e v o l u m e . I n m a k -i n g t he c a l c u l a t i o n s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e , we h a v e a s s u m e dt h a t t h e s a m p l e v o l u m e i s e x a c t l y 0 . 0 1 m l . I n p r a c t i c et h e s a m p l e v o l u m e m ay v a r y d u e t o v a r i a b i l i t y i np i p e t t i n g . T h e c a l c u l a t i o n s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e a r e e a s i l ym o d i f i e d t o i n c o r p o r a t e s u c h s a m p l i n g e r r o r i n d e t e r -m i n i n g t h e r e j e c t i o n p o i n t .S u p p o s e t h a t t h e p i p e t t e s a m p l i n g e r r o r i s 5 % ;t h a t i s , a 0 . 0 1 - m l s a m p l e c o u l d b e a s s m a l l a s 0 . 0 0 9 5m l o r a s l a r g e a s 0 . 0 1 0 5 m l . F o r s e n s i t i v i t y c a l c u l a t i o n s ,t he w o r s t c a s e w o u l d b e w h e n a l l s a m p l e s w e r e 0 . 0 1 0 5m l ( s i n c e t h i s w o u l d l e a d t o a v a l u e o f N w h i c h i s t o ol a r g e ) . To a c c o u n t f o r t h i s i n s e n s i t i v i t y , we u s e d v =0 . 0 1 0 5 m l r a t h e r t h a n v = 0 . 0 1 m l i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s .T h a t i s , i f 6 i s t h e mean f o r a 0 . 9 9 9 k i l l , we u s e d 1 . 0 5 6r a t h e r t h a n 6 i n s e n s i t i v i t y c a l c u l a t i o n s .F o r s p e c i f i c i t y c a l c u l a t i o n s , t h e w o r s t c a s e i s w h e na l l s a m p l e s a r e 0 . 0 0 9 5 m l . T h e r e f o r e , i n t h e s e c a l c u l a -t i o n s v = 0 . 0 0 9 5 m l s h o u l d b e u s e d r a t h e r t h a n v =0 . 0 1 m l . H e n c e , f o r a n a l t e r n a t i v e o f 0 . 9 9 5 o r l e s s k i l l ,we u s e d 5 x 0 . 9 5 x 6 = 4 . 7 5 0 r a t h e r t h a n 5 6 i ns p e c i f i c i t y c a l c u l a t i o n s .A b b r e v i a t e d m e t h o d f o r c a l c u l a t i on o f P o i s s o np r o b a b i l i t i e s . F o r a n y p r o b a b i l i t y f i a n d a n y mean0 , we l e t P # ( 6 ) b e d e f i n e d b y P r { Y 5 P # ( O ) ) = f , , w h e r eY i s a P o i s s o n r a n d o m v a r i a b l e w i t h mean 6 . F o r t h ea b o v e - d e s c r i b e d s e n s i t i v i t y a n d s p e c i f i c i t y c a l c u l a -t i o n s , i t w a s n e c e s s a r y t o c a l c u l a t e P # ( 6 ) f o r v a r y i n gv a l u e s o f 8 6 a n d 6 . To f i n d P # ( 6 ) , t h e m e t h o d d e s c r i b e db y B r o w n l e e ( 5 ) w a s u s e d . I n s t e a d o f s t a r t i n g w i t h t h ep r o b a b i l i t y / B , t h i s m e t h o d s t a r t s b y c h o o s i n g a v a l u ef o r P p ( O ) , s a y t h e r e j e c t i o n v a l u e . I f [ 2 ( R + 1 ) ] i s ac h i - s q u a r e r a n d o m v a r i a b l e w i t h 2 ( R + 1 ) d e g r e e s o ff r e e d o m , t h e n

    P r { Y c R ) = 8 = P r { x 2 [ 2 ( R + 1 ) ] > 2 6 1 ( 1 )( S e e b e l o w f o r j u s t i f i c a t i o n . )I f t h e v a l u e o f , c a l c u l a t e d i n f o r m u l a 1 i s t o o s m a l l ,t h e r e j e c t i o n v a l u e i s i n c r e a s e d ; i f i t i s t o o l a r g e , t h er e j e c t i o n v a l u e i s d e c r e a s e d . T h i s p r o c e d u r e i s r e -p e a t e d u n t i l t h e d e s i r e d v a l u e o f , B i s o b t a i n e d .To i l l u s t r a t e , s u p p o s e t h a t t h e i n i t i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o no f b a c t e r i a ( I ) i s 5 x 1 0 5 C F U / m l , d o u b l e s a m p l i n g i su s e d ( j = 2 ) , a n d s a m p l e v o l u m e s a r e 0 . 0 1 m l ( v = 0 . 0 1m l ) . T o c o n s t r u c t a t e s t o f 9 9 . 9 5 % s e n s i t i v i t y (,B=0 . 9 9 9 5 ) f o r 0 . 9 9 9 k i l l ( p = 0 . 0 0 1 ) , we f i r s t n o t e t h a t 0= ( j ) ( I ) ( v ) ( p ) a n d t h u s t h a t 6 = ( 2 ) ( 5 x1 0 5 ) ( 0 . 0 1 ) ( 0 . 0 0 1 ) = 1 0 . H e n c e , 2 0 = 2 0 . L o o k i n g a t t a b l eo f c h i - s q u a r e p e r c e n t a g e p o i n t s , we s e e th e f o l l o w i n g :P r { x f > 2 0 ) > 0 . 9 9 5 i f f > 4 4 ; P r { x f > 2 0 3 < 0 . 9 9 5 i ff < 4 4 ; a n d P r { x 4 4 > 2 0 ) i s a l m o s t e x a c t l y 0 . 9 9 5 .T h e r e f o r e , 2 ( R + 1 ) = 4 4 , o r R = 2 1 .T h a t i s , i f we a c c e p t a 0 . 9 9 9 k i l l when N c 2 1 , R =2 1 i s t h e m o s t s p e c i f i c r e j e c t i o n p o i n t w i t h a s e n s i t i v i t yo f 9 9 . 9 5 % .B a c t e r i a and a n t i b i o t i c s . S . a u r e u s A T C C 2 5 9 2 3 ,c l i n i c a l i s o l a t e s , a n d a t o l e r a n t S . a u r e u s s t r a i n ( E r i c k -s o n s t r a i n ) o b t a i n e d f r o m L . S a b a t h ( U n i v e r s i t y o fM i n n es o t a M ed i c a l S c h o o l , M i n n e a p o l i s ) w e r e s t u d -i e d . N a f c i l l i n ( s o d i u m s a l t ; W y e t h L a b o r a t o r i e s , P h i l -a d e l p h i a , P a . ) , m e t h i c i l l i n ( s o d i u m s a l t ; B r i s t o l L a b o -

    7 0 0 P E A R S O N E T A L .

    onDecember5,2011byguest

    http://aac.asm.org/

    Downloa

    dedfrom

    http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/
  • 8/2/2019 Determining MLC

