DETAILEDPROJECTREPORT

(DPR)

PAYYANNURBLOCKPANCHAYATH

INTEGRATEDWATERSHEDMANAGEMENT

PROGRAMME(IWMP)

CHAPTER‐1INTRODUCTION

Watershedmanagementhasevolvedandpassedthroughseveraldevelopmentalstages.Intheinitial stages, itwas a subject of forestry and forestry‐related hydrology. The involvement ofpeoplewasnotan issue. Itwassolelyanaffairofgovernment forestdepartments.Duringthesecondstage,itbecamelandresourcesmanagement‐related,includingactivitieswithaneyeoneconomic benefits. At this stage, the focuswas on beneficiaries. It is now “participatory andintegrated”watershedmanagement,withinvolvementandcontributionfromlocalpeople.WatershedManagementreliesontheparticipationofthepopulationinplanning,utilizationandmonitoringandthussupportingthebuildingofdemocraticstructures.Moreover,thisconceptissuitable for providing a framework for the utilization of traditional social structures andtraditionalknowledgefordevelopment.Intheformulationof(watershedmanagement)plans,boththeattributesofthelandandwaterresourcesandthesocio‐economicfactorswhichaffectthedevelopmentofthehumanbeingsintheareaingeneral,andland‐usepracticesinparticular,shouldbetakenintoaccount.Moreover,thereshouldbeprovisionforperpetualoperationalsupport.Withoutadequatesocialcontroloftheuseoftheworld’slandandwaterresources,theirtechnologicaloverdevelopmentcanleadin the long run to regional or national underdevelopment. Furthermore, there must be anawarenessofthetotalsoilandwaterresourcessystem,bothupstreamanddownstream,andoftheinterrelatedbenefitsthatcanbeobtainedbythewiseapplicationofmoderntechnology.Whiledifferentpeoplemaydefineintegrationdifferently,acommonapproachistoemphasizethe integration of disciplines (technical, social and institutional dimensions) or objectives(conservation, food security, income generation). While it is increasingly clear that thesuccess of watershed management programs rests on the integration of conservation withlivelihood goals, technical with institutional interventions, few programs have effectivelyachievedsuchintegrationinpractice.Itisthereforeessentialthatanyapproachatintegrationintegrateanunderstandingoftheprinciplesoperatingwithinnaturalandsocialsystems.

CHAPTER–2INTEGRATEDWATERSHEDMANAGEMENTPROGRAMME–IWMP

Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) is a modified programme oferstwhile Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP), Desert Development Programme (DDP)and Integrated Wastelands Development Programme (IWDP) of the Department of LandResources. This consolidation is for optimum use of resources, sustainable outcomes andintegrated planning. The scheme was launched during 2009‐10. The programme is beingimplementedasperCommonGuidelinesforWatershedDevelopmentProjects2008.Themainobjectives of the IWMP are to restore the ecological balance by harnessing, conserving anddevelopingdegradednaturalresourcessuchassoil,vegetativecoverandwater.Theoutcomesare prevention of soil erosion, regeneration of natural vegetation, rain water harvesting andrecharging of the ground water table. This enables multi‐cropping and the introduction ofdiverse agro‐based activities, which help to provide sustainable livelihoods to the peopleresidinginthewatershedarea.This project involves watershed planning over a few thousand hectares of land in theKadannappally – Panapuzha Grama Panchayat (in Thaliparamba Block) and Ermam – KutturGramaPanchayatinPayyanurBlockinKannurdistrict,whichincludebothoff‐farmandon‐farminterventions to improve the productivity of farm lands as well as the commons. Enhancedbiomassandwateravailability throughappropriatesoilandmoistureconservationmeasures,andre‐vegetationofcommon landswouldgoa longway inboostingagriculturalproductivityandanimalhusbandry.Further,thisprojectaimstoassistcommunitiesineffectivelyintegratingagriculture and natural resource management, and regulating the demand for biomass andwaterthroughrules,regulationsandmechanismsevolvedbycommunityinstitutionsatvillageand inter‐village levels. PIA's efforts are directed towards building and strengthening theinstitutionalprocessesatthehabitation,village,Panchayatandfederationlevelstosetinplaceprocessesoflocalselfgovernance.Specialfocusisonenhancingtheparticipationofcommunitymembers, especially the poor and marginalized, in the planning and implementation ofwatersheddevelopmentworkintheregion.ObjectivesofIWMPThe general objective of the IWMP is to restore the degraded rangeland and improve theproduction in the watersheds of Payyanur Block Panchayat by more efficient utilization ofnatural resources through the proper and effective implementation of IntegratedWatershedManagementProgrammeplan.TheNRMtechniquewillcontrolthesurfacerunoff,increasethesoil moisture content, conserve the soil, improve the natural plant cover, and improve thevegetationproduction.Specificobjectivesinclude: Restoring and rehabilitating the degraded rangelands of the targeted eacosystems

throughtheeffectiveuseofsoilandwaterresourcesandimprovelivestockproduction. Improvingthecapacityofcommunities’tomanagecommonnaturalresources. Enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of rainwater and runoff use, improve

vegetativecoverandreducesoilerosionthroughbetterrainwatermanagement. Spreadingtheuseofwaterharvestingstructuresasasustainableandrenewablewater

resource to help in ecosystem restoration and maintain the land and livestockproductivity.

Increasing theproductivityofnaturalvegetationandshrubs inorder todecrease feeddemand for livestock animal in the watershed areas and increase the income of theparticipatinglivestockowners.

Disseminating appropriatewaterharvesting techniques for restorationofwater table,riskmanagementanddroughtmitigation.

Improvingon‐siteinfiltration/soil‐moisture. Reducingon‐sitesoilerosion/soilloss. Reducingsedimentdeliveryatdownstreamareas.

NeedoftheIWMPProjectDevelopmentofrainfed/degradedareasthroughparticipatorywatershedapproachisthefocalarea of the Government. Planning Commission and National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA)framed CommonGuidelines, 2008 forwatershed programmes for allMinistries/Departmentsbased on the Parthasarathy Committee Report, other Committee’s observations and pastexperiences.TheprovisionsintheCommonGuidelinesandtheobservationsoftheParthasarthyCommittee have necessitated modifications in the watershed schemes of the Department ofLandResources.Natural Resource Management is very crucial for the survival of any human society. Thewatershedareaispronetosoilerosionanddegradation.Thisareaisrequiredtobetreatedsothatfurtherdegradationofthesoilcanbechecked.Asagricultureandhorticultureisthemajoractivity it will help to increase the income levels of the people at the watershed area. Thelivelihood promotion programmeswill help to develop entrepreneurship capacity among thepopulationandserveasanexampleforthevillagerstocomeupwithsimilarinitiativesattheirown.Itwillincreasetheincomelevelsofthepeople.Therearemorethan50%ofBPLfamiliesinthewatershed area.Majority of the BPL households aremeeting their livelihood needs fromagriculture and horticulture production. Development of sustainable livelihoods for the BPLfamilies in thewatershed area is amajor objective of the project. The livelihoodoptions andincomeofall theBPLhouseholdswillbeenhancedonce theproject isproperly implemented.Theareaunderagricultureandhorticultureanditsproductivitywillbeincreasedasaresultoftheincreaseinirrigationfacilitiesandotheractivitiesaimedatexpansionofthesame.Thelackof fodder availability will be addressed by the pasture development and nursery rising.Moreover the households practicing livestock activities will be benefited through thedistributionoffodderseedsandfodderplants.Themicroenterprisessectorwillberevivedasaresultoftheimplementationoftheproject.Thenumberofworkingdayswillalsobeincreased.Watershed Development Programme is selected on the basis of thirteen parameter namelyPoverty Index, Percentage of SC/ST.Actualwages, Percentage of small andmarginal farmer,Groundwaterstatus,MoistureIndex,Areaunderrainfedagriculture,Drinkingwatersituationin the area, Percentage of thedegraded land, Productivitypotential of the land, Continuity ofanother watershed that has already development/treated, Cluster approach for plain or forhilly terrain, Based on these thirteen parameters a composite ranking was been given toPayyanurWatershedprojectasinthetablegivenunder.OrganizationalSetupFor Implementation of the IWMP watersheds, State Level Nodal Agency (SLNA) has beenconstituted by the State Government, the Agricultural Production Commisioner being thechairpersonandtheCommissioner,RuralDevelopmentDepartmentastheFull‐timeCEOoftheSLNAhavinganindependentBankAccount.TheSLNAconsistsofrepresentativesfromNRAA,CentralNodalMinistry,NABARD,Agriculture,AnimalHusbandry&Alliedsector,GroundWaterBoard, eminent Voluntary Organization and two professional experts from ResearchInstitutions.FundsshallberoutedthroughSLNA.At the District Level Watershed Cum Data Cell (WCDC) shall be responsible for theimplementation, monitoring and follow‐up. District Planning Cell will be the structure thatapprovestheprojectsandthisbodyisheadedbytheDistrictCollector.BlockPanchayatisthe

ProjectImplementing Agency (PIA). One Project Officer shall be positioned for 2‐3 IWMPclusterswithateamoftwoTechnicalOfficers(Agriculture/Horticulture&CivilEngineering)foreachproject.TheWatershedCommittee(WC)isformedatthegrassrootsleveltohelptheUserGroupsandSelfHelpGroups. Inasense,theUGsaretheendusersofbenefitsprovidedunderIWMP.ThePIA directly has contacts with the WCs which is formed under the Chairmanship oftheconcerenedGramaPanchayatPresidentsandwiththeVEOasthesecretary.Therefore, theGP will have direct involvement in the implementation of the IWMP project in watershedscomingundertheirjurisdictionalarea.Theflowchartshowingtheorganizationalsetupisgivenbelow:

FlowChartShowingOrganizationalSet‐Up

NATIONALRAINFEDAREAAUTHORITY(NRAA)

STATELEVELNODALAGENCY

(SLNA)

DISTRICTLEVELWATERSHEDCELLCUMDATACENTRE

(DWCDC)

DISTRICPLANNINGCELL

(DPC)

PROJECTIMPLEMENTING

AGENCY(PIA)

WATERSHEDCOMMITTEE

(WC)

USERGROUPS/SELFHELPGROUPS(UGs/SHCs)

FLOWCHARTSHOWINGFundFlow

IWMPFUNDS(100%)

CentralGovt.(90%)

StateGovt.(10%)

Installments

StateGovt.First(20%)

CentralGovt.First(20%)

CentralGovt.Second(50%)

StateGovt.Second(50%)

CentralGovt.Third(20%)

StateGovt.Third(20%)

PROJECTIMPLEMENTINGAGENCY(PIA)

PROJECTIMPLEMENTINGAGENCY(PIA)

GPLEVELWATERSHEDCOMMITTEE

(WC)

ComponentsofIWMPComponents include the conservation, development and optimal utilization of the naturalresourceswithinawatershedarea.Thisisachievedbyaddressingthefollowing: Soilandlandmanagement(Conservation,developmentanduse) Watermanagement(Conservation,developmentanduse); Afforestation Pasturedevelopment Agriculturaldevelopment Livestockmanagement Ruralenergymanagement

MandateoftheIWMProjectThe mandate of the project is Natural Resource Development via self help promotion. Theapproachesdevelopedtoaddresstheproblemswithinthemandateoftheprojectarealsousefultoaddressallotherproblems.Natural capital assets such as land and water are an obvious linkage between watershedmanagement and livelihoods. However, watershed programmes that focus only on naturalresourceshavelimitedimpactsonlivelihoodsandpoverty.Itisdifficultforpeopleaffectedbylandlessness,illiteracyanddiseasetousenaturalresourcessustainably.Partnershipsbetweenwatershed management programmes and other institutions working on livelihoods, povertyalleviation, land reform, educationandhealth issuesmake it easier toaddressenvironmentalandsocio‐economicissueseffectively.Andthistypeofaconvergenceofallthelinedepartmentsthat are responsible for the welfare and well being of the people are also mandatory inimplementing the IWMP programmes, as the project aims at an overall sustainabledevelopment.

CHAPTER–3DESCRIPTIONOFTHEPROJECTAREA

3.1.KANNURDISTRICT

DistrictwasformedinJanuary1,1957.ThedistrictidflankedbytheWesternGhatsintheeastandLakshadweep sea in thewest. Calicut&WayanadDistrict in the south,Kasargode in thenorthandthefoarmyblueLakshadweepSeainthesouth.Itisrichinnaturalresourcesandhasaflourishingtraditionalhandloomindustry. It isalsothecentreforproductionofcashewnut,copra, rice, tiles, electric bulb, hard board and plywood. Kannur is a place of historicalimportance, earlier a premier port. Folkdance, Kalaripayattu and Theyyam add color to itsbroad canvas.Other towns areThalassery,Koothuparamba,Mattannur, Payyannur, Iritty andThaliparambuetc.Kannur is themosturbanizeddistrict inKerala,withmorethan50%of itsresidents living in urban areas. Kannur has an urban population of 1,212,898, which is thesecondlargestinKeralaafterErnakulamdistrict.Thedistrictliesbetweenlatitudes11°40'to12°48'Northandlongitudes74°52'to76°07'Eastandcoversanareaof2,996km².Kannurcan be geographically divided into highland,midland and lowland regions. The district has ahumidclimatewithanoppressivehotseasonfromMarchtotheendofMay.Thisisfollowedbythe South‐Westmonsoonwhich continues till the end of September. October and Novemberformthepost‐monsoon[North‐EastMonsoon]orretreatingmonsoonseason.Accordingtothe2011censusKannurdistricthasapopulationof2,525,637andhasapopulationdensityof852inhabitantsper squarekilometer. Itspopulationgrowth rateover thedecade2001‐2011was4.84%.Kannurhasasexratioof1133femalesforevery1000males,andaliteracyrateof95.41%.

3.2.BLOCKPANCHAYATS

A. PAYYANURBLOCKPANCHAYAT(PIA)PayyanurBlockPanchayatissituatedinthenorthernendofKannurDistrictwhichisincludedamongthenorthernmidlandasperclassificationbasedonMSL,Rainfallintensityandsoiltype.Geographically it is slanting from east to west and comprises landsmore than 1000metersheightfromthesealevel.ThetotalareaoftheBlockPanchayatisabout375.24Sq.Kms.Thereare 15 revenue villages in the Block Panchayat limits – Ramanthali, Kadannappally, Peralam,Alapadamba, Vellora, Perinthatta, Thirumeni, Vayakkara, Kuttur, Pulingome, Panapauzha,Karivellur,Kankol,EramamandPeringome.PayyanurBlockPanchayatisboundeditsnorthbyNileswarBlock,inthesouthbyKallyasseri&ThaliparambaBlock,intheeastbyKarnatakaStateand in the West by Arabian Sea. There 13 wards in the Block Panchayats. Payyanur BlockPanchayatembeds7GramaPanchayatsinitsgeographicalarea–Karivellur‐Peralam,Kankol–Alappadamba, Peringome – Vayakkara, Cherupuzha, Eramam – Kuttur, Kunhimangalam andRamanthali.Payyanur Block is in the Peruvamba River Basin in which almost all the streams of thewatersheds selected for treatment under IWMP. In this sense the Peruvambawatershed liesbetween12O0’to12O15’northlatitudeand75o10’to75o20’eastlongitudelocatedinKannurDistrict.Majorrock typeupperregionarequartz– feldsparhypersthenesgranulite,pyroxenegranulite, dolerite and sand stone with lignite intercalation. Themajor rock types of middleregionarealsosimilartothatoftheupperregion.Butinthelowerregionstheformationsaresandstoneandclaywithligniteintercalationsandandalluviumandpegmatiteandquartzvein.Theclimate&RainfallTheareaexperiencesanaverageannualrainfallof3226mmofwhich2476mmreceivedfromthe South‐West Monsoon (June to August) and 515 mm is received during North – Eastmonsoon.DataofaverageRainfall,RelativeHumidityandMaximumandMinimumTemperatureareshowninthetablesbelow:

AverageTemperature,RelativeHumidity&RainfallData(last10years)

Year TemperatureRH% Rainfall

(mm)No.ofrainy

daysMaximum Minimum2001 32.72 22.41 89.82 294.19 122002 32.97 17.50 88.83 280.28 112003 33.39 25.36 87.44 237.18 92004 32.83 24.00 88.78 336.71 122005 33.19 24.76 88.03 256.07 112006 33.36 24.36 86.93 355.88 112007 32.89 24.73 72.29 385.88 112008 32.20 24.43 88.43 273.04 112009 32.93 25.10 92.20 308.13 122010 32.04 24.75 67.65 232.48 13Average 32.85 23.74 85.04 295.98 11

VegetationThe land use and land cover of the area can be broadly classified into agricultural land andwaste land.Nearly90%of theupper region is agricultural landwhich ismainlyundermixedagricultural/horticultural plantations. Rest of the area is wasteland which is land with orwithout scrub. Nearly 70% of the middle region is mainly under mixedagricultural/horticulturalplantations.About10%ofthemiddleregionisunderdoublecroppedpaddy.Restof thearea iswastelandwhich is landwithorwithoutscrub.Nearly100%of thelower region is agricultural land which is mainly under mixed agricultural/ horticulturalplantations.WaterResourcesThemajordrainoftheBlockPanchayatisPervambaRiverwhichisperennialinnature.Assaidearlier, the Vannathipuzha (which is a combination of Eriampuzha and Panapuzha from theIWMParea)isatributaryofthisriver.Besides,theRamapuramRiveralsojoinswithPeruvambaRiver.Intotalthereare8tributoriesforPeruvambaRiver.ThecombineannualtotalyieldandannualutilizableyieldofKavvayi,PeruvambaandRamapuramriversare1143m3.Theareafallsinthecategoryof‘white’whichmeansthatonlylessthan65%ofthegroundwaterisutilized.There is no restriction for further development of thewater bodies. The upper region of theblockissuitablefordomesticwellsonly.Themiddleregionissuitableforlargediameterdug‐wellsorponds.Asmallerportioninthesouthofthelowerregionissuitableforfilterpointwellswhereastherestoflowerregionissuitableforlargediameterdugwellsandponds.GeneralSocio‐EconomicStatusThegeneralsocio‐economicconditionoftheblockismoreorlessofthemiddleclassnaturewithalltypesofcommunitieslikeagrarianandbusinessclass.51.09%ofthetotalpopulationintheblockiscomingunderthecategoryofworkingclass.Intheupperandmiddleregionofthearea,assaidearlier,isundercultivationandhencethemajorpartofthepopulationearntheirlivelihoodfromAgriculture.Thisdoesnotmeanthepeopledependonagriculturealonefortheirlivelihood.Amongtheagrariancommunities,therearealsofarmlabourers,wagelabourers,artisans,techniciansandtraditionalworkers.Insuchacasethecommunityisconsideredtobemixedandtheincomeisfromvarioussources.Thereareneithertoorichnortoopoorintheblockarea.

PanchayatMarginalWorkers MarginalCultivators

MarginalAgriculturalLabourers

Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male FemaleKadannappalli‐Panapuzha 2250 1346 904 99 58 41 1034 522 512

Eramamkuttoor 2721 1409 1312 313 125 188 569 272 297Total 4971 2755 2216 412 183 229 1603 794 809Thegeneral living conditionsof thepeopleare comparatively goodasmajorityattainedgoodeducation and occupation. A very good percentage of the block population have acquiredcollegiate education as there is the Payyanur College in cooperative sector and many otherprivate institutions.Almost all thehouseholds arehaving good sanitation facilities andhencethehealthsituation issatisfactory.PayyanurMunicipality,Kadannappally,Kankole,andEriamvillagesintheblockPanchayatlimitationshowthehighestliteracyrateandtherestoftheareahas poor literacy rate. Women population outwits the men population; however, the fullstrength and potential of the women population is not yet utilized. There are KudumbasreeunitsunderthedirectcontroloftheGramaPanchayatsandeffortsarebeingtakentobringthefemale population in forefront of the mainstream social life. There are several colonies ofScheduled Caste communities of whom the socio‐economic situations still exhibit the poor

conditions, though the government and Block Panchayat Authorities along with the GramaPanchayat Authorities have taken many steps for their welfare and well being. They areeducationallypoorandoccupationallynotworthy.Theyarestillremainingintheirtraditionalworksforwhichtheysufferfromlackofopportunities.B. THALIPARAMBABLOCKPANCHGAYAT

TaliparambaisacityandamunicipalityinKannurdistrictintheIndianstateofKerala.ItisalsotheHQof ThaliparambaBlockPanchayat. It consists of 47 villageswhich are spread over anarea of 1330.56 square kilometres. The total geological area of the Thaliparamba Block is530.95Sq.Kms.,andislocatedat12.05°N75.35°E.Ithasanaverageelevationof56metres(183feet).Socio‐economic situation: As of recent census of the Dept of Economics & Statistics,TaliparambaBlockhada totalpopulationof237390 living inabout49290households.Malesconstitute48.85%(115966)of thepopulationand females5.15%(121424).Thereare14944SC population (8089 male & 8306 female) and 116 ST populations (45 male & 71 female).Taliparambablockhasanaverageliteracyrateof90.10%,higherthanthenationalaverageof59.5%:maleliteracyis85%,andfemaleliteracyis78%.InTaliparamba,12%ofthepopulationisunder6yearsofage.

CHAPTER–4DESCRIPTIONOFTHEPROJECTAREA–GRAMAPANCHAYATS

There are two Grama Panchayats included in the present IWMP project and we feel that itwould be good to give a small brief of these two Grama Panchayat. Given below are thedescriptionsabouttheGramaPanchayat.4.1.KADANNAPPALLY–PANAPUZHAGRAMAPANCHAYATKadannappally–PanapuzhaGramaPanchayatwasformedon20thDecember1963hasatotalareaof53.75Sq.kmsandformsoneofthegreenestvillagesinThaliparambaBlock.Richwithwater bodies, the terrain is suitable for agriculture, both food crops and cash crops.One canwitness the flourished and cherished greenery in the every look and corner of the GramaPanchayatwhichmakesitbountiful.TheGramaPanahcyatembeds twovillages,KadannappllyandPanapuzha. It isbounded in itsnorth by Ermam –Kuttoor Panchayats, in the east by Chapparappadavu& PariyaramGramaPanchayats, in the west by Cheruthazham Panchayat and Payyanur Municipality and in thesouthbyCheruthazhamGramaPanchayat.Theterrainissloppyfromeasttowestandisfullofhills and valleys, springs and streams, river side plains and paddy fields. Geographically, thewholeareacanbedivided into fourcategories:Highrocky land,hill slopes,Paddy fieldswithalluviamandriversideplains.Outofthetotalareaabout70‐80%ishighrocksandhillslopes.The Grama Panchayat area is categorized among the northern midland agricultural climaticregion.The land isgenerally suitable forcashcrops.The landusepatternshows that rubber,cashew,pepperandtapiocaareflourishinglycultivatedinthehillslopes.Generalgeographic&demographicFeaturesoftheGramaPanchayatTotalGeographicArea:53.75Sq.Kms.,No.ofWards:15PopulationDetailsTotalPopulation 19535 Male 9482 MaleLiteracy 94.49Females 10053 FemaleLiteracy 82.33PopulationDensity 363 TotalLiteracy 88.18SexRatio 1060 Mainworkinggroups(LabourClassification)MaleAgriculturists 498 AgriculturalLabourers(Male) 1110FemaleAgriculturists 304 AgriculturalLabourers(Female) 896Total 802 Total 2006Livestock/forest/fisheries/plantationlabourers(Male) 258 Quarrylabourers(Male): 151

Livestock/forest/fisheries/plantationlabourers(Female) 17 Quarrylabourers(Female) 44

Total 275 Total 195

Homeappliancesandalliedservicelabourers(Male) 22 Labourersotherthanhome

appliancesandalliedservice(Male) 210

Homeappliancesandalliedservicelabourers(Female) 11

Labourersotherthanhomeappliancesandalliedservice(Female)

51

Total 33 Total 261

Constructionworkers(Male) 163 CommercialIndustriallabourers(Male)

422

Constructionworkers(Female) 8 CommercialIndustriallabourers(Female) 19

Total 171 Total 441Laboureresinotherservicesector(Male) 739 Unemployed(Male) 3759

Laboureresinotherservicesector(Female) 207 Unemployed(Female) 1559

Total 946 Total 5318LivestockDescription Numbers Description NumbersHybridVarietyCows(Male) 202 He‐ Buffalo 21HybridVarietyCows(Female) 1239 She‐Buffalo 28CowswithUnknowntraits(Male) 248 TotalBuffalos 49CowswithUnknowntraits(Female) 1965 Pork 35

TotalCows 3654 Dog 537He‐goats 125 Duck 3She‐goats 649 DesiChicken 544TotalGoats 774 Hybridchicken 23DistributionofresidencesbasedonrooftypeNo.ofRCCroofedHouses 800 No.ofThatchedHouses 46No.ofTile/asbestosroofedhouses 4254 TotalHouses 5100

ElectrifiedHouses 2100 Non‐electrified 3000In general the community belongs to the middle class, but there are few families in thewatershed who are comparatively rich and another group of families comparatively poor.Educational statistics shows that the Grama Panchayat has acquired high standards andmajorityofthepopulationiswelleducated.TheGPisnotedforitspopulationofhighercastesespeciallythatofNamboodiris.ThewellknownMalayalamlyricwriterKaithapramDamodaranNamboodiribelongs to theGramaPanchayatandseveralotherveteranshas takenbirth fromthisplace.4.2.ERAMAM–KUTTOORGRAMAPANCHAYATEramam–KuttoorGramaPanchayat is situated inTaliparambaTalukofKannurDistrict. It isincludedinthePayyanurBlockPanchayatwhichencompassesthreerevenuevillages–Ermam,KuttoorandVellora.

Eramam‐KuttoorPanchayatcameintoexistenceinJanuary1962.In1962twoexistingVillagePanchayats – Kuttoor (Estd. 1955) and Eramam (Estd. 1956) combined together to form thenewGramaPanchayat–Eramam‐Kuttoor.The totalcombinedGeographicareaof thepresentPanchayatis75.14Sq.Kms.And17wards.In literary sense the Panchayat can be explained as an agricultural village. Productiveagricultural land is themost fundamental resource for all rural communities andnations.Anagriculturewhichformsabasisforruralandnationalself‐relianceinfoodproductiondependsupon equitable distribution of this resource.Without secure access to land, the tenant farmfamilyisnotinapositiontocarryoutmanyofthelong‐termimprovements(suchasterracing,composting,andtreeplanting)thatmaybeneeded,noraretheyinthepositiontobenefitfromthe multitude of small farm programs sponsored by national agriculture departments andinternationalandbilateralaidagencies.The landless farm labourer is often ignored entirely, though he or she ismost vulnerable tounemployment from mechanization. Participation in agricultural production, it has beenrepeatedlydemonstrated,istheonlyclearguaranteeofparticipationinfoodconsumption.GeneralDemographicFeaturesoftheGramaPanchayatTotalMalePopulation:12238TotalFemalePopulation:12798TotalPopulation:25036PopulationDensity:333,SexRatio:1046MaleLiteracy:93.97,FemaleLiteracy:82.38,TotalLiteracy:88%AnimalHusbandry/Livestock

Description Numbers Description NumbersHybridVarietyCows 1475 Pork 69CowswithUnknowntraits 1833 Dog 1239TotalCows 3308 Duck 51Buffalo 13 DesiChicken 1089Goats 1057 Hybridchicken 19244.3.IWMPAREA‐PanchayatWiseSecondaryDataofDemographicParticularsDemographic details of the Project area based on the latest statistics by Kannur DistrictEconomic and Statistics Departmentwhich had been published recently. Details are given intabularformbelow:DataregardingHouseholds,PopulationDensityandsexratiowitheffectiveliteracyrates

Panchayat GradeArea(insq.Km)

Noofwards

No.ofoccupiedresidentialhouses

No.ofhouseholds

DensityofPopulation

Sexratio

Effectiveliteracyrate

Eramam –Kuttur 1st 75.14 16 4958 6124 360 1079 80.22

KadannapallyPanappuzha 2nd 53.75 15 5100 4459 394 1060 88.18

Total/Average 128.89 31 10058 10583 377 1069 84.2

IWMPArea‐PanchayatwiseTotalChildPopulation,Literates&Illiterates

PanchayatTotalPopulationintheagegroup0‐6

Literates Illiterates

Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male FemaleEramam‐kuttoor 2773 1402 1371 21701 11062 10639 5350 1949 3401Kadannappalli‐Panapuzha 2173 1115 1058 16974 8517 8457 4201 1578 2623Total/Average 4946 2517 2429 38675 19579 19096 9551 3527 6024IWMPArea‐PanchayatwisenumberofHouseholds,TotalPopulation,SCPopulation,ST

Population&LiteracyRate–2001Census

PanchayatNo.ofHouse‐holds

TotalPopulation ScheduledCastes ScheduledTribes LiteracyRate(%)Person Male FemalePersonMaleFemalePersonMaleFemale

Eramam‐Kuttoor 6124 2705113011 14040 998 479 519 2 1 1 89.39Kadannappally‐Panapuzha 5100 2117510095 11080 631 302 329 8 2 6 89.33

Total/Average 105834822623106 25120 1629 781 848 10 3 7 89.36IWMPArea–PanchayatwisedetailsofLiveStockPopulation

NameofPanchayat

CattleBuffaloes

Goats

Pigs DogsFowls

CrossBreed

NonDescript Desi

Imp‐roved Ducks

EramamKuttoor 1475 1833 13 1057 69 1239 1089 1924 51

KadannappallyPanappuzha

1867 566 10 800 35 537 5094 544 22

Total 3342 2399 23 1857 104 1776 6183 2468 73

IWMPArea‐PanchayatwisedetailsofPublicDrinkingWaterFacility

NameofPanchayatPublicTubeWells

Publicwells

PublicTanks/Ponds

PublicTaps

Others(Specify)

Eramam‐Kuttur 10 25 2 4 ‐KadannapallyPanappuzha 15 20 12 ‐ ‐

Total 25 45 14 4 ‐

IWMPArea‐PanchayatwiseFamiliesbelowPovertyLine(BPL)

Panchayat AreainsqKms

No.ofhouseholds

No.offamilies

S.C S.T Others Total

Eramam‐Kuttur 75.14 3467 77 ‐ 3390 3467KadannapallyPanappuzha 53.75 2210 92 ‐ 2118 2210

Total 128.89 5677 169 0 5508 5677

IWMPArea‐ResidentialHousesaccordingtotypeofRoof&Electrification

NameofPanchayat Concrete Tiles/As

bestos

Thatched&

othersTotal Electrifie

dNot

electrified

Eramam‐Kuttur 2800 2900 200 5900 3300 2100KadannapallyPanappuzha 800 4254 46 5100 2100 3000

Total 3600 7154 246 11000 5400 5100

IWMPArea‐PanchayatwisedetailsofMedicalInstitutions–Allopathic

NameofGP Hospitals Dispensaries PHCs CHCs FWCEramamKuttur 0 1 1 0 0Kadannappally –Panapuzha 1 0 1 1 5

Total 1 1 2 1 5

CHAPTER–5GENERALFEATURESOFTHEPROJECTAREA

TheprojectareaunderIWMPsanctionedforPayyanurBlockPanchayathasatotalareaof5369Hawhichisconsideredaslandunderagriculturaluse.Thisincludesatotalcultivablewasteof1099 ha and thewhole area is consideredsas rainfed. The project area is being selected fortreatment based on certain criteria such as agro‐climatic condition of the projectarea,demographyandlanddistribution,livelihood,availabilityofirrigationfacilitiesetc.Givenbelowisatableshowingthecriteriaandweightageforselectionofwatershed.5.1.Criteriaandweightageforselectionofwatershed

CriteriaMaxi‐mumscore

Ranges&scores

Above80%(10) 80to50%(7.5)

50to20%(5)

Below20%(2.5)

Povertyindex(%ofpoortopopulation) 10 Above80%(10)

80to50%(7.5)

50to20%(5)

Below20%(2.5)

%ofSC/STpopulation 10Morethan40%(10)

20to40%(5)

Lessthan20%(3)

Actualwages 5

Actualwagesaresignificantlylowerthanminimumwages(5)

Actualwagesareequaltoorhigherthanminimumwages(0)

%ofsmallandmarginalfarmers

10Morethan80%(10)

50to80%(5)

Lessthan50%(3)

Groundwaterstatus 5Overexploited(5)

Critical(3)Subcritical(2)

Safe(0)

Moistureindex/DPAP/DDPBlock

15‐66.7&below(15)DDPBlock

‐33.3to‐66.6(10)DPAPBlock

0to‐33.2(0)NonDPAP/DDPBlock

Areaunderrain‐fedagriculture

15Morethan90%(15)

80to90%(10)

70to80%(5)Above70%(Reject)

Drinkingwater 10 Nosource(10)Problematicvillage(7.5)

Partiallycovered(5)

Fullycovered(0)

Degradedland 15High– above20%(15)

Medium– 10to20%(10)

Low‐ lessthan10%ofTGA(5)

Productivitypotentialoftheland 15

Landswithlowproduction&whereproductivitycanbesignificantlyenhancedwithreasonableefforts(15)

Landswithmoderateproduction&whereproductivitycanbeenhancedwithreasonableefforts(10)

Landswithhighproduction&whereproductivitycanbemarginallyenhancedwithreasonableefforts(5)

Contiguitytoanotherwatershedthathasalreadybeendeveloped/treated

10

Contiguoustopreviouslytreatedwatershed&contiguitywithinthemicrowatershedsintheproject(10)

ContiguitywithintheMicrowatershedsintheprojectbutnoncontiguoustopreviouslytreatedwatershed(5)

Neithercontiguoustopreviouslytreatedwatershednorcontiguitywithinthemicrowatershedsintheproject(0)

Clusterapproachintheplains(morethanonecontiguousmicro‐watershedsintheproject)

15Above 6 micro‐watersheds incluster(15)

4 to 6 microwatershedsin cluster(10)

2 to 4 micro watersheds incluster(5)

Clusterapproachinthehills(morethanonecontiguousmicro‐watershedsintheproject)

15Above 5 micro‐watersheds incluster(15)

3 to 5 microwatershedsin cluster(10)

2 to 3 micro watersheds incluster(5)

Total 150 150 90 41 2.5Accordingtotheabovecriteria, theweightageobtainedforthewatersheds inPayyanurBlockPanchayatselectedfortreatmentunderIWMPistabledbelow:5.2.Weightageobtainedforthewatersheds

Watershed

PovertyIndex

%ofSC/ST

Population

%ofSmall&

MarginalFarmers

GroundWaters

Status

Rain‐fedArea

DrinkingWater

DegradedLand

Contiguity

ClusterApproach

Total

35P16a 5 3 10 3 15 7.5 5 0 10 5935P16b 5 3 10 3 15 7.5 0 10 10 6435P16c 5 3 10 3 15 7.5 5 10 10 6935P17a 5 3 10 3 15 7.5 0 10 10 6435P18a 5 5 10 0 15 7.5 5 0 10 5835P19a 5 5 10 2 15 7.5 10 0 10 6535P19b 5 3 10 3 15 7.5 5 10 15 7435P19c 5 3 10 3 15 7.5 5 0 15 6435P19h 5 3 10 3 15 7.5 0 10 15 6935P19i 5 5 10 2 15 7.5 5 0 15 6535P19j 5 3 10 3 15 7.5 5 0 15 6435P20a 5 3 10 5 15 7.5 10 0 15 7135P21a 5 3 10 3 15 7.5 0 0 15 5935P22a 5 3 10 3 15 7.5 5 0 15 6435P23b 5 3 10 3 15 7.5 0 10 15 69GrandTotal

75 51 150 42 225 112.5 60 60 195 978

5.3.Physiography,relief&drainageThe general feature of the watershed area with regard to physiography is undulating withmoderatetosteepslopes.Onecanobservehillocksandslopingvalleysandsometimes,insomeareas,plains.However,themostcommonnatureisundulating.In thegeneralconditionof thewatershedmainly twotypesofsoil isseen:GravellyClayandbrown hydromorphic soils. The predominant soil in the major part of almost all thewatersheds is gravelly clay which is the weathered product derived under humid tropicalcondition. It occurs mainly in the midland and hilly areas characterized by ruggedtopography.Theyrangefromsandyloamtoredloam.Brown hydromorphic soil is confined to the valleys between undulating topographyin themidlandsandinthelowlyingareas.Thisisbrownincolourandthesurfacetexturevariesfromsandy loam to clay. This had been formed as a result of transportation and deposition ofmaterialsfromadjoininghillslopesandalsothroughdepositionbyrivers.

Veryrarelyriveralluviumisalsoobservedinthewatershed,especiallyalongtheriverbedandbanksof theriversandbigstreamscuttingacross theextensive lateritic soil.Thesoil isverydeepwith surface texture ranging from sandy loam to clay. It is fertile havingwater holdingcapacityandplantnutrientswhichareregularlyreplenishedduringfloods.Themaindrainangesystemofthewatershedareaisformedbytwosmallbutimportantrivers–Eriam River and Panapuzha River. These two together join to form Vannathipuzhawhich inturn joins with Peruvamba (Perumba) river. Thus the vannathipauzha is one among thetributariesofthePeruvambaRiverwhichalsoformsthedrainageofPayyanurBlockPanchayat.5.4.CLIMATEThreeimportantfeaturesaredescribedundertheheadclimate.ThesethreefeaturesareRainfall, temperature and relative humidity and rainfall. Given below is a brief description of theboth.ThetemperatureishighduringthemonthsofMarchtoMayandislowduringDecemberandJanuary.Theaveragemeanmonthlymaximumtemperaturerangesfrom28.4to36.90Candminimum temperature ranges from 19.7 to 23.90C. Relative humidity ismore during southwest monsoon season (ie June to September). It is more during morning hours and is lessduringeveninghours.Humidityrangesfrom77to88%inthedistrict.5.4.1.RainfallThewatershedareaexperiencesheavyrainfallduringtheSouthWestmonsoonseasonfollowedbyNorthEastmonsoon.TheSouthWestmonsoon(Edavappathiinvernacular)duringJunetoSeptember contributes 70 % of the total rainfall of the year. The northeast monsoon(ThulavarshaminVernacular)contributesonlyabout30%.Theannualaveragerainfall in thewatershed area is around 3543mm. The year to year variability of annual rainfall is around28.2%.RainfalldataforthelasttenyearsisgivenunderthedetailsofBlockPanchayat.