    4/11

    V O L . 1 8 , 1 9 8 0r a t o r i e s , S y r a c u s e , N . Y . ) , a n d c e p h a l o t h i n ( s o d i u ms a l t ; E l i L i l l y & C o . , I n d i a n a p o l i s , I n d . ) w e r e p r e p a r e di n d i s t i l l e d w a t e r a t f i n a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f 1 0 0 , u g / m la n d s t o r e d a t - 7 0 C . D i l u t i o n s o f t h e s e a n t i b i o t i c s i nM u e l l e r - H i n t o n b r o t h (MHB) ( l o t 6 4 8 3 8 3 ; D i f c o L a b -o r a t o r i e s , D e t r o i t , M i c h . ) w e r e p r e p a r e d on t h e d a y o fs t u d y .S . aureus was g r o w n o v e m i g h t a t 3 7 0 C i n T r y p t i -case so y b r o t h ( D i f c o L a b o r a t o r i e s ) a n d d i l u t e d t oa p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 x 1 0 6 CFU/ml i n MHB on t h e b a s i so f o p t i c a l d e n s i t y w i t h a s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t e r ( S p e c -t r o n i c 2 0 ; B a u s c h & L o m b , I n c . , R o c h e s t e r , N . Y . ) .A c t u a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s were d e t e r m i n e d b y c u l t u r i n g0 . 0 1 - m l s a m p l e s f r o m s e r i a l 1 0 - f o l d d i l u t i o n s o f t h ei n i t i a l i n o c u l a on T r y p t i c a s e so y agar ( D i f c o L a b o r a -t o r i e s ) . S a m p l e s were s p r e a d w i t h a g l a s s r o d on ar o t a t i n g p l a t f o r m .Goodness o f f i t t o t h e P o i s s o n d i s t r i b u t i o n .S i n c e t he a b o ve - d es c r i b ed c a l c u l a t i o n s w e r e b a s e dupon t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t N was P o i s s o n d i s t r i b u t e d ,s e v e r a l e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h ev a l i d i t y o f t h e a s s u m p t i o n . S . aureus A T C C 2 5 9 2 3 wasg r o w n o v e r n i g h t i n T r y p t i c a s e so y b r o t h a n d d i l u t e dt o a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 x 1 0 2 , 5 x 1 0 3 , o r 1 x 1 0 4 CFU/mli n MHB on t h e b a s i s o f o p t i c a l d e n s i t y ; 2 5 c o n s e c u t i v e0 . 0 1 - m l s a m p l e s w e r e t a k e n f r o m e a c h o f t h e s e b a c t e -r i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w i t h an a u t o m a t i c p i p e t t e ( O x f o r dL a b o r a t o r i e s , F o s t e r C i t y , C a l i f . ) a n d s p r e a d o n t oT r y p t i c a s e s o y a ga r p l a t e s . T he number o f c o l o n i e s one a c h p l a t e was c o u n t e d a f t e r 2 4 h o f i n c u b a t i o n i n 5%C 0 2 - r o o m a i r a t 3 7 0 C . The d a t a f r o m t h e s e e x p e r i -ments ( T a b l e 1 ) w e r e t h e n a n a l y z e d i n t h r e e d i f f e r e n tways.

    F i r s t , f o r e a c h e x p e r i m e n t an o v e r a l l c h i - s q u a r eg o o d n e s s o f f i t t o t h e P o i s s o n d i s t r i b u t i o n was d o n e .S e c o n d , e s t i m a t i n g t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f i n o c u l u mf r o m t h e mean number o f c o l o n i e s i n t h e s a m p l e s a n da s s u m i n g t h a t t h i s was t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n f o r a j u s tl e t h a l k i l l ( i . e . , t h a t t h e i n i t i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n was ex -a c t l y 1 0 3 g r e a t e r ) , t h e r e l e v a n t r e j e c t i o n v a l u e wasc a l c u l a t e d b y t h e p r o c e d u r e g i v e n a b o v e . T he numbero f s a m p l e s w h i c h was l e s s t h a n o r e q u a l t o t h e r e j e c t i o nv a l u e was t h e n c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e s e n s i t i v i t y pre-d i c t e d b y t h e P o i s s o n m o d e l . T h i r d , f o r t h e h i g h e s ttwo c o n c e n t r a t i o n s t h e p r e c e d i n g p r o c e d u r e was r e -p e a t e d , a s s u m i n g t h a t we we r e o b s e r v i n g t h e r e s u l t o fa 0 . 9 9 5 p r o p o r t i o n n o n l e t h a l k i l l . I n t h i s case t h enumber o f s a m p l e s l e s s t h a n o r e q u a l t o t h e r e j e c t i o nv a l u e was c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e s p e c i f i c i t y p r e d i c t e d b yt h e P o i s s o n m o d e l .Th e l a s t t w o a n a l y s e s w e r e d o n e s i n c e i m p o r t a n td e v i a t i o n s f r o m t h e P o i s s o n m o d e l m i g h t a f f e c t s e n s i -t i v i t y a n d s p e c i f i c i t y c a l c u l a t i o n s .E f f e c t o f a n t i b i o t i c t r a n s f e r r e d i n s a m p l e s . T oassess t h e e f f e c t o f a n t i b i o t i c t r a n s f e r r e d f r o m t h et u b e s t o t h e s u b c u l t u r e p l a t e s a n d t o d e t e r m i n e t h eo p t i m u m s a m p l e v o l u m e f o r MLC d e t e r m i n a t i o n s ,s e r i a l t w o - f o l d d i l u t i o n s o f n a f c i l l i n , m e t h i c i l l i n , andc e p h a l o t h i n were p r e p a r e d i n MHB a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n sr a n g i n g f r o m 5 0 t o 0 . 1 , u g / m l ; 2 - m l v o l u m e s o f e a c hc o n c e n t r a t i o n w e r e i n c u b a t e d i n g l a s s t u b e s ( 1 3 b y 1 0 0mm; S c i e n t i f i c P r o d u c t s , Mc G raw P a r k , I l l . ) f o r 2 4 ha t 3 7 0 C i n room a i r . A u t o m a t i c p i p e t t e s ( O x f o r d L a b -o r a t o r i e s ) w e r e u s e d t o t r a n s f e r 0 . 0 1 m l 1 . 5 % ( s t a n -d a r d d e v i a t i o n ; s p e c i f i c a t i o n s o f m a n u f a c t u r e r ) , 0 . 0 5m l 1 . 0 % , a n d 0 . 1 m l + 1 . 0 % t o t h e c e n t e r s o f T r y p -

    ANTIBIOTIC MLCs 7 0 1t i c a s e so y agar p l a t e s . The E r i c k s o n s t r a i n o f S . aureusa t a c o n c e n tr a t i o n o f 2 x 1 0 2 b a c t e r i a per 0 . 0 1 m l o fMHB was i m m e d i a t e l y a d d e d , a n d t h e s a m p l e wass p r e a d w i t h a g l a s s r o d on a r o t a t i n g p l a t f o r m . A l ls a m p l e s we r e d o n e i n d u p l i c a t e . C o n t r o l p l a t e s t ow h i c h no a n t i b i o t i c was t r a n s f e r r e d were a l s o pre-p a r e d . A l l p l a t e s were i n c u b a t e d f o r 2 4 h a t 3 7 C i n5% C 0 2 - r o o m a i r b e f o r e c o u n t i n g .B r o t h d i l u t i o n t e s t s . S t a n d a r d b r o t h d i l u t i o n sus-c e p t i b i l i t y t e s t s were p e r f o r m e d b y f o l l o w i n g t h eg u i d e l i n e s o f E r i c s s o n a n d S h e r r i s ( 6 ) . S e r i a l t w o f o l dd i l u t i o n s o f t h e a n t i b i o t i c s were p r e p a r e d i n M H B; t h eh i g h e s t c o n c e n t r a t i o n u s e d was 100 u g / m l , a n d t h el o w e s t c o n c e n t r a t i o n u s e d was 0 . 2 u g / m l . A 1 - m l v o l -ume o f e a c h was p l a c e d i n a g l a s s t u b e ( 1 3 b y 1 0 0 mm)t o w h i c h 1 m l o f MHB c o n t a i n i n g b a c t e r i a was a d d e d .The f i n a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f a n t i b i o t i c s r a n g e d f r o m 5 0t o 0 . 1 , u g / m l , a n d t h e b a c t e r i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s r a n g e df r o m 3 x . 1 0 5 t o 1 x 1 0 6 C F U / m l . D u p l i c a t e t u b e s wereincubated a t 3 7 T G in r o o m aIr r 2 4 h . The m i n i m a li n h i b i t o r y c o n c e n t r a t i o n was t h e l o w e s t a n t i b i o t i c con -c e n t r a t i o n w h i c h p r e v e n t e d v i s i b l e g r o w t h .The n u m b e r o f o r g a n i s m s s u r v i v i n g a t 2 4 h wasd e t e r m i n e d b y a g i t a t i n g a n d s a m p l i n g a l l t u b e s w i t h -o u t v i s i b l e g r o w t h a n d t h e f i r s t t u b e w i t h g r o w t h . AAQil s a m p l e was p l a t e d a s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e , i n c u -b a _ t e d a t 3 7 0 C i n 5 % C O 2 - r o o m a i r f o r 2 4 h , a n dc o u n t e d .