ThelistofwatershedproposedfortreatmentunderIWMPisfurnishedbelow:IWMP‐PayyannurBlock

DetailsofWatershedsintheCluster

Sl.No. CodeNo.NameofWatershed

TotalArea

LandUnder

Agriculture

RainfedArea

WasteLand GeographicCoordinatesElevation

(ft)Cultivable Non‐Cultivable

Longitude Latitude

1 35P16a Panapuzhathodu‐I 181 181 181 0 0 1207’30”N‐1209’30”N 75018’0”E‐75019’30”E 156

2 35P16b Panapuzhachal 439 322 439 71 45 1208’0”N‐1209’30”N 75019’0”E‐75021’0”E 183

3 35P16c Panapuzhathodu‐II 147 147 147 0 0 1207’0”N‐1208’30”N 75018’30”E‐75019’30”E 229

4 35P17a Paravoor 208 183 208 25 0 1207’0”N‐1208’0”N 75019’0”E‐75020’0”E 136

5 35P18a KannelamThodu 602 402 602 199 0 1207’30”N‐1209’30”N 75019’30”E‐75021’30”E 386

6 35P19a Alakkadu–I 207 207 207 0 0 1207’0”N‐1208’30”N 75020’30”E‐75022’0”E 245

7 35P19b Eriam–I 370 232 370 138 0 1208’0”N‐1209’30”N 75021’30”E‐75022’30”E 428

8 35P19c Thalichal 424 413 424 12 0 1209’0”N‐12010’30”N 75021’0”E‐75023’0”E 410

9 35P19h Mavullapoil 188 188 188 0 0 1208’30”N‐12010’0”N 75022’30”E‐75023’30”E 219

10 35P19i Eriyam–II 488 488 488 0 0 1208’0”N‐1209’0”N 75022’30”E‐75024’0”E 153

11 35P19j Alakkadu–II 280 280 280 73 0 1207’0”N‐1208’30”N 75021’0”E‐75022’30”E 367

12 35P20a Puthukkudivayal 462 462 462 125 0 1206’30”N‐1207’30”N 75019’30”E‐75021’30”E 255

13 35P21a Kaviyanam 397 397 397 191 0 1206’0”N‐1207’30”N 75018’0”E‐75019’30”E 240

14 35P22a Cheruvicherythodu 517 517 517 226 0 1205’30”N‐1207’0”N 75017’0”E‐75019’0”E 90

15 35P23b Thumbotta 459 459 459 29 201 1204’30”N‐1206’0”N 75017’30”E‐75019’0”E 112

Total 5369 4878 5369 1089 246

5.7GroundWaterScenarioGroundwater occurs under phreatic conditions inweatheredmantle of the crystalline rocks,laterites and unconsolidated coastal sediments. It occurs under semi confined to confinedconditionsinthedeep‐seatedfracturedaquifersofthecrystallinerocksandTertiarysediments.Theproject area is safe in groundwater availability andutilizationasnoticedby theGroundWater Department of the Government of Kerala. The details regarding the ground watersituationintheprojectareaisshownbelow:

SituationofGroundWaterResourcesasonMarch2004(Courtsey:GWD,GoK)

NetAnnualGroundWater

Availability

ExistingGrossGroundWaterDraftforirrigatio

n

ExistingGrossGroundWaterDraftfordomesticand

industrialwatersupply

ExistingGrossGroundWaterDraftforalluses

Allocationfor

domesticand

industrialrequirementsupplyuptonext25years

NetGroundwater

Availabilityforfutureirrigationdevelopmen

t

StageofGroundwater

development

(%)

130.62 37.82 10.72 48.54 13.85 78.95 37.16

Comparisonofstageofdevelopment,TotalGrossDraftandCategorization(Courtsey:GWD,GoK)

NetGroundwater

availability(MCM)

Totalgrossdraft(MCM) Stageofdevelopment

Categorization1999 2004 1999 2004

130.62 36.94 48.54 17.94 37.16 SafeThere are twomajor problems/issues related to groundwater availability in the watershedarea.Theyaredeclineinwaterlevelandwaterscarcity.Waterscarcityisacommonandsevereproblem facedby thewatershedcommunities living inhilly trerrainsdue to thedryingupofwells in summer season. Dug wells in themidland regions also dry up due to the delay ofmonsoonrainsortotheabsenceofsummershowers.5.8.WatersupplyandIrrigation.None of the proposed IWMP project area has covered under assured irrigation as it ismentioned in the selection criteria. This means that there is no big or medium or smallirrigationprojectinanyofthestreamsortheriversflowingthroughthewatershed.However,peoplemakes their own arrangements either in the traditionalway of caaryingwater in thepotsforirrigationfromthepondsandwellsorusingelectric/dieselmotorpumpsetsforbailingwaterforirrigationfromthetraditionalsources.TherearenobigwatersupplyschemeslikeCommunityWaterSupplySchemesunderJalanidhi(WBaidedKRWSAProject)orunderKeralaWaterAuthority(KWA).TheconcernedPanchayatshad some small scale drinking water supply scheme run and operated by the Panchayatauthorities.OflatethepipelineoftheJapanDrinkingWaterSupplyScheme(JICAPropject)ispassingthroughsomeofthewatershedsinthecluster,whichbroughtexpectationsamongthewatershedcommunitythattheygetwatersupplyfromthescheme.Butitisnotfinalized.5.9.Socio‐EconomicDetails

Thegeneralsocio‐economicconditionofthewatershedcommunityisobservedtobethatofthemiddleclass,becausetherearenophysicalparameterstounderstandthedifferentcommunitesin general. The watersheds have a mixed community with farmers, agricultural labourers,government employees, people employed in private sectors, construction workers, wagelabourersandcasuallabourers.Thereforetheeconomicsituationisalsomixed.Thefactorsthatdecidethesocialstatusisalsoconfusingbecausenonethelesscanbeidentifiedasbelongingtodifferent strata. Details regarding the factors that decide the socio‐economic status of thewatershedsareexplainedbelow:

a. Demography

Thetotalhouseholdsinthewatershedareaare3770outofwhich1593arebelongingtoBPLcategoryandtrherest intheAPL.Inall thesehouseholdsthereisatotalpopulationof16442outofwhichthemalepopulationis7900andthefemalepopulationis8542.ThisiscoincideswiththegeneralpopulationofthestateofKeralawherethefemalepopulationismorethanthemale population. The population density is 306/Km2 and the sexratio is 1081. The averageliteracyis92.2.Themaleliteracyis94.8andthefemaleliteracyis89.6.

ThetotalSCpopulationinthewatershedareais252amongstwhich159aremaleand57arefemale.ComparativelytheSCpopulationintheareaislessthanother areas of Payyanur Block Panchayat. There are no ST households reported in thewatershedarea.

b. EducationalStatus

EducationallythewatershedcommunityisbetteroffasmajorityofthemhavecompletedtheirXclass (High Schooland Higher secondary education). The older generation has acquirededucation at upper primary level, where as the new generation have gone through evencollegeate education. Perhaps this may be a reason for the higher No. of teachers andgovernmentemployees inthewatershedarea.Thepresentgenerationhasall the facilitiesforcontinuingeducationuptoPGlevelandevenforresearchstudies.Theaccessibilitytotheeducationalinstitutionforallthehouseholdsinthewatershedsishigherthan any other area of the Grama Panchayats. Kadannappally – Panapuzha area has severalschools(LP&UP)andawellfurnishedHigherSecondarySchoolwithallmodernfacilitieslikecomputer lab, laboratory arrangements for other science subjects andwell trained teachers.Similary thewatersheds in theEramam–KutturGramaPanchayat areahas similar facilities.ThosewhowantedtocontinuetheireducationPayyanurCollegeisveryneartothewatershedsandtheCollegeinthecooperativesectorisalsoisaccessibletothem.Allthesefacilitiesandtheinterestofthepeopletosendtheirchildrenforeducationtogethercontributetotheeducationalstatusofthewatershedcommunity.Anganwadi15L.P.School5U.P.School2HigherSecondarySchool2c. HealthsituationThe health situation is comparatively good as per data obtained from the Primary HealthCentres(PHC)whichcatertothewatershedcommunity.Beinginteriorvillages,thewatershedareaiscomparativelynon‐pollutedandwithlessreporteddeadlydiseases.Theprimaryhealthcentresandsomevillageclinicsrunbymedicalpractishonersarethemainsourceformedicaltreatmentforthewatershedcommunity.Primaryhealthcentres2HomeoDispensary2d. Transportandcommunication

Thereisaverygoodroadnetworkthatpassesacrossalmostallwatershedsandtheseconnectallthewatershedseachother.Thereareroadtransportfacilitiesincludingbusserviceinalmostall the watersheds. The bus service is available through the main roads and to the interiorvillageareaautorikshawsand Jeepservicesareavailable.Thewatershed is connected to theGramaPanchayatHeadQuarters and to theBlock PanchayatHeadquarters by roads and thetransportfacilitiesiscomparativelysatisfactory.All the modern communication facilities like Television, satellite communication like DTH,mobilephoneandlandphoneareavailableinthewatersheds.Perhaps,thereisnobodywithoutamobile phone in thewatershed. All the news papers published in the state and some localnews papers andmagazines are also available. People are subscribers of almost all types ofnewspapersandCableTVcommunications.

e. CreditFacilities

ThewatershedcommunityenjoysthepresenceofServiceCooperativebanks inalmostall thewatersheds. In Kadannappally – Panapuzha Panchayat area the presence of the branches ofPanapuzhaServiceCooperativebankispredominantandinErmam–KutturareathepresenceofthebranchesofEramam‐KutturServiceCooperativeBankispredominant.Besidesthesethe

branchesofNorthMalabarGraminBankandHDFCbank isalso functioning in thewatershedarea. These financial institutions provide necessary credit facilities to the members of thewatershedcommunitywhentheyneedaloanfortheiragricultural,housingandotherneeds.AnotherarrangementistheKudumbasreeunits,whichspecificallyarrangescreditfacilitiesforthe womenfor enterprises development, self employment programmes and sometimes theirdomestic needs. In fact, the availability of credit is not atall a problem with regard to thewatershedcommunity.

f. RecreationFacilities

Thewatershedcommunityhadmanyforumsforrecreation.ThereareArts&Sportsclubsandreadingrooms(PublicLibraries)andculturalcentresineverylookandcornerofalmostallthewatersheds.Theseclubsandreadingroomsareeitherrunbypoliticalpartiesoryouthclubs.However,theseclubsandreadingroomsnotonlymouldtheculturalgrowthanddevelopmentbutalsoprovideopportunitiesforrecreation.ClubsandreadingroomsarealsoprovidedwithTelevisions.

Oneofthelimitationsoftheseforumsisthatthesearespecifricallyformen.Therearenosuchexclusive arrangements forwomen.Women find their forums for recreation during festivalsand celebrations like onam and vishu. Given below is a list of available facilities in thewatershedarea:1. PublicLibrary–7

2. ReadingRooms–13

3. ArtsCentres–15

4. CommunityHalls–1

5. CommunityRadioCentres–4

6. CommunityT.V.Centres–6

7. SportsClubs–40

8. StudyCentreforEleders‐1

g. LandUsePattern

Someyearsbackalmostallthewaterhedhadpaddyfiledsandthefarmerswerecultivatingtwocrops. Unfortunately, due to various reasons, specifically for want of the availability of thelabourers,hikeinfertilizers,lowpricefortheyieldandclimaticchangehadforcedthefarmerstoshift toothercultivationwhichrequire lesser labourand thosewhichare long termcrops.Consequentlymajorpartofthepaddyfieldshadbeenleveledforplantainandarecanutcoupledwith coconut cultivation. Now the major crop in almost all watersheds is rubber. Around2770.73haoutoftheavailable5369ha(51.6%)isrubber.Thegenerallandusepattern(inha)of thewatershedcomingunder the IWMPproject is shown ina tabular format followedbyagraphicillustration.

TableShowingLandUse&CroppingPattern

Coconut

Arecanut

Cashew

Nut

Plantain

Vegetables

Rubber

Tubers

Paddy

BuiltUp

CultivableWaste

UnCult.W

aste

Total

621.22 504.82 335.2 201.12 210.2 2032.36 108.27 73.4 528.32 713.4 40.7 5369

11.57% 9.40% 6.24% 3.92 3.92% 37.85% 2.02% 1.37% 9.84% 13.29 0.76% 100%

ProblemsofSpecialMention:Thewatershed is slowly deteriorating in its natural resources. Thewatershedswere blessedwith a number of streams that provides water to land, animals and even human beingsbelongingto thewatersheds.Theshift incultivation, i.e. fromtheseasonalcropstoperennialcropsandeventolong‐termcropshavemuchchangedthenaturalresourcesofthewatershed–soil, water and biomass. There are specific issues in different sectors that badly affect thewatershed.Theseissuesaresummarizedbelow:SoilrelatedProblems Heavysoilerosion Reducingproductivityofthesoil Deteriorationofthesoilhumus Changeinthechemicalstructureofthesoilandreducingstoragecapacityofthesoil SoilPollutionduetoindiscriminateuseofChemicalsWaterrelatedProblems Severedrought Dryingupofwatersourcesinthebeginningofsummer Highvelocityrunoffinthemonsoonseason Overconsumptionofwater Increasingnumberofbore‐wellsthreateningthegroundwaterstorage Loweringwateryieldinthecatchmentaffectingthegroundwaterrecharge. Sedimentation in Ponds, Streams and paddy fields has affected summer flow and some

perennialstreamshavebecameseasonal

Contaminationofstreamsideaquiferduetopollutedstream Contaminationduetodirectdisposalofwaste Drinkingwatercontaminationincreasingwaterbornediseasesespeciallyduringmonsoon.ProblemsrelatedtoAgriculture/Bio‐diversity Unavailabilityofseedswithensuredgermination Reluctancetocultivatefoodcrops Unavailabilityofqualityorganicfertilizersandbio‐repellants PoorawarenessontheimportanceandrelevanceofOrganicFarming Alienated/extinctmedicinalplants Destruction/deteriorationofholygrooves(Kavus) Shiftfrommulticropstomonocrops Deteriorationofnaturalgrazingland/pastures ReducingPaddyfields Poorvegetablecultivation ReducingfreshwaterfishesProblemsrelatedtoLivestock/AnimalHusbandry Reductionincowrearing Reductioninpoultry Poorperformanceoftheveterinaryhospitals Absenceofsub‐centerswhichresultsinlackofinseminationservices Unavailabilityofgreenfodder/dryfodder Inadequatereturns LackofInterestinAnimalHusbandry Newgenerationreluctanttoenterintothefieldofanimalhusbandry.Aseriousdiscussionamongthegroupmembershelpedtodistinguishthecoreproblemandthecausesandeffectsofsuchproblems.Theywereasked toprioritize theproblemsand identifyonecore issueforanalysis ineachsector.Thecoreproblemsidentifiedbythegroups ineachsectorare:1. Reducingproductivityofthesoil(Soil)2. Severedrought(water)3. Reluctancetocultivatefoodcrops(Agro‐biodiversity)4. LackofInterestinAnimalHusbandry

CHAPTER–6METHODOLOGYADOPTED

IWMP planning has been done in a decentralized manner and in the process differentapproacheshadbeenadopted.6.1.THEPROCESSOFPLANNING(MethodologyadoptedforPlanning)BaselineSurveyBaseline information and data on natural resources, human resources, agro‐socio‐economicdetails, infrastructure etc are collected at Village levels through secondary sources ofinformation. Primary information and data are also collected from households. All thehouseholdsinthevillagesarecoveredunderthebaselinecensussurvey.Theinformationanddataarefoundtobecomprehensiveandencompassingalltherelevantsocio‐economicaspectspertainingtothepeopleofthevillage.Thedatacollectedfromprimarysourcesarebyadoptinginterviewmethodwith the help of specific format prepared specifically for the purpose. Theinformation iscollectedby thewell trainedvolunteersunder thesupervisionandguidanceofTSO. The data thus collected are compiled and analyzed under the strict supervision of theDirectorofTSOandthefindingsaremadeuseforformulatingtheprojectproposal.Besidestheconsolidateddatasheetsarekeptasabenchmarkforfurthermonitoringandevaluation.FormationofWatershedNeighbourhoodClustersNeighbourhood clusters are formed in everywatershed combining 50 families each living asclusters. These 50 families have further divided into clusters of seven from which aperson/leaderhadbeenselectedtorepresentthesesevenfamiliesinthewatershedcommittee.ThelistofthefamilieshadbeenpreparedbyvisitingindividualwatershedbytheTSOmembersalongwiththepeople’srepresentatives,(inmostcasestheywerethewardmembers).Groupinghadbeenmadewiththeassistanceofthewardmembersandtheirsuggestionswerealsotakenasadirectiveguidelinefortheselectionofgroupleaders.FormationofWatershedCommitteesWatershedCommitteesarenecessarytoensuretimely implementationandearly fundreleaseto the individual beneficiaries. Thiswill also ensure the transparency and subsidiarity of theprogrammeand theexpectedresultswillbeobtained in timeas it isenvisaged in theprojectplan.WatershedcommitteesareformedinallthewatershedstakenfortreatmentunderIWMP.ThewatershedCommitteecomprisestherepresentativesofwatershedcommunitiesandnominatedrepresentatives fromtheelectedmembersof theGramaPanchayat inwhich thewatershed isincluded.The joint convenor and treasurer are exclusively from the representatives of individualwatershedusergroupsandthepostofthetreasurerisreservedforwomen.Besidesthis, theexistingSelfHelpGroupsundertheKudumbasreeMissionineachwatershedshallalsobe fosteredandpromoted to takeupprogrammescomingunderPSMandLHS.TheSHGs are functioning properly and in a most effective manner under the supervision of theGramaPanchayats.NewSHGscanalsobeformed,especiallyformeninthewatershed.Iffoundnecessary.TheexistingfarmersgroupscanalsobeconsideredasSelfHelpgroups.

PARTICIPATORYRURALAPPRAISAL–PRATheTechnical SupportOrganization (TSO), Susthira has conducted PRA in all the fifteenwatersheds identified under the IWMP project. In each watershed Participatory Appraisalsendedwithaonedayparticipatoryplanningworkshopduringwhichparticipantsweregivenfeedback on the information gatheredduring the exercise.Other activities carriedoutduringtheseworkshopsincluded:identification,analysisandprioritizationofproblems;identificationofpossiblesolutions;anddraftingatentativecommunityactionplan.Ideasforactiondevelopedduring the participatory planning workshop were subsequently reviewed by projectmanagement and field staff and interest groups through a participatory feasibility analysis,aimedatassessingtheextenttowhichtheseideasweretechnically,economicallyandsociallyviableandsound.Thisassessmentincluded:priority‐settingexercises,technicalstudies,on‐siteinvestigations and conflict management initiatives. Following the feasibility study, detailedtermsofreferenceforjointimplementationwerenegotiatedamonglocalactors,leadingtothedefinitionofcollaborativeimplementationagreements.ToolsAppliedintheParticipatoryRuralAppraisalinTheWatersheds:Thoughthereareseveraltoolsthatcanbeappliedinassessingthesituationandtocarryaoutthe situational analysis and knowledge generation, for want of time and space, four mostimportant tools have applied in the PRA exercise conducted in the watershed. They areMapping, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), SWOT Analysis, Seasonality calendar Problem TreeAnalysis,Scoring&Ranking(Pair‐wise&MatrixRankingandTransectWalk.Givenbelowisabriefdescriptionofthetools.Mapping:The basic objective of Resource Mapping was to document and understand the naturalresources and the institutions (schools, farms etc) of the watershed. It is the visualrepresentation of the basic facilities and the geographical terrain of the watersheds. It alsoshowshowfareachhamlet issituated fromtheotherandhowmanyhouseholdsare there ineachhamlet.Thisbasicgrassrootslevelinformationiscrucialinplanninganyinterventionsatthemicro‐level.FocusGroupDiscussionThefocusgroupdiscussion(FGD)isarapidassessment,semi‐structureddatagatheringmethodinwhichapurposivelyselectedsetofparticipantsgathertodiscussissuesandconcernsbasedon a list of key themes drawn up by the researcher/facilitator. Focus group discussion hasbecome extremely popular because it provides a fastway to learn from the target audience.Marketing andmedia studies have shown that the focus group discussion is a cost‐effectivetechnique forelicitingviewsandopinionsofprospective clients, customersandend‐users. Inagriculture, focus groups have been used to obtain insights into target audience perceptions,needs,problems,beliefs,andreasonsforcertainpractices.Thepurposeoffocusgroupdiscussionsistogainknowledgeaboutaparticulartopicorneedbyinterviewingagroupofpeopledirectlyaffectedbytheissue.Focusgroupdatacanbeusedtocollectinformationformanypurposes,suchasconductinganeedsassessmentorevaluatingaprogram. Below are brief pointers regarding the “why” and “how” of focus groups. FocusGroups are appropriate when one want to Explore the depth and nuances of opinionsregardingan issue,Understanddifferences inperspectives,Understandwhat factors influenceopinionsorbehavior,Testmaterialsorproducts,Testreactionstoactualorproposedservices,Designalargestudyorunderstanditsresults,Captureopinionsandperspectivesofaprogram’stargetaudienceandLearnaboutparticipantsbyobservingtheirinteractions

SWOTAnalysisSWOTanalysisisatoolthatidentifiestheStrengths,Weaknesses,OpportunitiesandThreatsofan organization. Specifically,SWOT is basically used in the watershed analysis as astraightforwardmodelthatassesseswhatawatershedcommunitycanandcannotdoaswellasitspotentialopportunitiesandthreats.ThemethodofSWOTanalysisistotaketheinformationfroman environmental analysis and separate it into internal(strengths andweaknesses) andexternal issues(opportunitiesandthreats).Oncethis iscompleted,SWOTanalysisdetermineswhatmayassistthewatershedcommunityinaccomplishingitsobjectives,andwhatobstaclesmustbeovercomeorminimizedtoachievedesiredresults.SWOTiscommonlyusedaspartofstrategicplanningandlooksatInternalstrengths,Internalweaknesses, Opportunities in the external environment and Threats in the externalenvironment. SWOT is a process which generates information that is helpful in matching adevelopmentgoalprograms,andcapacitiesofacommunity,tothesocialenvironmentinwhichitoperates.NotethatSWOTinitselfisonlyadatacapture–theanalysisfollows.Strengthsare thepositive tangible and intangible attributes, internal to an organization andthey are within the organization’s control. Weaknesses are factors that are within acommunity’s/organization’scontrolthatdetractfromitsabilitytoattainthedesiredgoalandthisexplainswhichareasthecommunity/organizationmightimprove.Opportunitiesareexternalattractivefactorsthatrepresentthereasonforanorganizationtoexist and develop. It also explains what opportunities exist in the environment, which willpropel the organization. Identify them by their “time frames”.Threats are external factors,beyondan organization’s control,which couldplace the organizationmissionor operation atrisk.Theorganizationmaybenefitbyhavingcontingencyplanstoaddressthemiftheyshouldoccur.Classifythembytheir“seriousness”and“probabilityofoccurrence”.Insummary: Strengthsneedtobemaintained,builtuponorleveraged. Weaknessesneedtoberemedied,changedorstopped. Opportunitiesneedtobeprioritized,captured,builtonandoptimized. Threatsneedtobecounteredorminimizedandmanaged.ASWOTanalysiscanbeverysubjective,and twopeople rarelycome‐upwith the same finalversionofSWOT.Itisanexcellenttoolhowever,forlookingatthenegativefactorsfirstinordertoturnthemintopositivefactors.UseSWOTasguideandnotaprescription.SeasonalityCalendarA seasonal calendar is a participatory tool to explore seasonal changes (e.g. gender‐specificworkload, diseases, income, expenditure etc.) and the Objective is to learn about changes inlivelihoods over the year and to show the seasonality of agricultural and non agriculturalworkload, food availability, human diseases, gender‐specific income and expenditure, water,forage,creditandholidays.Seasonal calendars are tools for collection of information relevant to seasonal happenings ofnatural conditions and associated socio‐economic‐cultural activities of a community during aone year cycle. Calendars help develop understanding of water availability, agriculturalproduce, Pests and pest control measures, behavior choice, activity patterns, local marketeconomicsandcansupportannualworkplansandtheallocateresourcesinatimelymanner.ProblemTreeAnalysis

Problem Tree is an effective tool for participatory planning, to get an understanding aboutpressingproblemsinthecommunityandprobetheircausesandpossibleeffects.Theprocedureisasfollows:Thegroupwasrequestedtodiscusspressingissuesinthecommunity.Forexample,theycouldbe low income,degradedenvironment,naturaldisasters,etc., and theseproblemswere listedandthegroupwasasktopicktheissuethattheyarethemostconcernedabout.Thecommonlyoccurringreasons(e.g. theenvironment ispolluted)wereelegantly listedonachartpaperandfixedtoawalltomakeitpossibletohaveaonetimeobservationofthegroupmembersThegroupmemberswereasked tobrainstormon the first levelof causes,directly leading tosuch a problem, then eventually go to second level, third level until repetition occurs andnofurthercausesemerge.Foreachcause,itwaswrittenonanotherchartpaperandfixedagainonthewall.Similarly,thegroupslookedforthepossibleeffectsoftheproblemanddifferentlevelsofthese.Thegroupmembersweregivenconsiderable time to thinkanddiscuss.When facilitating thediscussion, thegroupwas reminded thatnone is completely trueor completely false, but themajority’s opinions shall be respected. Further, the problems were written in full sentencerather than in short hand. Additionally, causes/effects of the second level were linked tomultiplecauses/effectsofthefirstlevel,sotherearemorecauses/effectsthantwolevels.Thistool is very relevant to Problem Ranking; the difference is that ranking compares differentproblems,meanwhilethetreeanalysesoneproblem.Scoring&RankingRankingandscoringisusedinPRAtounderstandpeople’spreferencesandchoices,drawingontheirowncategoriesandclassificationsratherthanimposingthoseofoutsiders.Theproblems,solutionstechnicalinputsetcarearrangedontheinterestsoftheusers.Transect:Transectisoneofthemostimportanttoolswhichwasdrawnupbytransversethewatershedareawithagroupofpeoplefromupperreachestolowerreachestostudypresentlandstatus,soiltype,presentlandusepattern,Cropyield,presentproblemsandsuggestivemeasures.NRM‐stepsfollowedforplanning:Theboundarylineofthewatershedisdelineatedintheveryfirststepwiththehelpofvillagecadastralmap and Topo‐sheet. Then geographical transect is being done through survey bymovingfromplottoplotinupperreaches,middlereachesandlowerreaches.Duringthetransectthemajornalas,gulliesanddrainagelinesareidentifiedandaremarkedinthe cadastralmap. Landsare surveyedon thebasisof land type, soil type, erosion class andslope and accordingly the whole watershed land is divided into various patches which aretreatedasindividualmappingunits.During the transect various resources like different water bodies, wells and farm ponds areidentified and aremarked in the cadastralmap. Thepresent landuse is also studiedduringtransectandaccordinglypresentlandusemapispreparedusingdifferentnotionsandsymbols.In the individual patch identified, the various treatments required are also finalized inconsensuswiththevillagers.

Finally aproposed landusemapand treatmentmap is alsopreparedwhich is treatedas thestrategic actionplanonNaturalResourcesManagementperspective for thewholewatershedduringtheentireprojectperiodMajoractivitiesoftheWatershedproject:

Soil & moisture conservation measures like terracing, bunding, trenching, vegetativebarriersetc.

Rainwaterharvestingactivitieslikefarmponds,percolationtanks,check‐damsetc. Planting & sowing of multi‐purpose trees, shrubs, grasses, legumes and pasture landdevelopment

Encouragingnaturalregeneration Promotionofagro‐forestryandhorticulture Measuresneededtodisseminatetechnology Training,extensionandcreationofagreaterdegreeofawarenessamongtheparticipants Encouragingpeoples’participation Livelihoodactivitiesforassetlesspeople Productionsystemandmicro‐enterprise

Chapter–7ConvergencewithMGNREGS&Otherschemes

IntegratedWatershedManagementProgramme(IWMP)of theDepartmentofLandResources(DoLR)hasbeen identified as an important scheme for convergencewithMGNREGSasmorethan 50% of the MGNREGS works relate to soil and water conservation. Based on severaldiscussions,themodalitiesofconvergencewereidentified.Theobjectivesofthisconvergencewillbetoswitch‐overtosustainableagriculturespecificallyorganic agriculture in all IWMP villages before end of the project period; and to double theincomeof the farmersbydecreasingcostofcultivationandreapingpremierpricesduetothepesticide‐freeproducts.CovergenceofIWMPwithMGNREGSssuggestsveryimportantobjectivessuchas: StrenghteningdemocraticDecentralizeddecisionmakingprocesswhich is takingplace in

theplanningprocessofIWMP EnablingsustainabledevelopmentwhichisenvisagedintheIWMPprocess

Further enhancing the benefits of MNREGS by providing the people, especially unskilledwomenlabourersintheenhancedwatersheddevelopmentactivitiesformulatedforIWMP

Enhancing economic opportunities by finding out additional sources for finance for the

worksassignedtotheunskilledlabourersfromIWMPfundsUnderMGNREGSalmost all the activities required forwatersheddevelopment arepermitted.Convergence between MGNREGS and Watershed Programmes of DoLR will be mutuallybeneficialforrainfedareas.ParametersalsohadbeensetforconvergencewithMGNREGSandIWMP.Theparametersare:1. MNREGSguidelinestobefollowed2. If cost per ha Rs.12000/ or Rs.15,000/‐ not adequate additional cost to be met from

MNREGA3. Labour:materialcosti.e60:40ratiotobemaintained4. Worksbedonebymanuallabour‐machinestobeavoided5. Contractorservicenotallowed6. ConvergenceactivitiestobeidentifiedbyPIA7. The cost of material component of projects including the wages of the skilled and semi

skilledworkerstakenupundertheschemeshallnotexceed40%ofthetotalprojectcost.8. Asfaraspracticable,ataskfundedundertheschemeshallbeperformedbyusingmanual

labourandnotmachines9. Nocontractorsshallbeengagedintheexecutionoftheworks.10. Where convergence between NREGS and watershed programmes funded by DoLR is

envisaged,thetasks/structures/activitiestobeundertakenbyNREGSwillbeidentifiedbythe Programme Implementation Agency (PIA) preparing the DPR for the watershedProgramme.

11. InIWMP,ifconvergenceistobeeffected,theworksshouldbecarriedoutbylandlesspeopleand self help group members. Under MNREGA all activities required for watersheddevelopmentarepermitted.

CHAPTER–8PROJECTCOMPONENTSANDACTIVITIES

8.1. CAPACITYBUILDINGANDIECPROGRAMMESCapacitybuildingmeansestablishingresourcesneededtofulfillamissionorachieveagoal.TheDepartmentofRuralDevelopment(DRD)andDoLRrecognizethatwatershedgroupsandlocalgovernmentsneedarangeof toolstoeffectivelymanagetheir local landandwaterresources.Local andstategovernmentsandwatershedgroupsaround theProject ImplementingAgency(PIA)areemployinginnovativeapproachestocapacitybuilding.IWMPspecificallyemphasizeondevelopingthecapacitiesandskillsofthestakeholders,sothatthey take up the responsibility of the effective implementation of the project activities,management of funds, monitoring & evaluation of the end results and keeping records andregistersofwhathappenedinthewatershedsandintheprojectimplementation.a. PreProjectImplementationPeriod

OrientationTrainingAtDifferentLevels

The orientation training programmes are organized for the members of UGs, and SHGs asinceptiontrainingtoenablethemtoconducttheirdaytodayactivities.Duringthistraining,themembersaregiventheorientationaboutthepurposeofsuchgrouppromotion&theactivitiesthose groups are expected to undertake. After the watershed association is promoted, theorientationtrainingwillbegiventowatershedcommitteemembers&officebearersaboutthewatershed concept, the activities to be done through watershed project for the entryprogrammeaswellasthenext5yearperiodetc. Skillenhancementtraining

ThistrainingisbasicallyforSHGandUGmembersatgrass‐rootslevelsanditprovidesdifferentskills required for the activities to be done through these groups. For SHGmembers, skill isrequiredforeconomicactivities fortheir livelihood.Duringthistraining, theexistingskills forthememberswillbemappedoutandnecessaryenhancementforfuturegrowthwillbefocused.Undertheskillenhancementtraining,theaccountsandbookkeepingtrainingwillbearrangedfortreasurersofSHGsandUGs. Technologicaltraining&Fielddemonstrations

Cropproduction,watermanagementandothertechnicalskillswillbeimpartedtousers’groupmembers based on their need & interest. Under this, seed treatment and improved fieldpracticeswillbedemonstratedtotheselectedkeyfarmers. Leadershiptraining

Thegrowthandsustainabilityofanyinstitutionwilldependontheleadershipqualitiesofofficebearersof the institutionspromoted.For that, theselected leaderswillbegivendevelopmentandmanagementtrainingoveraperiodoftime.Beforestartingtheactualimplementation,theUGs,SHGsandwatershedassociationleaderswillbegiventherequiredtrainingtomanagetheassociationsindifferentsituations.

b. TrainingsduringImplementation

TrainingForManagerialSkills

For implementing the various watershed development activities, the managerial skills of theofficebearers at SHG,UG&WC levelwill beupgradedby giving structured trainingwith thecontentofhowtosupervisetheactivities,howtoprioritizetheactivities,andtakingdecisionsatcriticalsituations.Thesetrainingswillbegivenwhenfoundnecessarytoensureconsistencyinimprovement.

ExposureVisits

Duringimplementation,theassociationmemberswhoareyettostarttheworkwillbetakenforexposurevisittothelocationswheresimilarworkshavebeenexecuted.Bytheseexposurevisitstheattitudeofthefarmerstowardstheimplementationofworksandcontributionmobilizationbecomequitepos

c. PostProjectTrainings

Towards the end of the project period, necessary stepswill be taken to ensure sustainabilityevenafterthewithdrawaloftheprojectfacilitators.Toensurethatsimilarkindofselfsustaininginstitutionswillbeidentifiedwithin(or)outoftheparticularlocationsandtheexposurewillbearrangedfortheselectedleadersofSHGs,UGsandwatershedassociationstoobserveandlearnfromthem.*DPRforInstitutionandcapacitybuilding(Trainingplan)andIECProgrammesaresubmittedasseparatevoulumealongwiththisDPR.(Maintext)–Book–I

8.2.ENTRYPOINTACTIVITIESEntry Point Activities (EPAs) are those subproject interventions that are first identified byvillagersduringtheinitialawarenessraisingcarriedoutbytheexternalimplementingagency.Entry‐PointActivitiesarenecessaryparttoorientthecommunitymemberstowardsIntegratedWatershedManagementProject(IWMP).Therewasaneedassessmentcarriedout initiallytoidentify the community needs. Need assessment is followed by community mobilizationmeetingswhereconsultationsfromthecommunitywerealsoincludedagain.Introducingwatersheddevelopmentprogramtothecommunityhasalwaysbeenrecognizedasanimportantactivity.Thisisdonethroughwhatarecalled‘EntryPointActivities’(EPA)intheparlance of watershed literature. It involves building the rapport with the community,strengthening and sustaining it throughout the programandbeyond.Knowledge‐basedEPAsare foundmoreeffective tobuildrapportwith thecommunitybyensuring tangibleeconomicbenefitsforthecommunity.Thecommunityhascollectivelyidentifiedtheentrypointactivitiesineachwatershed.Specialattention has been taken up to ensure that the Entry Point Activities include creation ofcommunityassets tobemaintainedby them.Keeping inview the crucialmotivational roleofentrypointactivitiesintheIWMPproject,itisproposedtoallowupto4%ofthetotalallocationofeachwatershedforthepurposesintheprojects.

SchemeProposedforEntryPointActivities(EPA)Sl.No

NameofGramaPanchayat

NameofWatershed Problem/stobesolved NameofEPA Location Objectives

1. Kadannappally–Panapuzha Panapuzhathodu‐I DrinkingWaterScarcity V.C.B.Repairing

Kalarikkal,PilathraVayalandKadapramchal

Toensureadequatewaterforirrigationandhouseholdpurposesandtoprotectthestreamfromstreambankerosion

2. Kadannappally–Panapuzha Panapuzhachal

SeverewaterscarcityinMundapram,VellariyanamandIrulregions

Shuttertypecheckdamconstruction

Vellariyanam Drinkingwaterensuredfor100households

3. Kadannappally–Panapuzha Panapuzhathodu‐II

MajorportionofthePaddyfieldsleftbarrenduetothelackofirrigationfacilities.

DrainageCanalconstruction

PanapuzhaPadashekharam

Agriculturalproductionimprovedbyavailingadequatewaterforirrigationtherebyimprovingthelivingconditionofthepeople.

4. Kadannappally–Panapuzha Paravoor

Heavysiltation,BankErosionwastedisposalintheriverRemovedvegetativecoveralongtheriverbankFloodduringthemonsoonPresenceofthickandthornyplants

RiverBankProtection

Throughoutthecourseoftherivercoveringtheproposedwatersheds

Toimprovetheyieldfromthepaddyfieldsbyimprovingirrigation

5. Eramam–Kuttur KannelamThoduShortageofwaterinthepondthefarmerswereforcedtostopcultivation

PondRenovation KoyipraVayal

Toprotectthepondfromcontaminationandtoensureadequatewaterforagriculturalandotherpurposes.

Sl.No

NameofGramaPanchayat

NameofWatershed

Problem/stobesolved

NameofEPA Location Objective

6. Kadannappally–Panapuzha Alakkadu–I

AsinthecaseofParavoor

RiverBankProtection’

Throughoutthecourseoftherivercoveringtheproposedwatersheds

Drinkingwaterfor60householdsinthecolonyensured.

7. Kadannappally–Panapuzha Eriam–I

Asabove

RiverBankProtection

Throughoutthecourseoftherivercoveringtheproposedwatersheds

PaddycultivationretainedintheKakkasserypadashekharamandthefarmersincreasetheirincome

8. Eramam–Kuttur Thalichal

Uncontrolledhumaninterventionscauseddamagestothenaturalspringandthewateravailabilityreduced.

Kundanchittadyspringprotectionanddrinkingwaterscheme

Kundamchittady

Adequatewaterforsurroundinghousesensuredbyprotectingthenaturalspring

9. Eramam–Kuttur Mavullapoil

Theoverutilizationandhumanencroachmentresultedindeteriorationofthenaturalspring.

DrinkingwaterScheme

KanamRegionDrinkingwaterensuredfor15householdslivingaroundtheKanamspring.

10. Kadannappally–Panapuzha Eriyam–II

ThedecreasingwateravailabilityintheKanaramvayalstreamadverselyeffectstheagriculturalproduction.

Shuttertypecheckdam Kanaramvayal

AdequatewaterforagriculturalpurposesensuredandtheKanaramvayalstreamsafeguarded

Sl.No

NameofGramaPanchayat

NameofWatershed Problem/stobesolved NameofEPA Location Objective

11. Kadannappally–Panapuzha Alakkadu–II

HeavysiltationBankErosionWastedisposalintheriverRemovedvegetativecoveralongtheriverbankFloodduringthemonsoonPresenceofthickandthornyplants

RiverBankProtection

Throughoutthecourseoftherivercoveringtheproposedwatersheds

12. Kadannappally–Panapuzha Puthukkudivayal

Waterscarcityincreasesthedrudgeryofwomanandchildrenandsubsequenthealthproblems.

Checkdamconstruction Karakkundu

Tosafeguardthestreamfromstreambankerosion,toprotectthestreamfromcontaminationandpollutionandtoensureadequatewaterforagriculturalpurposes.

13. Kadannappally–Panapuzha Kaviyanam

Inadequatewaterinthestreamandstreambankerosion

Constructionofcheckdamwithsideprotection

Vellikkanam

Tosafeguardthestreamfromstreambankerosion,toprotectthestreamfromcontaminationandpollutionandtoensureadequatewaterforagriculturalpurposes.

14. Kadannappally–Panapuzha Cheruvicherythodu

Drinkingwaterscarcityisthemainprobleminthewatershed.Around50familiessufferfromthisproblem.

CommunityWaterSupplyScheme

ColumbaAdequatedrinkingwaterfor50familiesinColumbaregionofCheruvicherithoduwatershedensured.