    RESULTSD e t e r m i n a t i o n o f r e j e c t i o n v a l u e s . By em-p l o y i n g t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e number o f c o l -

    o n i e s i n a s a m p l e was P o i s s o n d i s t r i b u t e d , t h eTABLE 1 . E f f e c t o f s a m p l i n g v a r i a b i l i t y o n t h en u m b e r o f S . a u r e u s c o l o n i e s i n 0 . 0 1 - m l s a m p l e s 0

    E x p e c t e dA p p r o x i x n a t e n o . o fN o . o f c o l o n i e s N o . o f s a m p l e sconcn p e r p l a t e b s a m p l e s i f P o i s s o n( C F U / m i l ) d i s t r i b -u t e d

    1 x 1 0 2 Oo r 1 1 6 1 8 . 42 o r more 9 6 . 63 X 1 0 3 2 2 o r f e w e r 1 0 . 4 42 3 - 2 7 4 2 . 6 22 8 - 3 2 5 6 . 7 73 3 - 3 7 1 1 8 . 1 23 8 o r m o r e 4 7 . 0 61 X 1 0 4 L e s s t h a n 6 0 0 06 0 - 7 9 6 0 . 0 28 0 - 1 3 9 1 5 2 4 . 81 4 0 - 1 5 9 3 01 6 0 o r m o r e 1 0

    a n = 2 5 .h W i t h a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 1 x 1 0 2 C F U / m l , t h e r a n g ew a s 0 t o 6 c o l o n i e s p e r p l a t e , a n d t h e m e an + s t a n d a r dd e v i a t i o n wa s 1 . 2 8 1 . 8 1 c o l o n i e s p e r p l a t e . W i t h ac o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 3 X 1 0 3 C F U / m l , t h e r a n g e wa s 2 1 t o5 6 c o l o n i e s p e r p l a t e , a n d t h e m e a n s t a n d a r d d e v i a -t i o n wa s 3 4 . 2 4 8 . 4 7 c o l o n i e s p e r p l a t e . A n d w i t h ac o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 1 x 1 0 4 C F U / m l , t h e r a n g e wa s 6 4 t o1 7 3 c o l o n i e s p e r p l a t e , a n d t h e m e a n s t a n d a r dd e v i a t i o n w a s 1 1 0 . 1 2 3 0 . 9 7 c o l o n i e s p e r p l a t e .

    onDecember5,2011byguest

    http://aac.asm.org/

    Downloa

    dedfrom

    http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/
  • 8/2/2019 Determining MLC

    5/11

    A N T I M I C R O B . A G E N T S CHEMOTHER.r e j e c t i o n v a l u e s were c a l c u l a t e d b y t h e m e t h o do u t l i n e d a b o v e f o r i n i t i a l i n o c u l u m v a l u e s rang-i n g f r o m 1 0 5 t o 1 0 7 C F U / m l . U s i n g a s a m p l ev o l u m e ( v ) o f 0 . 0 1 m l , we p e r f o r m e d t h e c a l c u -l a t i o n s f o r b o t h s i n g l e s a m p l e s ( j = 1 ; T a b l e 2 )a n d d o u b l e s a m p l e s ( j = 2 ; T a b l e 3 ) . T a b l e s 2a n d 3 p r o v i d e r e j e c t i o n v a l u e s w h i c h a l l o w f o r1 % error i n p i p e t t e v o l u m e , w h i c h i s t h e l e v e l o fe r r o r g i v e n b y t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r o f t h e s e m i a u -t o m a t i c p i p e t t e s u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y . I n a d d i t i o n ,a s e c o n d s e t o f r e j e c t i o n v a l u e s i s p r o v i d e d ,w h i c h i n c o r p o r a t e a 5% e r r o r i n p i p e t t i n g a n dt h e f u l l s a m p l i n g error i n h e r e n t i n t h e d e t e r m i -n a t i o n o f t h e i n i t i a l i n o c u l u m . T he i n i t i a l i n o c -u l u m d e t e r m i n a t i o n was s u b j e c t t o t h e samet y p e o f error as o c c u r r e d i n d e t e r m i n a t i o n s o ft h e number o f CFU s u r v i v i n g a f t e r 2 4 h o fi n c u b a t i o n o f t h e a n t i b i o t i c s w i t h t h e b a c t e r i a .T h i s e r r o r i s i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t h e s e c o n d s e t o fr e j e c t i o n v a l u e s i n T a b l e s 2 a n d 3 , a l o n g w i t ht h e i r s e n s i t i v i t i e s and s p e c i f i c i t i e s f o r d e t e c t i o no f l e t h a l i t y . T he f o r m u l a s u s e d t o c a l c u l a t e t h e s er e j e c t i o n v a l u e s a r e more c o m p l e x t h a n t h o s eg i v e n e a r l i e r a n d a r e s h o w n b e l o w . O b v i o u s l y ,t h e c h o i c e o f d e s i r e d s e n s i t i v i t y a f f e c t s t h e c a l -c u l a t i o n s f o r t h e t a b l e s . T h e r u l e s w h i c h wee m p l o y e d i n g e n e r a t i n g T a b l e s 2 a n d 3 w e r e a sf o l l o w s . ( i ) T he s e n s i t i v i t y s h o u l d b e a t l e a s t7 0 % . ( i i ) T he s p e c i f i c i t y s h o u l d b e a t l e a s t 99%

    w i t h o u t v i o l a t i n g ( i ) ; o t h e r w i s e i t s h o u l d b e t h es p e c i f i c i t y a t t h e s m a l l e s t a t t a i n a b l e s e n s i t i v i t ya b o v e 7 0 % . ( i i i ) S u b j e c t t o ( i i ) , t h e s e n s i t i v i t ys h o u l d b e a s l a r g e a s p o s s i b l e u n l e s s b o t h as e n s i t i v i t y a n d s p e c i f i c i t y o f 9 9 % a r e s i m u l t a n e -o u s l y a t t a i n a b l e . ( i v ) When a s e n s i t i v i t y a n ds p e c i f i c i t y o f 9 9 % a r e s i m u l t a n e o u s l y a t t a i n a b l e ,t h e r e j e c t i o n v a l u e i s c h o s e n so t ha t t he s e n s i t i v -i t y a n d s p e c i f i c i t y a r e r o u g h l y e q u a l .A p p l i c a b i l i t y o f t h e P o i s s o n m o d e l . A c h i -square g o o d n e s s o f f i t t e s t was a p p l i e d t o t h es a mpling d a t a i n T a b l e 1 t o assess t h e a p p l i c a -b i l i t y o f t h e P o i s s o n m o d e l as a p r o b a b i l i t ym o d e l . T he d e s c r i p t i v e l e v e l s o f s i g n i f i c a n c e f o rr e j e c t i n g t h e P o i s s o n m o d e l w e r e P > 0 . 0 1 ( X 2=1 . 1 8 ; d f = 1 ) a t 1 x 1 0 2 CFU/ml a n d P > 0 . 1 0( X 2 = 4 . 2 5 ; d f = 3 ) a t 3 x 1 0 3 C F U / m l , b u t P 2 0 ; d f =3 ) a t 1 x 1 0 4 C F U / m l . T h u s ,t h e P o i s s o n m o d e l was a r e a s o n a b l e m o d e l f o rt h e l o w e r two c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . T he s e n s i t i v i t i e so f t h e r e j e c t i o n v a l u e s c a l c u l a t e d f r o m t h e P o i s -so n m o d e l a p p e a r e d t o b e r e a s o n a b l y a c c u r a t ef o r a l l t h r e e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . F o r e x a m p l e , i f t h e1 x 1 0 2 - C F U / m l c o n c e n t r a t i o n r e p r e s e n t e d ane x a c t 0 . 9 9 9 k i l l o f a 1 x 1 0 5 - C F U / m l i n i t i a lc o n c e n t r a t i o n a n d a r e j e c t i o n p o i n t b a s e d on t h eP o i s s o n m o d e l o f o n e c o l o n y was u s e d ( T a b l e 2 ) ,t h e p r e d i c a t e d s e n s i t i v i t y was 7 5 % . E m p i r i c a l l y ,0 . 6 4 o f t h e 2 5 s a m p l e s gave a t r u e p o s i t i v e r e s u l t .