15. Kadannappally–Panapuzha

Thumbotta Drinkingwaterscarcity Drinkingwatersupplyscheme

Peruvalanga Toensureadequatedrinkingwaterfor50familiesinPeruvalangasettlement

EPA‐FUNDINGPATTERN

SL.NO. WATERSHED NAME PANCHAYATH AREA IN HECTARE

EPA fund Available

Additional amount

taken from IWMP

Project Cost

TOTAL ESTIMATED

COST ACTIVITY PROPOSED

1. Panapuzhathode- 1 Kadannappalli-Panapuzha 181 108600 860 109460 CASTING&SHUTTERING OF KALARIKKAL VCB ,,PILATHARA VAYAL V CB,EDATHUMTHAZHE VCB

2. Panapuzhachal Kadannappalli-Panapuzha & Eramam Kuttur 439 263400 270 263670 SHUTTER TYPE CHEK DAM AT VELLARIYANAM

2NOS 3. Panapuzhathode- 2 Kadannappalli-Panapuzha 147 88200 88300 176500 DIVERSION CHANNEL CONSTRUCTION 4. Paravoor Kadannappalli-Panapuzha 208 124800 - 124800 RIVER BANK PROTECTION

5. Kannilamthode Kadannappalli-Panapuzha & Eramam Kuttur 602 361200 619800 981000 POND RENOVATION AT KOYIPRA

6. Alakkad- 1 Kadannappalli-Panapuzha 207 124200 - 124200 RIVER BANK PROTECTION

7. Eriam- 1 Kadannappalli-Panapuzha & Eramam Kuttur 370 222000 - 222000 RIVER BANK PROTECTION

8. Thalichal Kadannappalli-Panapuzha & Eramam Kuttur 424 254400 46 254446 KUNDANCHITTADICHAL SPRING PROTECTION

,COMPAIGN WORK

9. Mavullapoyil Kadannappalli-Panapuzha & Eramam Kuttur 188 112800 130 112930 DRINKING WATER PROJECT AT MAVULLAPOYIL

10. Eriam- 2 Kadannappalli-Panapuzha 488 292800 210 293010 SHUTTER TYPE CHECK DAM AT KANARAMVAYAL 11. Alkkad -2 Kadannappalli-Panapuzha 280 168000 - 168000 RIVER BANK PROTECTION 12. Puthukkudivayal Kadannappalli-Panapuzha 462 277200 - 277200 CHECKDAM CONSTRUCTION

13. Kaviyanam Kadannappalli-Panapuzha 397 238200 - 238200 DRINKING WATER PROJECT AT VALLIKKANAM THODU

14. Cheruvicherithode Kadannappalli-Panapuzha 517 310200 14760 324960 KOLAMBA DRINKING WATER PROJECT 15. Thumbotta Kadannappalli-Panapuzha 459 275400 546400 821800 PERUVALANGA DRINKING WATER PROJECT

Total 3221400 1270776 4492176

*DPRforEntrypointactivityissubmittedasseparatevoulumealongwiththisDPR.(Maintext)–Book‐II

8.3. NATURALRESOURCEMANAGEMENT(NRM)ACTIVITIES/WATERSHEDDEVELOPMENTACTIVITIES

Works component includes activities required to restore the health of the catchment areabyreducingthevolumeandvelocityofsurfacerun‐off,includingregenerationofvegetativecoverin common land, afforestation, staggered trenching, contour and graded bunding, benchterracing etc. Drainage line treatment with a combination of vegetative and engineeringstructures,suchasearthenchecks,brushwoodchecks,gullyplugs,looseboulderchecks,gabionstructures, undergrounddykesetc.,Developmentofwaterharvesting structures such as low‐cost farm ponds, nalla bunds, check‐dams, percolation tanks and ground water rechargethroughwells and othermeasures, Nursery raising for fodder, fuel, timber and horticulturalspecies,asfaraspossible localspeciesmaybegivenpriority.LandDevelopmentincludingin‐situ soil and moisture conservation and drainage management measures like field bunds,contour and graded bunds fortifiedwith plantation, bench terracing in hilly terrain etc. Cropdemonstrations for popularizing new crops/varieties,water saving technologies such as dripirrigationor innovativemanagementpractices.As far aspossible varietiesbasedon the localgermplasmmaybepromotedandPasturedevelopmentarethemajorworkstobetakenup.1. SoilAndWaterConservationWorks:

Conservationworks for soil andwater cannot be separated fromone another, because thesetow supplement eachother and there is no existence for these components of the natureindividually.Whenasoilconservationactivityistakenupandimplemented,itmayalsoendinawaterconservationwork.Thereforeacomprehensiveapproachisnecessaryinthecaseofsoilandwaterinthewatersheds.Averythoughtfulandtargetedapproachtoachieveeffective,efficientandsite‐specificsoilandwater conservation will be adopted. Ridge‐to‐valley treatment needs to be strictly followed.Contour trenches, staggered pits, gully controlmeasures, drainage line treatment alongwithfodderdevelopmentandplantationsofsuitablespeciesaretakenuponrechargezone.Contourbunds, earthen embankments, nalla bunds, sub‐surface dykes, percolation tanks and otherwaterconservationandharvestingstructuresaretakenupintransitionanddischargezone.Agronomic measures like intercropping, intensive cropping etc. along with pasturedevelopmentaretakenupontransitionanddischargezone.IntensiveSWCtreatmentworkhastobecompletedintheentireGramaPanchayatsonawatershedbasis.Watershed Development activities, especially those related to soil and water conservationvaries fromwatershed towatershed.Theseactivitiesneed furtherplanningbasedon the feltneedofthepeople,fitnesstothewatershedareas,feasibility,andsustainability.Itshouldalsobeconsideredthathowfarsuchactivitieswillcontributetomaketheareaaselfsustaining,selfsufficientGreenVillage.A list of conventional soil andwater conservation activities aimedattrhewatersheddevelopmentistabledbelow:

WaterConservationActivities SoilConservationActivities

Waterpercolationpit Yardwatercollectionpit Sourcerecharging ‘H’Typecheckdams Othercheckdams(2m,3m,4metc.) VCB Constructionofpond Constructionofopenwells SpringDevelopment DrinkingWaterScheme CPT Deepeingofopenwell Renovationofpond RoofToprainwaterharvesting Irrigationprogrammes

Stonebunding

BenchTerracing

StreamStabilization

Retainingwallconstructionforstreambank

Gullycontrollingcheckdams

Geotextile

Biofencing

Riverbankprotection

Here two important activities need further explanation, because of its importance andpracticabilityinimplementation.TheseareRainWaterHarvestingTanksandarticifialrechargeofgroundwater.Givenbelowisabriefdescriptionofthesame:1. RainWaterHarvestingTanks

Theabundanceofwaterreceivedduringthemonsoonseasoncanbeharvestedusingdifferenttypesofharvestingtankswithvividtechnologies.Tanksorstoragefacilitiesofdifferentshape,sizeandcapacitycanbeconstructedthroughoutthewatershed,sothatthewateravailablewillnot be lost and kept in thewatershed itself. Artificial storage systems can be constructed inpublic aswell as private lands. The natural systems, such as driedupwells, ponds and evenstreamscanbethestoragefacilitytoharvestrainwater.Acommunitybasedapproachandandcommunity based management system need to be built up for promoting Rain WaterHarvesting.2. ArtificialRechargeofGroundwater:

Besides conventional water conservation and harvesting measures, percolation tanks andsubsurface dykes can be constructed for artificial recharging of the groundwater. Thesestructures shall be constructed on sites identified through remote sensing maps and villagetransects.Artificialwellre‐chargingsystemsarealsopartofthiscomponent.Rechargepitsshallbeconstructednear thewellsandwater is collected fromtheroof top throughpipes, filteredandsenttothewells.Thiswillhelpthewatertableincreaseandsustainthewaterleveleveninsevere summer. A major emphasis should be given in this regard throughout the GramaPanchayatsforWaterTableinthewatershedvillageshadshownincreasedby1to1.5meters.3. PlantationActivities:Another important activity which is given top priority among the watershed developmentactivities is bio‐fencing or plantation on private and community lands. To supplement theseactivities,soilworkingandseedsowinginvastexpanseswillbetakenup.Jatropha(Ratanjot),Anonasquamosa(Sitaphal),Moringaoleifera(Moringa),etc. invastnumberwillbeproducedanddistributed.AlargenumberoffruitbearingspecieslikeMangiferaindica(mango),Emblica

officianalis(Amla),Psidiumgujava(Guava)etc.shallbegiventoppriorityonprivate lands inthedownstreamarea.MultipurposetreeslikeTeak,Mahagony,Anjili,Jack,vendekBamboo,etc.shall be the priority for Government Land as well as private lands in the upstream area.SaplingscanberaisedinKitchengardensofSHGmembers,NurseriesrunbySHGsandNurserydirectly run by PIA. The raising of saplings by the SHGs would certainly bring them anadditionalincome.

8.4.LIVELIHOODACTIVITIESFORLANDLESS/ASSETLESSPERSONSLivelihoodplanningisanessentialpartoftheIntegratedWatershedManagementProgramme’s(IWMP) planning process. This process analyzes the socio‐economic circumstances of thevillageandshowshowtocorrelateandidentifythepriority issues.ForLivelihoodplanningofthemicro‐watersheds under the IWMP coverage, the base line data have been collected andanalyzed formicroplanning.During thesituationanalysisPRAexercisesandFGDshavebeenconducted to mobilize watershed dwellers in the planning process and to facilitate thecollection of information to supplement the planning process. Different PRA tools likeWell‐beingRanking,Pair‐wiseandMatrixRankingandProblemRankinghavebeenusedduringtheprocessofLivelihoodPlanning.TheWell‐beingRanking(WBR)helpedtocollectvillagers’commonperceptionaboutpovertyand to identify households in to various economic classes. The process helped to build acommonconsensusatvillagelevelaboutthefinancialstatusofallhouseholdsinthevillageandhelps in negotiating equity issue within the community while planning for distribution ofprojectbenefits.ProblemRanking helped in identifying specific issues, relatedproblems andprioritizing theproblems. This has provided detail information of the priority area for the community andaccordinglyjustificationforinvestment.TheRanking&Scoring helped theparticipant community to choose the livelihoodactivitiesaccordingtotheirpriorityofchoicefromalistofgivenactivitiesandjustifywhytheychoosenit.Such selection will be the most suitable enterprises/livelihood for the community. This alsoprovidesthemachancetoexpresstheirtasteandaptitudetowardsoneparticularchoice.Thewatershedcommunitymaychooseoneof theireconomicactivities fromamongdifferentchoices like, bee keeping, back yard poultry, small ruminant, other livestocks, other micro‐enterprises, and other livestock improvement measures, Fisheries development in villageponds/tanks, farmpondsetc.Under this component, the selectedpersonsandgroupswill beassistedwithgrantsandrevolvingfundsasperguidelinesgivenbytheDoLR.Given below is a list of activities choosen to be implemented under the Livelihood Support System (LSS) under IWMP as per interests shown and selection made by the watershed communities.

Sl. No Schemes Sl. No Schemes 1 Cow rearing 2 Goat Rearing3 Layer Distribution 4 Poultry Units5 Banana Cultivation 6 Rabbit Rearing7 Quail Rearing 8 Mushroom Cultivation

*DPR for Livelihood activities for landless/assetless persons/livelihood plan is submitted asseparatevoulumealongwiththisDPR.(Maintext)–Book–III

8.5.PRODUCTIONSYSTEM&MICRO‐ENTERPRISESBASEDLIVELIHOODACTIVITIES

OneofthemajorproblemsthatcameacrossduringthePRAandFGDatthetimeofplanningofwatershedactivities isreducingsoil fertilityand theconsequentpooryield thatcauseseriousfinancialdifficultiestothosewhoentirelydependingupontheagriculturefortheirlivelihood.Inasense,thiscallsforaseriouslanduseanalysisandplanningbywhichthevillagerscancarryout biophysical assessments of their farm lands. These assessments often raise issuesconcerning the use ofmanure, seeds, seedlings, irrigation facilities etc. The fragmentation ofvillagelandisanotherissuethatneedsconsideringwhenonethinksaboutthedegradationofthefarmland.Villagersoftenuselandclosetotheirsettlementsandfurtheraway,inlinewithtraditionalarrangementsorowingtothelimitedavailabilityofagriculturalland.MicroEnterpriseDevelopmentisaprovenwaytostrengthenviable,smallbusinessresultinginincreased household income and savings, and this alleviating the crunch of poverty. MicroEnterprisesplaysacriticalroleinthelocaldevelopmentofanyarea.TheproposedPS&Mactivitesaretabledbelow:

Sl. No Schemes Sl. No Schemes 1 Food Processing Unit 2 Tailoring Unit3 Mini Dairy Unit 4 Floor Cleaner Making Unit 5 Bag making Unit 6 Welding Unit7 Banana Chips Making Un it 8 Concrete Mixing Machine 9 Candle Making Unit 10 Detergent Making Unit 11 Consumer Store 12 Toilet Cleaner Making Unit 13 Organic Vegetable Cultivation 14 Banana Cultivation

Developmentof sustainable livelihoods for theBPL families in thewatershed area is amajorobjectiveoftheproject.Itisobservedandidentifiedthatthereisascopefortheactivitieslikepasture development in community lands, Horticulture Nursery Raising, Dairy Farming, andExpansionofHorticulture in thewatershedarea.The small farmers canbeassignedwith thedevelopmentofAgri‐HortiCollectionCentreincommunityland.

8.6.MANAGEMENT&ADMINISTRATIONOFTHEPROJECTFor the effectivemanagement of the IntegratedWatershedManagement Programme (IWMP)severalarrangementshadbeenmadeatdifferentlevels.Firstistheinstitutionalarrangement.Thispartoftheadministrationneedsfurthercomments.AtstatelevelStateLevelNodalAgency(SLNA) is formedand instituionlized.At thedistrict level thereare twobodies,one isDistrictLevelCo‐ordinationCommittee(DLCC)and theother isWatershedCell cumDataCentre.TheBlockPanchayatistheProjectImplementingAgency(PIA)andinadditionthereisablocklevelcoordination committee. When the Grama Panchayat takes an important role in themanagementof theprogrammethere isalsoawatershedcoordinationcommittee.AseparateWatershedDevelopmentTeam(WDT)isalsoconstitutedatPIAlevel,whichistheresponsiblebodyfortechnicalsideoftheprojectimplementation.Ineachwatershedthereisawatershedcommittee(WC)underthechairmanshipoftheconcernedGramaPanchayat.TheplanningandDPRpreparationisentrustedwithaTechnicalSupportOrganization(TSO).Inthe case of IWMPof Payyanur Block, Susthira is the TSO and they carry out all the initialactivities like Benchmark study, Participatory Rural Appraisal and Situational Analysis. DPR

preparationisthefirststepandthentheimplementation.Monitoringandevaluationhasbeenmadeintegralpartoftheproject,forwhichGISplatformhadbeenestablishedatSLNAlevel.TogivefeedbacktotheSLNA,therearemonitoringandevaluationcommitteesineachwatershed.ATGPandBlockleveltheresponsibilityisvestedwithWDT.Fundflowisalsoarrangedforasmoothimplementationoftheproject.TheCentralGovernmentfundistransferredtothestate(SLNA)fromwhereit istransferredtotheaccountofthePIA>The PIA directly transfers this fund to the account of the Watershed Committee to avoidunnecessaryproceedingswhichmaydelaythefundreleasetothefarmers.Thecomponentsofthe Management and administration are Benchmark Study, Documentation, AwarenessGenerationProgrammesandCapacityBuildingTrainings, Skill trainings, financemanagementandevaluationStudies

8.7.MONITORING,EVALUATION&DOCUMENTATIONMonitoringandEvaluationarethetwowordsoftenusedtogetherandareessentialingradientsofprojectplanningandmanagement.Monitoringistheprocessesofobserving,measuringandreporting objectively on the benefits that appear during the project’s life span.Monitoring isalsoappliedtothesystematicmeasuringofobjectivelyveriableprojectindicatorstodeterminethegainsmadetowardsthestatedobjectives.Evaluationistheprocesswhichseekstoanalyseandmadesenseofthedatacompiledthroughmonitoring. Project achievement evaluation involves determining project benefits andidentifyingthereasonswhy(problems,constraintsandimpediments)aprojectmayhavefailedtomeetitstarget.Monitoring should be specific and done at frequent intervals (Monthly, quarterly, bi‐annual,annually) to allow project activities to be adjusted as they go along. All the stekholderinstitutionsthatinvolveintheprocessofmonitoringshouldhavespecialmonitoringtoolsandsystemsandadeqauatearrangementstorecordthefindings.Acontinuousmonitoringandperiodicevaluationoftheimplementationoftheprojectactivitieson the watershed is necessary to assess whether the activity helps to meet the intendedgoal/objective. Any adjustment to bemade has been discussed, agreed and endorsed by thevillagegeneralassemblybeforetheywereimplemented.TheLFAgivenbelowshallbeaguidingtooltocarryoutthemonitoringandevaluationprocess.Aspergovernmentguidelines,monitoring&evaluationisanintegralpartoftheIWMPproject.Arrangements have been already made to take up the responsibility of monitoring andevaluation.ThereisaninbuiltGISbasedmonitoringsystemintheprogramme.Apartfromthisthe PIA or the SLNA canmake necessary arrangements bymaking use of the service of theempanelledNGOs,(e.g.SUSTHIRA)GovernmentAgencies/departments,academicandresourceagencies,whohadthecapacityandexpertisetoconductmonitoringasndevaluationstudyanddocumention.Foranydevelopmentprojectmustbedocumentedproperlyforgeneratingfurtherknowledgefor the futureplanningand implementationofsimilarprojects. IWMP isan importantprojectwhich involves several processes and procedures. Every steps, right from the process ofplanning till the end of consolidation all that have been involved in the project need to beproperlyregisteredanddocumented.Documentation can be visual like video documentation and photographic documentation.Documentationcanalsobeverballikeprocessreportmaking(Processdocumentation)Charts

showing progress and improvements of different situation and project components (eg.Measurementofwatertable,progress inconstructionworlkofbundsandponds,rainfalldataandtemperaturedataetc),displayboardstoillustratetheprojectareaandprojectcomponentswithbudgetoutlay(thiswillmaketheprojectmoretransparent)etc.Since this part of the project is very important and inevitable, expertise and professionalcapacityisneededtocarryoutdocumentation.Tomeetthepurpose,NGOslikeSUSTHIRAcanbeinvolvedandtheirexpertisecanbemadeuseof.

CHAPTER–9EXPECTEDOUTCOMESOFTHEPROJECT

TheoverallexpectedoutcomeofIWMPisthestrengtheningofEnvironmentalGovernanceandadvancingtheEnvironmentandNaturalResourcesAgendainthewatershedarea.Theproposed Project will tackle two key issues facing the sector: (i) the need to build strong,sustainableinstitutionswithcapacitiestomanagethesectorandinvestmentstherein,and(ii)the need to address the issues of agricultural productivity for food security in a sustainablemanner.Theexpectedoutcomeoftheprojectalsoincludetheoverallincreaseinthestandardoflivingofthe people in thewatershed bymitigating the various constraints in the development of thenaturalresourceswhichwillincreasetheproductivityofvariousactivities.Theendresultwillbe increase in the employment and income of the farm households and as well as landlesshouseholds.Besides,watershedcommitteeandotherfunctionariestoimplementandmaintainthewatershedafterthewithdrawalgovernmentsupport.Oneoftheparametertoresultintheimpactwascompletionoftheactivitiesinthegivenperiod.Someofthequantifiableindicatorsareasfollows:EmploymentOneoftheprominentfeaturesofwatershedprogramistocreateselfsustenancetostakeholderin terms of livelihood and increase in employment opportunities. Watershed createsemployment opportunities during the work phase for labour intensive activities likeconstruction of gully plug, earthen dam, field bund, check dam, VCBs and through the assetscreated under watershed program have a direct impact on agriculture and natural resourcedevelopment.Livelihoodforselfemployed,wagelobourandincomegeneratingactivitieswherethere is an ample scope for employment. As the net employment increases the per‐capitaincomefromagriculture,animalhusbandryandotheralliedactivitiesarealsosuretoincrease.WatertableDuetoerraticrainfallanduncoveredgroundtherainwaterinfiltrationtogroundisdecreasingdaybyday.Itisunderstoodfromthevillagersthatthewatertableofthedugwellinthevillagebefore10yearswasabout5.5mt.duringMarchwhich is7.6mtnow.Theproposedsoilandmoistureconservationmeasureswillhelpinbringingmoreareaundervegetativecoversothatvelocityofrun‐ffcanbereducedwhichwillincreaseinfiltrationandthusgroundwatertable.GroundwaterstructuresThereareseveralwaterbodiesexistinginthevillageswhichareforstoringgroundwater.Butsome of theseswater bodies are in damaged conditionwhich is in no use at present. ThesestructuresareproposedtoberenovatedthroughprojectfundsandconvergencewithGNREGAwhichwillbringthesewaterbodiesforirrigatingaboutaconsiderablequantumofagriculturalland.GroundWaterTableThegroundwatertableofthisclusterofvillagesisapproximately15mtandfurthergoesdowninsummeranddroughtseasons.Oneofthereasonsforgroundwaterdepletionandloweringofthe water table is over‐pumping and unchecked ground water utilization. Due to growingpopulationthedemandforwaterfordailyactivitiesandagriculturehasincreased.Thispossesamajor pressure on thewater table. Thewater travels slowly through layers of soil and rock

before finally reaching the water table. Several water harvesting structure are created likepercolation tanks, roof water harvesting structures and dug well recharge for recharge ofground water. Hence a strong effort is taken to maintain a balance between usage andrechargingofthegroundwater.QualityofdrinkingwaterThereportcollectedfromKWAsub‐divisionofficeshowsthatthedrinkingwaterqualityisnotsafe at present in the village. The Iron content of thewater is higher and Floride content islowerthantherecommendedquantity.Similarlyduetodamageoftheplatformanddrainsthewater sources get contaminated by run‐off water. Steps are proposed for repair of the wellplatformswithdrainsandsoakpitforsanitarypointofview.Awarenesswillbecreatedamongthevillagersaboutsafedrinkingwaterandcausesofwatercontaminateddiseases.Afterprojectperioditisexpectedthattheeachhouseholdwillgetsafedrinkingwater.ChangeincroppingandlandusepatternPresentlycultivablelandisunderdifferenttypeofcropsandaverysmallareaoflandisunderpaddycultivationonly,whichincludesup,midlandandlowland.Mostoftheuplandsarekeptfallowastheyarepoorinfertilitystatus.AstheseuplandsaresuitableforHorticulturalcropandthefarmerscangetagoodreturnafter3‐4yearsitisproposedtotakeupplantingoffruitbearingtreeslikeMangoandjackintheseland.Theycantakeupintercrops.Similarlyhybridplant cultivation is proposed in up lands which will increase not only production but alsoproductivity. This will increase the area under crop in each year. Farmers are not used tovegetablecultivation.Pumpsetsareproposedtobeprovidedforcultivationofvegetableeveryyear.FodderAlthoughtherearealargenumberofcattlepopulationsinthevillage,availabilityoffodderforthem is scarce. The villagers are not aware of quality fodder crops and its benefits for theanimals.Foddercropsaretobetakenuponcommunitybasisforthebenefitofthecattle.Backyardfoddercultivationwillalsobepromotedsothatfodderswillbeavailableadequately.AgricultureAgricultureitselfisconstraintduetolackofirrigationfacilitiesandtotaldependenceofrainhaslimitedthescopeforagriculture.Howeverstructurescreatedunderwatershedopensavenuetotakeupcroppinginanyseasonbyutilizingthewaterstoredthroughcheckdam,VCBsand,farmponds. Field bunds are also created to check the run‐off and to promote percolation of rainwater.VegetativecoverA considerable quantum of area will be under vegetative cover preventing the rate ofevaporationfromthesurfaceoftheearth.Thevegetativecoverwillalsopreventsheatherosionandwind erosion alongwithwater runoff especially from the slopes. The live fencing, covercropspromotedundertheprojectwillensuretheabovementionedfunctions.LivestockTheprojectwillhelpimprovethelivestockinalmostallthewatershedbywaypromotingcattlerearing and other animal husbandry interventions. Thiswill enhance the income level of theassetlesspooraswellindigenouscommunities.Increaseinmilkandmeatproductionwillhelpthecommunitiestobecomeselfreliantinfoodsecurity.

FoodSecurity&safetyTheimplementationofTransfersofNaturalResourceManagementtothelocalcommunitiesisexpectedtopromotesustainablefarmingpracticesandsubsequentlyincreaserevenues,createjobsandimprovelivingconditionsforlocalcommunities.SelfHelpGroupAlthough thereare several SHGs in thevillages, they arepoorly involved in anyactivities forgenerating income.These groups are identified andproposed tobe assisted for taking groupactivities for their livelihoods.Similarlymoregroupscanbe formedasper the interestof thewomencommunity and trained fordifferentactivities so thatmoreandmorewomenwillbeinvolvedinincomegeneration.Increaseinnos.ofLivelihoodsAtpresentcollectionofAgriculture,wageearningandtolittleextentanimalhusbandryarethelivelihood options for most of the households. All most all the households are involved incombinationof these livelihoods.But the incomefromthese livelihoods isnotatallsufficientfor fulfilling all their needs. Skill up gradation through value addition and marketing in aprofitablewayareproposedforgettingmoreincomefromtheselivelihoods.Thepoorandverypoorhouseholdsareidentifiedtoassistfordifferentotheroptionsoflivelihoodwithadequatetrainingandexposuretothem.IncreaseinIncome:As estimated from the individual household survey it is estimated that the average annualincome of the village is aboutRs14000/‐ per family. It varies fromRs 6000/‐ toRs 55000/‐Introduction of livelihoodoptions for individuals and SHGmembers and improving croppingpatternandcropproductionofhouseholdswill facilitate for increase inannual incomeforallthehouseholdsofthevillage.CreditlinkageThepresentSHGsinthevillagehavealreadybeinglinkedwithBanks.Itisunderstoodthattheyhavebeenexploitedingettingcreditandsubsidyduetotheirignorance.Stepswillbetakenfororganisingthem,buildingtheircapacity,upgradingtheirskillsandmakingthemunderstandingtheconceptofSHG.AfterthatalltheexistingSHGsandnewSHGsaretobelinkedwithbanksfortheiractivities.ResourceuseagreementStepswillbetakenfordevelopingthestatusofcommonpropertyresourceslikeforest,pastureandwater bodies. Awarenesswill be created among the villagers for using the resources byevery family in a systematic manner so that optimum utilisation of these resources can bepossible.WatershedDevelopmentFundDuring planning process a general consensus has been brought among the households tocontributefortheworksexecutedinprivateland.TheconceptanduseofWDFisunderstoodbythevillagersandagreedtocontribute5%to10%incaseofNRMworksand20%to40%forProductionsystemworksintheirownland.Someoftheoutcomesareasfollows:

Sectors ExpectedOutcomes Indicators

Agriculture

Improvedirrigation Incrementingrossirrigatedarea

Enhancementinagricultureproduction Incrementinquantityofagricultureproduces

GoodOrganicfarming Numberoffunctionalvermicompostunits

Horticulture/ProductionSystemManagement Enhancementincropproduction Riseinquantityproduced

NaturalresourcesPasturelanddevelopment Incrementinpasturelandarea

Improvementinwaterresources Physicalexistenceofthewaterbodies

AnimalhusbandryDairydevelopment Numberofdairyfarmingunits

ImprovedGoatRearingPractices NumberoffarmerswithGoatrearingunits

Microenterprises

Improvementinwomen’sstatus Incrementinincomeofwomenandtheirinstitutions(SHGs)

FarmNurseryRising PhysicalexistenceofFarmNurseries

Bettermarketfacility Numberofwell‐functioningvegetableandfruitcollectioncenters,milkandmeatpreservationunits

DevelopmentofBPLandlandlessfamilies/MicroEnterprises

ImprovementineconomicstatusofBPLHHs IncrementintheincomeofBPLfamilies,

Improvementinsocialstatus BPLfamilieshaveownershipoftheresources

CHAPTER–10CONSOLIDATIONANDWITHDRAWALPHASE

Themainpurposeofthisphaseistocreateinnovativenature‐based,sustainablelivelihoodsandraise productivity levels of the augmented resources and local economic development plansdeveloped during the Watershed Works Phase. The subsequent activities are planned to becarriedoutduringthisstage.1. Documentation:Itisproposedtodocumenttheactivitiescarriedoutduringthewatershed

implementationperiod.Itwillhelptomaintaintherecordsandidentifyandpropagatethesuccessfulactivitiescarriedoutundertheproject.

2. Up‐scalingofSuccessfulExperiments:Itisproposedtoidentifythebestpracticescarriedoutduringtheprojectperiodandup‐scalingthesameasperfeasibilityandpropagatethesameamongothersmembersofthewatershedarea.

3. Evaluation:Evaluationisaveryimportantactivitytoassessthesuccessofimplementation

oftheproject.Itisproposedtocarryoutevaluationatthefollowinglevels.a. Social Audit: It is proposed to conduct the social audit of the programme at thewatershed level where the Gram Sabha will evaluate the programme where thebeneficiariesshouldexplaintheirbenefitsandcurrentstatusoftheactivity.TheWatershedCommitteeshouldplacethebooksofaccountsofwatershedprogrammeforapproval.b.EvaluationbyExternalAgency:Anexternalagencywithexperienceinimplementationandmonitoringandevaluationofwatershedprojectsshouldbeassignedfortheevaluationofthewatershedprogramme.

WithdrawalMechanism:Attheendoftheproject,TheWatershedCommitteeistotaketheresponsibilityforpostprojectmanagement, forwhich theMemorandumofAgreement is tobe formulatedbetween thePIAandWatershedCommitteebasingonthefollowingtermsandconditions:1. ThelistofassetscreatedunderEPA,NRM,PSMandLivelihoodSupportSystem(LSS)isto

be preparedwith joint signature of the Chairman, Secretary of theWatershed committeeandPIA.TheWatershedCommitteewillretainonecopyofthelistforfuturereference.

2. The amount lyingunspent ason closingdatewillbe transferred to theWatershedDevelopment Fund (WDF).Balalnce amount to be disbursed to the direct beneficiariesshouldbetreatedasunspent.Atthesametimeoncompletionoftheworkstheycommittedthissubsidypartshouldbedisbured.TomeetthispurposetheamounthastobedepositedintheWDFandshouldbetreatedasWDF

3. Watershed Committee will be authorised to use only one Bank Account i.eWDF

account.Atthetimeofphasingouttheprojectimplementation,6theprojectfundwhichhadbeenoperatedjointlybytheWatershedCommitteechairpersonandthetreasurer,shouldbeclosed.ThenthetheremainingshallbetheWDF.ThisistheAccounttobejointlyoperatedbytheconscernedattheclosureoftheprogramme.

4. YearlyauditingoftheaccountsbytheCharteredAccountantwillbemandatoryandtobe adhered strictly. Whether it is project account or WDF, the accounts should besubjected to audit (BothSocialAudit andmandatoryCharteredaccountant audit) tokeepand ensure transparency of project implementation as well as post implementationinterventionsandexpenses.

5. The office bearers of theWatershed Committee shall involve all the community

irrespective of caste, creed and religion. It should be ensured that there arerepresentations of the cross section of the community even in the post prohject phase ofIWMP, so that equality and justice is kept to ensure inclusion of under privilegedcommunities.

6. TheWatershed Committee shall have the right to decide the user charges to be

collected from the beneficiaries which shall be deposited under the WatershedDevelopmentFund.IfCommonPropertyResources(CPR)aredevelopedunderIWMP,forthe common use, a user fee shall be levied from the concerned for the operation &maintenanceofsuchCPRs,andthisshouldbedepositedandaccountedintheWDFbeforefurtheruse.

7. ThecostofrepairandmaintenanceoftheassetscreatedoutofNRMcomponentshall

beborneoutofWatershedDevelopmentFund(WDF)byusingmaximum50%oftheamountcollectedinayear.Ifmoreamountthanthe50%ofWDFisrequiredtomeettheexpense of some of the assets created under IWMP, this amount shall additionally becollectedfromthebeneficiariesanddepositedandaccountedinWDFbeforeutilizingit.

8. TheWDFaccountwillprimarilyrunasrevolvingfund.WatereveramountisbeingspentfromtheWDF,thisshouldbeconsideredasrevolvingfundtotheUGs,andtheUGsareliabletoreturnthisamountasperconditionspertainingothereleaseoffundsfromtheWDF

9. Noindividualbeneficiaryshouldbegrantedanysortofgrantorfinancialassistance

inanyform.Grand/Revolvingfundshouldnotbegiventoindividual.TheUGsonlyhavetheright toreceiveanytypeof fund fromtheWDF.TheWCandUGwillhavetosignanMoUregardingtherepaymentschedule.

10. TheSHGsandUGsshallhavetheeligibilitytotakeloanfromtheWDFwithmarginal

interest as decided byWatershed Committee. Financial support shall be extended toeligibleSHGsandUGsfromWDFintheformof loan.TheinterestrateshallbedecidedbytheWDF.Atthesametimetheinterestrateshouldbnotbeexorbitant

11. TheWatershedCommitteeisalsoattheirlibertytostartnewprofitmakingventures

byutilisingWDFassecuritydepositandtheprofitearnedshouldgototheWDF.TheWCshouldseethattheWDFshouldbemadeuseofmakingprofitwithethicalinvestmentinother ventures. Precautions are to be taken to ensure that theWDF is not used tomakemoney with non‐ethical means and the committee should borne in mind that they haveresponsibilitytomakethepeopleknowwhatisbeingdonewiththeWDFonsuchoccasions.

12. The remuneration for theWatershed Secretarywill be finalised in theWatershedCommittee meeting. It is assumed that the daily routine of the WC committee is aresponsibleoneandheshouldtakeatmostattentionandcaretoensuretheworksarebeingdoneinamostprofessionalmanner.Insuchsituations,heshouldbeproperlypaidandthepayment shall bedecidedby theWC.Thewatershed committee shall verify theperson isdoinworkworththepaymenthereceived.

13. TheWatershedCommitteemaycollectfinancialassistancefromanyothersourcesto

augmenttheWDF. Incontraryto itemNo.11,haveall theright toreceive fromwhoarewillinglyreadytocontributeorraisefundsfromanyotheragenciesvideaprojectproposal.Onsuchincidents,theWCshouldletthewatershedcommunityknowabousuchattempts.

14. All donations, interests, fines and fees shall be deposited in theWDF. Neither the

Secretary nor the WC are allowed to misuseor take for own use the contributions, co‐financing, bank interests and similar donations. These amountsareto be deposited in theWDFandshouldbepresentedintheGBmeetingoftheWC.

15. TheWDFshallbe jointlyoperatedby theChairmanandSecretaryof thewatershed

committee.InordertoreducemisuseandmisappropriationsoftheWDF, it ismandatoryfortheWC;theWDFshouldbeoperatedbytheTreasurerandChairpersonoftheWC.

CHAPTER–11DETAILSABOUTINDIVIDUALWATERSHEDS

Thischapterdealswiththedescriptionof individualwatersheds,theprocesstakenupfortheplanning and formulation of project activities, the processes of NHG/UG formation and theprocessesofPRAandinitialawarenessgenerationtakenupandimplementedasapartofDPRpreparation.

PANAPUZHATHODUIWATERSHED

GramaPanchaya: Kadannappalli‐Panapuzha,Village:PanapuzhaWardscovered:IIIwardBlockPanchayat:ThaliparambaThaluk:KannurDistrict:KannurTotalfamiliescovere:172TotalPopulationcovered:756 TotaltreatableArea:181HaRiverBasin:Peruvamba(Perumba)RiverAverageLength:2.85.Kms.AverageWidth:2.2.Kms.TotalProjectCost:Rs.27,15,000/‐Boundaries: North:Panapuzhachalwatershed South:PanapuzhaRiver West:Ermam–KutturPanchayat

East:panapuzhathodu–IIWatershed

IntroductionPanapuzhathodu – I Watershed covers the 3rd ward of Kadannappally – Panapuzha GramaPanchayat and coming under Panapuzha revenue village in Thaliparamba Block Panchayatlimitation.Thewatershedhasatotalareaof181Hawhichisexclusivelyconsideredasrainfedwithoutanycultivableoruncultivablewasteland.Mainplacesinthewatershed:Panapuzha,Kurumundaarethemainplacescomingunderthewatershed.GeographicDescriptionoftheWatershed:Location:Panapuzhathodu–IwatershedislocatedinPanapuzhavillageinKannurThalukisaccessiblebyroad.Thewatershedisaround52KmawayfromDistrictHeadQuartersMathamangalamisthenearesttowntothewatershedandissituatedaround2Kmaway.ThenearestrailwaystationtothewatershedisPayyannurandPayangadiwhicharesituatedalmostatthesamedistancefromthewatershed.Thegeographiccoordinates:Geographycally thewatershed area lies between the east longitude 75018’0” and 75019’30”and North latitude 1207’30” and 1209’30” withanaverageelevationof156ft.AveragelengthandwidthofthewatershedPanapuzhathoduWatershed iscomparativelysmallamongthe15watersheds.Thewatershedhasanaveragelengthof2.85Kmandawidthof2.20Km.

Relief&DrainageThemainstreamisPanapuzhathoduwhichoriginatefromKoyipraandjoinsPanapuzhaRivernearKacherikkadavuBridge. It flowsacross thewatershedat about3.5Kms.withanaveragewidthof5meters.Themainstreamisenrichedwiththefollowingsub‐streams:1. ValiyaveettilChal2. PadmanabhanChal3. V.K.Rameshanchal4. KakkodiCahl

5. Eandichal6. KrishnanEmbranthiriChal7. GeorgeKuttyChal8. Kurumundachal

Thedrainagedensity:43.09M/HaOtherwatersourcesThe number of open well is the watershed is 158 mainly owned by individual householdsamongstwhich43areseasonalandtherestareperennial.Thereare13perennialpondsalsointhewatershed.RainfallandClimateThewatershedhas ahumidclimatewithahot season fromMarch to theendofMay.This isfollowed by South‐West Monsoon (June‐September) and North ‐East Monsoon (December‐February).DuringthemonthofAprilandMaythemeanmaximumtemperatureis350Candaminimum temperature of 260. The annual average rainfall is 3697mm and 57% of it occursduringtheperiodofJune‐July.PresentsituationofthestreamsandotherwaterbodiesConsideringthewatersourcesinthewatershed,itseemsthatthewatershedisprosperous,butthe reality is different. Thewater available in the streams and ponds are notmaking use ofincreasing the agricultural produce. Instead the abundant flowing water is wasted due toignorance and lack of proper conservation measures. No big irrigation facilities are beingprovidedtothewatershedandhencetheagricultureisfullyrainfed.

The streams and ponds sometimes dry up in the summer, but nowater scarcity is observedeven in the summer season. There is heavy flow during themonsoon and during some postmonsoonperiod,butthegeneralcharacteristicofthesewaterbodies,especiallythestreamsarehighvelocityrunofftakingallthedrainedwaterintotheriver.

SoilType&DepthIn the plains (paddy fields) the soil is alluvial in nature and in the upper reaches of thewatershedredsoilmixedwithgravelsisseen.Intheslopes,thegeneralfeatureofthesoilisredwithoutgravels.Thecommondepthofthesoilinthewatershedrangesfromonemeterto1½meters.Thegeneralconditionof thesoil isof twotypes.One isbrownhydromorphicsoilwithgravelandclaysoilwithgravels.Thewatershedhasatotalareaof71.89hawithbrownhydromorphicsoilandtherest,134.11hawithclaysoilwithgravels.

Agriculture&LandUse

Major crops in the watershed are rubber. Coconut, areca nut, cashew nut, pepper, plantain,paddyandthetubersaregingerandturmeric.Plotswithmixedcroparethemainfeatureofthewatershed.Thelandusepatternisgiveninatabularformfollowedbyagraphicillustration:

CropsLandUsed(Ha)

% ofLandused

ProductionTonnes/Ha

Coconut 38.01 21% 2581nutsArecanut 28.96 16% 31Cashewnut

14.48 8% 14.23

Plantain 6.88 3.8% 44.41Vegetables 3.62 2% 0.5

Rubber 65.16 36% 101.97Tubers 3.62 2% 0.5BuiltUpArea 20.27 11.2

% 0

Total 181 100.00%

192.61

AnimalHusbandryThewatershedispoorinAnimalHusbandry.Thiscouldbebecauseofthechangedmentalityofthe farmers and the new living conditionwithmodern houses and limited area of the houseplots.Themost important reason is thenon‐availabilityof fodder,bothgreenanddry.Whenpaddyhasextinct,theavailabilityofstrawisabigquestionforthefarmers.However,therearesomeexceptionsinthiscase.Givenbelowisatableoflivestockinthewatershed:a. HybridVarietycows(Male):3b. HybridVarietyCows(Female):27c. IndigenousCows(Males):8d. IndigenousCows(Females):26

e. Goat(Males):9f. Goat(Female):37g. Indigenousfouls:22h. HybridVariety:78

Socio‐EconomicDetails:Thewatershedpopulationisgivenbelow:TotalPopulation:756Male:352Female:404SCPopulation(total):26

Male(SC):13Female(SC):13APLFamilies:108BPLFamilies:64

The general living condition of the populace expresses that theyhavemiddle class economicnature. Most of the people gained good education and had pucca houses to live in. Everyhousehold have sanitation facilities. One peculiarity of the places is that it is known for itshighercaste(NamboodirisandNairs)population.Availableinfrastructurefacilitiesinthewatershedlikeroadnetwork,adequateconveyance,thecultural institutions and people’s organizations all played an important role in the socialdevelopmentratherthantheeconomicdevelopmentofthepeople.Theeconomicdevelopmentisbasedontheproductionandproductivityoftheagricultureandtheavailabilityoffarmlabourinthewatershed.Thisisbecausetheeconomyofthewatershedis built upon agriculture. More than 50% of the total population is either farmers or farmlabourers.Forthemthisisthemainsourceofincome.Theotheroccupationsofthepeoplearetoddyworkers,constructionworkers,driversandtraditionalartisanslikecarpenters.Thereareonlyafewwhohavegovernmentemploymentandearningafixedmonthlyincomeliketeachersintheprivateschoolsandworkersinotherprivatesectors.People enjoy all kinds of communication facilities and Medias like TV, Internet, and mobilephones.Onecanfindapersonwithoutamobilephoneinthewatershedveryrarely.However,thiscannotbeconsideredasiconofeconomicdevelopmentinthewatershed.