    TABLE 2 . R e j e c t i o n v a l u e a n d c a l c u l a t e d s e n s i t i v i t y and s p e c i f i c i t y f o r e a c h i n i t i a l i n o c u l u m c o n c e n t r a t i o no n t h e b a s i s o f a s i n g l e 0 . 0 1 - m l s a m p l e '..1% P i p e t t e e r r o r 5 % P i p e t t e e r r o r w i t h f u l l s a m p l i n g e r r o r f o r i n i -I m t i a l t i a l i n o c u l u m d e t e r m i n a t i o ni n o c u l u m( C F U / m l ) R e j e c t i o n S e n s i t i v i t y S p e c i f i c i t y R e j e c t i o n S e n s i t i v i t y S p e c i f i c i t yv a l u e ( % ) ( % ) d v a l u e ( % ) ( % )1 X 1 0 5 1 7 5 9 5 3 8 4 8 32 x 1 0 5 3 8 5 9 9 4 7 7 9 73 x 1 0 5 6 9 6 9 9 6 8 4 9 84 X1 0 5 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 9 9 95 X 1 0 5 1 2 >9 9 >99 1 1 9 6 9 96 x 1 0 5 1 5 > 9 9 > 9 9 1 5 9 9 9 97 X 1 0 5 1 7 >99 > 9 9 1 7 >99 >998 x 1 0 5 1 8 >9 9 >99 2 0 >99 >999 x 1 0 5 2 0 >99 > 9 9 2 3 >9 9 >991 x106 2 2 >9 9 >99 2 5 >99 >992 x 1 0 6 3 6 >99 >99 4 7 >9 9 >9 93 X106 5 0 >99 >99 6 8 >9 9 >9 94 X 1 0 6 6 5 >9 9 >9 9 9 1 >99 >995 x 1 0 8 0 >99 >9 9 1 1 3 >9 9 >9 96 X 1 0 6 9 5 >9 9 >9 9 1 3 6 >9 9 >9 97 x 1 0 6 1 1 0 >99 >99 1 5 9 >9 9 >9 98 x 1 0 1 2 5 >9 9 >9 9 1 8 2 >9 9 >9 99 x 1 0 6 1 4 0 >99 >9 9 2 0 4 >9 9 >9 91 x 1 0 7 1 5 5 >9 9 >9 9 2 2 7 >9 9 >9 9When t h e n u m b e r o f c o l o n i e s wa s e q u a l t o o r l e s s t h a n th e r e j e c t i o n v a l u e , t h e a n t i b i o t i c w a s d e c l a r e d l e t h a l( a 0 . 9 9 9 o r g r e a t e r r e d u c t i o n i n t h e i n i t i a l i n o c u l u m ) .b B a s e d o n a s i n g l e s a m p l e f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e i n i t i a l i n o c u l u m s i z e .'Number o f c o l o n i e s .d B a s e d o n a n a l t e m a t i v e o f 0 . 9 9 5 r e d u c t i o n i n i n i t i a l i n o c u l u m .

    7 0 2 P E A R S O N E T A L .

    onDecember5,2011byguest

    http://aac.asm.org/

    Downloa

    dedfrom

    http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/
  • 8/2/2019 Determining MLC

    6/11

  • 8/2/2019 Determining MLC

    7/11

    A N T I M I C R O B . A G E N T S C H E M O T H E R .

    E 0 . 1- t0 . 0 5

    X~ 0 . 0 1

    C O N T R O L 5 0 2 5 1 2 . 5 6 . 2 3 . 1 1 . 6 0 8CONCENTRATION ( 4 k g / m l )

    F I G . 1 . E f f e c t o f a n t i b i o t i c t r a n s f e r r e d f r o m t u b e s t o s u b c u l t u r e p l a t e s on t h e number o f S . aureus c o l o n i e s .S a m p l e v o l u m e s o f 0 . 1 , 0 . 0 5 , a n d 0 . 0 1 m l w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m t u b e s c o n t a i n i n g n a f e i l l i n s e r i a l l y d i l u t e d i nMHB a nd i n c u b a t e d f o r 2 4 h a t 3 7 C . T he s a m p l e s w e r e p l a c e d o n t o t h e c e n t e r s o f t r y p t i c soy agar p l a t e sa l o n g w i t h 2 x 1 0 2 c o l o n i e s o f S . aureus and s p r e a d . P l a t e s a r e a r r a n g e d a c c o r d i n g t o s a m p l e v o l u m e andn a f c i l l i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n . C o l o n i e s a ppe a r a s b l a c k d o t s on t he c l ea r agar. The r e d u c t i o n i n t h e n u m b e r s o fc o l o n i e s i n t he c e n t r a l p o r t i o n s o f t h e p l a t e s i s e v i d e n t ; t h e g r e a t e s t e f f e c t s we r e o b s e r v e d w i t h t h e h i g h e s ta n t i b i o t i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n s an d l a r g e s t s a m p l e s .

    m i n e d a t 2 4 h . T h e number o f s u r v i v i n g CFUwas t h e n d e t e r m i n e d b y t a k i n g 0 . 0 1 - m l s a m p l e sf r o m t u b e s i n w h i c h t h e r e was no v i s i b l e g r o w t ha n d t h e t u b e w i t h t h e n ex t h i g h e s t a n t i b i o t i cc o n c e n t r a t i o n i n w h i c h t h e r e was v i s i b l e g r o w t h .R e j e c t i o n v a l u e s we re o b t a i n e d f r o m T a b l e 2 i fa s i n g l e s a m p l e was u s e d o r f r o m T a b l e 3 i fd u p l i c a t e s a m p l e s w e r e u s e d . R e j e c t i o n v a l u e sf o r 5 % p i p e t t e error w i t h f u l l s a m p l i n g errorf o r i n i t i a l i n o c u l u m d e t e r m i n a t i o n we re u s e d .When t h e t o t a l number o f s u r v i v i n g c o l o n i e s i nt h e s a m p l e ( s ) e x c e e d e d t h e r e j e c t i o n v a l u e , t h e r ewas l e s s t h a n a 0 . 9 9 9 r e d u c t i o n i n t h e i n i t i a li n o c u l u m , a n d t h e a n t i b i o t i c was c o n s i d e r e dn o n l e t h a l . T h i s was t h e case i n e x a m p l e s 1 and2 ( T a b l e 4 ) . I n e x a m p l e s 3 and 4 , t h e number o fc o l o n i e s was l e s s t h a n t h e r e j e c t i o n v a l u e . T h ea n t i b i o t i c h a d a l e t h a l e f f e c t .A l t h o u g h l e t h a l i t y ca n b e a s s e s s e d w i t h s i n g l es a m p l e s , a s i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n T a b l e 4 , e x a m p l e 4 ,we recommend t h a t s t u d i e s b e d o n e i n d u p l i c a t eb e c a u s e r e j e c t i o n v a l u e s f o r d u p l i c a t e s a m p l e sa r e more s e n s i t i v e a n d s p e c i f i c a t l o w e r i n i t i a li n o c u l u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e us e o fd u p l i c a t e t u b e s p e r m i t s e v a lu a ti o n o f a t u b e i none s e t w h i c h c o n t a i n s a n u m b e r o f CFU t h a t i si n c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e n u m b e r s i n a d j a c e n t t u b e s .I n most i n s t a n c e s t he r e i s a p r o g r e s s i v e d e c r e a s ei n t h e n u m b e r o f CFU w i t h i n c r e a s i n g a n t i b i o t i cc o n c e n t r a t i o n . I f t h e number o f CFU f r o m a

    s i n g l e t u b e o r two t u b e s ( " s k i p t u b e s " ) i n ones e t o f d u p l i c a t e t u b e s i s i n c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h i sp r o g r e s s i o n , t h e r e s u l t s o f t he o t h er s e t ca n b eu s e d w i t h r e j e c t i o n v a l u e s f o r a s i n g l e s a m p l e .We very i n f r e q u e n t l y e n c o u n t e r e d s k i p t u b e sw i t h t h e same a n t i b i o t i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n b o t hs e t s o f d u p l i c a t e t u b e s .