Thehousingsystemhasmuchchangedfromthetraditionalhousingasthenewhouses,newlyconstructedandrenovatedhavefacesofmodernitywithtiledroofsreplacedRCCroofs.Thebedrooms have attached bathrooms instead of a single bathroom for thewholemembers of thehousehold.Thisisalsoconsideredtobeajumpinthesocialandeconomicchangebroughtintothewatershedovertheyears.RoadNetwork:The transportation facilities and road network are satisfactory in this watershed. There aremanymudroadsinthewatershedwhichmakesanetworkofroadshelpingthemobilityofthepeople. There are three important roads: Kacherikkadavu‐ Mathamangalam Road,Mathamangalam–EriamRoadandGovernmentL.P.SchoolRoad.InstitutionsandCommunitybasedorganizations:ThepresenceofinstitutionsandCBOsinawatershedbecomerelevantwhentheseinfluencethelives of the watershed community. They take the important role of educating, passinginformation, building capacity and form the attitude of the people towards a better situation.Following are the institutions that influenced the formation of the watershed community inPanapuzhathodu‐Iwatershed AKGReadingRoom KadannappallyPanapuzhaServiceCo‐

op.Bank KalarikkalSomeswariTemple

Anganwadi,Panapuzha G.LP.School,Panapuzha SreeUravankaraBhagavathiTemple

MarketFacilities:There are no marketing centres within the watershed, nor do the authorities have plans tomake one. The watershed community depends Mathamangalam bazar for the marketingfacilitieswhichissituatedabout2KmawayfromthewatershedHospitalfacilities:The watershed community can access the hospital facilities at Payyanur about 16 Km awayfrom the watershed. They have also accessibility to the PariyaramMedical College which isabout10Kmsawayforfurtherspecializedtreatment.MajorProblemsofthewatershedThe problems are categorized under four headings: Soil related, Water related, Agro‐BioDiversity Related and Animal Husbandry related. Such a categorization is in line with theactivitiesthatcanbeundertakenIWMPtosolvetheissues.Theissuesarelistedbelow:SoilrelatedProblems HeavysoilerosionintheupstreamregionofthewatershedlikeKurumunda,Panapuzhaand

Panapuzhachal FormationofgulliesinPerachalarea Reducingproductivityofthesoilalmostallpartsofthewatershed Heavy water drain from the soil upper parts and sloppy areas like Kurumunda and

Panapuzhachal SoilPollutionduetoindiscriminateuseofChemicalsespeciallyintherubberestates

WaterrelatedProblems Dryingupofwatersourcesinthebeginningofsummer–forexampleEndi,Kakkodi HighvelocityrunoffinthemonsoonseasonalongChepathodu,KakkottumchalandEndichal Lowering water yield in the catchment affecting the groundwater recharge due to non‐

storageofwateratPerachal SedimentationofPondslikeAmabalkulamnearValiyaveettilchalandofthemainStreamat

KalarikkalSomeswariTemple Contaminationofstreamsideaquiferduetopollution Contaminationduetodirectdisposalofwaste

ProblemsrelatedtoAgriculture/Bio‐diversity Unavailabilityofseedswithensuredgermination Reluctancetocultivatefoodcrops Unavailabilityofqualityorganicfertilizersandbio‐repellants PoorawarenessontheimportanceandrelevanceofOrganicFarming Alienated/extinct medicinal plants – Catharanthus, Ixora, Oscimum canam, Blood flower

(Arali), Albesia chinansis (Nenmeni Vaaka) Adathoda vasika (Adalodakam), Cherula,Karinochi,Aanakurumthotty.etc.

Destruction/deteriorationofholygrooves(Kavus)OravankaraKavu ShiftfrommulticropstomonocropsProblemsrelatedtoLivestock/AnimalHusbandry Reductionincowrearing Reductioninpoultry Poorperformanceoftheveterinaryhospitals Absenceofsub‐centerswhichresultsinlackofinseminationservices Unavailabilityofgreenfodder/dryfodderActivitiesproposedtoaddresstheissuesGenerally the activities are of three folds: Natural Resource Management Activities whichcovers the soil, water and bio‐diversity issues, Production System Management and MicroEnterprises (PS&M) which covers the agriculture and soil problems along with economicbackwardness, , whichmanages the livelihoods and economic backwardness of the landless,womenand the indigenouscommunities.Givenbelow isabriefabout theactivitiesproposedforthewatershed:

NaturalResourceManagement(NRM)

ProductionSystem&Micro‐Enterprises(PS&M)

LivelihoodSupportSystems(LSS)

SoilConservation1. GullyPlugging2. Streambankstabilization3. Livefencing4. Stonebunding5. CentripetalTerracing

1. GoatRearing2. WormyComposting3. RabbitRearing

1. CowRearingUnit

2. PoultryUnit

WaterConservation1. Yardwatercollectionpits2. HuskTrenches3. MoistureCollectionPits4. SourceRecharging5. CheckDams6. RainWaterHarvesting7. Retainingwall

Panappuzhathodu - I Watershed Development Project (Area – 181 Ha) - Master plan for Four Years - Funding pattern

Installment

Administration

Monito-ring

Evalua-tion

Entry Point

Activity

Institution &

Capacity Building

DPR prepar-

ation

Watershed Develop-

ment Activities

Liveli-hood

Activi-ties

Production system &

Micro Enterprises

Consolidation Phase

Total IWMP project

fund

1St 54300 5430 5430 108600 81450 27150 260640 0 0 0 543000

% 2 0.2 0.2 4 3 1 9.6 0 0 0 20

2nd 67875 5430 5430 0 27150 0 450690 122175 135750 0 814500

% 2.5 0.2 0.2 0 1 0 16.6 4.5 5 0 30

3rd 81450 8145 8145 0 27150 0 431685 122175 135750 0 814500

% 3 0.3 0.3 0 1 0 15.9 4.5 5 0 30

4rd 67875 8145 8145 0 0 0 377385 0 0 81450 543000

% 2.5 0.3 0.3 0 0 0 13.9 0 0 3 20

Total 271500 27150 27150 108600 135750 27150 1520400 244350 271500 81450 2715000

% 10 1 1 4 5 1 56 9 10 3 100

Panapuzhathodu I Watershed - Sector – I – Watershed Development Activities - I year action plan

Sl No. Name of Activity Unit Unit

Cost Target EPA IWMP

Fund MNREGS/Other

Source Total

WDF

1. Moisture collection pits M3 149 1000 0 0 149000 149000

10 %

Gen

eral

& 5

% S

C /

ST

2. Live fencing RM 24 1000 0 0 24000 24000

3. Stone bunding M2 144 285.1 0 41055 0 41055

4. Centry petal terracing NOS 65.67 285.1 0 0 65670 65670

5. Gully controlled check dam RM 2996 5.09 0 15264 0 15264

6. Retaining wall (1.5m height ) along the sides of panapuzhathodu

RM 2395 47.04 0 112680 0 112680

7. Gully controlled H-type checkdam(4.5 m base width) at panapuzha thodu

NOS 22000 1 0 22000 0 22000

8. Husk trunch NOS 165 1000 0 0 169000 169000

9. Retaining wall (1m height ) RM 2395 29.07 0 69641 0 69641

Total 260640 407670 668310

Panapuzhathodu I Watershed - Sector – I – Watershed Development Activities - II year action plan

Sl No. Name of Activity Unit Unit Cost Target

EPAIWMP Fund MNREGS/Other

Source Total

WDF

1. Well Recharging Nos 12970 10 0 129700 0 129700

10 %

Gen

eral

& 5

% S

C /

ST

2. Moisture collection pits M3 149 1000 0 0 149000 149000

3. Live fencing RM 24 500 0 0 12000 12000

4. Stone bunding M2 144 279.1 0 40195 0 40195

5. Centry petal terracing Nos 65.67 1000 0 0 65670 65670

6. Gully controlled check dam RM 2996 2.12 0 6360 0 6360

7. Gully controlled H-type checkdam(4.5 m base width) at panapuzha thodu

RM 2996 22.02 0 66000 0 66000

8. Husk trunch Nos 169 500 0 0 84500 84500

9. Retaining wall (1m height ) RM 22395 87.02 0 208435 0 208435

Total 450690 311170 761860

Panapuzhathodu I Watershed - Sector – I – Watershed Development Activities - III year action plan

Sl No. Name of Activity Unit Unit

Cost Target EPA IWMP

Fund MNREGS/Other

Source Total

WDF

1. Live fencing RM 65.67 1000 0 0 65670 65670

10 %

Gen

eral

& 5

% S

C /

ST

2. Retaining wall (1.5m height ) RM 2395 105.45 0 252560 0 252560

3. Well Recharging NOS 12970 5 0 64850 0 64850

4. Centry petal terracing NOS 65.67 500 0 0 32835 32835

5. Stone bunding M2 144 279.1 0 40195 0 40195

6. Gully controlled check dam RM 2996 6.36 0 19080 0 19080

7. RWH tank 10000 ltrs in panapuzhachal anganavadi.

NOS 55000 1 0 55000 0 55000

8. Moisture collection pits M3 149 500 0 0 74500 74500

9. Husk trunch NOS 169 800 0 0 135200 135200

10. Yard water collection pit NOS 400 20 0 0 8000 8000

Total 431685 316205 747890

Panapuzhathodu I Watershed - Sector – I – Watershed Development Activities - IV year action plan

Sl No. Name of Activity Unit Unit Cost Target

EPA IWMP Fund

MNREGS/ Other Source

Total

WDF

1. Centry petal terracing Nos 65.67 500 0 0 32835 32835

10 %

Gen

eral

& 5

% S

C /

ST

2. Well Recharging Nos 12970 6 0 77820 0 77820

3. Stone bunding M2 144 224.5 0 32335 0 32335

4. Live fencing RM 24 800 0 0 19200 19200

5. Gully controlled check dam RM 2996 4.24 0 12720 0 12720

6. Constructing shutter type checkdam (5.50m width) in panapuzhathodu (S.N.43/88)

Nos 170000 1 0 170000 0 170000

7. Husk trunch Nos 169 500 0 0 84500 84500

8. Yard water collection pit Nos 400 20 0 0 8000 8000

9. Moisture collection pits Nos 149 500 0 0 74500 74500

10. Retaining wall (1.5m height ) RM 2395 35.28 0 84510 0 84510

Total 377385 219035 596420

Panapuzha thodu - I Watershed - Sector – II – Livelihood Activities for Land less/Asset less - II year Action plan

Sl No Name of Activity unit Unit cost Target IWMP

fund

MNREGS / other

source/Bank Loan

Total

1 seed money for enterprising individuals Nos 0 0 24435 0 24435

1 Seed money for SHGs Nos 0 0 97740 0 97740

Total 122175 0 122175

Panapuzha thodu - I Watershed - Sector – II – Livelihood Activities for Land less/Asset less - III year Action plan

Sl No Name of Activity unit Unit cost Target IWMP

fund

MNREGS / other

source/Bank Loan

Total

1 Seed money for SHGs Nos 0 0 48870 0 48870

III Funding for Major livelihood activitiesPoultry unit Nos 147000 1 73305 73695 147000

Total 122175 73695 195870

Funding pattern Seed money for enterprising individuals (10% of the allocation -Revolving fund) 24435Seed money for SHGs (60 % of the allocation - Revolving fund) 146610Funding for major livelihood activities (30% of the allocation - Grant in aid) 73305Total allocation 244350

Action Plan - Sector – III – Production System & Micro Enterprises based livelihood activities - II year Action plan

Sl No Name of Activity unit Unit cost Target IWMP

fund Total WDF

1 Cow rearing unit Nos 24000 5 109750 10975020 % for General & 10

% for SC / ST 2 Rabbit rearing Nos 26000 1 26000 26000Total 135750 135750

Action Plan - Sector – III – Production System & Micro Enterprises based livelihood activities - III year action plan

Sl No Name of Activity unit Unit cost Target IWMP

fund Total WDF

1 Cow rearing unit Nos 24000 5 109750 12000020 % for General & 10 %

for SC / ST 2 Rabbit rearing Nos 26000 1 26000 26000Total 135750 135750

Total Allotment - 271500

ENTRY POINT ACTIVITY - ACTION PLAN

Sl No Activity Unit Unit cost Target IWMP EPA fund

IWMP Project

fund

Total

1. Casting shuttering Kalarikakl thodu V.C.B No 20670 1 20670 - 20670 2. Casting shuttering Edathum thazhe VCB No 16730 1 16730 - 16730 3. Casting shuttering Pilatharavayal VCB Supplying No 20670 1 21660 - 21660 4. Stream bank protection Rm 1800 28 49540 860 50400

Total 108600 860 109460

PANAPUZHACHALWATERSHED

GramaPanchayat : Kadannappalli‐Panapuzha, &Eramam‐Kuttur

Village : Panapuzha&Vellora

Wardscovered : IIIofKadannappallyPanapuzha &XIIIofEramam‐Kuttur

BlockPanchayat : Payyanur&Thaliparamba

Thaluk : Kannur

District : Kannur

Totalfamiliescovered : 111

TotalPopulationcovered : 488

TotaltreatableArea : 439Ha

RiverBasin : Peruvamba(Perumba)River

AverageLength : 2.75.Kms.

AverageWidth : 3.75.Kms.

TotalProjectCost : Rs.65,85,000/‐

Boundaries : North:Ermama‐KutturPanchayat

: South:PanapuzhathoduI&IIWatershed : West:Ermam–KutturPanchayat : East:KannelamthoduWatershed

Introduction

Panapuzhachal watershed can be considered as a continuation of the Panapuzhathodu Iwatershed because the main drain Koyipra Valiyathodu is also forms the drainage ofPanapuzhathodu ‐ I.Thedifference is that thewatershed isnottouching the river.Only somesub‐streamsaredifferentinthecaseofdrainagesystem.

Panapuzhachal Watershed again covers part of the 3rd ward of Kadannappally – PanapuzhaGrama Panchayat which comes under Panapuzha revenue village in Thaliparamba BlockPanchayat limitation. Another part of thewatershed is in the 13thward of Eramam –KutturGramaPanchayatwhich comesunder theVellora revenuevillagewhich is inPayyanurBlockPanchayat.Thewatershedhasatotalareaof439Hawhichhasacultivablewaste71haandanuncultivablewaste of 25 ha. The other parts of thewatershed are exclusively considered asrainfed.Mainplacesinthewatershed:

Koyipra,Vellariyanam,MundapramandPanapuzhchalarethemainplacesinthewatershed.GeographicDescriptionoftheWatershed:

Location:

Panapuzhachal watershed is located in two revenue villages – viz, Panapuzha village andVelloravillageinKannurThaluk.Itisaccessiblebyroad.Thewatershedisaround56Kmawayfrom District Head Quarters. Mathamangalam is the nearest town to the watershed and issituatedaround3.5.Kmaway.Thenearestrailwaystationto thewatershed isPayyannurandPayangadiwhicharesituatedalmostatthesamedistancefromthewatershed.

Thegeographiccoordinates: Thewatershed area lies between the east longitude 750 19’0”and75021’0”andNorthlatitude1208’0”and1209’30”withanaverageelevationof156ft.AveragelengthandwidthofthewatershedPanapuzhachal Watershed is small among the approved 15 watersheds under IWMP. Thewatershedhasanaveragelengthof2.75Kmandawidthof3.75Km.Relief&DrainageThe main stream is Koyipra Valiyathodu which originate from Koyipra and formds theboundaryofPanapuzhathoduI&II.Itflowsacrossthewatershedatabout3.75Kmsalongthewatershedwithanaveragewidthof5meters.Atsomelocationsthestreamhas6meterswidth.Themainstreamisenrichedwiththefollowingsub‐streams:1) Cheetathodu2) Maideenthodu3) Palakkunnuchal4) AntonyCahl5) ChappelChal6) GreenValleyChal7) BennyChal

8) RamanKuttychal9) RajesewariCheriyaChal10) RajeswariThodu11) MundapramKavuThodu12) ChempullaniThodu13) Vellachal14) Michbhoomichal

Thedrainagedensity:41M/HaOtherwatersourcesThenumberofhouseholdwellscorrespondstothenumberofhouseholdsinthewatershed,aseveryfamilyhasadrinkingwaterwelleitheropenwellorbore‐well.Thenumberofhouseholdopenwellsinthewatershedis84andtherest(27)arebore‐wells. Amongtheopenwells22areseasonal.Thereisonlyonebore‐wellownedbytheGramaPanchayat.Thereare8perennialpondsinthewatershedamongstwhichoneispublic.Listofthepondsisgivenbelow1. MathewMuttathupalamkulam2. ParathiBalankulam3. Ismailkulam4. C.P.NarayananKulam

5. C.P.MadhuKulam6. K.J.AntonyKulam7. KoothankeelRajuKulam8. NeerveliAppachanKulam

PresentsituationofthestreamsandotherwaterbodiesIn the upper part of the watershed – Koyipra water is available in the streams even in thesummer. In themiddleareathewateravailability iscomparatively less. Inthe lowerportionswaterisavailableinallseasons.Thewateravailabilityisnotadequateforirrigationpurposes.Theflowingwateriswastedduetoignoranceandlackofproperconservationmeasures.Allthesmallerstreamsandfewpondsdryupinthesummer.Duringthemonsoonseason,thebanksdisruptedallowingwaterflowintotheagriculturallandcausingdamagetothecrops.TheincreasingnumberofborewellsintheVellariyanamsideisathreattothegroundwatertablebecauseoftheheavydrainfromthosebore‐wellsbothforagricultureandhouseholdpurposes.RainfallandClimateThewatershedhas ahumidclimatewithahot season fromMarch to theendofMay.This isfollowed by South‐West Monsoon (June‐September) and North ‐East Monsoon (December‐

February).DuringthemonthofAprilandMaythemeanmaximumtemperatureis350Candaminimum temperature of 260. The annual average rainfall is 3697mm and 57% of it occursduringtheperiodofJune‐July.SoilType&DepthThegeneralconditionofthesoilisoftwotypes.Brownhydromorphicsoilwithgravelisseeninthe upper parts of the watershed and clay soil with gravels in the lower portions. Thewatershedhasatotalareaof101.67hawithbrownhydromorphicsoilandtherest,337.33hawithclaysoilwithgravels.Depthofthesoilinthewatershedis100cmsto150cms.Agriculture&LandUseMajor crops in the watershed are rubber. Coconut, areca nut, cashew nut, pepper, plantain,paddyandthetubersaregingerandturmeric.Plotswithmixedcroparethemainfeatureofthewatershed.Thelandusepatternisgiveninatabularformfollowedbyagraphicillustration:

CropsLandUsed(Ha)

%ofLandused

ProductivityTones/ha

Coconut 60.06 13.68 4970

Arecanut 45.30 10.32 82.38

Cashewnut 36.91 8.41 34.63

Plantain 16.68 3.8 132.79

Vegetables 9.04 2.06 13.84

Rubber 151.54 34.52 204.65

Tubers 8.08 1.84 141.89

BuiltUp 40.39 9.2 0

CultivableWaste

71 16.17 0

Total 439 100

AnimalHusbandryThe changedmentality of the farmers and thenew living conditionwithmodernhouses andlimitedareaofthehouseplotshadresultedinpooranimalhusbandrypracticewhencomparedto thegonedays.Another reason is thenon‐availabilityof fodder, bothgreenanddry.Whenpaddycultivationwasalienated,theavailabilityofstrawbecameabigquestionforthefarmers.Therearesomeexceptionsinthiscase.Givenbelowisatableoflivestockinthewatershed:

a) HybridVarietycows(Male):2b) HybridVarietyCows(Female):18c) IndigenousCows(Males):3d) IndigenousCows(Females):32

e) Goat(Males):13f) Goat(Female):67g) Indigenousfouls:33h) HybridVariety:98

Socio‐EconomicDetails:Thewatershedpopulationisgivenbelow:TotalPopulation:488Male:228Female:260SCPopulation(total):17

Male(SC):8Female(SC):9APLFamilies:67BPLFamilies:44

Theeconomicdevelopmentisbasedontheproductionandproductivityoftheagricultureandtheavailabilityoffarmlabourinthewatershed.Thisisbecausetheeconomyofthewatershed

is built upon agriculture. More than 63% of the total population is either farmers or farmlabourers.Forthemthisisthemainsourceofincome.Theotheroccupationsofthepeopleareconstructionworkers,driversandtraditionalartisans.Fewhavegovernmentemploymentandearningafixedmonthlyincome.PeoplehaveaccessibilitytocommunicationfacilitiesandmediaslikeTV,Internet,newspapersandmobilephones.Onecanfindapersonwithoutamobilephoneinthewatershedveryrarely.However,thiscannotbeconsideredasiconofeconomicdevelopmentinthewatershed.ThehousingsystemhasmuchchangedfromthetraditionalhousingasthenewlyconstructedandrenovatedhouseshavefacesofmodernitywithRCCroofs.Thebathroomsareattachedtothebedrooms.Thisisalsoconsideredtobeajumpinthesocialandeconomicchangebroughtintothewatershedovertheyears.RoadNetwork:The transportation facilities are rare and roadnetwork is satisfactory in thiswatershed.Themudroadsinthewatershedarewaitingfortarringandtransportvehicleswhichisexpectedtomake the network of roads helping the mobility of the people. There are five major roads:Panapuzhachal – Koyipra Road, Vellariyanam Road, Irul Road, Mundapram Kavu RoadandMichabhoomi – Mundapram Road. Among these the Mundapram road, michabhoomi –MundapramandtheupperpartofthePnapuzhachalKoyipraroadarenotyettarred.InstitutionsandCommunitybasedorganizations:Though comparatively less in number, the institutions and CBOs are highly influential factorsthat affect the lives of the watershed community. They take the important role of educating,passing information, building capacity and form the attitude of the people towards a bettersituation. Following are the institutions that influenced the formation of the watershedcommunityinPanapuzhachalwatershed:MundapramKavu,IrulChurch,IrulReadingRoomMarketFacilities:There are no marketing centres within the watershed, nor do the authorities have plans tomake one. The watershed community depends Mathamangalam bazar for the marketingfacilitieswhichissituatedabout2KmawayfromthewatershedHospitalfacilities:The watershed community can access the hospital facilities at Payyanur about 18 Km awayfrom the watershed. They have also accessibility to the PariyaramMedical College which isabout13Kmsawayforfurtherspecializedtreatment.MajorProblemsofthewatershedThe problems are categorized under four headings: Soil related, Water related, Agro‐BioDiversity Related and Animal Husbandry related. Such a categorization is in line with theactivitiesthatcanbeundertakenIWMPtosolvetheissues.Theissuesarelistedbelow:SoilrelatedIssues: OncefertilesoilhasdeterioratedandtheProductivityhasdrasticallydecreased The fertile top soil is washed off with high velocity running water, especially during

monsoon

Inadequatesoilconservationmeasuresenhancesthelossoffertilesoil Changeinlandusagelikelevelingofpaddyfieldsformixedcropshasreducedfoodcropsto

agreatextent. Indiscriminateapplicationof chemical fertilizersandpesticidescontaminated thesoiland

soilhumusisreduced AcidicnatureofthesoilpreventsseedgerminationandplantgrowthWaterrelatedissues: Fastdryingwatersources Poorwaterconservationmeasures Poorwaterliteracyamongthewatershedcommunity Overutilizationofwater Groundwaterdeterioration/loweringofwatertable Sedimentationofsourceslikestreamsandponds Landmining Steepslopesresultsinfastrunoff. DrinkingwaterscarcityAgro‐biodiversityrelatedissues Overcultivationofmonocrops Absenceofcroprotation Disinterestinfoodcultivation Alienationofwomenfromagriculture Extinctmedicinalplants Eco‐destructionresultedinreductioninplant&animaldiversity UnexpectedplantdiseasesandpestattacksAnimalHusbandryrelatedissues Poorinterestinindigenousvarieties Lackofgrazinglandandpastures Compartmentalizationofland Monocropsdonosupplementlivestock Unavailabilityofgoodvarietiesofanimals Lackofinterestinanimalhusbandry PoorreturnsandinadequatemarketingfacilitiesActivitiesproposed

NaturalResourceManagement(NRM)

ProductionSystem&Micro‐Enterprises

(PS&M)

LivelihoodSupportSystems(LSS)

SoilConservation6. GullyPlugging7. Stonebunding8. CentripetalTerracing

1. GoatRearing2. CowRearing3. JapaneseQuail

Rearing

1. MiniDairyUnit2. TailoringMachine

Distribution3. TailoringUnit

WaterConservation8. Wellimprovement9. Yardwatercollectionpits10. HuskTrenches11. MoistureCollectionPits12. SourceRecharging13. CheckDams14. RainWaterHarvesting15. Constructionofwell16. Retainingwall

4. RabbitRearing5. Banana

Cultivation6. Organic

VegetableCultivation

WatershedCommitteeSl.No. Name Designation Position PhoneNo.

1. T.Sulaja KadannappalliPresident Chairperson 9961493767

2. K.B.Balakrishnan Eramam‐kuttur GPPresident ViceChairperson 9400451251

3. VEO Convener 4. PradeepU. KulirmaNHG Jt.Convener 93880659105. T.P.Divya AE.WDT Secretary 95262204646. T.J.Thankachan ValliNHG Jt.Secretary 2795507. Vilasini KulirmaNHG Treasurer 8. SunilP. KulirmaNHG Member 9. P.Nisha Member 10. P.M.Abraham ValliNHG Member 27891811. Valsala KulirmaNHG Member 12. Shinoj ValliNHG Member 13. A.J.Kunjumon VallyNHG Member 14. K.P.Vijayan Member Member 9605047616

15. Kamalakshan Member Eramam KutoorGP Member 9562278871

16. P.V.Bhaskaran President–Co‐Op.bank Member 04985‐278004

17. V.V.Reetha Block MemberThaliparamba Member 9497141457

18. K.V.Damodaran BlockMember‐Payyannur Member 940085165719. Prasanna.K.M ADSChairperson Member 20. Shylaja.C.P ADSChairperson Member 954424133821. SunnyAsariparambil DirectorSusthira Member 9744888122

Panappuzhachal Watershed Development Project (Area – 439 Ha) - Master plan for Four Years - Funding pattern

Installment

Administration

Monitoring

Evaluation

Entry Point

Activity

Institution & Capacity

Building

DPR preparati

on

Watershed

Development

Activities

Livelihood

Activities

Production system &

Micro Enterprises

Consolidation Phase

Total IWMP project

fund

1St 131700 13170 13170 263400 197550 65850 632160 0 0 0 1317000

% 2 0.2 0.2 4 3 1 9.6 0 0 0 20

2nd 164625 13170 13170 0 65850 0 1093110 296325 329250 0 1975500

% 2.5 0.2 0.2 0 1 0 16.6 4.5 5 0 30

3rd 197550 19755 19755 0 65850 0 1047015 296325 329250 0 1975500

% 3 0.3 0.3 0 1 0 15.9 4.5 5 0 30

4rd 164625 19755 19755 0 0 0 915315 0 0 197550 1317000

% 2.5 0.3 0.3 0 0 0 13.9 0 0 3 20

Total 658500 65850 65850 263400 329250 65850 3687600 592650 658500 197550 6585000

% 10 1 1 4 5 1 56 9 10 3 100

Panapuzhachal Watershed - Sector – I – Watershed Development Activities - I year action plan

Sl No. Name of Activity Unit Unit Cost Target EPA IWMP Fund MNREGS/Other

Source Total

WDF

1. Moisture collection pits M3 149 1000 0 0 149000 149000

10 %

Gen

eral

& 5

% S

C /

ST

2. Centry petal terracing Nos 65.67 400 0 0 26268 26268

3. Husk trunch Nos 169 1000 0 0 169000 169000

4. Gully controlled check dam RM 2996 10.61 0 31800 0 31800

5. Shutter type checkdam Nos 170000 1 0 170000 0 170000

6. Retaining wall RM 2395 14.29 0 34225 0 34225

7. Yard water collection pit Nos 400 30 0 0 12000 12000

8. Shutter type checkdam Nos 201585 1 0 201585 0 201585

9. well recharging Nos 12970 15 0 194550 0 194550

Total 632160 356268 988428

Panapuzhachal Watershed - Sector – I – Watershed Development Activities - II year action plan

Sl No. Name of Activity Unit Unit Cost Target

EPAIWMP Fund MNREGS/Other

Source Total

WDF

1. Centry petal terracing Nos 65.67 800 0 0 52536 52536

10 %

Gen

eral

& 5

% S

C /

ST

2. Stone bunding M2 144 837.3 0 120585 0 120585

3. well recharging Nos 12970 20 0 259400 0 259400

4. Husk trunch Nos 169 1000 0 0 169000 169000

5. Gully controlled check dam RM 2996 6.79 0 20352 0 20352

6. Retaining wall (1.00m height ) RM 2395 64.58 0 154673 0 154673

7. Yard water collection pit Nos 400 148.296 0 0 8000 8000

8. Moisture collection pits M3 149 1000 0 0 149000 149000

9. Retaining wall RM 2395 156.82 0 375600 0 375600

10. Retaining wall RM 2395 67.84 0 162500 0 162500

Total 1093110 378536 1471646

Panapuzhachal Watershed - Sector – I – Watershed Development Activities - III year action plan

Sl No. Name of Activity Unit Unit Cost Target EPA IWMP Fund MNREGS/Other

Source Total

WDF

1. Retaining wall RM 2395 188.27 0 450910 0 450910

10 %

Gen

eral

& 5

% S

C /

ST

2. construction of well Nos 258000 1 0 258000 0 258000

3. RWH tank 5000 ltr capacity for individual

Nos 32500 3 0 97500 0 97500

4. Husk trunch Nos 169 600 0 0 101400 101400

5. well recharging Nos 12970 13 0 168610 0 168610

6. Stone bunding M2 144 279.1 0 40195 0 40195

7. Moisture collection pits M3 149 1000 0 0 149000 149000

8. Gully controlled check dam RM 2996 10.61 0 31800 0 31800

9. Yard water collection pit Nos 400 20 0 0 8000 8000

10. Centry petal terracing Nos 65.67 600 0 0 39402 39402

Total 1093110 378536 1471646

Panapuzhachal Watershed - Sector – I – Watershed Development Activities - IV year action plan

Sl No. Name of Activity Unit Unit

Cost Target EPA IWMP Fund MNREGS/Other Source Total

WDF

1. Centry petal terracing Nos 65.67 500 0 0 32835 32835

10 %

Gen

eral

& 5

% S

C /

ST

2. Yard water collection pit Nos 400 20 0 0 8000 8000

3. well recharging Nos 12970 15 0 194550 0 194550

4. Husk trench Nos 169 500 0 0 84500 84500

5. Retaining wall RM 2395 43.54 0 104300 0 104300

6. Moisture collection pits M3 149 500 0 0 74500 74500

7. RWH tank 5000 ltr capacity for individual

Nos 32500 4 0 130000 0 130000

8. Gully controlled check dam RM 2996 30.02 0 89940 0 89940

9. Stone bunding M2 144 279.1 0 40195 0 40195

10. Retaining wall RM 2395 148.78 9225 356330 0 365555

Total 9225 1047015 297802 1344817

Panapuzhachal Watershed - Sector – II – Livelihood Activities for Land less/Asset less - II year Action plan

Sl No Name of Activity unit Unit cost Target IWMP

fund

MNREGS / other

source/Bank Loan

Total

1 seed money for enterprising individuals Nos 0 0 59265 0 59265

1 Seed money for SHGs Nos 0 0 237060 0 237060

Total 296325 0 296325

Panapuzhachal Watershed - Sector – II – Livelihood Activities for Land less/Asset less - III year Action plan

Sl No Name of Activity unit Unit cost Target IWMP fund

MNREGS / other

source/Bank Loan

Total

1 Seed money for SHGs Nos 0 0 118530 0 118530

III Funding for Major livelihood activities1 Mini diary unit Nos 300000 1 150000 150000 300000 2 Plantain cultivation for leaves Ha 28000 2 27795 28205 56000

Total 296325 178205 474530

Funding patternSeed money for enterprising individuals (10% of the allocation -Revolving fund) 59265Seed money for SHGs (60 % of the allocation - Revolving fund) 355590Funding for major livelihood activities (30% of the allocation - Grant in aid) 177795Total allocation 592650

Panapuzhachal Watershed - Sector – III – Production System & Micro Enterprises based livelihood activities - II year Action plan

Sl No Name of Activity unit Unit cost Target IWMP fund Total WDF

1 Cow rearing unit Nos 24000 7 157250 15725020 % for General & 10

% for SC / ST 2 Banana cultivation Nos 24000 6 144000 1440003 Rabbit rearing Nos 28000 1 28000 28000

Total 329250 329250

Panapuzhachal Watershed - Sector – III – Production System & Micro Enterprises based livelihood activities - III year action plan

Sl No Name of Activity unit Unit cost Target IWMP

fund Total WDF

1 Organic vegitable cultivation Nos 24000 7 157250 15725020 % for General &

10 % for SC / ST 2 Banana cultivation Nos 24000 6 144000 1440003 Rabbit rearing Nos 28000 1 28000 28000

Total 329250 329250

Total Allotment -658500

ENTRY POINT ACTIVITY - PANAPUZHACHAL WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PROJECT - ACTION PLAN

Sl:no Activity Unit Unit cost Target IWMP EPA fund

IWMP Project

fund

Total

1. Construction of shutter type check dam 3m width – kadannapally G.P No 98500 1 98500 - 98500 2. Construction of shutter type check dam 4.50m width – Eramam kuttur G.P No 132000 1 132000 - 132000 3. Stream bank protection Rm 1070 31.00 32900 270 33170

Total 263400 270 263670

PANAPUZHATHODUIIWATERSHED

GramaPanchayat : Kadannappalli‐Panapuzha,Village : PanapuzhaWardscovered : IIIofKadannappallyPanapuzhaBlockPanchayat : ThaliparambaThaluk : KannurDistrict : KannurTotalfamiliescovered : 129TotalPopulationcovered : 567TotaltreatableArea : 147HaRiverBasin : Peruvamba(Perumba)RiverAverageLength : 2.9.Kms.AverageWidth : 2.5.Kms.TotalProjectCost : Rs.22,05,000/‐Boundaries : North:PanapuzhachalWatershed : South:Vannathipuzha(River) : West:PanapuzhathoduIWatershed : East:ParavoorWatershed

Introduction

The physical and geographic nature of the watershed is similar to that of the other twowatersheds – Panapuzhachal & Panapuzhathodu –I. Themain drainage of the watersheds isKoyipraValiyathodu.Thewatershediscomparativelysmallwithatotalgeographicareaof147Ha.Ithasaslantingnaturefromnorthtosouth‐west.

Mainplacesinthewatershed:

TheimportantplacesinthewatershedarePoongottu,Manjangottu,Kallachal,Panapuzha,andKundanthodu.

GeographicDescriptionoftheWatershed:Location:

PanapuzhathoduwatershedislocatedinPanapuzhavillageinKannurThaluk.Itisaccessiblebyroad.Thewatershedisaround53KmawayfromDistrictHeadQuarters.Mathamangalamisthenearest town to the watershed and is situated around 2.75.Km away. The nearest railwaystation to thewatershed is Payyannur andPayangadiwhich are situated almost at the samedistancefromthewatershed.The geographic coordinates: Geographically the watershed area lies between the eastlongitude 75018’30”and 75019’30” and north latitude 120 7’0” and 1208’30” with an averageelevationof229ft.

Averagelengthandwidthofthewatershed

Panapuzhachal Watershed is small among the approved 15 watersheds under IWMP. Thewatershedhasanaveragelengthof2.9Kmandawidthof2.5Km.

Relief&Drainage

The main stream Koyipora Valiyathodu receives another name when entered into thewatershed Panapuzhathodu. It flows across the watershed at about 3.5 Kms along thewatershedwithanaveragewidthof5meters.Atsomelocationsthestreamhas8meterswidth.Themainstreamisenrichedwiththefollowingsub‐streams:1. ThestreamoriginatingfromMuthalakkunnuandflowingthroughtheplotofUlahannan2. Thecommonstreamformedbytwosub‐streamsoneoriginatingfromtherockyuplandand

thestreamnamedKallachalwhichoriginatingfromtheplotofParathiFamilyandenteringintothemainstream.

3. Poomkottu Chal which originates from the land of Mr. P.J. Babu and entering into themainstreaminthePanapuzhathodeIwatershed.ThereisaVCBhere.

4. ThestreamoriginatingfromthelandofBakeryAmbu5. ManjangottuThode

Thedrainagedensity : 49.32M/HaOtherwatersources

Thenumberofhouseholdwellscorrespondstothenumberofhouseholdsinthewatershed,aseveryfamilyhasadrinkingwaterwelleitheropenwellorbore‐well.Thenumberofhouseholdopenwellsinthewatershedis113andtherest(16)arebore‐wells.Amongtheopenwells103areperennial.Thereisonlyonepublicbore‐wellownedbytheGramaPanchayatsituatedataplaceknownasAalullapara.Thereare8perennialpondsinthewatershedwhichareallownedbyprivateparties.1. ParathiPrabhaKulam2. V.V.Dineshankulam3. Prashanthankulam4. PrabhakaranKulam

5. ShivashankaranKulam6. ParameswaranKulam7. C.BalanKulam8. K.P.BhaskaranKulam

Presentsituationofthestreamsandotherwaterbodies

In the upper part of the watershed – Poongottu and Manjangottu water is available in thestreams even in the summer. Whereas, in place like Muthalakkunnu, water scarcity isexperiencedinthesameseason.Inthemiddleareaofthewatershedthereisnowaterscarcity.Inthelowerportionswaterisavailableinallseasons.Thewateravailabilityisnotenoughforirrigationpurposes.

AllthesmallerstreamsexceptManjangottuThodudryupinthesummerseason.Inthecaseofpondsfewdryupinthesummer.Duringthemonsoonseason,thebankswashedoffdivertingwaterflowintotheagriculturallandcausingdamagetothecrops.Theeasyflowofwaterinthestreamsisblockedbythescrupineplantsinthemainstream.

RainfallandClimate

Thewatershedhas ahumidclimatewithahot season fromMarch to theendofMay.This isfollowed by South‐West Monsoon (June‐September) and North ‐East Monsoon (December‐February).DuringthemonthofAprilandMaythemeanmaximumtemperatureis350Candaminimum temperature of 260. The annual average rainfall is 3697mm and 57% of it occursduringtheperiodofJune‐July.

SoilType&Depth

Thegeneralconditionofthesoilisoftwotypes.Brownhydromorphicsoilwithgravelisseenintheupperpartsofthewatershedandclaysoilwithgravelsinthelowerportions.Thewatershed

hasatotalareaof12.53hawithbrownhydromorphicsoilandtherest,134.47haconsistsofclaysoilwithgravels.Depthofthesoilinthewatershedis100cmsto150cms.

Agriculture&LandUse

Majorcropinthewatershedisrubber.Coconut,arecanut,cashewnut,pepper,plantain,paddyand the tubers are ginger and turmeric. Plots with mixed crop are the main feature of thewatershed.Thelandusepatternisgiveninatabularformfollowedbyagraphicillustration:Crops

LandUsed

(Ha)

%ofLand

usedProductivity

Coconut 21.59 14.68 1786Arecanut 18.83 12.86 34.24Cashewnut 12.20 8.30 11.45Plantain 8.39 5.7 66.79Vegetables 8.29 5.63 12.69

Rubber 57.80 39.31 78.06Tubers 9.76 6.62 171.4BuiltUpArea

10.14 6.9 0

Total 147 100

AnimalHusbandryAs a general condition that is observed in Kerala is that the farmers interest in growingdomestic animals is drastically reducing. This is also reflected in the water shed underdiscussion.Givenbelowisatableoflivestockinthewatershed:i. HybridVarietycows(Male):6j. HybridVarietyCows(Female):27k. IndigenousCows(Males):2l. IndigenousCows(Females):23m. Goat(Males):18n. Goat(Female):72o. Indigenousfouls:33p. HybridVariety:105Socio‐EconomicDetails:Thewatershedpopulationisgivenbelow:TotalPopulation:567Male:265 Female:302SCPopulation(total):21Male(SC):9Female(SC):12APLFamilies:74BPLFamilies:55The general living condition of the populace expresses that theyhavemiddle class economicnature. Most of the people gained good education and had pucca houses to live in. Everyhouseholdhavesanitationfacilities.Availableinfrastructurefacilitiesinthewatershedlikeroadnetwork,adequateconveyance,thecultural institutions and people’s organizations all played an important role in the socialdevelopmentratherthantheeconomicdevelopmentofthepeople.Theeconomicdevelopmentisbasedontheproductionandproductivityoftheagricultureandtheavailabilityoffarmlabourinthewatershed.Thisisbecausetheeconomyofthewatershedis built upon agriculture. More than 63% of the total population is either farmers or farmlabourers.Forthemthisisthemainsourceofincome.Theotheroccupationsofthepeopleare

constructionworkers,driversandtraditionalartisans.Fewhavegovernmentemploymentandearningafixedmonthlyincome.PeoplehaveaccessibilitytocommunicationfacilitiesandmediaslikeTV,Internet,newspapersandmobilephones.Onecanfindapersonwithoutamobilephoneinthewatershedveryrarely.However,thiscannotbeconsideredasiconofeconomicdevelopmentinthewatershed.ThehousingsystemhasmuchchangedfromthetraditionalhousingasthenewlyconstructedandrenovatedhouseshavefacesofmodernitywithRCCroofs.Thebathroomsareattachedtothebedrooms.Thisisalsoconsideredtobeajumpinthesocialandeconomicchangebroughtintothewatershedovertheyears.RoadNetwork:The transportation facilities are rare and road network is beneficial for the watershedcommunity. The mud roads in the watershed are waiting for tarring and transport vehicleswhich isexpectedtomakethenetworkofroadssupporting themobilityof thepeople.Therearefourmajorroads:Mathamangalam‐Eriamroadisthemainroadandpassingthroughthewatershed.Panapuzha–Kizhakkekara road,AalullaparaRoad, andPoongottuRoadareotherroadsinthewatershed.