    DISCUSSIONT h e v a r i a b i l i t y i n t h e m e t h o d s u s e d t o d e t e r -m i n e MLCs h a s c o m p l i c a t e d t h e a n a l y s e s o fr e c e n t s t u d i e s o f t o l e r a n t S . aureus s t r a i n s a n dc o n f u s e d a t t e m p t s t o c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e s e s t r a i n sa n d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e i r p r e v a l e n c e among c l i n i c a li s o l a t e s . We h a v e d e v e l o p e d a s t a n d a r d i z e d t e s tp r o c e d u r e f o r MLC d e t e r m i n a t i o n s w h i c h c o u l dp r o v i d e t h e b a s i s f o r c o m p a r i s o n o f d a t a o b -t a i n e d i n d i f f e r e n t l a b o r a t o r i e s a n d l e a d t o ab e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f d i s c r e p a n c i e s b e t w e e nt h e c o n c e n t r a ti o n o f an a n t i b i o t i c n e e d e d t oi n h i b i t g r o w t h a n d t h a t n e e d e d t o k i l l b a c t e r i a .The c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e i n i t i a l i n o c u l u m a n dt h e number a n d v o l u m e o f s a m p l e s s u b c u l t u r e d

    a r e c o v a r i a n t p a r a m e t e r s t h a t a f f e c t t h e numbero f c o lo n i e s i n t h e s a m p l e( s ) a n d, a l o n g w i t h t h ed e f i n i t i o n o f l e t h a l i t y , t i m i n g o f s u b c u l t u r e , a n dc o n d i t i o n s o f c u l t u r e ( i . e . , t e m p e r a t u r e , a t m o s -p h e r e , g r o w t h p h a s e , e t c . ) , must b e a c c o u n t e df o r i n a t e s t p r o c e d u r e f o r MLCs. We h a v ed e f i n e d t h e MLC a s t h e m i n i m a l a n t i b i o t i c con-

    N A F C I L L I N

    7 0 4 PFAMON E T A L .

    onDecember5,2011byguest

    http://aac.asm.org/

    Downloa

    dedfrom

    http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/
  • 8/2/2019 Determining MLC

    8/11

    ANTIBIOTIC MLCs 7 0 5

    ~~o0 0 0 0 e q ~ C ~1 ; 0 0 6c D 01 4 c

    A A

    X o c o o_ c l i m "-

    cq c q cq _ -

    z z z zH - H - H -- VH zzzH - H - H -

    zzzH - HzH-r o

    0"-

    t -

    H

    E -m

    0

    0

    - et

    -0e r QL OeLee _ - O"_ - - 0 0

    o e 0 0x x x x~ c L o ~ u L

    Co ) t - J. . . 0. 0 . 0u Cu Cu C uz o Z Q

    X X4.) V

    C N Co

    a ;

    C u )00

    0 1C u. 0

    c e n t r a t i o n t h a t p r o d u c e s a 0 . 9 9 9 r e d u c t i o n i n t h ei n i t i a l i n o c u l u m a f t e r 2 4 h o f i n c u b a t i o n a t 3 7 0 C .T h e i n i t i a l i n o c u l u m m u s t b e l i m i t e d t o a s i z et h a t m i n i m i z e s t h e e f f e c t s o f f - l a c t a m a s e p r o -d u c t i o n a n d e v o l u t i o n o f b a c t e r i a l m u t a n t s o nt h e m i n i i m a l i n h i b i t o r y c o n c e n t r a t i o n a n d MLC,b u t i t m u s t b e l a r g e e n o u g h t o a l l o w a r e l i a b l ed e t e r m i n a t i o n o f a 0 . 9 9 9 l e t h a l e f f e c t . The r a n g eo f t h e i n i t i a l i n o c u l u m s i z e i s i n p a r t l i m i t e d b yt h e v o l u m e o f t h e s a m p l e s t a k e n f o r s u b c u l t u r e .I n o u r e x p e r i e n c e a n d t h a t o f o t h e r s ( 1 ) , t h ev o l u m e o f t h e s a m p l e s m u s t b e 0 . 0 1 m l o r l e s sb e c a u s e o f t h e a n t i b i o t i c c a r r y - o v e r e f f e c t . E v e nt h e n , t h e n u m b e r o f c o l o n i e s a t h i g h n a f c i l l i na n d c e p h a l o t h i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w a s r e d u c e d s ot h a t a n a n t i b i o t i c m i g h t a p p e a r l e t h a l when i t i sn o t . The c a r r y - o v e r e f f e c t i s d e p e n d e n t o n t h es u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f t h e b a c t e r i a t o i n h i b i t i o n b y t h ea n t i b i o t i c a n d t h e d e g r e e o f a n t i b i o t i c i n a c t i v a -t i o n t h a t o c c u r s d u r i n g t h e i n i t i a l 2 4 - h i n c u b a -t i o n . f i - L a c t a m a s e c o u l d b e a d d e d t o t u b e s b e -f o r e s u b c u l t u r e t o a t t e m p t i n a c t i v a t i o n o f t h ea n t i b i o t i c . T h i s w a s n o t d o n e b e c a u s e c o m p l e t ei n a c t i v a t i o n o f t h e a n t i b i o t i c c o u l d n o t b e e n -s u r e d , i t w o u l d h a v e i n c r e a s e d t h e c o s t a n d t i m en e e d e d t o p e r f o r m t h e t e s t , a n d i t w o u l d h a v ea d d e d t h e r i s k o f c o n t a m i n a t i o n . C o n s e q u e n t l y ,f l - l a c t a m a s e w a s n o t u s e d i n o u r s t u d y .I n t r i n s i c s a m p l i n g v a r i a b i l i t y m a k e s i t i m p o s -s i b l e t o u s e a s a r e j e c t i o n v a l u e t h e n u m b e r o fc o l o n i e s t h a t r e p r e s e n t s p r e c i s e l y a 0 . 9 9 9 l e t h a le f f e c t . I t w a s n e c e s s a r y t o d e v e l o p a t e s t p r o c e -d u r e t h a t t o o k t h i s i n t o a c c o u n t a n d a l s o a l l o w e df o r v a r i a b i l i t y i n p i p e t t i n g . The P o i s s o n d i s t r i -b u t i o n , a s a s s e s s e d b y a c h i - s q u a r e g o o d n e s s o ff i t t e s t , i s a n a c c e p t a b l e p r o b a b i l i t y m o d e l f o r0 . 0 1 - m l s a m p l e s t a k e n f r o m b a c t e r i a l c o n c e n t r a -t i o n s o f 1 x 1 0 2 a n d 3 x 1 0 3 C F U / m l . Thes e n s i t i v i t i e s a n d s p e c i f i c i t i e s b a s e d o n t h e P o i s -s o n m o d e l p r o v e d t o b e r e a s o n a b l y a c c u r a t e .T h u s , t h e t e s t p r o c e d u r e c a n b e a p p l i e d t o i n i t i a li n o c u l u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f 1 x 1 0 5 t o 3 x 1 0 6C F U / m l when l e t h a l i t y i s d e f i n e d a s a 0 . 9 9 9r e d u c t i o n i n i n i t i a l i n o c u l u m . I n p r a c t i c e , t h ei n i t i a l i n o c u l u m i s u s u a l l y l i m i t e d t o 1 x 1 0 6C F U / m l o r l e s s . H e n c e , t h e l a c k o f f i t t o t h eP o i s s o n d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s a m p l e s f r o m t h e 1 x 1 0 4 -CFU/ml c o n c e n t r a t i o n w o u l d n o t b e i m p o r t a n ti n d i a g n o s t i c l a b o r a t o r i e s , b u t e v e n a t t h a t c o n -c e n t r a t i o n s e n s i t i v i t i e s a n d s p e c i f i c i t i e s b a s e d o nt h e P o i s s o n m o d e l a p p e a r e d t o b e r e a s o n a b l ya c c u r a t e . As T a b l e s 2 a n d 3 s h o w , i n i t i a l c o n c e n -t r a t i o n s b e t w e e n 1 x 1 0 5 a n d 3 x 1 0 CFU/mla r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h r e j e c t i o n v a l u e s o f r e d u c e ds e n s i t i v i t y a n d s p e c i f i c i t y . A t c o n c e n t r a t i o n sa b o v e 3 x 1 0 5 C F U / m l , t h e r e j e c t i o n v a l u e s a r eh i g h l y s p e c i f i c a n d s e n s i t i v e . F o r t h e s e r e a s o n swe u s e d i n i t i a l i n o c u l a r a n g i n g f r o m 3 x 1 0 5 t o 1