InstitutionsandCommunitybasedorganizations:Institutions take the important role of educating, passing information, building capacity andform the attitude of the people towards a better situation. Following are the institutions thatinfluenced the formation of the watershed community in Panapuzhachal watershed. TheinstitutionsarePanapuzhaTempleandtheMosque

MarketFacilities:There are no marketing centres within the watershed, nor do the authorities have plans tomake one. The watershed community depends Mathamangalam bazaar for the marketingfacilitieswhichissituatedabout2Kmawayfromthewatershed

Hospitalfacilities:The watershed community can access the hospital facilities at Payyanur about 18 Km awayfrom the watershed. They have also accessibility to the PariyaramMedical College which isabout13Kmsawayforfurtherspecializedtreatment.MajorProblemsofthewatershedThe problems are categorized under four headings: Soil related, Water related, Agro‐BioDiversity Related and Animal Husbandry related. Such a categorization is in line with theactivitiesthatcanbeundertakenIWMPtosolvetheissues.Theissuesarelistedbelow:

SoilrelatedIssues: OncefertilesoilhasdeterioratedandtheProductivityhasdrasticallydecreasedthroughout

thewatershed The fertile top soil is washed off with high velocity running water, especially during

monsoon,atVellariyanam,IrulandKoyipraregions Inadequatesoilconservationmeasuresenhancesthelossoffertilesoil

Change in land use like paddy fields formixed crops has reduced food crops to a great

extentinplaceslikeVellariyanamwheretherewerepaddyfieldsandricecultivation.

Waterrelatedissues: Fastdryingwatersources,especiallyinmidlandregionofthewatershed(e.g.Mundapram

Region)

Poorwaterconservationmeasures Poorwaterliteracyamongthewatershedcommunity Groundwaterdeterioration/loweringofwatertableatVellariyanamSide Sedimentationofsourceslikestreamsandponds FastwaterrunoffduetoSteepslopesinareaslikeIrulandVellariyanam. DrinkingwaterscarcityinVellariyanamandKoyipraside.Agro‐biodiversityrelatedissues Overcultivationofmonocropsirrespectiveofareas Absenceofcroprotation Alienationofwomenfromagriculture Extinct medicinal plants like Karingotta (Samadora indica), Vaathamkolly (Jestisia

genderusa)Aavanakku(Sebastiniachamelia) Eco‐destructionresultedinreductioninplant&animaldiversity Unexpectedplantdiseasesandpestattacks(QuickwiltofPepper,BunchytopofPlantain,

MahaliofArecanut,MandariofCoconut)

AnimalHusbandryrelatedissues Poorinterestinindigenousvarieties Lackofcommongrazinglandandpastures Compartmentalizationofland Monocropsdonosupplementlivestock Lackofinterestinanimalhusbandry

Activitiesproposedtoaddresstheissues

Generally the activities are of three folds: Natural Resource Management Activities whichcovers the soil, water and bio‐diversity issues, Production System Management and MicroEnterprises (PS&M) which covers the agriculture and soil problems along with economicbackwardness, , whichmanages the livelihoods and economic backwardness of the landless,womenand the indigenouscommunities.Givenbelow isabriefabout theactivitiesproposedforthewatershed:

NaturalResourceManagement(NRM)

ProductionSystem&Micro‐Enterprises

(PS&M)

LivelihoodSupportSystems(LSS)

SoilConservation1. Geotextiles2. Livefencing3. Stonebunding4. CentripetalTerracing

1. LayerDistribution2. RabbitRearing3. CowRearing4. BananaCultivation

1. DistributionofTailoringMachine

2. ToiletCleanerMakingUnit

3. PoultryUnit

WaterConservation1. Pondrenovation2. Yardwatercollectionpits3. HuskTrenches4. MoistureCollectionPits5. SourceRecharging6. CheckDams7. Wellimprovement8. Retainingwall9. Diversioncanal

Panappuzhathodu - II Watershed Development Project (Area – 147 Ha) - Master plan for Four Years - Funding pattern

Installment

Administration

Monitoring

Evaluation

EntryPointActivity

Institution&CapacityBuilding

DPRpreparation

WatershedDevelopme

ntActivities

Livelihood

Activities

Productionsystem&MicroEnterpris

es

ConsolidationPhase

TotalIWMPprojectfund

1St  44100 4410  4410 88200 66150 22050 211680 0 0 0 441000 

%  2 0.2  0.2 4 3 1 9.6 0 0 0 20 

2nd   55125 4410  4410 0 22050 0 366030 99225 110250 0 661500 

%  2.5 0.2  0.2 0 1 0 16.6 4.5 5 0 30 

3rd  66150 6615  6615 0 22050 0 350595 99225 110250 0 661500 

%  3 0.3  0.3 0 1 0 15.9 4.5 5 0     30 

4rd   55125 6615  6615 0 0 0 306495 0 0 66150 441000 

%  2.5 0.3  0.3 0 0 0 13.9 0 0 3 20 

Total  220500 22050  22050 88200 110250 22050 1234800 198450 220500 66150 2205000 

%  10 1  1 4 5 1 56 9 10 3 100 

Panapuzhathodu II Watershed - Sector – I – Watershed Development Activities - I year action plan

Sl No. Name of Activity Unit Unit

Cost Target EPA

IWMP Fund MNREGS/Other Source Total

WDF

1. Divertion canal (EPA) M3 133932 1 6722 127210 0 133932

10 %

Gen

eral

& 5

% S

C /

ST 2. Live fencing

RM 24 300 0 0 7200 7200

3. Husk trunchNos 169 300 0 0 50700 50700

4. Yard water collection pit Nos 400 20 0 0 8000 8000

5. Centry petal terracing Nos 65.67 400 0 0 26268 26268

6. Stone bunding

M2 144 224.4 0 32320 0 32320

7. Moisture collection pits M2 149 500 0 0 74500 74500

8. Retaining wall RM 2395 21.77 0 52120 0 52120

Total 6722 211650 166668 385040

PanapuzhathoduIIWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐IIyearactionplan

Sl No. Name of Activity Unit Unit Cost Target

EPA IWMP Fund MNREGS/Other

Source Total

WDF

1. Centry petal terracing Nos 133932 800 0 0 52536 52536

10 %

Gen

eral

& 5

% S

C /

ST

2. Yard water collection pit Nos 400 25 0 0 10000 10000

3. Retaining wall RM 2395 20.65 0 49480 0 49480

4. Husk trunch Nos 169 500 0 0 84500 84500

5. koodapram vayal pond renavation,at the property of shivashankaran

Nos 307000 1 0 307000 0 307000

6. Live fencing RM 24 500 0 0 12000 12000

7. Moisture collection pits M3 149 500 0 0 74500 74500

8. Stone bunding M2 144 66.3 0 9550 0 9550

Total 366030 233536 599566

Panapuzhathodu II Watershed - Sector – I – Watershed Development Activities - III year action plan

Sl No. Name of Activity Unit Unit

Cost Target EPA

IWMP Fund MNREGS/

Other Source

Total

WDF

1. shutter type check dam across panapuzhathodu

NOS 206000 1 0 206000 0 206000

10 %

Gen

eral

& 5

% S

C /

ST 2. Retaining wall 2m hight at

panapuzha thodu RM 2395 55.06 0 131875 0 131875

3. Moisture collection pits M3 149 400 0 0 59600 59600

4. Gully controlled check dam RM 2996 4.24 0 12720 0 12720

5. Husk trunch NOS 169 300 0 0 50700 50700

6. Yard water collection pit NOS 400 15 0 0 6000 6000

7. Centry petal terracing NOS 65.67 600 0 0 39402 39402

8. Live fencing RM 24 500 0 0 12000 12000

Total 350595 167702 518297

Panapuzhathodu II Watershed - Sector – I – Watershed Development Activities - IV year action plan

Sl No. Name of Activity Unit Unit Cost Target

EPA IWMP Fund

MNREGS/Other Source Total

WDF

1. Centry petal terracing Nos 65.67 600 0 0 39402 39402

10 %

Gen

eral

& 5

% S

C /

ST

2. Yard water collection pit Nos 400 20 0 0 8000 8000

3. well recharging Nos 12970 8 0 103760 0 103760

4. Geo Textile M2 191 300 0 57300 0 57300

5. Stone bunding M2 144 55.8 0 8039 0 8039

6. Moisture collection pits M3 149 500 0 0 74500 74500

7. Well Renovation Nos 10600 1 0 10600 0 10600

8. Husk trunch Nos 169 500 0 0 84500 84500

9. Gully controlled check dam RM 2996 21.054 0 63080 0 63080

10. Retaining Wall RM 2395 26.60 0 63716 0 63716

Total 306495 206402 512897

Panapuzhathodu - II Watershed - Sector – II – Livelihood Activities for Land less/Asset less - II year Action plan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMP

fund

MNREGS / other

source/Bank Loan

Total

1 seedmoneyforenterprisingindividuals Nos 0 0 19845 0 19845

1 SeedmoneyforSHGs Nos 0 0 79380 0 79380

TOTAL 99225 28035 127260

Panapuzhathodu - II Watershed - Sector – II – Livelihood Activities for Land less/Asset less - III year Action plan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMP

fund

MNREGS / other

source/Bank Loan

Total

2 SeedmoneyforSHGs Nos 0 0 39690 0 39690

III FundingforMajorlivelihoodactivities

1 Poultryunit Nos 120000 1 59535 60465 120000

Total 99225 60465 159690

Fundingpattern Seed money for enterprising individuals (10% of the allocation -Revolving fund)

19845Seed money for SHGs (60 % of the allocation - Revolving fund) 119070Funding for major livelihood activities (30% of the allocation - Grant in aid) 59535

Totalallocation 198450

Panapuzhathodu - II Watershed - Sector – III – Production System & Micro Enterprises based livelihood activities - II year Action plan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost

Target IWMPfund Total WDF

1 Cowrearing Nos 24000 5 110250 110250 20 % for General & 10 % for SC / ST TOTAL 110250 110250

Panapuzhathodu - II Watershed - Sector – III – Production System & Micro Enterprises based livelihood activities - III year action plan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMP

fund Total WDF

1 Bananacultivation Nos 24000 5 110250 110250 20 % for General & 10 % for SC / ST TOTAL 110250 110250

TotalAllotment‐220500

ENTRY POINT ACTIVITY - ACTION PLAN

Sl:no Activity Unit Unit cost Target IWMP EPA fund

IWMP Project

fund Total

1. Diversion channel construction Rm 176500 1 88200 88300 176500

Total 88200 88300 176500

PARAVOORWATERSHED

GramaPanchayat : Kadannappalli‐Panapuzha,Village : PanapuzhaWardscovered : V&VIBlockPanchayat : ThaliparambaThaluk : KannurDistrict : KannurTotalfamiliescovered : 232TotalPopulationcovered : 1021TotaltreatableArea : 208HaRiverBasin : Peruvamba(Perumba)RiverAverageLength : 2Kms.AverageWidth : 2.75.Kms.TotalProjectCost : Rs.31,20,000/‐Boundaries : North:KaripalpoilRocks : South:ParavoorRiver : West:MudengaWatershed : East:KannelamthoduWatershed

IntroductionThewatershedcovers5thand6thwardsofKadannappally–PanapuzhaPanchayat.Onlypart of 5th ward is covered and almost all parts of the 6th ward included in thewatershed.Thetotalareaofthewatershedis208ha.Thewatershedisslantingtowardssouthandhasanundulatingnaturebecauseofthepresenceofsmallhillsandmoderateslopes.Becauseofitsslantingnature,soilerosionisatitspeakinthewatershed.Ithasabout25haofcultivablewaste.

Mainplaces in thewatershed: The important places in thewatershed are Anatty,Madeda,ChoyyakunduandParavoor.

GeographicDescriptionoftheWatershed:Location:ParavoorwatershedislocatedinPanapuzhavillageinKannurThaluk.Itisaccessiblebyroad. The watershed is around 48 Km away from District Head Quarters.Mathamangalam is the nearest town to the watershed and is situated around 4.Kmaway.ThenearestrailwaystationtothewatershedisPayyannurandPayangadiwhicharesituatedalmostatthesamedistancefromthewatershed.

The geographic coordinates: The watershed area lies between the east longitude75019’0”and75020’0”andNorthlatitude1207’0”and1208’0”withanaverageelevationof136ft.AveragelengthandwidthofthewatershedParavoorWatershedhasanaveragelengthof2Kmsandwidthof2.75Kms.ThereforeitcanbeconsideredasasmallwatershedapprovedunderIWMP.

Relief&DrainageThewatershed isslantingtowardssouthandhasanundulatingnaturebecauseof thepresenceofsmallhillsandmoderateslopes.Becauseofitsslantingnature,soilerosionisatitspeakinthewatershed.ThemainstreamofthewatershedisKandamkolThoduwhichhasalengthof1½Kms,widthof2metersanddepthof5meters.ThesubstreamsareCheetahThodu,KulukkiThodu, Kulangarakunnu thodu, Manichery thodu, Mayilottu thodu, Aanari Thodu,PiliyamkoduThodu,ParakkadavuthoduandVaranamThodu.FlowofallthesestreamsaredirectlyenteringintothePanapuzhaRiver.Thedrainagedensity :20.43M/Ha

OtherwatersourcesBesides theabovementionednatural sourcesofwater thereare218householdwellsandfivenaturalspringswhichsupplywatertothewatershedcommunity.ThespringsareChethathoduSpring,KulukkithoduSpring,PiliyamkoduSpring,KandamkolSpringandMayiloduySpring.However,waterscarcityisexperiencedineachsummerseasonbyaroundfifty familiesresiding inthewatershedbetweenPanapuzhaOldPostOfficeandNewPostOfficeandtheyhavetowalklongdistancestofetchthewater.

PresentsituationofthestreamsandotherwaterbodiesThethreesprings,Cheetha,KulukkiandPiliyamkoduareperennialandpeoplecollectwaterfromthesespringsthroughhosepipesfortheirhouseholdneeds.ThemayiloduspringdriesupinthebeginningofthemonthofMay.Thoughthestreamsareoriginatingfromthesprings,mostofthemwilldryupeduetolack of flow during the post monsoon months. The high velocity runoff during themonsoonaffectsthestreamsbanksandwashingawaythestreambanksoilalongwiththerunoffwater.

RainfallandClimateThewatershedhasahumidclimatewithahotseason fromMarchto theendofMay.This is followedbySouth‐WestMonsoon (June‐September)andNorth ‐EastMonsoon(December‐February). During the month of April and May the mean maximumtemperatureis350Candaminimumtemperatureof260.Theannualaveragerainfallis3697mmand57%ofitoccursduringtheperiodofJune‐July.

SoilType&Depth

Thegeneralconditionofthesoilisoftwotypes.Brownhydromorphicsoilwithgravelisseen in the upper parts of the watershed and clay soil with gravels in the lowerportions.TheSoiltypeinabout92.31haofthewatershedisbrownhydromorphicsoiland115.69haisofclaysoilwithgravels.Depthofthesoilinthewatershedis100cmsto150cms.

Agriculture&LandUseMajorcropsinthewatershedarecoconut,arecanut,cashew,rubberandplantain.Thereisabout3acresofpaddyfieldsoutofwhichasinglecropisbeingdoneinabout1¼haonly.Therest is leftbarren.Theproduce fromthiscultivation isnominalanddidnotincludeinthelandusepatterngivenbelow:

AsinthecaseofotherwatershedsintheGramaPanchayat,Paravoorwatershedisalsopromoting rubber cultivation. The rubber is taking advantage at the expense oftraditionalcropslikecoconutandmixedplantations.Thelandusepatternisshowninatablebelowfollowedagraphicillustration.

Crops LandUsed% of Landused

Produ‐ctivity

Coconut 38.81 18.66 3212Arecanut 35.82 17.22 65.14

Cashew 23.34 11.22 21.90

Plantain 5.37 2.58 42.75Vegetables 2.89 1.39 4.42Rubber 82.24 39.54 111.06Tubers 2.75 1.32 48.30BuiltUpArea 16.78 8.07 0Total 208 100

AnimalHusbandryAnimalhusbandryisreducinginthewatershedareacomparedtotheoldendays.Thgisis becauseof the reducing grazing landand lackof fodderbothdry and green.Givenbelowisatableoflivestockinthewatershed:

a. HybridVarietycows(Male):5

b. HybridVarietyCows(Female):32

c. IndigenousCows(Males):2

d. IndigenousCows(Females):38

e. Goat(Males):26

f. Goat(Female):83

g. Indigenousfouls:62

h. HybridVariety:212

Socio‐EconomicDetails:

ThoughParavoorwatershediscomparativelysmallthehouseholdholddensityismorethan some other bigger watershed. This could be because of the favourable livingconditionduetofertileland,contiguityorvicinityoftheriverandtheharmonypeoplemaintain.Thedemographicdetailsofthewatershedaregivenbelow:TotalPopulation:1021

Male:490

Female:531

SCPopulation(total):67

Male(SC):33

Female(SC):34

APLFamilies:160

BPLFamilies:72

Majority of the population in the watershed is either farmers or farm labourers.Therefore, it can be assumed that the economy of the watershed is built uponagriculture.Anyissuesthataffecttheagriculturalsectorwillreflectinthelivelihoodofthepeople.Also thereareconstructionworkers,stonecutters, toddyworkers, rubbertapersetc.Onlyveryfewareemployedingovernmentservices.

Allthefamiliesinthewatershedliveinownhouses,houseswithmodernamenitieslikevery good sanitation facilities, multimedia like TV and Mobile Phone and uses goodcommunication instruments. However, they have no mechanism for safe disposal ofsolidandliquidwastes.Water scarcity is threatening the community at a particular regionmentioned aboveduring the summerbecause thewellsdryup. In‐takingofwater fromunsafe sourcesbrings in the chance of outbreak of contagious diseases. However, the community iswell awareof the situationand theyhad takenall necessaryprecautions.This showsthattheirawarenesslevelisverygood.Almost all the houses in the watershed are electrified except a few (12 Houses) atAanayadiarea.Effortshadbeentakenbytheinhabitantstogetelectricconnection.Thedelay ingettingtheelectrificationdeniesthemthemoderncommunicationmedia likeTVandmodernhomeapplianceswhichrequirepowerconnection.

Educationally,almost93%of thewatershedcommunitieshavepreliminaryeducationandthefemaleeducationindexisveryhighwith9.4comparedtomaleeducation.Postgraduatesareveryrareinthewatershed.Thegovernmentemployeesmusthavegonethroughtheirgraduationandthiswillcomeonly2%.RoadNetwork:

TheonlyonetarredroadinthewatershedisMathamangalam–EriamRoad,whichalsohasBusservice.Themudroadsinthewatershedarewaitingfortarringandtransportvehicles. Othermajor roads are: Paravoor Central – Cemetery road, Poil – PariyaramRoadandAanari–Quarryroad.InstitutionsandCommunitybasedorganizations:There are 15 institutions that directly influence the watershed community. Theseinstitutionsplayanimportantroleinthemouldingofthewatershedcommunityintheircuyolturalandsocio‐economicwellbeing.Theinstitutionsareasfollows:

NaturalResourceManagement(NRM)

ProductionSystem&Micro‐Enterprises

(PS&M)

LivelihoodSupportSystems(LSS)

SoilConservation1. GullyPlugging2. Streambankstabilization

3. Livefencing4. Contourbunding5. CentripetalTerracing

1. GoatRearing2. CowRearing3. BananaCultivation4. OrganicVegetableCultivation

5. VermiComposting

1. ConsumerStore2. CandleMakingUnit3. DetergentMakingUnit

WaterConservation1. Wideninganddeepening

ofstream2. Yardwatercollectionpits

3. HuskTrenches4. MoistureCollectionPits5. SourceRecharging6. CheckDams

PravoorWatershedDevelopmentProject(Area–208Ha)‐MasterplanforFourYears‐Fundingpattern

Installment

Administration

Monitoring

Evaluation

EntryPointActivity

Institution&CapacityBuilding

DPRpreparation

Watershed

Development

Activities

Livelihood

Activities

Productionsystem&MicroEnterprise

s

ConsolidationPhase

TotalIWMPprojectfund

1St 62400 6240 6240 124800 93600 31200 299520 0 0 0 624000

% 2 0.2 0.2 4 3 1 9.6 0 0 0 20

2nd 78000 6240 6240 0 31200 0 517920 140400 156000 0 936000

% 2.5 0.2 0.2 0 1 0 16.6 4.5 5 0 30

3rd 93600 9360 9360 0 31200 0 496080 140400 156000 0 936000

% 3 0.3 0.3 0 1 0 15.9 4.5 5 0 30

4rd 78000 9360 9360 0 0 0 433680 0 0 93600 624000

% 2.5 0.3 0.3 0 0 0 13.9 0 0 3 20

Total 312000 31200 31200 124800 156000 31200 1747200 280800 312000 93600 3120000

% 10 1 1 4 5 1 56 9 10 3 100

ParavoorWatershedActionPlan‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐Iyear

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost TargetEPA IWMP

FundMNREGS/OtherSource

Total

WDF

1. Stonebunding M2 144 588.8 0 84790 0 84790

10%General&5%SC/ST2. Moisturecollectionpits M3 149 1000 0 0 149000 149000

3. Livefencing RM 24 1500 0 0 36000 36000

4. Gully controlled checkdam inPeeliyancodethodu

RM 2996 8.49 0 25440 0 25440

5. Shutter type check dam inPeeliyncode thodu near theplotofP.T.Lakshmi

Nos 98500 1 0 98500 0 98500

6. Wellrecharge RM 12970 1 0 90790 0 90790

Total 299520 185000 484520

ParavoorWatershed‐Watershed‐ActionPlan‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivitiesIIyear

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost Target

EPA IWMPFund

MNREGS/OtherSource Total

WDF

1. Moisturecollectionpits M3 149 1000 0 0 149000 149000

10%General&5%SC/ST2. Livefencing RM 24 1600 0 0 38400 38400

3. Stonebunding M2 144 770.2 0 110918 0 110918

4. Centrypetalterracing Nos 65.67 300 0 19701 19701

5. Yardwatercollectionpit Nos 400 50 0 0 20000 20000

6. Husktrench 165 400 0 66000 66000

7. RetainingWall RM 2395 98.45 0 235800 0 235800

8. RetainingWall RM 2395 71.48 0 171202 0 171202

Total 517920 293101 811021

ParavoorWatershedActionPlan‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐IIIyear

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit Unit

Cost TargetEPA IWMP

FundMNREGS/Other

Source Total

WDF

1. Husktrench Nos 165 300 0 0 49500 49500

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. Livefencing RM 24 1500 0 0 36000 36000

3. Yardwatercollectionpit Nos 400 100 0 0 40000 40000

4. Stream bank stabilizationwith retaining wall inpeeliyancodethodu

RM 2395 78.41 0 187800 0 187800

5. GullycontrolledcheckdaminPulkithodu

RM 2996 8.49 0 25440 0 25440

6. Stream bank stabilizationwith retaining wall inPulkithodu

RM 2395 118.09 0 282840 0 282840

Total 496080 125500 621580

ParavoorWatershed‐ActionPlan‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐IVyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost

TargetEPA

IWMPFund MNREGS/OtherSource

Total

WDF

1. Stonebunding M2 144 220.3 0 31731 0 31731

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. Streambankstabilizationwith retaining wall inPonkuramchal

RM 2395 35.30 0 84550 0 84550

3. Streambankstabilizationwithretainingwall

RM 2996 98.73 0 236459 0 236459

4. Gully controllingstructures inPonkuramchal

RM 2395 8.49 0 25440 0 25440

5. Retaining WallPonkuramchal

RM 165 23.17 0 55500 0 55500

6. Husktrench Nos 24 50 0 0 8250 8250

7. Livefencing RM 400 2000 0 0 48000 48000

8. Yardwatercollectionpit Nos 400 160 0 0 64000 64000

TOTAL 433680 120250 553930

ParavoorWatershed‐ActionPlan‐Sector–II–LivelihoodActivitiesforLandless/Assetless‐IIyear

SlNo NameofActivity unitUnitcost Target

IWMPfund

MNREGS/other

source/BankLoan

Total

1 seedmoneyforenterprisingindividuals Nos 0 0 28080 0 28080

1 SeedmoneyforSHGs 0 0 112320 0 112320

TOTAL 140400 0 140400

ParavoorWatershed‐ActionPlan‐Sector–II–LivelihoodActivitiesforLandless/Assetless‐IIIyear

SlNo NameofActivity unitUnitcost Target

IWMPfund

MNREGS/other

source/BankLoan

Total

1 SeedmoneyforSHGs Nos 0 0 56160 0 56160

III FundingforMajorlivelihoodactivities1 vanithavadhyasangam Nos 100000 1 84240 15760 100000

TOTAL 140400 15760 156160

FundingpatternSeedmoneyforenterprisingindividuals(10%oftheallocation‐Revolvingfund)

28080SeedmoneyforSHGs(60%oftheallocation‐Revolvingfund) 168480Fundingformajorlivelihoodactivities(30%oftheallocation‐Grantinaid) 84240Totalallocation 280800

ActionPlan‐Sector–III–ProductionSystem&MicroEnterprisesbasedlivelihoodactivities‐IIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMPfund Total WDF

1 Candlemakingunit Nos 21300 1 21300 21300

20%forGeneral

&10%forSC/ST

2 Detergentmakingunit Nos 19500 1 19500 19500

3 Plantaincultivationforleaves Ha 24000 4 91200 91200

4 Goatrearing Nos 12000 2 24000 24000

TOTAL 156000 156000

ActionPlan‐Sector–III–ProductionSystem&MicroEnterprisesbasedlivelihoodactivities‐IIIyear

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMP

fund Total WDF

1Organic vegetable cultivation ‐@Rs.2000/10cent Nos

24000 5 120000 12000020%forGeneral&10

%forSC/ST2 Vermicomposting Nos 9000 4 36000 36000

TOTAL 156000 156000

Totalallotment‐312000

ENTRYPOINTACTIVITY‐ACTIONPLANSl.no Activity Unit Unitcost Target Amount

1 Cleaningandsiltremovingfromthestream M3 205.20 159.60 327502 AgronomicalmeasuresontheRiversides Rm 139 400 556003 Clearingthickthronyjungleandsmalltrees M2 21 250 52504 PlantingtreesalongtheRiversides Nos 27 600 162005 Campaignwork* 15000

GRANDTOTAL 124800

KANNELAMTHODUWATERSHED

GramaPanchayat : Eramam–Kuttur& Kadannappalli‐Panapuzha,

Village : Vellora&PanapuzhaWardscovered : VofKadannappallyPanapuzha XII&XIIIwardsofEramamKutturBlockPanchayat : Payyanur&ThaliparambaThaluk : KannurDistrict : KannurTotalfamiliescovered : 378TotalPopulationcovered : 1663TotaltreatableArea : 602HaRiverBasin : Peruvamba(Perumba)RiverAverageLength : 4.5.Kms.AverageWidth : 4.Kms.TotalProjectCost : Rs.90,30,000/‐Boundaries :North:Eramam–KutturGramamPanchayat South:PanapuzhaRiver East:AlakkauI&EriamIWatersheds West:PanapuzhachalWatershed

IntroductionKannelamthoduwatershedisinthe5thwardoftheKadannappally–PanapuzhaPanchayatandin the12th and13thwardsofEramam–KutturGramaPanchayat.Kannelamthoduwatershedhas a total area 602 ha out ofwhich 402 ha are under cultivation. The agriculture is totallyrainfed.Thewatershedhasacultivablewastelandof199Ha.Mainplacesinthewatershed:ThemainplacesinthewatershedareParavoor,Anatty,Kundayadu,Thalapolinhi,KoyipraandKannilamthoduarethemainplacesinthewatershed.GeographicDescriptionoftheWatershed:Location:Kannelamthoduwatershed is located inPanapuzhavillageofThaliparambaBlockPanchayathandVelloravillageofPayyanurBlockPanchayat.Itisaround61kmawayfromtheDistrictheadquartersandisaccessiblebyroad.Pilathara,thenearestbusstationofthewatershedissituatedaround26kmaway in thewest.PayyannurandPazhayangadiRailwaystationsarealmostatthe same distance from the watershed. The watershed is situated around 7 km away fromEramam–KuttoorPanchayathoffice.Paravoorisasmallgrowingtownshipinthewatershed.ThegeographiccoordinatesGeographically Kannelamthodu watershed lies between the east longitude 75019’30” and75021’30”andnorthlatitude1207’30”and1209’30”withatotalelevationof386feet.AveragelengthandwidthofthewatershedKannelamthoduwatershediscomparativelyoneofthebiggestwatersheds.Thewatershedhasanaveragelengthof4.5kmand4kmwidth.Relief&DrainageThere are small hills andmoderate valleyswithplains in theupper reaches aswell as lowerreaches of thewatershed. Thewatershed is specifically characterized by the presence of hillplains.Inallthreesidesofthewatershedarehillsandonthetopofthehillslateriterocksarepresent.ThenorthernpartofthiswatershedisKoyiprarockswhichispartofEramamKutturGramaPanchayat, in theeasternpart isMadayidarocksand in thewesternpartPainkiliyodurocks.Thesloperangesfrom10oto40o.

ThemaindrainofthewatershedisKannelamthodu.ThisstreamisoriginatingfromtheKoyipraValiya vayal. Another important stream in the watershed, which could be considered as themain stream is Monthikkunnu Stream, originating from Monthikkunnu and entering intoKannilamthodu.TheKannelamstreamflowsabout5Kmsalongthewatershedwithanaveragewidth of 8Meters and an average depth of 3meters. The sub‐streams that enrich themainstream are: Paikiliyodu Thodu, Aanakuzhithodu, Paluvallithodu, Kundayadu Thodu,ThalapolinhiThodu,MummadakkuThoduandMuthukkalluthodu.

TheDrainagedensity:Kannelamthoduhasadrainagedensityof27.45m/Ha.OtherwatersourcesThere are five ponds in the watershed which are: Nareekamvally Kunhiraman’s, KalaiSreedharan’s,BhajanamadhamPradeepan’s,KanhirapuzhaNarayanan’sandPainkiliyoduSathiTeacher’sPonds.Besidestheabovewatersources,thewatershedhaveatotal372wellsamongstwhich337areperennialandtherestseasonal.However,watertable inthesummerisverypoorinall thesewells.Regardingthewells,asusualeachhouseholdhasawelltomeettheirdrinkingwaterpurposesandother domestic uses.Wells in the upper part of thewatershed are dryingup in summercausingwaterscarcityforthewatershedcommunities,wellsinthelowerportionisperennialinnature and provide water throughout out the year. The natural springs are Muthukka,Thalapolinhi(2Nos.),Kundayadu(2Nos.)PresentsituationofthestreamsandotherwaterbodiesAllthestreamsinthewatershedincludingthemainstreamKannelamthoduareseasonal.Thefivespringsinthewatershedareperennialandprovideswatertothecommunitylivingaroundthem.Someofthepondsdryupinthemiddleofthesummer.Thisresultsinlowproductionduringthat period as the farmers did not get water for irrigation. Likewise, wells, especially in theupstreamareaalsodryupinthesummer.Kannelamthodu andMonthikkunnu streamswere perennial before years. Change in the landuse, especially removal of vegetative cover of theland in huge quantities for mono cropcultivationmadethesestreamsseasonalwithwaterflowingonlyduringmonsoonandsomeofthepostmonsoonmonths.RainfallandClimateKannelamthoduwatershedisincludedinthemidlandzoneandhencetheclimateissimilartothatofotherwatersheds.Therainfalliscomparativelyhighinthewatershed.MaximumRainfallis obtaining during the South‐west Monsoon. Rain is also obtained during the North‐eastMonsoon.55%oftherainfallisduringtheformerandtherestisduringthelatter.Theaveragerainfallinthewatershedis3697.6mm.The temperature is similar to that of the other watershedswith humid hot season betweenMarchtotheendofMay.DuringthemonthofAprilandMaythemeanmaximumtemperatureis350Candaminimumtemperatureof260.

SoilType&Depth

Thegeneralconditionofthesoilisoftwotypes.Brownhydromorphicsoilwithgravelisseeninthe upper parts of the watershed and clay soil with gravels in the lower portions. The

watershedhasatotalareaof262.52hawithbrownhydromorphicsoilandtherest,339.48haconsistsofclaysoilwithgravels.Depthofthesoilinthewatershedis100cmsto150cms.

Agriculture&LandUse

80%of the totalareaof thewatershed isused forcultivation.Though in theearlyperiod themain cultivationwas coconut and arecanut and now rubber is replacing all these traditionalagriculture.Though therearepaddy fields, it seems thatpeopleabandonedpaddycultivationand most of the paddy fields are converted for other land use purposes. Some are left un‐cultivatedforthelastfewyears.Thishastobeconsideredasthecultivablewaste.Suchlandisabout15ha.Another5haatKundayaduareaisfoundtobesludge.Thelandusepatternalongwithcultivatedareaisshownbelow:

Crops LandUsed

%ofLandused

Productivity

Coconut 50.48 8.4 4178Arecanut 30.53 5.08 5.55Cashew 42.07 7 39.47Plantain 12.02 2 95.69Vegetables 7.21 1.2 11.03Tubers 6.01 1 105.55Rubber 194.58 32.21 262.77

CultivableWaste 199 33.11 0

BuiltUpArea 60.1 10 0

Total 602 100

AnimalHusbandry

Thefarmer’sinterestingrowingdomesticanimalsisdrasticallyreducing.ThisisalsoreflectedintheKannelamthoduwatershed.Givenbelowisatableoflivestockinthewatershed:q. HybridVarietycows(Male):9r. HybridVarietyCows(Female):43s. IndigenousCows(Males):7t. IndigenousCows(Females):54

u. Goat(Males):32v. Goat(Female):127w. Indigenousfouls:52x. HybridVariety:244

Socio‐EconomicDetails:Thewatershedpopulationisgivenbelow:TotalPopulation:1663Male:798Female:865

APLFamilies:180BPLFamilies:198

MajorityofthefamiliesarecategorizedasBPLandonlyasmallpercentagecanbeconsideredasAPL.However,ageneralobservationbringsafeelthatthecommunitybelongstoMiddleClass.The community draws their livelihood means mainly from wage labour in the constructionsectorandonlyafewareinvolvedinagriculture.Thisisduetothespecificnatureofthelandwhich ismostlyunfertiledue to laterite rocks.The farmersareonly5%and thegovernmentemployeesonly1%.Thereanegligiblepercentageofpeopledoingtheirtraditionalwork(Blacksmithy)

ThenatureofthehousesshowsthatthereisageneraltendencytoadoptRCCroofingagainstthetraditionaltiledroofing.Butthiscouldnotbetakenintoconsiderationtoassessthesocio‐economic situation of the community. Majority of the families own houses and only somemigrants live in rented houses. Pucca sanitation facilities are available with individualhouseholds,andthegeneralhealthconditionissatisfactory.90% of the households enjoy modern communication facilities and they have the habit ofreadingnewspapersandusingtelecommunicationequipments.Therefortheknowledgelevelofthepeopleishighandtheyareawareofthemoderntrendsincommerceaswellotherrelatedissuesthatdirectlyaffectsthelife.RoadNetwork:The transport facilities in thewatershedare satisfactory.The roadnetworkextends to everypartofthewatershedandtheirconditionisalsogood.Theimportanttarroadsinthewatershedarefollows:1. Eriam‐MathamangalamRoad2. Paravoor–KoyipraRoad

3. PalullavallyRoad4. Kuttur‐KakkaraRoad

TheimportantmudroadinthewatershedisKundayaduAnganwadi–KaripapoilRoadwhichisawaitingfortarringInstitutionsandCommunitybasedorganizations:The Main Institution and Community Based Organizations are listed below:

KarayaduAnganwadi KarayaduL.P.School ICDPSubcentre,Karayadu SparkArts&SportsClub MilkCo‐op.Socirety AzhikodanMemorialLibrary RedStarArts&SportsClub KundayaduAnganwadi RubberMarketingSociety Co‐operativeBank AnattyCulturalForum YoungVoiceClub,Koyipra Moque,Koyipra KakkaraBhagavathiTemple PaluvallySreeKrishnaTemple

MarketFacilities:ThewatershedcommunitydependsuponMathamangalambazaarandParavoorTownshipfortheirmarketing requirements.MathamangalamBazaar is situated about8Kmaway from thewatershed

Hospital facilities: The watershed community can access the hospital facilities at Payyanurabout24Kmawayfromthewatershed.TheyhavealsoaccessibilitytothePariyaramMedicalCollegewhichisabout19Kmsawayforfurtherspecializedtreatment.MajorProblemsofthewatershedThe problems are categorized under four headings: Soil related, Water related, Agro‐BioDiversity Related and Animal Husbandry related. Such a categorization is in line with theactivitiesthatcanbeundertakenIWMPtosolvetheissues.Theissuesarelistedbelow:SoilrelatedProblems

Pertinentsoilerosioninhigherareasandslopes Reducedproductivity Changeinthechemicalstructureofthesoil Reducingwaterstoragecapacityofthesoil Heavywaterdrainfromthesoil SoilPollutionduetoindiscriminateuseofChemicalsWaterrelatedProblems

SeveredroughtinupperreacheslikeKoyipra,AnattyandMonthikkunnu Dryingupofwatersourcesattheendofpostmonsoonmonths Highvelocityrunoffinthemonsoonseasonresultinginstreambankerosion‐Paluvallithodu,KundayaduThoduandMonthikkunnuThodu

Increasingnumberofbore‐wells Loweringwateryieldinthecatchment. Poorgroundwaterrecharge SedimentationinPonds,Streamsandpaddyfields–Koyipraarea ContaminationduetodirectdisposalofwasteProblemsrelatedtoAgriculture/Bio‐diversity

Unavailabilityofseedswithensuredgermination Reluctancetocultivatefoodcrops(replacingcashcrops) Unavailabilityofqualityorganicfertilizersandbio‐repellants PoorawarenessontheimportanceandrelevanceofOrganicFarming Alienated/extinctmedicinal plants – Thazhuthama (Borhavia difusa), Ekanayakam (Salesiareticulata),Vathamkolly(jestaciagenderusa)

Shiftfrommulticropstomonocrops(fastgrowingrubberplantations) Deteriorationofnaturalgrazingland/pastures ReducingPaddyfields Poorvegetablecultivation ReducingfreshwaterfishesProblemsrelatedtoLivestock/AnimalHusbandry

Reluctanceincowrearing Reducinglivestockpopulation Unavailabilityofgreenfodder/dryfodder Highrearingcostandpoorreturns LackofInterestinAnimalHusbandry ReluctanceofNewgenerationinanimalhusbandry.

ActivitiesproposedtoaddresstheissuesGenerallytheactivitiesareofthreefolds:NaturalResourceManagementActivitieswhichcoversthesoil,waterandbio‐diversityissues,ProductionSystemManagementandMicroEnterprises(PS&M)whichcovers theagricultureandsoilproblemsalongwitheconomicbackwardness, ,whichmanages the livelihoods and economic backwardness of the landless, women and theindigenouscommunities.Givenbelowisabriefabouttheactivitiesproposedforthewatershed:

NaturalResourceManagement(NRM)

ProductionSystem&Micro‐Enterprises

(PS&M)

LivelihoodSupportSystems(LSS)

SoilConservation1. GullyPlugging2. Geotextiles3. Livefencing4. Stonebunding5. CentripetalTerracing

1. LayerDistribution2. GoatRearing3. CowRearing4. WormyComposting5. OrganicVegetable

cultivation6. BananaCultivation7. OrganicFertilizer

Distribution8. RabbitRearing9. JapaneseQuail

Rearing

1. MiniDairyUnit2. SoapMakingUnit3. CandleMakingUnit4. FloorCleanerMaking

Unit5. Dish‐washliquid

makingunit6. Distributionof

tailoringMachines

WaterConservation1. Wellrenovation2. Yardwatercollectionpits

3. HuskTrenches4. MoistureCollectionPits5. SourceRecharging6. CheckDams7. RainWaterHarvesting8. Pondrenovation9. VCBconstruction10. Diversioncanal11. Welldeepening

KannelamthoduWatershedDevelopmentProject(Area–602Ha)‐MasterplanforFourYears’Fundingpattern

Installment

Administration

Monitoring

Evaluation

EntryPointActivity

Institution&

CapacityBuilding

DPRpreparati

on

WatershedDevelopm

entActivities

Livelihood

Activities

Production

system&MicroEnterprises

ConsolidationPhase

TotalIWMPprojectfund

1St 180600 18060 18060 361200 270900 90300 866880 0 0 0 1806000

% 2 0.2 0.2 4 3 1 9.6 0 0 0 20

2nd 225750 18060 18060 0 90300 0 1498980 406350 451500 0 2709000

% 2.5 0.2 0.2 0 1 0 16.6 4.5 5 0 30

3rd 270900 27090 27090 0 90300 0 1435770 406350 451500 0 2709000

% 3 0.3 0.3 0 1 0 15.9 4.5 5 0 30

4rd 225750 27090 27090 0 0 0 1255170 0 0 270900 1806000

% 2.5 0.3 0.3 0 0 0 13.9 0 0 3 20

Total 903000 90300 90300 361200 451500 90300 5056800 812700 903000 270900 9030000

% 10 1 1 4 5 1 56 9 10 3 100

KannelamthoduWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐Iyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost TargetEPA

IWMPFund

MNREGS/OtherSource

Total WDF

1. Livefencing RM 24 2400 0 0 57600 57600

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. Centrypetalterracing Nos 65.67 300 0 0 19701 19701

3. Husktrench Nos 165 320 0 0 52800 52800

4. Moistureconservationpit M3 149 700 0 0 104300 104300

5. Stonebunding M2 144 282.9 0 40739 0 40739

6. Renovation of Open dug out pond atKoyipra

Nos 460000 1 0 460000 0 460000

7. Check Dam near the plot ofMoidheen

Nos 354241 1 0 354241 0 354241

8. PlantDistributionNos 50 238 0 11900 0 11900

Total 866880 234401 1101281

KannelamthoduWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivitiesIIyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit Unit

Cost TargetEPA

IWMPFund

MNREGS/OtherSource

Total WDF

1. Stonebunding M2 144 564.09 0 81230 70000 151200

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. Moistureconservationpit M3 149 1200 0 0 178800 1788003. Livefencing RM 24 4000 0 0 96000 960004. Yardwatercollectionpit Nos 400 40 0 0 16000 160005. Wellrecharging Nos 12970 10 0 129700 0 129700

6. H Type gully controlling structures having 2mwidthacrossKundayaduthoduatMuthukkallu

Nos 20000 4 0 80000 0 80000

7. ConstructingHTypecheckdamsacrosssubdrains inKoyipraarea

Nos 15000 3 0 45000 0 45000

8. H Type gully controlling structures having 3mwidthacrossKannilamthoduatKoyipra

Nos 20000 2 0 40000 0 40000

9. HType gully controlling structures4mwidth acrossKannilamthoduatKoyipra

Nos 20000 1 0 20000 0 20000

10. HTypeCheckinKoyiprathodu Nos 15000 2 0 30000 0 30000

11. H Type Gully controlling structures having 5 m bedwidthacrossKannilamthoduatKoyipra

Nos 20000 7 0 140000 0 140000

12. H Type Gully controlling structures having 4 m bedwidthacrossKannilamthoduatKoyipra

Nos 22000 3 0 66000 0 66000

13. H Type Gully controlling structures having 5 m bedwidthacrossKannilamthoduatKoyipra

Nos 25000 5 0 125000 0 125000

14. VCB & Drainage Construction near the plot of PileriDamodharaninKannilamthodu

Nos 722100 1 722100 0 722100

15. PlantDistribution Nos 50 399 19950 0 19980Total 1498980 360800 1859780

KannelamthoduWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐IIIyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost Target

EPAIWMPFund

MNREGS/OtherSource

Total WDF

1. DeepeningtheexistingpublicwellatKoyipra

Nos 24000 1 0 24056 0 24056

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. ImprovementstotheexistingpondatPalunnyQuarry

Nos 100000 1 0 100000 0 100000

3. ConstructionofretainingwallalongtheeastsideofKannilamthodujustAbovethebridgenearParavoortown

RM 2395 106.47 0 255000 0 255000

4. PondRenovationinKoyipraVayalNos 180110 1 0 180110 0 180110

5. StreambankstabilizationalongKannilamthodu

RM 2395 47.04 0 112680 0 112680

6. StonebundingM2 144 1366 0 196704 0 196704

7. Wellrecharging Nos 12970 15 0 194550 0 194550

8. StreambankstabilizationinKoyiprathodu

RM 2395 43.54 0 104300 0 104300

9. Streambankstabilization RM 2395 109.77 0 262920 0 262920

10. Centrypetalterracing Nos 65.67 300 0 0 19701 19701

11. Livefencing Nos 24 3500 0 0 84000 84000

12. Husktrench Nos 165 500 0 0 82500 82500

13. PlantDistribution Nos 50 109 0 5450 0 5450

Total 1435770 186201 1621971

KannelamthoduWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐IVyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost Target EPA IWMP

FundMNREGS/Other

Source Total WDF

1. Stonebunding M2 144 1383 0 199152 0 199170

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. Livefencing RM 24 3500 0 0 84000 84000

3. Husktrench Nos 165 300 0 0 49500 49500

4. Centrypetalterracing Nos 65.67 400 0 0 26268 26268

5. Wellrecharge Nos 191 36 0 466920 0 466920

6. Stream bank stabilization inkannilamthodu1.50mheight

RM 2395 235.24 0 563400 0 563400

7. Yardwatercollectionpit Nos 400 25 0 10000 0 10000

8. PlantDistribution Nos 15698 1 0 15698 0 15680

TOTAL 1255170 159768 1414938

KannelamthoduWatershed‐Sector–II–LivelihoodActivitiesforLandless/Assetless‐IIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMP

fund

MNREGS/other

source/BankLoan

Total

1 seedmoneyforenterprisingindividuals Nos 0 0 81270 0 81270

1 SeedmoneyforSHGs Nos 0 0 325080 0 325080

TOTAL 406350 0 406350

KannelamthoduWatershed‐Sector–II–LivelihoodActivitiesforLandless/Assetless‐IIIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMP

fund

MNREGS/other

source/BankLoan

Total

1 SeedmoneyforSHGs Nos 0 0 162540 0 162540

II FundingforMajorlivelihoodactivities

1 Minidiaryunit Nos 300000 2 243810 356190 600000

Total 406350 356190 762540

Fundingpattern

Seedmoneyforenterprisingindividuals(10%oftheallocation) 81270

SeedmoneyforSHGs(60%oftheallocation) 487620

Fundingformajorlivelihoodactivities(30%oftheallocation) 243810

Totalallocation 812700

KannelamthoduWatershed‐Sector–III–ProductionSystem&MicroEnterprisesbasedlivelihoodactivities‐IIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost TargetIWMPfund Total WDF

1 Paultryfarm Nos 122250 2 244500 244500

20%forGeneral&10%forSC/ST

2 soapmakingunit Nos 25000 1 25000 25000

3 Palantaincultivationforleaves Ha 22750 8 182000 182000

TOTAL 451500 451800

KannelamthoduWatershed‐Sector–III–ProductionSystem&MicroEnterprisesbasedlivelihoodactivities–IIIyearactionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMPfund Total WDF

1 Bananacultivation Nos 24000 9 206700 216000

20%forGeneral&10%forSC/ST

2 Organicvegetablecultivation Nos 24000 9 216000 216000

3 Dishwashliquidmaking Nos 20800 1 20800 20800

4 Goatrearing Nos 8000 1 8000 8000

TOTAL 451500 460800

TotalAllotment‐903000

KANNELAMTHODUWATERSHEDENTRYPOINTACTIVITY

Sl:no Activity Unit Unitcost Target IWMPEPAfund

IWMPProjectfund

Total

2. RenovationofopendugoutpondatKoyipra No 981000 1 361200 619800 981000

Total 361200 619800 981000

ALAKKADUI–WATERSHED

GramaPanchayat : Kadannappalli‐Panapuzha,Village : PanapuzhaWardscovered : V&VIwardsBlockPanchayat : ThaliparambaThaluk : KannurDistrict : KannurTotalfamiliescovered : 182TotalPopulationcovered : 1085 TotaltreatableArea : 207HaRiverBasin : Peruvamba(Perumba)RiverAverageLength : 1.9.Kms.AverageWidth : 3.2.Kms.TotalProjectCost : Rs.31,05,000/‐Boundaries : North:KannelamthoduWatershed

: South:PanapuzhaRiver

: West:KannelamthoduWatershed

: East:EriamIWatershed

IntroductionAlakkadu watershed covers the 5th and 6th wards of Kadannappally Panapuzha GramaPanchayatandcomingunderThaliparambaBlock.TherevenuevillageinwhichthewatershedissituatedisPanapuzhaofKannurThaluk.Thewatershedhasatotalareaof207ha.Agricultureinthewatershednalmostallareasisrainfedwithoutanywasteland.MainPlacesinthewatershed:Alakkad,Ooradi,Parottipoyil,Odera,etcarethemainplacescomingunderthewatershed. GeographicalDescriptionofthewatershedLocation : Alakkad I watershed is situated in Panapuzha Village of Thaliparamba blockPanchayat. It is located at around 8 Km away from the Grama Panchayat Head quarters andaround50KmawayfromtheDistrictheadquarters.TheNearestbusstation,Pilatharaisabout13kmawayfromthewatershed.Thegeographiccoordinates:Geographicallythewatershedliesbetweentheeastlongitude75020’30”and75022’0”andnorthlatitude1207’0”and1208’30”withanaverageelevationof245ft.AverageLengthandWidth :Thewatershedhasanaveragelengthof1.9kmandawidthof3.2Km.

Drainage&ReliefThetopographyisseemedtobeundulatingwithcomparativelysmallhillsandmediumslopes.Therearenoplainsinthewatershed.However,thewatershedisspecificallycharacterizedwithit barren laterite rocks. In the southern part of the watershed is prominent with rocks andslopes.ThewatershedisformedaroundthemainstreamOoradiValiyapallithodu.Therearefourmorestreamswhichthepeopleconsideredtobeimportantintheformationofthewatershed.Theyare: Oderathodu, Enadamvalapp thodu, Alakkadu Mundangamthodu and Aarappathodu. Thelatterfourstreamscontributethehydrologyandwatertableofthewatershedtoagreatextentand people depend all these streams for the water requirement. Besides these importantstreams, the other streams (which mostly are seasonal) like Mundangam thodu, Parottipoilthodu,BhasakranPeedikathoduandMustafaPeedikathoduarealsocontributingtothewaterrequirementofthewatershedcommunity.DrainageDensityofthewatershedis30.92M/HaOtherwaterSourcesThere are twoponds in thewatershed:MadayapparaPond, andAlakkaduOoradipparaPond.ThesetwopondsarebelongingtotheGramaPanchayatandsituatedincommonpropertyland.Wells:Sl.No.

Source Total Private Public Seasonal Perennial

1. Well 300 300 0 108 1922. Borewells 2 0 2 0 23. Ponds 2 2 0 0 24. Springs 4 4 0 2 2Peopledependuponthesewatersourcesforalltheirpurposes–irrigation,domesticuse,animalhusbandry etc.Nobig irrigation facilities arebeingprovided to thewatershed andhence theagricultureisfullyrainfed.PresentsituationofthewaterbodiesStreams are being leveled for construction works. For example the stream which had beenflowing through the land of Mustafa Hajee is leveled and the stream does not exist now.SimilarlytherewasaspringfromwhichthestreamValappanChindanChaloriginatedalsohadbeenleveledandthisresultedindryingupofthestream.Itisassumedthatthisstreamwillalsobeleveledforotherpurposes.Waterflowinthestreamsisonlyduringthemonsoonandoneortwomonthsofpostmonsoon.Theriverbanksatthelowerpotionswherethesestreamsflowintothemusuallyundergoingstreambankerosionandlandslipfromthebanks.Whentreefallendownintheriver,theriverflowisdivertingcausingseriousdamagetotheagriculture.Waterscarcity isexperiencedby thesettlersatParottipoyilandregions likeOoradi,Aarappa,Valiyapalli,etc. fromFebruaryonwards.Thismeansthat thewatersources in theseareasaredryinguprightfromthebeginningofsummerseason.

RainfallandwateravailabilityinthewatershedThewatershed has a humid climate with heavy summer season fromMarch to May. This isfollowed by South‐West Monsoon (June‐September) and North ‐East Monsoon (December‐February).During themonth of April andMay themeanmaximum temperature is 350C. Theannualaveragerainfallis3697mmand57%ofitoccursduringtheperiodofJune‐July.SoilTypeanddepthIn the plains (paddy fields) the soil is alluvial in nature and in the upper reaches of thewatershedredsoilmixedwithgravelsisseen.Intheslopes,thegeneralfeatureofthesoilisredwithoutgravels.Thecommondepthofthesoilinthewatershedrangesfromonemeterto1½meters.Thegeneral conditionof thesoil isof two types.One isbrownhydromorphicsoilwithgraveland clay soil with gravels. The watershed has a total area of 101.60 ha with brownhydromorphicsoilandtherest,105.4hawithclaysoilwithgravels.Agriculture&LandUseMajor crops in thewatershed are rubber. Even on the two sides of the river is plantedwithriver.Thisisunsealsinmanywatershedsasthisareaisutilizedformixedcultivation.Coconut,arecanut,cashewnut,pepper,plantain,paddyandthetuberslikegingerandturmericareothercrops. Plotswithmixed crop are themain feature of thewatershed. The land use pattern isgiveninatabularformfollowedbyagraphicillustration:

LandUse AreaUsed(Ha)Percentage ofAreaused

ProductivityTonnes/Ha

CoconutCultivation 24.84 12% 20559Arecanut 18.63 9% 33.88CashewNut 20.70 10% 19.42RubberCultivation 72.45 35% 97.84Vegetable 2.07 1% 3.17TuberCultivation 2.07 1% 36.35Miscellaneous 20.7 10% 0WaterBodies 14.49 7% 0Builtuparea 31.05 15% 0Total 207 100 AnimalHusbandryThewatershedispoorinAnimalHusbandry.Thiscouldbebecauseofthechangedmentalityofthe farmers and the new living conditionwithmodern houses and limited area of the houseplots.Themost important reason is thenon‐availabilityof fodder, bothgreen anddry.Whenpaddyhasextinct,theavailabilityofstrawisabigquestionforthefarmers.However,therearesomeexceptionsinthiscase.Givenbelowisatableoflivestockinthewatershed:a. HybridVarietycows(Male):4b. HybridVarietyCows(Female):31c. IndigenousCows(Males):8d. IndigenousCows(Females):22

e. Goat(Males):8f. Goat(Female):41g. Indigenousfouls:31h. HybridVariety:83

GeneralSocio‐EconomicConditionThewatershedpopulationisgivenbelow:Description Nos. Description Nos.TotalPopulation 1085 SCPopulationTotal 37Male 513 Male(SC) 19Female 572 Female(SC) 18BPLFamilies 120 APLFamilies 62Majorityofthepopulationiseitherfarmersorfarmlabourers.Thereforeitisassumedthatthemain source of income and the main livelihood is agriculture. Besides this, there are someworkers in the construction sectorandsomeare in toddy industry.A fewareworking in thelaterite stone quarries as stone cutters. Government employees are nominal. A very smallnumberisworkinginGulfCountries.Almostallthefamiliesarelivinginownhousesandalmost98%ofthehousesareelectrified.AfewhousesatOoradiregionarewaitingforelectricityconnection.Thoughalmostallthehouseshavesanitationfacilities,noneofthemhavesafewastedisposalmechanisms.Almostall thehouseholduseCommunicationMedias likeTV.NewsPapers,Radio,Telephone,mobilephone,etc.Butnoneofthehouseshaveinternetfacilities.RoadNetwork:Thewatershedhasaverygoodroadnetworkwhichallowspeopletomovefromoneplacetoanother.Publictransportfacilitiesareavailableinalmostallroads.Thishelpspeopletoreachthe nearby townships for various purposes. The important roads in thewatershed are listedbelow:

SLNo. NameoftheRoad Length(Km)1. Arappa‐MundompoyilRoad 12. Alakkad‐Mundayompoyil‐KoyipraRoad 33. Alakkad‐MundayompoyilRoad 0.84. Alakkad‐OoradiRoad 0.25. ChoweriRoad 0.16. EzhumvayalColonyRoad 0.57. Odera‐EzhumvayalRoad 0.05

CommunicationFacilities:Communication Facilities of the watershed are good. People depend on Newspapers, radio,television,telephone,internet,etcforcommunication.Electricity:Mostofthehousesinthewatershedareelectrifiedexceptafewhouses(about15)intheOoradiregion. There are two transformers in the watershed at Alakkad Valiya Palli and AlakkadCheriyaPalli.Sothewatershedcommunityhasnovoltageproblems. MarketingFacilities:ThewatershedcommunitydependsMathamangalamtownshipformarketingwhichisabout5Kmaway from thewatershed.Theyalsodependcountrymarketwhichwithin thewatershedandatariamside.ForbiggermarketingtheydependonThaliparambaorPauyyanurmarkets.

HospitalFacilities:ThereisaPrimaryHealthCentreinthewatershedwhichhasagreaterinfluenceinthehealthcondition of the people. The nearest super specialty hospital to the watershed is PariyaramMedicalCollegewhichisabout16Kmawayfromthewatershed.MainInstitutionsandCommunitybasedorganizations: PrimaryHealthCentreAlakkad AlakkadAnganwadi ParottipoyilAnganwadi AlakkadValiyapalliAnganwadi VallatholVayanasalaAlakkad RedStarArtsandSportsClub

EMSMandir AlakkadShriKannankattuTemple PaluvalliBajanMandapam AlakkadMosque KaruvanthoduBhagavathiTemple

Colony:Parottipoyil settlement which is like a colony is in the watershed. There are about 45households and all belongs to the general category.Most of themdepend on agriculture andallied activities like animal husbandry to meet their livelihood. The housing, electricity andsanitation facilities in the colony are good. The main problem experienced by the colony isdrinkingwaterscarcity.MajorProblems:Thecommunitystudyandinteractionwiththecommunityrevealedthevariousproblemsinthewatershed. The problems are grouped into fourmajor categories‐Soil related,Water related,Agro‐BiodiversityrelatedandanimalHusbandryrelated.SoilRelatedProblems

HeavysoilerosionisexperiencedinalmostallpartsofthewatershedduetoovertillageontheslopesbetweenOoradiandValiyapalli

Poorornoconservationmeasurestakenuptocheckthesoilerosion Soilcontaminationduetounsafedisposalofsolidandliquidwastes RemovalofhillsandhillockstolevelthefarmlandsandmakeroadsatOoradiRegion. Indiscriminate throwing of plastic waste affects the soil fertility and water absorptioncapacitynearthetownshipformedaroundAalakkaduValiyapalli

Land Slip along the banks of river and streams (Odera thodu, Kunnummachal Thodu,MadayapparaThodu,.etc.)

WaterRelatedIssues Drinking water scarcity in the upper reaches of the watershed like Ooradi, Paluvalli,

MundompoilandAarappa

High velocity runoff affects the stability of the stream banks resulting in Stream Bankerosion.(Oderathodu,KunnummachalThodu,MadayapparaThodu,.etc.)

Thevegetativecoveralongthebanksoftheriverandstreamsaredestroyed

Residualreactionsasaresultofindiscriminateapplicationofchemicalspollutedthewatersources

Poorornoconservationmeasurestakenuptoconservewater Watercontaminationduetoleaching,especiallyinsettlementslikeParottipoil RemovalofhillsandhillocksaffectsthewateravailabilityinOoradiRegion Levelingofstreamsandspringsresultinwaterscarcityandpoorproduction.Agro‐BiodiversityrelatedIssues

Indiscriminate application of Chemical Fertilizers and Pesticides negatively affects Bio‐diversity

ShifttoMonoCrops Extinct herbs and shrubs (Musa superba, Alangium Salvifolium, Glycosmis pentafella,IcboliumVerida,etc….)

Traditional fruit bearing trees are not further promoted ( For example: jack(Artocarpusheterophillus),mango(Mangiferaindica),guava,Pappaya,Amla…etc.)

Cuttingdownofplantsandtresswithoutreplanting.AnimalHusbandryRelatedIssues Alienationofindigenousvarietiesforwantofhybridvarieties. Reduction&Deteriorationofcommongrazinglands Inadequacyoflandandwaterforfoddercultivation Unavailabilityofstraw Unaffordablepricefordryfodder(Companymade)ActivitiesproposedtoaddresstheissuesGenerallytheactivitiesareofthreefolds:NaturalResourceManagementActivitieswhichcoversthesoil,waterandbio‐diversityissues,ProductionSystemManagementandMicroEnterprises(PS&M)whichcovers theagricultureandsoilproblemsalongwitheconomicbackwardness, ,whichmanages the livelihoods and economic backwardness of the landless, women and theindigenouscommunities.Givenbelowisabriefabouttheactivitiesproposedforthewatershed:NaturalResourceManagement(NRM)

Production System & Micro‐Enterprises(PS&M)

Livelihood Support Systems(LSS)

SoilConservation1. GullyPlugging2. Livefencing3. Stonebunding4. CentripetalTerracing 1. GoatRearing

2. CowRearing3. BananaCultivation4. OrganicVegetablecultivation5. VerminComposting

1. ConsumerStore2. CandleMakingUnit3. DetergentMakingUnit

WaterConservation1. Yardwatercollectionpits2. HuskTrenches3. MoistureCollectionPits4. SourceRecharging5. CheckDams6. RainWaterHarvesting7. Retainingwall

ImplementationArrangements–WatershedCommitteeThe project activities will be implemented by the watershed community under the closesupervisionofthePIAandtheWC.Thenanogroupswillberesponsiblefortheundertakingofthe activities proposed for their area. This will be closely supervised by the watershedcommittee.TimelyinformationwillbepassedtotheconcernedGramaPanchayatsandtheWDTbythewatershedcommittees.Thestructureofthewatershedcommitteeisgivenbelowwithitspresentmembersasfollows:Sl.No. Name Designation Position PhoneNo.

1. T.Sulaja GPPresident Chairperson 9961493767

2. NalinakshiC. WardMember ViceChairperson 9605414199

3. RubyJannetteJohny AgricultureOfficer Convenor 99611308324. Hamsa.C NanmaNHG Jt.Convener 98469144865. Sheena.K.M VEO,Kadannappally Secretary 94976124956. KuthurKrishnan KoottaymaNHG Jt.Secretary 98472663647. N.Karthyayani PrakrithiNHG Treasurer 99614937828. Madhusudanan.K. KoottaymaNHG Member 98476702359. Khadar.K. ValiyapalliNHG Member 10. Thomas.T.J. SahrudhayaNHG Member 11. RabiyaT.K. ValiyapalliNHG Member 965625646412. ShanthaK.V. NanmaNHG Member 13. MukundanK. PrakrithiNHG Member 944704441414. RamaniM. WardMember Member 984691623115. P.V.Bhaskaran President–Co‐Op.Bank Member 04985‐278004

Alakkad‐IWatershedDevelopmentProject(Area–207Ha)MasterplanforFourYears‐Fundingpattern

Installment

Administration

Monitoring

Evaluation

EntryPointActivity

Institution&

CapacityBuilding

DPRpreparation

WatershedDevelopm

entActivities

Livelihood

Activities

Productionsystem&Micro

Enterprises

ConsolidationPhase

TotalIWMPprojectfund

1St 62100 6210 6210 124200 93150 31050 298080 0 0 0 621000

% 2 0.2 0.2 4 3 1 9.6 0 0 0 20

2nd 77625 6210 6210 0 31050 0 515430 139725 155250 0 931500

% 2.5 0.2 0.2 0 1 0 16.6 4.5 5 0 30

3rd 93150 9315 9315 0 31050 0 493695 139725 155250 0 931500

% 3 0.3 0.3 0 1 0 15.9 4.5 5 0 30

4rd 77625 9315 9315 0 0 0 431595 0 0 93150 621000

% 2.5 0.3 0.3 0 0 0 13.9 0 0 3 20

Total 310500 31050 31050 124200 155250 31050 1738800 279450 310500 93150 3105000

% 10 1 1 4 5 1 56 9 10 3 100

AlakkadI‐Sector–I‐Watershed‐WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐Iyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost Target EPA

IWMPFund MNREGS/OtherSource Total WDF

1. Moisturecollectionpits M3 149 500 0 0 74500 74500

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. CentriPetalTeressing Nos 65.67 500 0 0 32835 32835

3. Husktrunch Nos 169 500 0 0 84500 84500

4. Stonebunding M2 144 279.131 40195 0 40195

5. Gullycontrolledcheckdam RM 2996 6.36 0 19080 0 19080

6. Retainingwall(1.00mheight)

RM 2395 72.63

0 173955 0 173955

7. Yardwatercollectionpit Nos 400 30 0 0 12000 12000

8. wellrecharging Nos 12970 5 0 64850 0 64850

Total 298080 203835 501915

AlakkadIWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐IIyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost Target EPA

IWMPFund MNREGS/OtherSource Total WDF

1. CentriPetalTeressing Nos 65.67 800 0 0 52536 52536

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. Stonebunding M2 144 730.5 0 105195 0 105195

3. wellrecharging Nos 12970 10 0 129700 0 129700

4. Husktrunch Nos 169 800 0 0 135200 135200

5. Gullycontrolledcheckdam RM 2996 9.06 14424 12720 0 27144

6. Retainingwall(1.00mheight)

RM 2395 33.4 0 80015 0 80015

7. Yardwatercollectionpit Nos 400 600 0 0 240000 240000

8. Moisturecollectionpits M3 149 500 0 0 74500 74500

9. Retainingwall(1.50mheight)

RM 2395 78.4 0 187800 0 187800

Total 14424 515430 502236 1032090

AlakkadIWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐IIIyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost Target EPA

IWMPFund MNREGS/OtherSource Total WDF

1. RWH tank 5000 ltr capacityforindividual

Nos 32500 3 0 97500 0 97500

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. Retainingwall (1.50mheight)

RM 2395 100.1245 0 188034 0 188034

3. WellRecharging Nos 169 800 0 0 135200 135200

4. Husktrunch Nos 12970 9 0 116730 0 116730

5. Stonebunding M2 144 502.4 0 72351 0 72351

6. Moisturecollectionpits M3 149 800 0 0 119200 119200

7. GullycontrolledcheckdamRM 2996 6.36 0 19080 0 19080

8. Yardwatercollectionpit Nos 400 20 0 0 8000 8000

9. CentriPetalTeressing Nos 65.67 1000 0 0 65670 65670

Total 493695 328070 821765

AlakkadIWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐IVyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost Target EPA

IWMPFund MNREGS/OtherSource Total WDF

1. wellrecharging Nos 12970 5 0 64850 0 64850

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. Stonebunding M2 144 279.1 0 40195 0 40195

3. Gullycontrolledcheckdam RM 2996 4.2 0 12720 0 12720

4. Retaining wall (1.50m height)

RM 2395 69.05 0 165390 0 165390

5. Husktrunch Nos 169 600 0 0 101400 101400

6. Centrypetalterracing RM 65.67 600 0 0 39402 39402

7. RWH tank 5000 ltr capacityforindividual

Nos 32500 2 0 65000 0 65000

8. Yardwatercollectionpit Nos 400 20 0 0 8000 8000

9. Moisturecollectionpit M3 149 500 0 0 74500 74500

10. Retaining wall (1.00m height)

RM 2395 34.83 0 83440 0 83440

Total 431595 223302 654897

Alakkad‐IWatershed‐Sector–II–LivelihoodActivitiesforLandless/Assetless‐IIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMPfund

MNREGS/other

source/BankLoan

Total

1 seedmoneyforenterprisingindividuals Nos 0 0 27945 0 27945

1 SeedmoneyforSHGs 0 0 111780 0 111780

TOTAL 139725 0 139725

Alakkad‐IWatershed‐Sector–II–LivelihoodActivitiesforLandless/Assetless‐IIIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMP

fund

MNREGS/other

source/BankLoan

Total

1 SeedmoneyforSHGs Nos 0 0 55890 0 55890

III FundingforMajorlivelihoodactivities1 Consumerstore Nos 168000 1 83835 84165 168000

TOTAL 139725 84165 223890

FundingpatternSeedmoneyforenterprisingindividuals(10%oftheallocation‐Revolvingfund)

27945SeedmoneyforSHGs(60%oftheallocation‐Revolvingfund) 167670Fundingformajorlivelihoodactivities(30%oftheallocation‐Grantinaid) 83835Totalallocation 279450

Alakkad‐IWatershed‐Sector–III–ProductionSystem&MicroEnterprisesbasedlivelihoodactivities‐IIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMP

fund Total WDF

1 Candlemakingunit Nos 21300 1 21300 21300

20%forGeneral&10%forSC/ST

2 Detergentmakingunit Nos 19500 1 19500 195003 Bananacultivation Nos 24000 5 102450 1200004 Goatrearing Nos 12000 1 12000 12000

TOTAL 155250 172800

Alakkad‐IWatershed‐Sector–III–ProductionSystem&MicroEnterprisesbasedlivelihoodactivities‐IVyearactionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMPfund

Total WDF

1Organic vegetable cultivation‐@Rs.2000/10cent Nos 24000 5 120000 120000 20%forGeneral

&10%forSC/ST2 Vermicomposting Nos 9000 4 35250 36000TOTAL 155250 156000

Totalallotment 310500

ENTRYPOINTACTIVITY‐ACTIONPLAN‐KADANNAPPALI–PANAPUZHA&ERAMAMKUTTURGRAMAPANCHAYATH‐ALAKKADIW/S

Sl.no Activity Unit Unitcost Target Amount

1 Cleaningandsiltremovingfromthestream M3 205.20 180.07 369502 AgronomicalmeasuresontheRiversides Rm 139 400 556003 Clearingthickthronyjungleandsmalltrees M2 21 150 31504 PlantingtreesalongtheRiversides Nos 27 500 135005 Campaignwork* 15000

GRANDTOTAL 124200

ERIAM–IWATERSHEDGramaPanchayat : Eramam–Kuttur& Kadannappalli‐Panapuzha,Village : Vellora&PanapuzhaWardscovered : VIIofKadannappallyPanapuzha XIIwardsofEramamKutturBlockPanchayat : Payyanur&ThaliparambaThaluk : KannurDistrict : KannurTotalfamiliescovered : 161TotalPopulationcovered : 709TotaltreatableArea : 370HaRiverBasin : Peruvamba(Perumba)RiverAverageLength : 2.75.Kms.AverageWidth : 2.75.Kms.TotalProjectCost : Rs.55,50,000/‐Boundaries : North:ThalichalWatershed : South:PanapuzhaRiver : East:PanapuzhaRiver : West:Eriam‐IWatershed

IntroductionEriam–Iwatershedcoversthe7thwardofKadannappally–PanapuzhaGramaPanchayatand12thwardofEramamKutuurGramaPanchayat.Ithasatotalgeographicareaof370haoutofwhich 138 ha is cultivable waste. In Kadannappally – Panapuzha Grama Panchayat thewatershedsharesatotalareaof206.67haandtherestisinErmamaKutturGramaPanchayat.Thewholeareaisconsideredasrainfedasaverysmallportionofthetotalavailableareahasirrigationfacilitiesthattooinsmallscale.Mainplacesinthewatershed: The important places in the watershed are, Thennam, Eriam, Nechangadu, Cheeta,Karuvankunnu,BekkalmandTheradimala.GeographicDescriptionoftheWatershed:a. Location:

EriamIwatershedislocatedintwovillages,PanapuzhaofThaliparambaBlockPanchayathandVelloraofPayyanurBlockPanchayat.Itisaround56kmawayfromtheDistrictHeadQuartersandisaccessiblebyroad.Pilathara,thenearestbusstationofthewatershedissituatedaround16kmawayinthewest.PayyannurandPazhayangadiRailwaystationsarealmostatthesamedistance fromthewatershed, i.e.,24Kms.Thewatershed issituatedaround8kmaway fromEramam–KuttoorPanchayathoffice.Eriamisasmallgrowingtownshipinthewatershed.

b. The geographic coordinates:Geographically Eriam ‐ I watershed lies between the eastlongitude 75021’30” and 75022’30” and north latitude 1208’0” and 1209’30” with a totalelevationof386feet.

c. Averagelengthandwidthofthewatershed

Eriam‐Iwatershediswithamediocresize.Thewatershedisalmostsquareinshapewithanaveragelengthof2.75kmand2.75kmwidth.Relief&DrainageThe terrain of the watershed can be divided into two distinct categories – Hills and plains.However, the plains are lesser than the hills. 60% of the total area is hilly and the rest iscomparativelyplain.Thetopographyofthewatershedisslightlyundulatingwithsmallhillocksand moderate slopes. The higher ranges of the watershed is with soft laterite rocks andcomparatively unfit for cultivation. Lower portions of the watershed are cultivated and arecomparativelylessundulating.TheTheradimalaformsasafeguardingwallofthewatershedinthenorth‐westernpartofthewatershed.ThemaindrainageofthewatershedisEriamRivertowhichanumberofstreamsareenteringin. Theimportantstreamsthatdrainthewatershedare,EriamSchoolstream,EriamCheethastream,EriamPathayakkundustream,streamoriginating fromthe landofRajankutty,streamoriginatingfromthelandofBhaskaranNair,streamoriginatingfromthelandofHamzaHajiandseveralothersmallerstreams.Thereare7springsinthewatershed.OneisintheplaceknownasEriamCheethafromwhichthe Cheethathodu is originating, Pathayakkundu Spring from which Pathayakkundu Streamoriginatesandtheotherfiveareinprivatelands.TheDrainagedensity:Eriam‐Ihasadrainagedensityof32.03m/Ha.OtherwatersourcesThoughthereisnopublicpondstherearethreepondsownedbyfarmers–A.M.KrishnanNair,PalakkodanMuhammedandKaniyakkunnelBaby.Alongwiththisthereisonecommunitywell(Near the shop of Shivaraman at Thennam) and 161 private wells. Out of the wells 58 areseasonal and the rest 103 are perennial. It was observed that people living in the upstreamexperienceseveredroughtduringthesummerseason.PresentsituationofthestreamsandotherwaterbodiesAllthestreamsinthewatershedexceptthemaindrainagePanapuzhaRiverandChethathoduareperennial.Othersdryupinthesummerseason.Outofthesevenspringsfivespringsinthewatershedare seasonal andprovideswater to the community living around themduring theearlypostmonsoonmonths.Waterisavailableinthepondsthroughouttheyear.RainfallandClimateEriam‐Iwatershedisincludedinthemidlandzoneandhencetheclimateissimilartothatofother watersheds. The rainfall is comparatively high in the watershed. Maximum Rainfall is

obtaining during the South‐west Monsoon. Rain is also obtained during the North‐eastMonsoon.58%oftherainfallisduringtheformerandtherestisduringthelatter.Theaveragerainfallinthewatershedis3697.6mm.The temperature is similar to that of the other watershedswith humid hot season betweenMarchtotheendofMay.DuringthemonthofAprilandMaythemeanmaximumtemperatureis350Candaminimumtemperatureof260.SoilType&DepthThegeneralconditionofthesoilisoftwotypes.Brownhydromorphicsoilisseenintheupperpartsofthewatershedandgravelclaysoilinthelowerportions.Thewatershedhasatotalareaof152.25hawithbrownhydromorphicsoilandtherest,217.75haconsistsofclaygravellysoilwithgravels.Depthofthesoilinthewatershedis100cmsto150cms.Agriculture&LandUseThoughthewatershedisonlyofafewha(370ha),accordingtothelandusedata138haareleftuncultivated and considered as cultivable waste. However, in its physical appearance, thewatershed is blessed with greenery, major part of which is the contribution of rubberplantations.Therearemixedcropcultivationisalsoinsomepartsofthewatershed.However,the trend is that the rubber plantation is replacing almost all types of cultivation in thewatershed.Traditionalagricultureisinquestioninthewatershed.Thishascreatedasituationwhere the land is becoming lesser and lesser fertile for traditional cultivation and gettingcontaminatedwith application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The land use pattern isshownbelow:

AnimalHusbandryThefarmer’sinterestingrowingdomesticanimalsisdrasticallyreducing.ThisisalsoreflectedintheEriam‐Iwatershed.Givenbelowisatableoflivestockinthewatershed:a. HybridVarietycows(Male):8b. HybridVarietyCows(Female):44c. IndigenousCows(Males):9d. IndigenousCows(Females):62

e. Goat(Males):41f. Goat(Female):118g. Indigenousfouls:62h. HybridVariety:178

CropsLandUsed

%ofLandused

Produ‐ctivity

Coconut 28.93 7.82 2394Arecanut 15.64 4.22 28.44Cashew 18.94 5.12 17.77Pepper 7.77 2.1 2.28Plantain 4.58 1.2 36.46Vegetables 10.18 2.75 15.58Tubers 4.54 1.2 79.73Rubber 83.78 22.64 113.14

CultivableWaste 138 37.29 0BuiltUpArea 58.29 15.75 0

Total 370 100

Socio‐EconomicDetails:Thewatershedpopulationisgivenbelow:TotalPopulation:709Male:340Female:369

APLFamilies:42BPLFamilies:119

EightyFivepercentageofthepeoplelivinginthewatersheddependuponagricultureandalliedactivitieslikeanimalhusbandryfortheirlivelihood.Themigrationoftheagrariancommunitiesfrom southern regions of the state, especially from Travancore area played a pivotal role inchanging the culture and living conditions of the natives. As rubber become the maincultivation, the economic situation of the area has been changed significantly. Approximately5%ofthepeopleinthewatershedaretoldtobeworkingintheconstructionsectorandanother7%areworkingabroad.Therestareeithergovernmentemployeesorself‐employed.Educational level of the people is satisfactory and major portion of the population havecompleted their High School/Higher Secondary School Education. A very good number ofpeopleinthewatershedhaveacquiredcollegiateeducationandthiscouldbeareasonforthegovernment employment. In promoting education among the watershed community, certaineducational institutions like Vidyamithram U.P. School within the watershed and theaccessibilityofotherhighereducationalinstitutiontothewatershedcommunity.Every family has very goodhouses andmajority of the houses arewith tiles roof. There is ageneraltendency,asinthecaseofotherwatershedsintheGramaPanchayat,tobringashifttoRCCroofas thewoodenconstructionmaterialsarenoteasilyavailable.Thehousesalsohaveadequatesanitationfacilitiesbutpoorwastedisposalarrangements.The general economic condition of the people in the watershed is that of middle class. TheaverageannualincomeofmajorityofthefamiliesisbetweenRs.60,000andRs.120,000/‐Mostof the children in the school going age gets very education and the educational facilities areavailablewithinthereachofthewatershedcommunity.RoadNetwork:The transport facilities in thewatershedare satisfactory.The roadnetworkextends to everypartofthewatershedandtheirconditionisalsogood.Theimportanttarroadsinthewatershedarefollows:1. Eriam‐ThennamRoad(Tarred)1.3KmsLengthand6meterswidth2. Eriam‐KanaramvayalRoad(Tarred)½Kmlengthand6meterwidth3. Eriam–BekkalamRoad(Mud)1.65KmsLengthand4meterwidth4. Thennam‐BekkalamRoad(Mud)½KmsLength4meterswidth5. Eriam‐ThennamParallelRoad(Mud)1.2.kmslength4meterswidth6. Eriam‐MavullapoilRoad(Tarred)1Kmlengthand4meterswidthInstitutionsandCommunitybasedorganizations:TheMainInstitutionandCommunityBasedOrganizationsarelistedbelow:

VidyamithramUPSchool

PostOffice

ThennamMosque

ServiceCo‐op.Bank

Anganwadi,Thennam

GnanodayamReadingRoom

KairaliArts&SportsClub

LuckyStarArts&SportsClub

PuliyoorKaliTemple

HomeoDispensary

PaluvallySreeKrishnaTemple

EriamMahavishnuTemple

MarketFacilities: The watershed community depends up on Eriam Township within the watershed andPerumbadavuTownshipnearthewatershedareafortheirimmediateneeds.MathamangalamBazaarissituatedabout10KmawayfromthewatershedHospitalfacilities:Theonlygovernment facility is theHomeohospitalsituated in thewatershed.ThewatershedcommunitycanaccessthehospitalfacilitiesatPayyanurabout26Kmawayfromthewatershed.TheyhavealsoaccessibilitytothePariyaramMedicalCollegewhichisabout20Kmsawayforfurtherspecializedtreatment.MajorProblemsofthewatershedThe problems are categorized under four headings: Soil related, Water related, Agro‐BioDiversity Related and Animal Husbandry related. Such a categorization is in line with theactivitiesthatcanbeundertakeninIWMPtosolvetheissues.Theissuesarelistedbelow:

SoilrelatedProblems

WaterrelatedProblems

ProblemsrelatedtoAgriculture/Bio‐

diversity

ProblemsrelatedtoLivestock/Animal

Husbandry Severeandheavysoilerosion

Reducingproductivityofthesoil

Deteriorationofthesoilhumus

Changeinthechemicalstructureofthesoilandreducingstoragecapacity

Severedrought Highvelocityrunoffinthemonsoonseason

Increasingnumberofbore‐wells

Loweringwatertable

Sedimentationinthewaterbodies

introductionofplantationcrops

Reluctancetocultivatefoodcrops

Unavailabilityofqualityorganicfertilizersandbio‐repellants

PoorawarenessontheimportanceandrelevanceofOrganicFarming

Reductionincowrearing

Reductioninpoultry

Poorperformanceoftheveterinaryhospitals

Unavailabilityofgreenfodder/dryfodder

ofthesoil Heavywaterdrainfromthesoil

SoilPollutionduetoindiscriminateuseofChemicals

Contaminationofstreamsideaquifer

Contaminationduetodirectdisposalofwaste

Waterbornediseasesespeciallyduringmonsoon.