    C O. -

    * Qr t

    C ). C

    C t1 0 1t oI s

    C !H. ,

    0 OQ c )' E l >- %

    C u0-X .o EZ g

    08

    3C . )U0. 0

    * g -. azo8 io . boZ

    * . 2 =-r. r Z

    .-D 2- a z: .

    C 0x 0.0

    V O L . 1 8 , 1 9 8 0

    onDecember5,2011byguest

    http://aac.asm.org/

    Downloa

    dedfrom

    http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/
  • 8/2/2019 Determining MLC

    9/11

    7 0 6 P E A R S O N E T A L .x 1 0 6 CFU/ml f o r MLC d e t e r m i n a t i o n s a n da s s u m e d 5 % v a r i a t i o n s i n p i p e t t e v o l u m e a n de r r o r i n d e t e r m i n i n g i n i t i a l i n o c u l u m .T o o b t a i n a v e r y h i g h d e g r e e o f s e n s i t i v i t y a n ds p e c i f i c i t y i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e MLCs o f a n a n t i -b i o t i c , t h e r e j e c t i o n v a l u e s p r o v i d e d i n T a b l e s 2a n d 3 s h o u l d b e a d h e r e d t o c l o s e l y , p a r t i c u l a r l ywhen i n i t i a l i n o c u l a i n t h e p r e f e r r e d r a n g e o f 5X 1 0 5 t o 1 x 1 0 6 c e l l s p e r m l a r e u s e d . Thep r o b a b i l i t y m o d e l u s e d i n d i c a t e s t h a t i n m o s ti n s t a n c e s when l e t h a l k i l l s h a v e o c c u r r e d t h er e s u l t s a r e much b e l o w t h e r e j e c t i o n v a l u e . A th i g h e r i n i t i a l i n o c u l a ( m o r e t h a n 1 0 6 b a c t e r i a p e rm l ) t h e r e i s a r a n g e c l o s e t o t h e r e j e c t i o n v a l u ew h i c h c o u l d y i e l d a r e l a t i v e l y h i g h s e n s i t i v i t ya n d s p e c i f i c i t y , b u t u n l e s s t h e s e n s i t i v i t y a n ds p e c i f i c i t y a r e r e c a l c u l a t e d , i t i s a d v i s a b l e t o u s et h e r e j e c t i o n v a l u e s e x a c t l y a s g i v e n ; t h i s w i l le n s u r e a known h i g h l e v e l o f r e l i a b i l i t y .O u r s t u d i e s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t w i t h S . a u r e u s i na m a c r o t i t e r s y s t e m . T h e m e t h o d c a n a l s o b ea p p l i e d t o s e r u m d i l u t i o n M L C s , t o o t h e r b a c -t e r i a , a n d t o b r o t h d i l u t i o n s y s t e m s o f d i f f e r e n tv o l u m e s a s l o n g a s s a m p l e s a p p r o x i m a t e a P o i s -s o n d i s t r i b u t i o n . P r e l i m i n a r y s t u d i e s i n o u r l a b -o r a t o r y i n d i c a t e t h a t t h i s m e t h o d i s a p p l i c a b l et o a m i c r o t i t e r s y s t e m . I t c a n a l s o b e u s e d w i t hk i l l c u r v e s t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r a 0 . 9 9 9 r e d u c -t i o n i n t h e i n i t i a l i n o c u l u m h a s o c c u r r e d a t as p e c i f i c t i m e . F i n a l l y , i t i s p o s s i b l e t o c h a n g e t h ed e f i n i t i o n o f l e t h a l i t y , t h e t i m i n g o f s u b c u l t u r e ,a n d t h e c o v a r i a n t p a r a m e t e r s o f i n i t i a l i n o c u l u ms i z e , s a m p l e v o l u m e , a n d n u m b e r o f s a m p l e s a n dg e n e r a t e a new s e t o f r e j e c t i o n v a l u e s w i t h c a l -c u l a t e d s p e c i f i c i t y a n d s e n s i t i v i t y .I t i s a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t t h e M LC v a r i e s a s af u n c t i o n o f m u l t i p l e f a c t o r s , i n c l u d i n g d u r a t i o no f i n c u b a t i o n , g r o w t h p h a s e o f t h e o r g a n i s m ,t e m p e r a t u r e , a t m o s p h e r i c g a s e s , a g i t a t i o n , p H ,a n d m e d i a . F o r e x a m p l e , i t h a s b e e n r e p o r t e dt h a t t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f t o l e r a n c e v a r i e s a s a f u n c -t i o n o f t h e d u r a t i o n o f i n c u b a t i o n ( 7 ) a n d o f t h em e d i a u s e d ( 8 ) . F u r t h e r s t u d y o f t h e s e v a r i a b l e sa t m u l t i p l e a n t i b i o t i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w i t h t h ea p p l i c a t i o n o f c o v a r i a n t a n a l y s i s c o u l d g r e a t l ye n h a n c e o u r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f i n v i t r o d r u g - b a c -t e r i u m i n t e r a c t i o n s a n d l e a d t o i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o ff a c t o r s t h a t a f f e c t t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f t o l e r a n c e i nS . a u r e u s .A l t h o u g h t h e MLC m a y v a r y a s a f u n c t i o n o ft h e f a c t o r s d i s c u s s e d a b o v e , t h e p r o c e d u r e f o rMLC d e t e r m i n a t i o n s c a n b e s t a n d a r d i z e d a s f o l -l o w s . ( i ) S e r i a l d i l u t i o n b r o t h s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t e s t ss h o u l d b e p e r f o r m e d i n d u p l i c a t e , f o l l o w i n g t h eg u i d e l i n e s o f E r i c s s o n a n d S h e r r i s ( 6 ) . ( i i ) I t i sa d v i s a b l e t o k e e p t h e i n i t i a l i n o c u l u m i n t h er a n g e o f 3 x 1 0 5 t o 1 x 1 0 6 C F U / m l . T he a c t u a lc o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e i n i t i a l i n o c u l u m i s d e t e r -m i n e d b y d u p l i c a t e s a m p l i n g a n d s e r i a l 1 0 - f o l d

    A N T I M I C R O B . AGENTS C H E M O T H E R .d i l u t i o n s o f t h e i n i t i a l i n o c u l u m . S i n c e t h e p r o -p o r t i o n o f t o l e r a n t o r g a n i s m s w i t h i n a r e s i s t a n ts t r a i n c a n b e 7 % o r l e s s , m o r e t h a n a f e w c o l o n i e ss h o u l d b e s e l e c t e d f o r a n t i b i o t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t yt e s t i n g . B r a d l e y e t a l . s u g g e s t r e m o v i n g a l l c o l -o n i e s f r o m a s u b c u lt u r e p l a t e f o r p r e p a r a t i o n o ft h e i n i t i a l i n o c u l u m ( 3 ) . S i n c e i n i t i a l i n o c u l u md e t e r m i n a t i o n s a r e a l s o s u b j e c t t o e r r o r , t h er e j e c t i o n v a l u e s w h i c h a l l o w f o r t h i s e r r o r s h o u l db e u s e d . I f m u l t i p l e ( 1 0 o r m o r e ) s a m p le s a r et a k e n t o d e t e r m i n e t h e i n i t i a l i n o c u l u m c o n c e n -t r a t i o n , t h e e r r o r i s m i n i i m a l , a n d t h e a l t e r n a t i v es e t o f r e j e c t i o n v a l u e s g i v e n i n T a b l e s 2 a n d 3c o u l d b e u s e d . ( i i i ) The m i n i m a l i n h i b i t o r y c o n -c e n t r a t i o n s h o u l d b e d et er m i n ed a t 2 4 h . ( i v )Th e n u m b e r o f s u r v i v i n g o r g a n i s m s s h o u l d t h e nb e d e t e r m i n e d b y t a k i n g O . 0 1 - m l s a m p l e s f r o mt he t u b e s i n w h i c h t h e r e i s n o v i s i b l e g r o w t h a n dt h e t u b e w i t h t h e n e x t h i g h e s t a n t i b i o t i c c o n c e n -t r a t i o n i n w h i c h t h e r e i s v i s i b l e g r o w t h . ( v ) Weh a v e d e f i n e d l e t h a l i t y a s a 0 . 9 9 9 r e d u c t i o n i n t h ei n i t i a l i n o c u l u m . R e j e c t i o n v a l u e s w h i c h a l l o wf o r 5% v a r i a b i l i t y i n p i p e t t e v o l u m e s h o u l d b eo b t a i n e d f r o m T a b l e 3 . When t h e t o t a l numbero f c o l o n i e s o n s u b c u l t u r e i s e q u a l t o o r l e s s t h a nt h e r e j e c t i o n v a l u e , t h e a n t i b i o t i c h a s h a d al e t h a l e f f e c t . The MLC i s d e f i n e d a s t he l o we s ta n t i b i o t i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n t h a t p r o d u c e s a l e t h a le f f e c t .

    A P P E N D I XJ u s t i f i c a t i o n o f f o r m u l a 1 . We w a n t t os h o w t h a t i f X i s a P o i s s o n r a n d o m v a r i a b l e w i t hp a r a m e t e r A a n d Y i s a c h i - s q u a r e r a n d o m v a r i -a b l e h a v i n g 2 ( R + 1 ) d e g r e e s o f f r e e d o m , t h e n

    Pr{Xc R } = 1 - P r {Y< 2 X ) ( 1 )We b e g i n b y n o t i n g t h a t t h e d e n s i t y o f a c h i -s q u a r e r a n d o m v a r i a b l e w i t h 2 ( R + 1 ) d e g r e e so f f r e e d o m i s a s f o l l o w s :

    f ( x ) = + 1 / [ 2+ l r ( R + 1 ) ] } e x - / 2 x RT h e r e f o r e ,1 - P r ( Y < 2 A )

    = P R+ l1 ( e x 2 ) ( x - R ) d x ( 2 )J 2 A[ 2 r ( R + 1 ) ]I n t e g r a t i n g b y p a r t s , i t f o l l o w s t h a t i f m i s a ni n t e g e r , t h e n

    00

    x m e - x / 2 d X= 2 m + 1 e - + 2mf x m - ' e - x / 2 d x ( 3 )

    A p p l y i n g t h e e q u a l i t y o f e q u a t i o n 3 r e p e a t e d l y

    onDecember5,2011byguest

    http://aac.asm.org/

    Downloa

    dedfrom

    http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/
  • 8/2/2019 Determining MLC

    10/11

    ANTIBIOTIC MLCs 7 0 7t o t h e r i g h t s i d e o f e q u a t i o n 2 , we o b t a i n

    R Xk1 - P r ( Y < 2 X ) Te-=R

    = E P r { X = k )k-O= P r { X ' R )

    I n c o r p o r a t i o n o f s a m p l i n g e r r o r i n i n i t i a li n o c u l u m d e t e r m i n a t i o n s i n t o r e j e c t i o nv a l u e c a l c u l a t i o n s . I f we l e t I I C d e n o t e t h ei n i t i a l i n o c u l u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n a n d FC d e n o t et h e f i n a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n , t h e n p = F C / I I C . A na n t i b i o t i c i s d e f i n e d t o b e l e t h a l i f p ' 1 x 1 0 - 3 .S u p p o s e I I C i s d e t e r m i n e d a s f o l l o w s . F i r s t , as a m p l e i s t a k e n f r o m t h e i n i t i a l i n o c u l u m , a n dt h i s s a m p l e i s d i l u t e d b y a s e r i e s o f t h r e e 1 : 1 0d i l u t i o n s t o c r e a t e a s o l u t i o n w h o s e c o n c e n t r a -t i o n i s I I C x 1 0 - 3 . A 0 . 1 - m l s a m p l e i s t a k e n f r o mt h i s l a t t e r s o l u t i o n a n d p l a t e d o u t , a n d t h e num-b e r o f c o l o n i e s i n t h i s 0 . 1 - m l s a m p l e , w h i c h wed e f i n e t o b e Y , i s c o u n t e d . I t f o l l o w s t h a t Ys h o u l d b e a P o i s s o n r a n d o m v a r i a b l e w i t h meanA l = I I C x 1 0 - 4 .We a s s u m e t h a t FC i s d e t e r m i n e d a s d e s c r i b e da b o v e . T h a t i s , a 0 . 0 1 - m l s a m p l e i s t a k e n f r o mt h e f i n a l i n o c u l u m a n d p l a t e d o u t , a n d t h e num-b e r o f c o l o n i e s i n t h i s 0 . 0 1 - m l s a m p l e , w h i c h wed e f i n e t o b e X , i s c o u n t e d . A s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e ,i t f o l l o w s t h a t X s h o u l d b e a P o i s s o n r a n d o mv a r i a b l e w i t h mean A 2 = FC x 1 0 2 .C l e a r l y f r o m t h e a b o v e , p < 1 0 - 3 i m p l i e s t h a t( X l / X 2 ) : . 1 0 .A s p o i n t e d o u t b y B r o w n l e e ( 5 ) , u s i n g a na r g u m e n t s i m i l a r t o t h a t d e s c r i b e d a b o v e , i t c a nb e s h o w n t h a t i f Y a n d X a r e P o i s s o n r a n d o mv a r i a b l e s w i t h m e a n s A l a n d A 2 , r e s p e c t i v e l y ,t h e nP r ( X 2 x l X + Y = x + y }

    = P r F> x .- I } ( 4 )w h e r e F i s a n F r a n d o m v a r i a b l e w i t h d e g r e e s o ff r e e d o m 2 ( y + 1 ) a n d 2 x ; i . e . , F F [ 2 ( y + 1 ) ,2 x ] .N o w s u p p o s e t h a t we o b s e r v e t h a t Y = y a n dt h e r e f o r e e s t i m a t e t h a t t h e I I C i s y x 1 0 4 . Wew a n t t o f i n d a r e j e c t i o n p o i n t s u c h t h a t i f X> R ,we d e c l a r e t h e a n t i b i o t i c t o b e n o n l e t h a l , a n d i fX c R we d e c l a r e t h e a n t i b i o t i c t o b e l e t h a l .F u r t h e r m o r e , we w a n t t h e s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h i sp r o c e d u r e t o b e , 8 p e r c e n t . From e q u a t i o n 4 i tf o l l o w s t h a t , b y t r i a l a n d e r r o r , we w o u l d c h o o s eR s u c h t h a t

    P r { F c + 1 x l 1 0 =k ( 5 )w h e r e F F [ 2 ( y + 1 ) , 2 R ] .