Shiftfrommulticropstomonocrops

ReducingPaddyfields

Poorvegetablecultivation

Reducingfreshwaterfishes

Inadequatereturns

LackofInterestinAnimalHusbandry

Newgenerationreluctanttoenterintothefieldofanimalhusbandry.

Activitiesproposedtoaddresstheissues

NaturalResourceManagement(NRM)

ProductionSystem&Micro‐Enterprises(PS&M)

LivelihoodSupportSystems(LSS)

SoilConservation1. GullyPlugging2. StreamBankStabilization3. Livefencing4. Contourbunding5. CentripetalTerracing

1. GoatRearing2. CowRearing3. RabbitRearing4. OrganicVegetableCultivation

5. BananaCultivation

1. MiniDairyfarm2. DistributionofTailoringMachine

WaterConservation1. Wellrenovation2. Yardwatercollectionpits3. HuskTrenches4. MoistureCollectionPits5. SourceRecharging6. CheckDams7. RainWaterHarvesting

Eriam‐IWatershedDevelopmentProject(Area–370Ha)‐MasterplanforFourYears‐Fundingpattern

Installment

Administration

Monitoring

Evaluation

EntryPointActivity

Institution&

CapacityBuilding

DPRpreparation

WatershedDevelopm

entActivities

Livelihood

Activities

Productionsystem&MicroEnterpris

es

ConsolidationPhase

TotalIWMPprojectfund

1St 111000 11100 11100 222000 166500 55500 532800 0 0 0 1110000

% 2 0.2 0.2 4 3 1 9.6 0 0 0 20

2nd 138750 11100 11100 0 55500 0 921300 249750 277500 0 1665000

% 2.5 0.2 0.2 0 1 0 16.6 4.5 5 0 30

3rd 166500 16650 16650 0 55500 0 882450 249750 277500 0 1665000

% 3 0.3 0.3 0 1 0 15.9 4.5 5 0 30

4rd 138750 16650 16650 0 0 0 771450 0 0 166500 1110000

% 2.5 0.3 0.3 0 0 0 13.9 0 0 3 20

Total 555000 55500 55500 222000 277500 55500 3108000 499500 555000 166500 5550000

% 10 1 1 4 5 1 56 9 10 3 100

ERIAM‐IWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐Iyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost TargetEPA IWMP

FundMNREGS/

OtherSource Total WDF

1. Moisturecollectionpits M3 149 1000 0 0 149000 149000

10%General&5%SC/ST2. Livefencing RM 24 2500 0 0 60000 60000

3. Stonebunding M2 144 1493 0 215000 0 215000

4. Centrypetalterracing Nos 65.67 500 0 0 32835 32835

5. Husktrench Nos 165 500 0 0 82500 82500

6. 2m Htype check damsacrossCheethathodu

Nos 14600 4 0 58400 0 58400

7. Wellrecharging Nos 12970 20 0 259400 0 259400

Total 532800 324335 857135

Eriam–IWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivitiesIIyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost Target EPA IWMPFund

MNREGS/OtherSource Total WDF

1. Stonebunding M2 144 2606 0 375270 0 375270

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. Centrypetalterracing Nos 65.67 400 0 0 26268 26268

3. Husktrench Nos 165 300 0 0 49500 49500

4. Livefencing RM 24 2200 0 0 52800 52800

5. Wellrecharging Nos 12970 26 0 337220 0 337220

6. 3m H type check damacross thennam cheethathodu

Nos 15200 2 0 30400 0 30400

7.

Construction of retainingwall along school cheethathodu (From culvert nearschool to top portion twosides)

Nos 2395 74.49 0 178410 0 178410

8. Moistureconservationpit M3 149 1200 0 0 178800 178800

Total 921300 307368 1228668

Eriam‐I‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivitiesIIIyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost Target EPA IWMPFund

MNREGS/OtherSource Total WDF

1. Husktrench Nos 165 250 0 0 41250 41250

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. Livefencing RM 24 2600 0 0 62400 62400

3. Stonebunding M2 144 1429.4 0 205840 0 205840

4. Centrypetalterracing Nos 65.67 280 0 0 18388 18388

5. Yardwatercollectionpit Nos 400 45 0 0 18000 18000

6. Improvements to theexisting pond atPathayakundu

Nos 61520 1 0 61520 0 61520

7. H type check dam 4 mwidth across Cheetha ‐Pathayakunduthodu

Nos 16500 5 0 82500 0 82500

8. RetainingWall RM 2395 222.37 0 532590 0 532590

Total 882450 140038  1022488 

Eriam‐IWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivitiesIVyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost TargetEPA IWMP

FundMNREGS/

OtherSource Total WDF

1. Centrypetalterracing Nos 65.67 200 0 0 13134 13134

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. Yardwatercollectionpit RM 400 30 0 0 12000 12000

3. Husktrench M2 165 300 0 0 49500 49500

4. Livefencing Nos 24 3000 0 0 72000 72000

5. Stonebunding M2 144 2174.3 0 313100 313100

6. Wellrecharging Nos 12970 10 0 129700 129700

7. Streambank stabilizationinPathayakunduthodu

Nos 2395 58.81 0 140850 140850

8. Streambank stabilizationinHamsaHajithodu

Nos 2395 78.41 0 187800 187800

Total 771450 771450 918084

Eriam‐IWatershed‐Sector–II–LivelihoodActivitiesforLandless/Assetless‐IIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMP

fund

MNREGS/other

source/BankLoan

Total

1seed money for enterprisingindividuals Nos 0 0 49950 0 49950

2 SeedmoneyforSHGs Nos 0 0 199800 0 199800

Total 249750 0 249750

Eriam‐IWatershed‐Sector–II–LivelihoodActivitiesforLandless/Assetless‐IIIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost

Target IWMPfund

MNREGS/other

source/BankLoan

Total

1 SeedmoneyforSHGs Nos 0 0 99900 0 99900

III FundingforMajorlivelihoodactivivtes

1 Minidiaryunit Nos 300000 1 149850 150150 300000

Total 249750 150150 399900

FundingpatternSeedmoneyforenterprisingindividuals(10%oftheallocation) 49950SeedmoneyforSHGs(60%oftheallocation) 299700Fundingformajorlivelihoodactivities(30%oftheallocation) 149850Totalallocation 499500

Eriam‐IWatershedSector–III–ProductionSystem&MicroEnterprisesbasedlivelihoodactivities‐IIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost

Target IWMPfund

Beneficiarycontribution/othersource

Total WDF

1 Cowrearingunit Nos 24000 5 115500 4500 120000

20%forGeneral&10

%forSC/ST

2 Bananacultivation Nos 24000 5 120000 0 120000

3 Rabbitrearing Nos 28000 1 28000 0 28000

4 Plantaincultivationforleaves Ha 14000 1 14000 0 14000

Total 277500 4500 282000

Eriam‐IWatershedSector–III–ProductionSystem&MicroEnterprisesbasedlivelihoodactivities‐IIIyearactionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMP

fund

Beneficiarycontribution/othersource

TotalWDF

1 Organicvegitablecultivation Nos 24000 5 113500 6500 120000

20%forGeneral&10%forSC/ST

2 Bananacultivation Nos 24000 5 120000 0 120000

3 Rabbitrearing Nos 28000 1 28000 0 28000

4 Goatrearing Nos 8000 2 16000 0 16000

Total 277500 6500 284000

TotalAllotment‐555000

ENTRYPOINTACTIVITY‐ACTIONPLAN

Sl.no Activity Unit Unitcost

Target Amount

1 Cleaningandsiltremovingfromthestream M3 205.20 169.10 34700

2 AgronomicalmeasuresontheRiversides Rm 139 1000 139000

3Clearingthickthronyjungleandsmalltrees M2 21 300 6300

4PlantingtreesalongtheRiversides Nos 27 1000 27000

5 Campaignwork* 15000

GRANDTOTAL 222000

THALICHALWATERSHED

GramaPanchayat : Eramam–Kuttur& Kadannappalli‐Panapuzha,Village : Vellora&PanapuzhaWardscovered : VIIofKadannappallyPanapuzha XI,X,XI,XIIwardsofEramamKutturBlockPanchayat : Payyanur&ThaliparambaThaluk : KannurDistrict : KannurTotalfamiliescovered : 352TotalPopulationcovered : 1514TotaltreatableArea : 424HaRiverBasin : Peruvamba(Perumba)RiverAverageLength : 3.4.Kms.AverageWidth : 3.3.Kms.TotalProjectCost : Rs.63,60,000/‐Boundaries : North:ThumbathadamWatershed : South:Eriam–Iwatershed : East:EdolyWatershed : West:MylancheryWatershed

IntroductionAsmallpartoftheseventhwardofKadannappally‐PanapuzhaGramaPanchayat(only9Ha)and9th,10th,11thand12thwardsofEramam–KutturGramaPanchayat formtheThalichalwatershedwithatotalgeographicareaof424Ha.Around12Haoflandinthewatershed ismarkedas cultivablewaste and the remainingpart isunder cultivation.Thewholeareaisconsideredasrainfed.The watershed is of slanting nature towards east from Pulluvanchal to Edoli. TheKaringoliareaisslantingtowardssoutheast.AreainKadannappali–PavapuzhaGramaPanchayatisslantingnorthwards.IngeneralthetopographyofThalichalWatershedisundulatingwithsmallhillocksandmoderatesloppingValleys.Mainplacesinthewatershed:Vellora, Karingoli, Pulluvanchal, Thalichal, Chenkol, Pachani and Eriam are the mainplacesinthewatershed.GeographicDescriptionoftheWatershed:Location:Thalichalwatershed is located inVelloravillageofPayyannurBlockPanchayath. It isaround54kmawayfromtheDistrictheadquartersandisaccessiblebyroad.Pilathara,thenearest bus stationof thewatershed is situated around20kmaway in thewest.

PayyannurandPazhayangadiRailwaystationarealmostatthesamedistancefromthewatershed. The watershed is situated around 10 km away from Eramam – KuttoorPanchayath office. Vellora is a small township in the watershed. People dependsMathamangalambazaarformarketingwhichisaround8kmawayfromthewatershed.ThegeographiccoordinatesGeographically Thalichal watershed lies between the east longitude 75021’0” and75023’0”andnorthlatitude1209’0”and12010’30”withatotalelevationof410feet.Average lengthandwidthof thewatershed:Thalichalwatershed is comparativelyoneofthebiggestwatersheds.Thewatershedhasanaveragelengthof3.4kmand3.3kmwidth.Relief&DrainageThe watershed is of slanting nature towards east from Pulluvanchal to Edoli. TheKaringoliareaisslantingtowardssoutheast.AreainKadannappalli‐PanapuzhaGramaPanchayatisslantingnorthwards.IngeneralthetopographyofThalichalwatershedisundulatingwithsmallhillocksandmoderatesloppyvalleys.ThewatershedisdrainedintoAppithodu.Appithoduisflowingabout6kmsverticallyalong the watershed and is perennial. The stream is originating from the rocks ofVelloraHillocksand flowing throughChenkolareaandentering intoPanapuzharivernearThennamMosque.Thestreamcoversalmostthefullareaandflowingthroughthemiddleofthewatershed.Therearemanysmallandlargesub‐streamswhichcanbeconsideredastributariestothemainstreamAppithodu.Alistisfurnishedbelow.1. HassanThodu2. KolappalaHamsaThodu3. C.KunjiramanThodu4. KundanchittadiThodu5. ChellakkambuMalaThodu6. KakkattaHajiParambuThodu7. KhadarHajiThodu8. MoolathaliThodu9. ChandranKunhappanThodu

10. EramKunnuThodu‐111. ThudaruvilakkiThodu12. MudikkanamThodu‐113. ChenkolVayalThodu14. PazhayakulamThodu15. MudikkanamThodu–216. EramKunnuThodu‐217. KizhakkevayalThodu

TheDrainagedensity:Thalichalwatershed is enrichedwith large number ofwaterbodies.Around15.8Kmsofstreamsdraininthetotal424Ha.SothedrainagedensityofThalichalwatershedis37m/Ha.OtherwatersourcesThewatershedisrichinthenumberofpondsanditisastonishingthatmanypondsarebuiltinsuchasmallareawithonly424Haofland.Howeverthisisonlytrue.Thereare

30pondsoutofwhichonly twoarepublic andall the rest areprivate.A list is givenbelow:

Sl.No. NameofthePond Ownership1. Pazhayakulam Public2. MudikkanamKulam Public3. M.RajanKulam‐1 Private4. KhaderHajiKulam Private5. ThomasKulam Private6. DivakaranKulam Private7. SadashivanMasterKulam Private8. RohiniyammaKulam Private9. EbrahimKulam Private10. AbdullahajiKula Private11. PrasannakumarKulam Private12. VettukallamkuzhiKulam‐1 Private13. VettukallamkuzhiKulam‐2 Private14. SasiKulam Private15. BijuKulam Private16. BoatukaranKulam Private17. HamzaHajiKulam Private18. K.GangadharanKulam Private19. NarayananKulam Private20. KannanVelichappadanKulam Private21. SurendranKulam Private22. IsmailKulam Private23. ChandrasekharanPillaiKulam Private24. BaburajanKulam Private25. GangadharanKulam Private26. Muth8ukudakkulam Public27. M.RajanKulam‐2 Private28. NarikkottuHajiKulam Private29. YesodaKulam Private30. MNKulam Private

Regarding thewells, asusualeachhouseholdhasawell tomeet theirdrinkingwaterpurposesandotherdomesticuses.Wellsintheupperpartofthewatershedaredryingupinsummercausingwaterscarcityforthewatershedcommunities,wellsinthelowerportionisperennialinnatureandprovidewaterthroughoutouttheyear.Thelistofnaturalspringspresentinthewatershedisgivebelow:1. KundanChittadispring–3Nos.2. Chenkolspring3. SpringpresentintheoriginofKakkattiHajithodu.Regarding thewells, asusualeachhouseholdhasawell tomeet theirdrinkingwaterpurposesandotherdomesticuses.Wellintheupperpartofthewatershedaredryingupinsummercausingwaterscarcityforthewatershedcommunity,wellsinthelowerportionisperennialinnatureandprovidewaterthroughouttheyear.

PresentsituationofthestreamsandotherwaterbodiesAllthestreamsinthewatershedincludingthoseoriginatingfromthespringsdryupinthesummerseason.ThemainstreamAppithoduretainswaterinthedownstream.Thefivespringsinthewatershedalsoareperennialwhichprovideswatertothecommunitylivingaroundthem.Itisreportedthatsomeoftheprivatepondsdryupinthemiddleofthesummer.Thenitwillbedifficultforthefarmerstoirrigatetheircrops.Similarly,wells,especiallyintheupstreamareaalsodryupinthesummer.The main stream and other large tributaries were perennial before years. But nowexcept the main stream all other became seasonal. The main stream also faces thethreatofseasonality.DuringthemidsummerseasonwaterisavailableintheAppithoduabout1to2kmsawayfromtheoutletpoint.Thepointoforiginandallotherupperandmidlandportionsgetdriedup.RainfallandClimateThalichal watershed is included in the midland agro‐ecological zone. The rainfall iscomparativelyhighinthewatershed.RainfallismaximumduringthemonthofJunetoSeptember.55%oftherainfallisduringthisperiod.Duringthepast10yearsmaximumrainfall obtained in 2009. However, there is no change in the average rainfall of thewatershed – 3697.6mm. The climate of thewatershed is similar to that of the otherwatershedswithhumidhotseasonbetweenMarchtotheendofMay.Thisisfollowedby South‐West Monsoon (June‐September) and North ‐East Monsoon (December‐February).DuringthemonthofAprilandMaythemeanmaximumtemperatureis350Candaminimumtemperatureof260.SoilType&DepthThegeneralconditionofthesoilisoftwotypes.Brownhydromorphicsoilwithgravelisseen in the upper parts of the watershed and clay soil with gravels in the lowerportions.Thewatershedhas a total areaof232.11hawithbrownhydromorphic soiland the rest, 191.89 ha consists of clay soil with gravels. Depth of the soil in thewatershedis100cmsto150cms.Agriculture&LandUseAround 85% of the total area is under crops. In the northern middle part of thewatershed the paddy land is converted for mixed crops and now there is no paddycultivationatall.Similarlyonbothsidesofthemainstream(Appithodu)thelandisfullofmixedcrops(coconut,arecanut,plantain,vegetables,tubersandspices).Allthethree

boundaries–east,northandhalfofwestare lateriterockswhichoncewereused forshiftingcultivation.Nowtheareaisslowlyconvertingtorubberplantation.The land is full of mixed crops (coconut, areca nut, plantain, vegetables, tubers andspices). All the three boundaries – east, north and half of thewest are laterite rockswhich once were used for shifting cultivation. Now the area is slowly converting torubberplantation.Thelandusepatternofthewatershedistabledbelowfollowedbyagraphicillustration:

Crops LandUsed

% ofLandused

Productivity

Coconut 84.72 19.98 7011Arecanut 47.57 11.22 86.51

Cashew 29.34 6.92 27.53Pepper 15.94 3.76 4.67Plantain 8.90 2.1 70.85Vegetables

20.18 4.76 30.89

Tubers 20.35 4.8 357.38Rubber 174.69 41.2 235.91CultivableWaste 12.01 2.83 0

BuiltUpArea 10.30 2.43 0

Total 424 100

AnimalHusbandryAsageneralconditionthatisobservedinKeralaisthatthefarmer’sinterestingrowingdomesticanimalsisdrasticallyreducing.Thisisalsoreflectedinthewatershedunderdiscussion.Givenbelowisatableoflivestockinthewatershed:a. HybridVarietycows(Male):7b. HybridVarietyCows(Female):37c. IndigenousCows(Males):4d. IndigenousCows(Females):32

e. Goat(Males):23f. Goat(Female):87g. Indigenousfouls:48h. HybridVariety:233

Socio‐EconomicDetails:Thewatershedpopulationdetailsaregivenbelow:TotalPopulation:1514Male:712Female:802SCPopulation(total):31

Male(SC):15Female(SC):16APLFamilies:216BPLFamilies:136

Thereare6SChouseholds.Outofthetotalhouseholdsnearly15%arereportedtobemigrantfarmersfromsouthernpartofKeralaaswellasfromamongfarmersofEasternboundaryofKannurdistrict.

Around38.6%of the totalhouseholds in thewatershedare livingbelowpoverty lineandmajorityofthehouseholdshavefewcentsof landsinwhichtheycultivatemostlycoconut.Thereareestateownersalsowhoarenaturallymigrantsandhavethecapacitytoinvesthugeamountsinrubberplantations.Itmustbeassumedthatthereisdistincteconomicsituationbetweenthepopulacelivinginthewatershed.Whenagriculturebecomesthemajorsourceofincomeforafew,wagelabourplaysanimportantroletobringdailybreadtoamajorityofthepeople.Manyareworkingintheconstructionsectoralso.Thereareafewinthegulfcountriesandthemoneytheysendalsoplayingaroleinbuildinguptheeconomyofthewatershed.However,thebackboneoftheeconomyofthewatershedisagriculture.The watershed community is comparatively poor in education, but most of thewatershedcommunitymembershavecompletedHighSchoolEducation.Inadditionthemigrantcommunityinfluencedthelocalcultureandsocialsituationastheycamefromabetterbackground.TagoreMemorialHigherSecondarySchool,whichhasalonghistoryof more than 30 years, is an influencing factor in the educational status of thewatershedcommunity.All the members of the watershed community have own houses with attachedsanitation facilities and drinking water well. The cultural and artistic clubs in andaround the watershed ensures the cultural and social transformation of the existingcommunities.Health status of all themembers of households in thewatershed is satisfactory. Butoccasions have been occurred that there were outbursts of contagious diseases,especiallyinthemonsoonseason.RoadNetwork:Thetransportfacilitiesinthewatershedaresatisfactory.Theroadnetworkextendstoeverypartofthewatershedandtheirconditionisalsogood.Theimportanttarroadsinthewatershedarefollows:SLNo. Nameoftheroad Length(Km) Width(m)

1. Eriam‐Perumbadavuroad 2.50 102. Kuttor‐Kakkararoad 1.00 83. Vellora‐Pachaniroad 2.30 84. Vellora‐Perumbadavuroad 2.50 8

Theimportantmudroadsinthewatershedarelistedbelow: SLNo. Nameoftheroad Length(m) Width(m)

1. Chenkol‐Thaliroad 700 52. Chekkikundu‐Chenkol‐Thaliroad 3000 53. Perumbadavu‐Vengolaroad 2000 44. Chekkithodu‐Thaliroad 2500 8

InstitutionsandCommunitybasedorganizationsThe institutions and Community BasedOrganizations have a greater influence in thecultural arena of the watershed. The Main Institution and Community BasedOrganizationsarelistedbelow:

Vellorahomeohospital Velloravillageoffice Co‐Operativebank VelloraAnganawadi TagoreMemorialHigherSecondarySchoolVellora KairaliVayanasala Eriammosque VelloraVayanasala VelloraShriChuzhaliBhagavathiTemple YuvadharaClubVellora VelloraShri.MuthappanTemple VelloraShriKannankattutemple ShriMuchilottuBhagavathiTempleVellora

MarketFacilities:Velloraistheonlytownshipinthewatershedtowhichpeopledependmostlyfortheirmarketing requirements.Thewatershed communitydependsMathamangalambazaarfor their highermarketing requirements.MathamangalamBazaar is situated about 6KmawayfromthewatershedHospitalfacilities:Thewatershedcommunitycanaccess thehospital facilitiesatPayyanurabout28Kmawayfromthewatershed.TheyhavealsoaccessibilitytothePariyaramMedicalCollegewhichisabout22Kmsawayforfurtherspecializedtreatment.MajorProblemsofthewatershedTheproblemsarecategorizedunderfourheadings:Soilrelated,Waterrelated,Agro‐BioDiversityRelatedandAnimalHusbandryrelated.Sucha categorization is in linewiththe activities that can be undertaken IWMP to solve the issues. The issues are listedbelow:SoilRelatedProblems:

Reducingsoilfertilitythroughoutthewatershed Heavy soil erosion from the fertile landavailable atplaces likeVengola,Karingoli,ChenkolandThali.

Inadequatesoilconservationmeasures Changeinlanduse.ForexampleChenkolPaddyFieldisconvertedformixedcropslikecoconut,arecanut,plantain,tapiocaetc.

IndiscriminateapplicationofchemicalfertilizersandpesticidesespeciallyinrubberPlantations

AcidicnatureofthesoilduetoapplicationofchemicalsWaterrelatedissues:

Fast dryingwater sources anddrinkingwater scarcity ‐ VelloraHigher secondarySchool,Homeohospital,Chenkol,etc.

ThetopportionofVelloraisconsideredasdraughtprone. Poorwaterconservationmeasures Poorwaterliteracyamongthewatershedcommunity Groundwaterdeterioration Sedimentationofsourceslikestreamsandponds

Agro‐biodiversityrelatedissues

ShifttomonocropsinareaslikeChenkol,Vellora,Thali,etc. Absenceofcroprotation–Monocropslikerubberisfastextending Alienationofwomenfromagriculture Extinct medicinal plants like Brahmi (Monniera cuneifolia), Kurupanal (Glucosmispentaphella),Karimkurinhi(Strobilanthuscoeliata),Mukkitty(Biophyttamreinvade)

Reductioninplant&animaldiversity:PlantslikeHibiscus,Sandal,Anjili(Artocarpushirsutus)andanimalslikeFungoidfrog(RanaMalabarica),BirdslikeKingfisheretc...

UnexpectedplantdiseasesandpestattacksAnimalHusbandryrelatedissues

Poorinterestinindigenousvarieties Lackofgrazinglandandpastures Compartmentalizationofland Monocropsdonosupplementlivestock Unavailabilityofgoodvarietiesofanimals Lackofinterestinanimalhusbandry Poorreturnsandinadequatemarketingfacilities.

ActivitiesproposedtoaddresstheissuesGenerally the activities are of three folds: Natural Resource Management Activitieswhichcovers thesoil,waterandbio‐diversity issues,ProductionSystemManagementandMicro Enterprises (PS&M)which covers the agriculture and soil problems alongwith economic backwardness, , which manages the livelihoods and economicbackwardnessofthelandless,womenandtheindigenouscommunities.Givenbelowisabriefabouttheactivitiesproposedforthewatershed:

NaturalResourceManagement(NRM)

ProductionSystem&Micro‐Enterprises

(PS&M)

LivelihoodSupportSystems(LSS)

SoilConservation1. GullyPlugging2. Streambankstabilization

3. Livefencing4. Stonebunding5. CentripetalTerracing6. Benchterracing 1. GoatRearing

2. CowRearing3. BananaCultivation4. OrganicVegetable

cultivation

1. MiniDairyfarm2. FloorCleanerMakingUnit3. TailoringUnit4. DistributionofTailoringMachine

WaterConservation1. Pondconstruction2. Yardwatercollectionpits

3. HuskTrenches4. MoistureCollectionPits5. SourceRecharging6. CheckDams7. VCBconstruction8. Watercollectiontank

ThalichalWatershedDevelopmentProject(Area–424Ha)‐MasterplanforFourYears‐Fundingpattern

Installment

Administration

Monitoring

Evaluation

EntryPointActivity

Institution&CapacityBuilding

DPRpreparati

on

WatershedDevelopm

entActivities

Livelihood

Activities

Productionsystem&Micro

Enterprises

ConsolidationPhase

TotalIWMPprojectfund

1St 127200 12720 12720 254400 190800 63600 610560 0 0 0 1272000

% 2 0.2 0.2 4 3 1 9.6 0 0 0 20

2nd 159000 12720 12720 0 63600 0 1055760 286200 318000 0 1908000

% 2.5 0.2 0.2 0 1 0 16.6 4.5 5 0 30

3rd 190800 19080 19080 0 63600 0 1011240 286200 318000 0 1908000

% 3 0.3 0.3 0 1 0 15.9 4.5 5 0 30

4rd 159000 19080 19080 0 0 0 884040 0 0 190800 1272000

% 2.5 0.3 0.3 0 0 0 13.9 0 0 3 20

Total 636000 63600 63600 254400 318000 63600 3561600 572400 636000 190800 6360000

% 10 1 1 4 5 1 56 9 10 3 100

ThalichalWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐Iyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost Target EPA IWMPFund MNREGS/

OtherSource Total

WDF

1. StonebundingM2 144 1139.4 0 164084 0 164084

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. Centripetalterracing Nos 65.67 250 0 0 16418 16418

3. Yardwatercollectionpit Nos 400 25 0 0 10000 10000

4. Livefencing Nos 24 1700 0 0 40800 40800

5. Streambankprotectionalongkundamchittadichal(EPA)

RM 2395 146.13 0 350000 0 350000

6. GullycontrollingstructuresinAppithodu

RM 2996 10.61 0 31800 0 31800

7. GullycontrollingstructuresinKundamchdichal

RM 2996 8.49 0 25440 0 25440

8. GullycontrollingstructuresinMudikanamthodu

RM 2996 6.38 0 19126 0 19126

9. PlantDistribution Nos 50 402 0 20110 0 20110

Total 610560 67218 677778

ThalichalWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivitiesIIyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost Target

EPA IWMPFund

MNREGS/OtherSource Total

WDF

1. Moisturecollectionpits M3 149 1500 0 0 223500 223500

10%General&5%SC/ST2. Stonebunding M2 144 1572 0 151368 75000 226368

3. Livefencing RM 24 2500 0 0 60000 60000

4. Wellrecharging Nos 12970 10 0 129700 0 129700

5. ConstructionofaVentedcrossbarneartheplotofP.Sreedharan‐Sadhasivan,S.N.150/3

Nos 764500 1 0 764500 0 764500

6. Husktrench Nos 165 150 0 0 24750 24750

7. PlantDistribution Nos 50 203 0 10192 0 10192

Total 1055760 383250 1439010

ThalichalWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐IIIyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost Target

EPAIWMPFund MNREGS/

OtherSource Total

WDF

1. Moisturecollectionpits M3 149 1200 0 0 178800 178800

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. LiveFencing RM 24 2300 0 0 55200 55200

3. Stonebunding M2 144 1160.6 0 167130 0 167130

4. Centripetalterracing Nos 65.67 300 0 0 19701 19701

5. Husktrench Nos 165 320 0 0 52800 52800

6. GullycontrollingstructuresinHassanthodu

Nos 2996 10.61 0 31800 0 31800

7. Wellrecharging Nos 12970 11 0 142670 0 142670

8. Pondrenovation,intheplotofK.V.Dhamodharan

Nos 350000 1 0 350000 0 350000

9. ConstructionofaShuttertypecheckdamneartheplotofKunnumelKunjiramanS.N.38/140

Nos 119640 1 0 119640 0 119640

10. RetainingWall,thalichalthodu RM 2395 83.50 0 200000 0 200000

Total 1011240 306501 1317741

ThalichalWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐IVyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost Target

EPA IWMPFund

MNREGS/OtherSource Total

WDF

1. Centripetalterracing Nos 65.67 250 0 0 16418 16418

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. Yardwatercollectionpit Nos 400 180 0 0 72000 72000

3. Livefencing RM 24 2800 0 0 67200 67200

4. Moisturecollectionpit M3 149 1600 0 0 238400 238400

5. Husktrench Nos 165 600 0 0 99000 99000

6. Stonebunding M2 144 1763.6 0 253960 0 253960

7. Wellrecharging Nos 12970 15 0 194550 5450 200000

8. ConstructionofashuttertypecheckdamneartheplotofM.K.Musthafa

Nos 135500 1 0 135500 0 135500

9. streambankstabilizationinEramkunnuthodu

RM 2395 69.67 0 166880 0 166880

10. ConstructionofashuttertypecheckdamneartheplotofP.Meenakshi‐M.Saraswathi

Nos 73100 1 0 119640 0 119640

11. Plantdistribution Nos 50 270 0 13510 0 13510

TOTAL 884040 498468 1382508

ThalichalWatershed‐Sector–II–LivelihoodActivitiesforLandless/Assetless‐IIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost

Target IWMPfund

MNREGS/other

source/BankLoan

Total

1 seed money for enterprisingindividuals Nos 0 0 57240 0 57240

1 SeedmoneyforSHGs Nos 0 0 228960 0 228960Total 286200 0 286200

ThalichalWatershed‐Sector–II–LivelihoodActivitiesforLandless/Assetless‐IIIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost

Target IWMPfund

MNREGS/other

source/BankLoan

Total

1 SeedmoneyforSHGs Nos 0 0 114480 0 114480III FundingforMajorlivelihoodactivities1 Minidiaryunit Nos 300000 1 150000 150000 3000002 Tailoringunit Nos 56000 1 21720 22280 44000

Total 286200 172280 458480

Fundingpattern Seedmoneyforenterprisingindividuals(10%oftheallocation‐Revolvingfund) 57240SeedmoneyforSHGs(60%oftheallocation‐Revolvingfund) 343440Fundingformajorlivelihoodactivities(30%oftheallocation‐Grantinaid) 171720Totalallocation 572400

Sector–III–ProductionSystem&MicroEnterprisesbasedlivelihoodactivities‐IIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMP

fund

Beneficiarycontribution/othersource

Total WDF

1 Goatrearingunit Nos 9080 25 222000 5000 227000 20%forGeneral&10%forSC

/ST

2 Bananacultivation Nos 24000 4 96000 0 96000

Total 318000 5000 323000

Sector–III–ProductionSystem&MicroEnterprisesbasedlivelihoodactivities‐IIIyearactionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMP

fund

Beneficiarycontribution/othersource

Total WDF

1 Organicvegetablecultivation Nos 24000 7 162000 6000 168000 20%forGeneral&10%forSC

/ST

2 Bananacultivation Nos 19500 8 156000 0 156000

Total 318000 6000 324000

TotalAllotment‐636000ENTRYPOINTACTIVITY‐ACTIONPLAN

Sl.no Activity Unit Unit

cost Target IWMPEPAfund

IWMPProjectfund Total

1. Storagetank No 80,025 1 80,025 ‐ 800252. GullycontrolledcheckdaminKundamchittadichal NO 2550 1 2550 ‐ 25503. Streambankprotectionofkundamchittadichal Rm 1001 171.65 171825 46 171871

Total 254400 46 254446

MAVULLAPOILWATERSHED

GramaPanchayat : Eramam–Kuttur& Kadannappalli‐Panapuzha,Village : Vellora&PanapuzhaWardscovered : VIIofKadannappallyPanapuzha XIwardsofEramamKutturBlockPanchayat : Payyanur&ThaliparambaThaluk : KannurDistrict : KannurTotalfamiliescovered : 175TotalPopulationcovered : 777TotaltreatableArea : 188HaRiverBasin : Peruvamba(Perumba)RiverAverageLength : 2.25.Kms.AverageWidth : 2.25.Kms.TotalProjectCost : Rs.28,20,000/‐Boundaries : North:NayakkunnuWatershed : South:Eriam‐II : East:NayakkunnuWatershed : West:EriamRiver

IntroductionMavullapoilwatershedisincludedinKadannappally–PanapuzhaandEramam–KutturGramaPanchayats.Outofthetotalarea(188ha)majorpartofthewatershed(116.03ha) is in Eramam – Kuttur Grama Panchayat and the remaining part (71.97ha) is inKadannappally–PanapuzhaGramaPanchayat.Mainplacesinthewatershed:The important places in the watershed are: Karuvankunnu, Chellakkambu, Valliohm,,Karippal,Mavullapoyil,ChamakkalaandParakkadavu.ThewatershedisformedaroundthemainstreamMavullapoyilthodu.GeographicDescriptionoftheWatershed:d. Location:Mavullapoil watershed is located in two villages, Panapuzha of Thaliparamba BlockPanchayathandVelloraofPayyanurBlockPanchayat.Itisaround57kmawayfromtheDistrictHeadQuartersand isaccessiblebyroad.Pilathara,oneof the thenearestbusstationofthewatershedissituatedaround17kmawayinthewestandPerumbadavu,the other bus staion is situated about 2 Kms North. Payyannur and Pazhayangadi

Railwaystationsarealmostatthesamedistancefromthewatershed,i.e.,26Kms.Thewatershedissituatedaround10kmawayfromEramam–KuttoorPanchayathoffice.e. ThegeographiccoordinatesThe total areaof thewatershed taken for treatmentunder IWMP is188haand it liesbetween the east longitude 75022’30” and 75023’30” and north latitude 120 8’30”and12010’0”withatotalelevationof410feet.f. AveragelengthandwidthofthewatershedMavullapoil watershed is almost square in shape with a mediocre size. The averagelengthandwidthofthewatershedis2.25kmrespectively.Relief&DrainageKaruvankunnu, Chellakkombu, Karippal and Valliohm areas are comparatively higherthan other areas. However certain areas in thewatershed has 40o slope. There is noplaininthewatershed.The main drainage of the watershed is Mavullapoyil stream (Kanam stream). It isoriginatingfromChamakkala flowingthroughKarippalbefore itenters intotheEriamRiver. The other streamswhich enrich themain stream are Parakkadavu stream andsub stream (which has no name). Other important streams are Valliohmthodu, thestream originating from K.K. Ravi’s, the stream originating from T.V. Dhamodharan’sandIbrahimchal.Thereisonlyonepondinthewatershedwhichbelongstothetemple.Besidesthese,eachhouseholdownsadrinkingwaterwell.Thereare9springsinthewatershed.OneisaroundthemiddleportionofKanamThoduon the course of its flow. There are two springs near the house of KuzhimullilThankchan. One is near the house of Sarojini at Valliyam. Spring at the house ofDamodaran(Police)isanotherone.Theremainingare:NearthehouseorfM.V.Devaki,N. Sukumaran, K. F. Chacko (Parakkadavu) and K. C. Balakrishnan (Chamakkal). AllthesespringsexceptoneintheKanamStreamareseasonal.TheDrainagedensity:Mavullapoilhasadrainagedensityof40m/Ha.PresentsituationofthestreamsandotherwaterbodiesThemainstreamKanamThoduretainswateralltimeattheareawherethespringsissituated. Other parts of the stream dry up in the summer along with all the otherstreams in thewatershed. Similarly other springswill also dry up in the summer. Inshort,water isavailable inalmostall thestreamsonlyduringmonsoonseason.Wellssituated in the Karipal region is also seasonal. This is perhaps the one area wherepeopleexperiencewaterscarcity.

RainfallandClimateMavullapoilwatershedisincludedinthemidlandzoneandhencetheclimateissimilartotheotherwatersheds.ThetemperatureissimilartothatoftheotherwatershedswithhumidhotseasonbetweenMarchtotheendofMay.DuringthemonthofAprilandMaythemeanmaximumtemperatureis350Candaminimumtemperatureof260.

The rainfall is comparatively high in the watershed. Maximum Rainfall is obtainingduringtheSouth‐westMonsoon.RainisalsoobtainedduringtheNorth‐eastMonsoon.58%of therainfall isduring the formerand therest isduring the latter.Theaveragerainfallinthewatershedis3697.6mm.SoilType&DepthTwo types of soil is observed in almost all the other watersheds. But Mavullapoilwatershedconsistsofonlyonetypeofsoil,i.e.,claysoilwithgravels(Alluvialtypewithpoorfertility).Depthofthesoilinthewatershedis100cmsto150cms.Agriculture&LandUseThetotalgeographicalareaiscoveredwithvegetationspecificallywithmixedcropsandrubber.Rubberdominatesalltheothercropsinthewatershed.Thelandusepatternofthewatershedisshownbelowinatabularformfollowedbyagraphicillustration.

Crops Area(Ha)

% Produ‐ctivity

Rubber 120.3 64 162.46Coconut 9.4 5 77Arecanut 9.4 5 17.09Plantain 18.8 5 149.67Cashew 5.64 3 5.29

Vegetables 9.40 5 14.39Tubers 2.24 1 39.34Builtuparea

12.82 5 0

Total 188 100

AnimalHusbandryThe farmer’s interest ingrowingdomesticanimals isdrastically reducing.This isalsoreflected in the Mavullapoil watershed. Given below is a table of livestock in thewatershed:a. HybridVarietycows(Male):4b. HybridVarietyCows(Female):24c. IndigenousCows(Males):6d. IndigenousCows(Females):47

e. Goat(Males):64f. Goat(Female):202g. Indigenousfouls:78h. HybridVariety:213

Socio‐EconomicDetails:ThedemographicdetailsofMavullapoilwatershedisgivenbelowinatabularformat:

Sl.No. Particulars Nos.1. TotalPopulation 7772. Male 3723. Female 4054. APLFamilies 1115. BPLFamilies 646. SChouseholds 67. SCPopulation 328. Male(SC) 159. Female(SC) 17

Nearly72%ofthetotalworkingclasspopulationofthewatershedisfarmersorfarm,labourers. 7.5%areworking in construction sector. Salariedpeople are 9.68%whichinclude employees both inGovernment andNon‐Government Sector. Another 3.42%aredoingbusiness.Casuallabourersare6.4%,therestonepercentaredoingdifferenttypesofwagelabour.Categorizationofwatershedcommunitybasedontheirmainoccupationshownaboverevealsthatmajorityofthepeopledependonagricultureorfarmlabourfortheirmainsourceofincome.Thereforeanyfluctuationinthemarketorclimaticchangeaffectstheeconomyofthewatershed.About47%ofthetotalhouseholdlivingBelowPovertyLine(BPL)The arts clubs and cultural institutions in every look and corner of the watersheddirectly influence the cultural arena of thewatershed community. Similarly the roadnetwork enhances the mobility of the community which in turn helps exchange ofcultureandsocialstatusbyestablishingarapportwithpeoplewithinandwithoutofthewatershed.Though not highly educated,most of the people in thewatershed has obtained HighSchool level education and they form a mixed community of farmers, agriculturallabourersandthosewhoareworkingintheconstructionsector.SomeswariVilasamU.P. School has been an influencing component of the watershed community in theeducationsector.Almost all the households are living in pucca houses which have adequate latrinefacilities. However, safe disposalmechanism for solid and liquidwastes could not benoticed in any of the houses. This would affect environmental hygiene. The generalphysicalhealthconditionofthepeopleissatisfactory.