    When R i s d e t e r m i n e d b y e q u a t i o n 5 , i t f o l l o w st h a t t h e s p e c i f i c i t y o f t h e p r o c e d u r e a g a i n s t ak i l l w h i c h i s a t b e s t 9 9 . 5 % ( p 2 5 x 1 0 - 3 ) i S _ yp e r c e n t , w h e r ej00= Pr{F> 1x2 ( 6 )

    w i t h F - F [ 2 ( y + 1 ) , 2 R ] .H o w e v e r , f o r m u l a s 5 a n d 6 d o n o t a l l o w f o ra n y e r r o r i n p i p e t t i n g . T o b e c o n s e r v a t i v e , wec h o s e t o a l l o w f o r a p o s s i b l e 5% e r r o r i n p i p e t t i n g( o r p o s s i b l e s l i g h t d e p a r t u r e s f r o m t h e P o i s s o nd i s t r i b u t i o n o f e i t h e r x o r y ) . When t h i s 5% e r r o ra l l o w a n c e i s i n c o r p o r a t e d , f o r m u l a s 5 a n d 6 b e -c o m e , r e s p e c t i v e l y ,Pr{FRy+ 9.0) 1 0 0 ( 7 )

    a n d( 8 )lo= Pr{F> Rx22}

    w h e r e i n b o t h c a s e s F - F [ 2 ( y + 1 ) , 2 R ] .T h i s c o v e r s t h e c a s e o f s i n g l e s a m p l e s f o r b o t hI I C a n d FC d e t e r m i n a t i o n s . F o r d o u b l e s a m -p l i n g , t h e f o r m u l a m ay b e u s e d w i t h o u t m o d i f i -c a t i o n i f Y i s t a k e n t o b e t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o fc o l o n i e s i n b o t h s a m p l e s f o r I I C d e t e r m i n a t i o n sa n d R i s t h e r e j e c t i o n p o i n t f o r t h e t o t a l n u m b e ro f c o l o n i e s i n b o t h s a m p l e s f o r FC d e t e r m i n a -t i o n s .

    ACKNOWLEDGMENTISWe a r e e s p e c i a l l y g r a t e f u l t o C h a r l e s L . O d o r o f f , D i v i s i o no f B i o s t a t i s t i c s , U n i v e r s i t y o f R o c h e s t e r S c h o o l o f M e d i c i n ea n d D e n t i s t r y , f o r h i s s u g g e s t i o n s d u r i n g t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o ft h i s m a n u s c r i p t , t o M a r y K a r e n W a e n k o f o r t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t -a n c e , a n d t o M a r g a r e t A . C h r i s t y , M a r g a r e t E . A l d r i c h , a n dW e n d y H . K u r n a t h f o r s e c r e t a r i a l a s s i s t a n c e .T h i s w o r k w a s s u p p o r t e d b y P u b l i c H e a l t h S e r v i c e N a -t i o n a l R e s e a r c h S e r v i c e A w a r d 1 F 3 2 A I - 0 6 0 0 2 - 0 1 f r o m t h eN a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e s o f H e a l t h , b y P u b l i c H e a l t h S e r v i c e T r a i n -

    i n g G r a n t 5 T O 1 A I 0 0 0 2 8 f r o m th e N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e s o fH e a l t h , a n d b y P u b l i c H e a l t h S e r v i c e g r a n t 2 R O l H L 1 5 7 9 0 - 0 6f r o m N a t i o n a l H e a r t , L u n g a n d B l o o d I n s t i t u t e .LITERATURE C I T E D

    1 . B a r r y , A . L . , a n d R . A . L a s n e r . 1 9 7 9 . I n v i t r o m e t h o d sf o r d e t e r m i n i n g m i n i m a l l e t h a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f a n t i -m i c r o b i a l a g e n t s . Am. J . C l i n . P a t h o l . 7 1 : 8 8 - 9 2 .2 . B e s t , G . K . , A . V . K o v a l , and N . H . B e s t . 1 9 7 5 . S u s c e p -t i b i l i t y o f c l i n i c a l i s o l a t e s o f S t a p h y l o c o c c u s a u r e u s t ok i l l i n g b y o x a c i l l i n . C a n . J . M i c r o b i o l . 2 1 : 1 6 9 2 - 1 6 9 7 .3 . B r a d l e y , H . E . , P . L . W e l d y , and D . S . H o d e s . 1 9 7 9 .T o l e r a n c e i n S t a p h y l o c o c c u s a u r e u s . L a n c e t i : 1 5 0 .4 . B r a d l e y , J . J . , C . G . M a y h a l l , an d H . P . D a l t o n . 1 9 7 8 .I n c i d e n c e a n d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a n t i b i o t i c - t o l e r a n ts t r a i n s o f S t a p h y l o c o c c u s a u r e u s . A n t i m i c r o b . A g e n t sC h e m o t h e r . 1 3 : 1 0 5 2 - 1 0 5 7 .5 . B r o w n l e e , K . A . 1 9 6 5 . S t a t i s t i c a l t h e o r y a n d m e t h o d o l -o g y i n s c i e n c e a n d e n g i n e e r i n g , 2 n d e d . J o h n W i l e y &S o n s , I n c . , N ew Y o r k .6 . E r i c s s o n , H . M . , and J . C . S h e r r i s . 1 9 7 1 . A n t i b i o t i c

    V O L . 1 8 , 1 9 8 0

    onDecember5,2011byguest

    http://aac.asm.org/

    Downloa

    dedfrom

    http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/
  • 8/2/2019 Determining MLC

    11/11

    7 0 8 P E A RS ON E T A L .s e n s i t i v i t y t e s t i n g . R e p o r t o f an i n t e m a t i o n a l c o l l a b o -r a t i v e s t u d y . A c t a P a t h o l . M i c r o b i o l . S c a n d . S e c t . BS u p p l . 2 1 7 .7 . M a y h a l l , C . G . , G . M e d o f f , and J . J . M a r r . 1 9 7 6 . V a r i -a t i o n i n t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f s t r a i n s o f S t a p h y l o c o c c u saureus t o o x a c i l l i n , c e p h a l o t h i n , a n d g e n t a m i c i n . A n t i -m i c r o b . A g e n t s C h e m o t h e r . 1 0 : 7 0 7 - 7 1 2 .8 . P e t e r s o n , L . R . , D . N . G e r d i n g , W. H . H a l l , and E . A .S c h i e r l . 1 9 7 8 . M e d i u m - d e p e n d e n t v a r i a t i o n i n b a c t e -

    A N T I M I C R O B . AGENTS C H E M O T H E R .r i c i d a l a c t i v i t y o f a n t i b i o t i c s a g a i n s t s u s c e p t i b l e s t r a i n so f S t a p h y l o c o c c u s a u r e u s . A n t i m i c r o b . A g e n t s C h e m -o t h e r . 1 3 : 6 6 5 - 6 6 8 .9 . S a b a t h , L . D . , N . W h e e l e r , M . L a v e r d i e r e , D . B l a -z e v i c , and B . J . W i l k i n s o n . 1 9 7 7 . A new t y p e o fp e n i c i l l i n r e s i s t a n c e o f S t a p h y l o c o c c u s a u r e u s . L a n c e ti : 4 4 3 - 4 4 7 .1 0 . W a t a n a k u n a k o r n , C . 1 9 7 8 . A n t i b i o t i c - t o l e r a n t S t a p h y -l o c o c c u s a u r e u s . J . A n t i m i c r o b . C h e m o t h e r . 4 : 5 6 1 - 5 6 8 .

    onDecember5,2011byguest

    http://aac.asm.org/

    Downloa

    dedfrom

    http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/http://aac.asm.org/