RoadNetwork:The transport facilities in thewatershed are not satisfactory as people could not getregularbusservices.Iftheywantedtotraveloutsidethewatershed,theyhavewalklongdistance tocatch thebus.Peoplemainlydependseitheronownvehicleoronsmallerservice vehicles like Jeep and Auto. The road network extends to every part of thewatershedandtheircondition isalsogood.The important tarroads in thewatershedare:Eriam–MavullapoilRoadandKaripal–ChathamangalamRoad.Themudroadsare:KaripalMavullapoil Road, Karippal Anganwadi Road, Karipal – Karipal Temple Road,Mavullapoil–Valliohmroad,andMavullapoil–Riverroad,InstitutionsandCommunitybasedorganizations:InstitutionsandCBOsdirectlyinfluencethelivingsituationandculturalformationofacommunity.Hence it is important tostudyaboutsucharrangements.Givenbelowaresuchinstitutions:

SreeSomeswariTemple,Karipal KaripalNaagamKavu AyyappaBhajanaMadam GrameenaKalaSamithy,Mavullapoil Anganwadi,Karipal SomeswariVilasamUPSchool ValliohmReadingRoom JwalaKalaSamskarikaVedi,Karipal

MarketFacilities:ThewatershedcommunitydependsuponPerumbadavuTownshipnearthewatershedarea for their immediate needs. Perumpadavu is about 2 Kms away from thewatershed.MathamangalamBazaarissituatedabout12KmawayfromthewatershedHospitalfacilities:There are no hospitals or dispensaries in the watershed. The watershed communitydependsuchinstitutionsinThaliparamaba,whichis23KMsawayfromthewatershed.They can access the hospital facilities at Payyanur also about 28 Km away from thewatershed.TheyhavealsoaccessibilitytothePariyaramMedicalCollegewhichisabout21Kmsawayforfurtherspecializedtreatment.MajorProblemsofthewatershedTheproblemsarecategorizedunderfourheadings:Soilrelated,Waterrelated,Agro‐BioDiversityRelatedandAnimalHusbandry related. Sucha categorization is in linewiththe activities that can be undertaken IWMP to solve the issues. The issues are listedbelow:

Water Soil Agro‐Biodiversity AnimalHusbandry

DepletinggroundwatertableatKaripalArea

Reducingsoilfertilityageneralconditionofthewatershed

Extinctionoftraditionalplantsandseeds

ExtinctionoftraditionalanimalslikeVechurCowsandMalabriGoats

ContaminationofWaterSources,especiallyKanamthodu

ChangingChemicalStructureoftheSoilinrubberplantations

Shiftfrommulticropstomonocrops

PrivatizationofCommonPropertyResourcesforDevelopmentinterventions

Dryingupofstreamsandpondsinthewatershedduringsummerintheupperregions

Reducingwaterstoragecapacityofthesoilduetochangeofstructure

Destructionofnaturaleco‐systemalienatingplantsandanimalsforrubberplantations

Unavailabilityofdryfodder(straw)

Reducingnumberofraindays

SoilPollutionduetoindiscriminateuseofagro‐chemicals

Pooryieldofagriculturalcrops

Inadequatefoddercultivation&highpriceofdryfodder

Lackofwaterconservationmeasures

LowPHofthesoilandreducingproductivity

Moderndevelopmentandalliedmechanismhelpedreductioninthenumberofbirds,insectsandamphibians

LackofinterestinAnimalhusbandryandchangedmentalityofthefarmers

Activitiesproposedtoaddresstheissues

NaturalResourceManagement(NRM)

ProductionSystem&Micro‐Enterprises

(PS&M)

LivelihoodSupportSystems(LSS)

SoilConservation1. Streambankstabilization2. Livefencing3. Stonebunding4. CentripetalTerracing5. Earthfilling 1. GoatRearing

2. CowRearing3. RabbitRearing

1. CandleMakingUnit2. DetergentMakingUnit3. FloorCleanerMaking

Unit4. ConsumerStore

WaterConservation1. OpenWellrenovation2. Yardwatercollectionpits3. HuskTrenches4. MoistureCollectionPits5. SourceRecharging6. Constructionofopendugwell

MarketFacilities:ThewatershedcommunitydependsuponPerumbadavuTownshipnearthewatershedarea for their immediate needs. Perumpadavu is about 2 Kms away from thewatershed.MathamangalamBazaarissituatedabout12KmawayfromthewatershedHospitalfacilities:There are no hospitals or dispensaries in the watershed. The watershed communitydependsuchinstitutionsinThaliparamaba,whichis23KMsawayfromthewatershed.They can access the hospital facilities at Payyanur also about 28 Km away from thewatershed.TheyhavealsoaccessibilitytothePariyaramMedicalCollegewhichisabout21Kmsawayforfurtherspecializedtreatment.MajorProblemsofthewatershedTheproblemsarecategorizedunderfourheadings:Soilrelated,Waterrelated,Agro‐BioDiversityRelatedandAnimalHusbandry related. Sucha categorization is in linewiththe activities that can be undertaken IWMP to solve the issues. The issues are listedbelow:

Water Soil Agro‐Biodiversity AnimalHusbandry

DepletinggroundwatertableatKaripalArea

Reducingsoilfertilityageneralconditionofthewatershed

Extinctionoftraditionalplantsandseeds

ExtinctionoftraditionalanimalslikeVechurCowsandMalabriGoats

ContaminationofWaterSources,especiallyKanamthodu

ChangingChemicalStructureoftheSoilinrubberplantations

Shiftfrommulticropstomonocrops

PrivatizationofCommonPropertyResourcesforDevelopmentinterventions

Dryingupofstreamsandpondsinthewatershedduringsummerintheupperregions

Reducingwaterstoragecapacityofthesoilduetochangeofstructure

Destructionofnaturaleco‐systemalienatingplantsandanimalsforrubberplantations

Unavailabilityofdryfodder(straw)

Reducingnumberofraindays

SoilPollutionduetoindiscriminateuseofagro‐chemicals

Pooryieldofagriculturalcrops

Inadequatefoddercultivation&highpriceofdryfodder

Lackofwaterconservationmeasures

LowPHofthesoilandreducingproductivity

Moderndevelopmentandalliedmechanismhelpedreductioninthenumberofbirds,insectsandamphibians

LackofinterestinAnimalhusbandryandchangedmentalityofthefarmers

Activitiesproposedtoaddresstheissues

NaturalResourceManagement(NRM)

ProductionSystem&Micro‐Enterprises(PS&M)

LivelihoodSupportSystems(LSS)

SoilConservation1. Streambankstabilization2. Livefencing3. Stonebunding4. CentripetalTerracing5. Earthfilling 1. GoatRearing

2. CowRearing3. RabbitRearing

1. CandleMakingUnit2. DetergentMakingUnit3. FloorCleanerMaking

Unit4. ConsumerStore

WaterConservation1. OpenWellrenovation2. Yardwatercollectionpits3. HuskTrenches4. MoistureCollectionPits5. SourceRecharging6. Constructionofopendugwell

MavullapoyilWatershedDevelopmentProject(Area–188Ha)‐MasterplanforFourYears‐Fundingpattern

Installment

Administration

Monitoring

EvaluationEntryPointActivity

Institution&CapacityBuilding

DPRpreparation

WatershedDevelopm

entActivities

LivelihoodActivities

Productionsystem&Micro

Enterprises

ConsolidationPhase

TotalIWMPprojectfund

1St 56400 5640 5640 112800 84600 28200 270720 0 0 0 564000

% 2 0.2 0.2 4 3 1 9.6 0 0 0 20

2nd 70500 5640 5640 0 28200 0 468120 126900 141000 0 846000

% 2.5 0.2 0.2 0 1 0 16.6 4.5 5 0 30

3rd 84600 8460 8460 0 28200 0 448380 126900 141000 0 846000

% 3 0.3 0.3 0 1 0 15.9 4.5 5 0 30

4rd 70500 8460 8460 0 0 0 391980 0 0 84600 564000

% 2.5 0.3 0.3 0 0 0 13.9 0 0 3 20

Total 282000

28200 28200 112800 141000 28200 1579200 253800 282000 84600 2820000

% 10 1 1 4 5 1 56 9 10 3 100

MavullapoyilWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐Iyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity UnitUnitCost Target

EPAIWMPFund

MNREGS/OtherSource Total

WDF

1. MoisturecollectionpitsM3 149 500 0 0 74500 74500

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. LivefencingRM 24 1500 0 0 36000 36000

3. StonebundingM2 144 279.1 0 40195 0 40195

4. CentripetalterracingNos 65.67 200 0 0 13134 13134

5. HusktrenchNos 165 175 0 0 28875 28875

6. YardwatercollectionpitNos 400 50 0 0 20000 20000

7. Rennovation of existing open dugoutwellnearKarippalschool

Nos 22300 1 0 22300 0 22300

8. Stream bank stabilization along thesidesofChamakkalthodu

RM 2395 86.94 0 208225 0 208225

Total 270720 172509 443229

MavullapoyilWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivitiesIIyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost Target EPA IWMPFund MNREGS/OtherSource Total

WDF

1. CentripetalterracingNos 65.67 80 0 0 5254 5254

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. Livefencing RM 24 1000 0 0 24000 24000

3. HusktrenchNos 165 200 0 0 33000 33000

4. SourcerechargingNos 12970 6 0 77820 0 77820

5. StonebundingM2 144 682.2 0 48234 50000 98234

6. Stream bank stabilization alongthe sides of Chamakkal thodunear the plot of PullayikodiDhamodharanNambiar

RM 2395 63.57 0 152266 0 152266

7. Stream bank stabilization alongthesidesofValliyamthoduneartheplotofPattiyamma.

Nos 189800 1 0 189800 0 189800

Total 468120 112254 580374

MavullapoyilWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐IIIyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost Target EPA IWMPFund MNREGS/OtherSource Total

WDF

1. StonebundingM2 144 279 0 40176 0 40176

10%General&5%SC/ST2. Livefencing RM 24 1000 0 0 24000 24000

3. Husktrench Nos 165 150 0 0 24750 24750

4. Gullicontrollingcheckdam RM 2996 12.73 0 38160 0 38160

5. Stream bank protection withretaining wall along the sides ofEryamriver

RM 2395 150.31 0 360000 0 360000

6. Stream bank protection withretaining wall along the sides ofMavullapoyilriver(Eryamriver)

Nos 965 1 0 965 0 965

7. Plantdistribution Nos 50 181 0 9079 0 9079

Total 448380 48750 497130

MavullapoyilWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐IVyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost Target EPA IWMP

FundMNREGS/Other

Source Total WDF

1. MoisturecollectionpitsM3 149 800 0 0 119200 119200

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. StonebundingM2 144 240 0 34560 0 34560

3. LivefencingRM 24 1100 0 0 26400 26400

4. WellrechargingNos 12970 4 0 51880 8120 60000

5. Gully controllingstructuresinParakadvu

RM 2996 6.36 0 19080 0 19080

6. Stream bank protectionwith retaining wall alongthe sides of Mavullapoyilriver(Eryamriver)

RM 2395 116.91 0 280000 0 280000

7. PlantdistributionNos 50 129 0 6460 0 6460

TOTAL 391980 153720 545700

MavullapoilWatershed‐Sector–II–LivelihoodActivitiesforLandless/Assetless‐IIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost TargetIWMPfund

MNREGS/othersource/Bank

LoanTotal

1 Seed money for enterprisingindividuals Nos 0 0 25380 0 25380

1 SeedmoneyforSHGs Nos 0 0 101520 0 101520Total 126900 0 126900

MavullapoilWatershed‐Sector–II–LivelihoodActivitiesforLandless/Assetless‐IIIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMP

fund

MNREGS/othersource/Bank

LoanTotal

1 SeedmoneyforSHGs Nos 0 0 50760 0 50760III FundingforMajorlivelihoodactivities

1 Grossaryandstationaryshope Nos 153000 1 76140 76860 153000Total 126900 76860 203760

FundingpatternSeed money for enterprising individuals (10% of the allocation ‐

Revolvingfund) 25380

SeedmoneyforSHGs(60%oftheallocation‐Revolvingfund) 152280Fundingformajorlivelihoodactivities(30%oftheallocation‐Grantinaid) 76140

Totalallocation 253800

MavullapoilWatershed‐Sector–III–ProductionSystem&MicroEnterprisesbasedlivelihoodactivities‐IIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost TargetIWMPfund Total WDF

1 Cowrearingunit Nos 24000 5 120000 12000020%forGeneral&10

%forSC/ST2 Rabbitrearing Nos 21000 1 21000 21000Total 141000 141000

MavullapoilWatershed‐Sector–III–ProductionSystem&MicroEnterprisesbasedlivelihoodactivities‐IIIyearactionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unitUnitcost Target

IWMPfund Total WDF

1 Cowrearingunit Nos 24000 5 120000 12000020%forGeneral&10

%forSC/ST2 Rabbitrearing Nos 21000 1 21000 21000Total 141000 141000

TotalAllotment‐282000

ENTRYPOINTACTIVITY‐MAVULLAPOYILWATERSHEDDEVELOPMENTPROJECT‐ACTIONPLAN

Sl:no Activity Unit Unitcost Target

IWMPEPAfund

IWMPProjectfund

Total

3. ConstructionofawellatMavullapoyilnearKanamthodu No 62500 1 62500 ‐ 625004. ConstructionofacheckdaminKanamthodu Nos 4370 1 4370 ‐ 4370

5. Stream bank stabilization with retaining wall along the side ofKanamthodubelowcheckdam Rm 940 49 45930 130 46060

Total 112800 130 112930

ERIAM–IIWATERSHED

GramaPanchayat : Kadannappalli‐Panapuzha,Village : PanapuzhaWardscovered : VII&VIII BlockPanchayat : ThaliparambaThaluk : KannurDistrict : KannurTotalfamiliescovered : 392TotalPopulationcovered : 1724TotaltreatableArea : 488HaRiverBasin : Peruvamba(Perumba)RiverAverageLength : 2.5.Kms.AverageWidth : 7.5.Kms.TotalProjectCost : Rs.73,20,000/‐Boundaries North:Mavullapoil&Nayikkunnuwatersheds South:Aripambra&Therandiwatersheds East:ChapparappadavuGramaPanchayat West:EriamRiver

IntroductionThewatershedisalsoknownasKanaramvayalasthelocalpeoplecallit.Thiswatershedcoverstwowardsof theGramaPanchayatviz,7&8wards.The importantplaces inthewatershedareKanaramvayal,Eriam,Kannamkai,Edakome,NjandambalamandParacheri.Thiswatershedisgenerallyanagriculturalarea.Thewatershedhasatotalareaof488ha.GeographicDescriptionoftheWatershed:a. Location:

Eriam II watershed is located in Panapuzha village of Thaliparamba Block Panchayath. It isaround56kmaway from theDistrictHeadQuartersand isaccessibleby road.Pilathara, andThaliparamba, the nearest bus stations are situated around 16 km away. Payyannur andPazhayangadiRailwaystationsarealmostatthesamedistancefromthewatershed,i.e.,24Kms.b. Thegeographiccoordinates:Geographically thewatershedarea liesbetweentheeast longitude75022’30”and75024’0”andnorthlatitude1208’0”and1209’0”.Thewatershedhasanelevationof153ft.

c. AveragelengthandwidthofthewatershedEriamIIwatershedhasanaveragelengthof2.5Kmsandanaveragewidthof7.5Kms.

DemographicDetails:EriamIIwatershedcovers392householdswithatotalpopulationof1724.Themalepopulationis827andthefemalepopulationis897.Thereare3SChouseholdsresidinginthewatershedwithatotalpopulationof14withequalmaleandfemale.ThenumberofBPLfamiliesis175.Relief&DrainageThetopographyismoderatelyundulating.TheupperreacheslikeVellakkunnuarerockyareas.Lowerportionsof thewatershedwerepaddy fields inoldendaysand in theseplaces thesoilwasofalluvialtype.Water is mainly drained by Kanaramvayal Stream which originates from KulangarakkunnuAattukadavilAntony’splotandjoinswithEriamRiver.Beforethestreamenterintotheriver,itflowsadistanceof3.85Kms,withanaveragewidthof3metersandadepthof1½meters.Theupperreachofthisstreamisusuallydryup.Inthedownstreamwaterisavailableinallseasons.Theotherdrainagesystemsinthewatershedareshownbelow:1. Stream‐1:OriginatingfromK.V.Bhasakaran’sandK.V.Karunakaran’s2. KulangarakkunnuThodu:OriginatingfromMankuzhuchalJose’3. Stream–3.:OriginatingfromIttammalRaman’s4. MadayullachalStream:OriginatingfromKarakkeelKumaran’s5. Stream–5:OriginatingfromVaniyappuraSunny’s6. Stream‐6:OriginatingfromValluvalappilMukundhan7. KariyilThodu8. Stream‐8:OriginatingfromMaikeelGopalan’s9. Stream‐9:OriginatingfromClarammaThomas10. Stream‐10:OriginatingfromMuhammad’s11. KarippalChundaStream12. PoothakkamChal13. Stream‐13:OriginatingfromAboobakkar’s14. Stream‐14:OriginatingfromPullathuGeorge15. Stream‐15:OriginatingfromPoovathumMoottilChako’s16. Stream‐16:OriginatingfromIbhrahimKutty’s17. Stream‐17:OriginatingfromKunnappadaKannan’s18. Stream‐18:OriginatingfromMottammalNarayanan’splots.Besides theabove streams thereare13ponds,11borewells and2 springs in thewatershedalongwith263openwells.All thewatersourcesenrich thewatershed,but theavailabilityofwater in most of the sources is seasonal. This had resulted the farmer became reluctant tocontinuethefoodcropsandtheysteppedintothecashcropswhicharemainlyrainfed.TheDrainagedensity:Mavullapoilhasadrainagedensityof50.2m/Ha.PresentsituationofthestreamsandotherwaterbodiesAsmentionedabove,themainstreamdriesupinthesummer,especiallyintheupperregion.Allthesmallerstreamsarealsodryinginthesummer.WaterscarcityisexperiencedinParacherryandNhandambalmarea.

RainfallandClimateClimate in theEriamIIwatershed issimilar to theotherwatersheds in theGramaPanchayat.Themaximum temperatureof thewatershed is 36o C and theminimum temperature is 29oC.ThetemperatureisinitspeakbetweenMarchandMay.Therainfall iscomparativelyhigh in thewatershed.MaximumRainfall isobtainingduringtheSouth‐westMonsoon.59%of the rainfall isduring theSouth–westMonsoonand the rest isfromtheNorth‐eastmonsoon.Theaveragerainfallinthewatershedis3697.6mm.SoilType&DepthThetopographyismoderatelyundulating.TheupperreacheslikeVellakkunnuarerockyareas.Lowerportionsofthewatershedwerepaddyfieldsfortyyearsback.andintheseplacesthesoilisofalluvial type(claysoilwithgravels) . In theupperreaches thesoil is lateritewithgravel(BrownHydromorphic).Depthofthesoilinthewatershedis100cmsto150cms.Agriculture&LandUseThewatershedarea,ingeneral,isabout550slopes.Thehighestareaofthewatershedisaround770slopes.Themajorcultivationinthewatershedareaisrubberwhichconsumedabout55%ofthetotalcultivablearea.Thecroppingandlandusepatternistabledbelow:

Crops LandUsed %ofLandused Productivity

Coconut 40.50 5.82 3352Arecanut 27.81 3.22 50.58Cashew 29.87 6.12 28.02Pepper 10.25 2.1 3.00Plantain 10.74 2.2 85.50Vegetables 8.54 1.75 13.07Tubers 5.86 1.2 102.91Rubber 277.57 56.88 374.82

BuiltUpArea 76.86 15.75 0

Total 488 100 0AnimalHusbandryThefarmer’sinterestingrowingdomesticanimalsisdrasticallyreducing.ThisisalsoreflectedintheEriam‐IIwatershed.Givenbelowisatableoflivestockinthewatershed:a. HybridVarietycows(Male):7b. HybridVarietyCows(Female):33c. IndigenousCows(Males):9d. IndigenousCows(Females):52

e. Goat(Males):67f. Goat(Female):193g. Indigenousfouls:83h. HybridVariety:312

Socio‐EconomicDetails:Peopleinthewatershedaremixedcommunitywithallreligiousgroupsandsomeethnicgroups.About 75% of the working class population is involved in the economy as AgriculturalLabourers.Thenextpositionisforpeopleengagedinconstructionsector.Thisisclearevidencethat the economyof thewatershed ismainlybuilt uponagriculture and casual labour. In theagriculture sectors only 5% is considered as farmers. In the case of government employees,perhapsthiswatershedintheGPcomesfirstwith5%ofgovernmentemployees.1%isworkinginMiddleEastandanother1%isworkingasDrivers.Educational level of the people is satisfactory and major portion of the population havecompletedtheirHighSchool/HigherSecondarySchoolEducation.Averygoodnumberofpeoplein thewatershedhaveacquiredcollegiateeducationandthiscouldbeareason for thehigherpercentageofgovernmentemployees.Every family has very good houses andmajority of the houses arewith tiles roof. There is ageneraltendency,asinthecaseofotherwatershedsintheGramaPanchayat,tobringashifttoRCCroofas thewoodenconstructionmaterialsarenoteasilyavailable.Thehousesalsohaveadequatesanitationfacilitiesbutpoorwastedisposalarrangements.There isonlyoneSC family in thewatershed,who is involved in their traditional livelihood–matweavingwithsomefromindigenousplants.The general economic condition of the people in the watershed is that of middle class. TheaverageannualincomeofmajorityofthefamiliesisbetweenRs.60,000andRs.120,000/‐Mostof the children in the school going age gets very education and the educational facilities areavailablewithinthereachofthewatershedcommunity.

RoadNetwork:

There is a very vast road network that connects the watershed areas with external world.Transportfacilitiesareavailableinthemainroads.Otherroadsareoccupiedbysmallervehicleslikethreewheelersandtwowheelers.Rarelytherearesomecars.Thecarsandtwowheelersare owned by private parties andmaking use of theirs or their family’smovement from oneplace to another. The bus service in themain road ismainly to reach theNational Highway,superspecialtyhospitalsandto theBlockHeadQuarters.Givenbelowisa listofroads in thewatershed.

SLNo. NameoftheRoad Length(

m)Width(m)

1. Eriam‐Edakomroad 3000 52. Kannankai‐Madamthatturoad 2000 43. KanaramvayalDewasam‐Kulangarakunnuroad 750 34. Kanaramvayallinjroad 400 35. KannankaiKurisadi‐Vellakunnuroad 1500 3

6. Kanaramvayalvayanasala(Paracheri)‐Edakomthatturoad 1000 3

7. Kanaramvayalanganwadi‐KarippalChundaroad 1000 38. KannankaiKurisadi‐KannankaiMosqueroad 1000 3

InstitutionsandCommunitybasedorganizations:

Institutions and CBOs directly influence the living situation and cultural formation of acommunity. Hence it is important to study about such arrangements. Given below are suchinstitutions:

ChristNagarLPSchool,Edakome EdakomePostOffice FederalBankEdakome MadaiCo‐opRuralBank Service–CoopBank,Kadannappally KanaramvayalAnganwadi WomenReadingCentre MahilaSamajam,Kanaramvayal KudumbasreeWorkingShed KrishnaPillaiMemorialReadingRoom PHC,Kannamkai. Vedi.MenSHG RedStarClub,Kanaramvayal PuthiyaBhagavathiTemple EdakomeChurch

MarketFacilities: ThewatershedcommunitydependsuponEdakomeTownshipwithinthewatershedfortheirimmediate needs. Perumpadavu is about 5 Kms away from thewatershed. Thaliparamba issituatedabout17Kmawayfromthewatershed.Hospitalfacilities:There are no major hospitals or dispensaries in the watershed. The watershed communitydependsonPHCatKannamkaiforminorailments.BighospitalsareavailableinThaliparamaba,whichis17KMsawayfromthewatershed.TheycanaccessthehospitalfacilitiesatPayyanuralsoabout26KmawayfromthewatershedandthePariyaramMedicalCollegewhichisabout19Kmsawayforfurtherspecializedtreatment.MajorProblemsofthewatershed

SoilrelatedProblems

WaterrelatedProblems

Problemsrelatedto

Agriculture/Bio‐diversity

Problemsrelatedto

Livestock/AnimalHusbandry

Severeandheavysoilerosion

Reducingproductivityofthesoil

Deteriorationofthesoilhumus

Changeinthe

Severedrought Highvelocityrunoffinthemonsoonseason

Increasingnumberofbore‐wells

Loweringwater

Reluctancetocultivatefoodcrops

Unavailabilityofqualityorganicfertilizersandbio‐repellants

Poorawareness

Reductionincowrearing

Reductioninpoultry

Poorperformanceoftheveterinaryhospitals

chemicalstructureofthesoilandreducingstoragecapacityofthesoil

Heavywaterdrainfromthesoil

table Sedimentationin

thewaterbodies introductionofplantationcrops

Contaminationofstreamsideaquifer

Contaminationduetodirectdisposalofwaste

ontheimportanceandrelevanceofOrganicFarming

Shiftfrommulticropstomonocrops

ReducingPaddyfields

Poorvegetablecultivation

Unavailabilityofgreenfodder/dryfodder

Inadequatereturns

LackofInterestinAnimalHusbandry

Newgenerationreluctanttoenterintothefieldofanimalhusbandry.

ActivitiesproposedtoaddresstheissuesNatural ResourceManagement(NRM)

ProductionSystem&Micro‐Enterprises(PS&M)

LivelihoodSupportSystems(LSS)

SoilConservation1. GullyPlugging2. Streambankstabilization3. Livefencing4. Stonebunding5. CentripetalTerracing

1. GoatRearing2. CowRearing3. OrganicFertilizer

Distribution4. BananaCultivation5. OrganicVegetable

Cultivation6. VermiComposting

1. ConcreteMixingMachine2. TailoringUnit3. DistributionofTailoring

Machine

WaterConservation1. Wellrenovation2. Yardwatercollectionpits3. Retainingwall4. MoistureCollectionPits5. SourceRecharging6. CheckDams7. RainWaterHarvesting8. Drinkingwaterproject9. VCBrenovation10. Welldigging11. VCBconstruction

Eriam‐IIWatershedDevelopmentProject(Area–488Ha)‐MasterplanforFourYears‐Fundingpattern

Installment

Administration

Monitoring EvaluationEntryPointActivity

Institution&CapacityBuilding

DPRpreparati

on

WatershedDevelopme

ntActivities

Livelihood

Activities

Production

system&Micro

Enterprises

ConsolidationPhase

TotalIWMPprojectfund

1St 146400 14640 14640 292800 219600 73200 702720 0 0 0 1464000

% 2 0.2 0.2 4 3 1 9.6 0 0 0 20

2nd 183000 14640 14640 0 73200 0 1215120 329400 366000 0 2196000

% 2.5 0.2 0.2 0 1 0 16.6 4.5 5 0 30

3rd 219600 21960 21960 0 73200 0 1163880 329400 366000 0 2196000

% 3 0.3 0.3 0 1 0 15.9 4.5 5 0 30

4rd 183000 21960 21960 0 0 0 1017480 0 0 219600 1464000

% 2.5 0.3 0.3 0 0 0 13.9 0 0 3 20

Total 732000 73200 73200 292800 366000 73200 4099200 658800 732000 219600 7320000

% 10 1 1 4 5 1 56 9 10 3 100

Eriam‐IIWatershed:Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐Iyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost Target EPAIWMPFund MNREGS/Other

Source Total WD

1. MoisturecollectionpitsM3 149 1000 0 0 149000 149000

10%G

l&5%SC

/ST

2. LiveFencingRM 24 1000 0 0 24000 24000

3. StonebundingM2 144 757 0 109022 0 109022

4. CentrypetalterracingNos 65.67 200 0 0 13134 13134

5. GullycontrolledcheckdamRM 2996 4.24 0 12720 0 12720

6. Retainingwall(2mheight)alongthesidesofKanaranvayalthodu

RM 2395 96.06 0 230068 0 230068

7. WellrechargingNos 12970 3 0 38910 0 38910

8. SourcerecharginginEdakkomChristnagarLPSchool

Nos 239000 1 0 239000 0 239000

9. kulangarakunnudrinkingwaterprojectNos 73000 1 0 73000 0 73000

10. ImprovementstotheexsistingNjandambalamPublicwell

M3 149 1000 0 0 149000 149000

11. ShuttertypecheckdamatKanaramvayalthodu

RM 24 1000 0 0 24000 24000

12. Rainwaterharvestingtank5000ltrcapacityforindividuals

M2 144 757 0 109022 0 109022

Total 702720 78390 781110

Eriam–IIWatershed:Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivitiesIIyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost Target EPAIWMPFund MNREGS/Other

Source Total WDF

1. Constructingshuttertypecheckdam(3.50mwidth)inkanaranvayalthodu(belowtheplotofPalaykkalBaby)

Nos 124000 1 0 124000 0 124000

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. WellrenovationandfixingsourcerechargingsysteminKanaramvayalHealthcentre

Nos 89000 1 0 89000 0 89000

3. Rainwaterharvestingtank10000ltrcapacityforKanaramvayalAnganvady

Nos 55000 1 0 55000 0 55000

4. kulangarakunnudrinkingwaterprojectNos 340000 1 0 340000 0 340000

5. CastingshutterinKanaramvayalVCBNos 36931 1 0 36931 0 36931

6. Moisturecollectionpits M3 149 2000 0 0 298000 298000

7. Livefencing RM 24 2500 0 0 60000 60000

8. Stonebunding Nos 144 668.47 0 96259 0 96259

9. Centrypetalterracing Nos 65.67 400 0 0 26268 26268

10. ImprovementstotheexsistingPublicwellinEdakkomtownNos 128000 1 0 128000 0 128000

11. Gullycontrolledcheckdam RM 2996 6.36 0 19080 0 19080

12. Retainingwall(2mheight)alongthesidesofKanaranvayalt5hoduRM 2395 109.39 0 262000 0 262000

13. Wellrecharging Nos 12970 5 0 64850 0 64850

14. Yardwatercollectionpit Nos 400 40 0 0 16000 16000

15. Husktrench Nos 165 350 0 0 57750 57750

Total 1215120 458018 1673138

Eriam‐IIWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐IIIyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost Target EPA IWMPFund MNREGS/OtherSource Total WDF

1. Constructingopendugoutwellinkannankuzhi

Nos 311000 1 0 301000 0 301000

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. HusktrenchNos 165 300 0 0 49500 49500

3. Improvementstotheexsistingwellinkanaranvayalanganvady

Nos 65000 1 0 65000 0 65000

4. steambankstebilizationforKariyilthodu1.5mheight

RM 2395 49.21 0 117880 0 117880

5. ConstructionofVCB5mwidthinKanaramvayalthodu

Nos 680000 1 0 680000 0 680000

6. MoisturecollectionpitsM3 149 3000 0 0 447000 447000

7. LivefencingRM 24 2500 0 0 60000 60000

8. CentrypetalterracingNos 65.67 300 0 0 19701 19701

9. YardwatercollectionpitNos 400 30 0 0 12000 12000

Total 1163880 588201 1752081

Eriam‐IIWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐IVyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost Target EPA IWMP

FundMNREGS/Other

Source Total WDF

1. GullycontrolledcheckdaminKarippalchundathodu

RM 2996 6.36 0 19080 0 19080

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. Constructingshuttertypecheckdam(3.50mwidth)inkanaranvayalthodu

Nos 124000 1 0 124000 0 124000

3. HusktrenchNos 165 200 0 0 33000 33000

4. StonebundingM2 144 195.9 0 28215 0 28215

5. MoisturecollectionpitsM3 149 3000 0 0 447000 447000

6. LivefencingRM 24 2000 0 0 48000 48000

7. CentrypetalterracingNos 65.67 400 0 0 26268 26268

8. YardwatercollectionpitNos 400 35 0 0 14000 14000

9. ConstructionofVCB5mwidthinKanaramvayalthodu

Nos 680000 1 0 680000 0 680000

10. steambankstebilizationforPoothakulamchalthodu‐1.00mheight

RM 2395 19.59 0 46935 0 46935

11. Retainingwall(2mheight)alongthesidesofKanaranvayalt5hodu

RM 2395 49.79 0 119250 0 119250

TOTAL 1017480 568268 1585748

Eriam‐IIWatershed‐Sector–II–LivelihoodActivitiesforLandless/Assetless‐IIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMP

fund

MNREGS/other

source/BankLoan

Total

1 seedmoneyforenterprisingindividuals Nos 0 0 65880 0 65880

2 SeedmoneyforSHGs Nos 0 0 263520 0 263520

Total 329400 0 329400

Eriam‐IIWatershed‐Sector–II–LivelihoodActivitiesforLandless/Assetless‐IIIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMP

fund

MNREGS/other

source/BankLoan

Total

1 SeedmoneyforSHGs Nos 0 0 131760 0 131760

III FundingforMajorlivelihoodactivities

1 RCCWorkUnit Nos 300000 1 150000 150000 300000

2 Foodpreservationunit Nos 96000 1 47640 48360 96000

Total 329400 198360 527760

Fundingpattern

Seedmoneyforenterprisingindividuals(10%oftheallocation) 65880

SeedmoneyforSHGs(60%oftheallocation) 395280

Fundingformajorlivelihoodactivities(30%oftheallocation) 197640

Totalallocation 658800

Eriam‐IIWatershed‐Sector–III–ProductionSystem&MicroEnterprisesbasedlivelihoodactivities‐IIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost

Target IWMPfund Total WDF

1 Bananacultivation Nos 24000 10 240000 24000020%for

General&10%forSC/ST

2 Vermicompost Nos 7000 5 35000 35000

3 Organicfertilizerdistribution(100kg/Farmer) Nos 1800 51 91000 91800

TOTAL 366000 366800

Eriam‐IIWatershed‐Sector–III–ProductionSystem&MicroEnterprisesbasedlivelihoodactivities‐IIIyearactionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost

Target IWMPfund Total WDF

1 Organicvegetablecultivation Nos 24000 10 240000 24000020%for

General&10%forSC/ST

2 Vermicomposting Nos 9000 5 45000 45000

3 Organicfertilizerdistribution(100kg/Farmer) Nos 1800 45 81000 81000

Total 366000 366000

TotalAllotment‐732000

ERYAM‐IIWATERSHEDDEVELOPMENTPROJECT‐ENTRYPOINTACTIVITY‐ACTIONPLAN

Sl:no Activity Unit Unitcost Target IWMPEPAfund

IWMPProjectfund

Total

6. Constructionofshuttertypecheckdam3mwidthinKanaramvayalthodu

No 104010 1 104010 ‐ 104010

7. Streambankprotection Rm 1800 104.88 188790 210 189000

Total 292800 210 293010

ALAKKADU–IIWATERSHED

GramaPanchayat : Kadannappalli‐Panapuzha,Village : PanapuzhaWardscovered : VI&VII BlockPanchayat : ThaliparambaThaluk : KannurDistrict : KannurTotalfamiliescovered : 172TotalPopulationcovered : 1100TotaltreatableArea : 280HaRiverBasin : Peruvamba(Perumba)RiverAverageLength : 2.9.Kms.AverageWidth : 3.1.Kms.TotalProjectCost : Rs.42,00,000/‐Boundaries : North:PanapuzhaRiver : South:Puthukkudivayalwatershed : East:PariyaramGramaPanchayat : West:PanapuzhaRiver

IntroductionAlakkad II watershed spreaded over 6th and 7th wards of Kadannappalli‐Panapuzhagramapanchayath andhas a total geographic areaof 280ha.This geographic area includes aspatial coverageof southernpartofPariyaramGramaPanchayath (a smallportion),northofPanapuzhaRiver,ManikkamangalamhillsintheeastandChowerihillsinthewest.The important places in the watershed are Choweri, Parottipoyil, Alakkadu, Ezhumvayal,Kupperi,Kulangodu,Manikkamangalam,etc.GeographicDescriptionoftheWatershed:a. Location:

Geographicallythewatershedhasaslantingnaturetowardsnorthdirectionwithhillocksandmediumslopes.Theupstreaqmareas in thewatershed areKulangodu,Kupperi, Ezhumvayal,Choweri and Manikkamangalam which are about 60% of the total watershed area. Theremaining40%of landcanbeconsideredasplains.AlakkadandEriamwhichareadjacenttoeachotherandtotheriverobservedasplainlands.b. Thegeographiccoordinates:Geographicallythewatershedliesbetweentheeastlongitudes75021’0”and75022’30andnorthlatitude1207’0”and1208’30”andhasatotalelevationof367feet.

c. AveragelengthandwidthofthewatershedAlakkadu IIwatershed is a smallwatershedwhich has an average length of 2.9 Kms and anaveragewidthof3.1Kms.Relief&DrainageThewatershedhasaslantingnaturetowardsnorthdirectionwithhillocksandmediumslopes.The high ranges in the watershed are Kulangodu, Kupperi, Ezhumvayal, Choweri andManikkamangalamwhich are about 60%of the totalwatershed area. The remaining 40%oflandcanbeconsideredasplains.AlakkadandEriamwhichareadjacenttoeachotherandtotheriverobservedasplainlands.Alakkad II watershed is the catchment area of nine streams which are flowing across thewatershedandenteringintothePanapuzhaRiverwhichformsthenorthwesternboundaryofthewatershed.Thestreamsare:1. Athikkallustream2. Vanisseristream3. Manikkamangalamstream4. Kulangodustream5. Chittadistream

6. Oderastream7. Thenamkunnustream8. Pathamkunnustream9. Karimbilodustream

There are four tributaries enriching the Kulangodu stream. Which are: Kunnile stream,Kattilekunnustream,NeeliyarastreamI,Neeliyarastream II.Thestreamwhich isoriginatingfromtheplotofshri.ThomasisasubstreamofKarimbilodustreamandcontributesitswaterabundance.Thepondsinthewatershedalsoplayaroleinkeepingthewatershedwet.Thelistofpondsisgivenbelow:

Sl.No. Nameofpond Ownership1. Kalathumparapond Public2. Ezhumvayalpond Public3. Muhammadkunjipond Private4. Moitheenpond Private5. KadaykkalAlipond Private6. NarikkoduMuhammadpond Private7. AbdulRahmanHajipond Private8. Shinepond Private9. Roypond Private10. NeeliyaraJosephpond Private11. Khadeejapond Private12. AbdullaHajipond Private13. Sibipond Private14. Abrahampond Private15. M.V.JosephPond Private

TheDrainagedensity:AlakkaduIIwatershedhasadrainagedensityof24.46m/Ha.

PresentsituationofthestreamsandotherwaterbodiesIt seems that the watershed is abundant in the availability of perennial water when oneunderstandthat thereare fifteenponds(twoarepublic)158wellsandtwopublicborewells(oneinEzhumvayalAnganwadiandtheotherinKulangodu)inthewatershed.Inaddition,twopublicopenwellsarealsodug,oneinPathamkunnuandtheotherinEzhumvayal.Butthepityisthatmostofthesewaterbodiesareseasonalprovidingwaterforsixtoeightmonths.Thepublicponds‐ Kalathumpara and Ezhumvayal dry up in early post monsoonmonths. Similar is thesituationofsomeoftheprivatepondsandhouseholdwells.RainfallandClimateClimate in theAlakkadu IIwatershed iswith commonhumid tropical climate.Themaximumtemperature of the watershed is 36.6o C and the minimum temperature is 28.5o C. ThetemperatureisinitspeakbetweenFebruaryandMay.Therainfall iscomparativelyhighinthewatershed.MaximumRainfall isobtainingduringtheSouth‐westMonsoon.61%of the rainfall isduring theSouth–westMonsoonand the rest isfromtheNorth‐eastmonsoon.Theaveragerainfallinthewatershedis3697.6mm.SoilType&DepthIn theupperportionsof thewatershedredgravellyclayeysoil (Brownhydromorphic soil) isgenerally seen. This is specifically so in places like Choweri, Manikkamangalam, Kulangodu,Kupperi and Ezhumvayal. Clay (clay soil with gravels) is seen in areas adjacent to the river.Granite rocks are common in Alakkad Vannathan Valappu and the surroundings of KupperiChurch.About6.31Haarewithbrownhydromorphicsoiland273.69haiswithClaysoilwithgravel.Agriculture&LandUseAround85%ofthetotalareaisundercrops.Thesoutheastpartofthewatershedisrockylandwherecashewplantationiscommon.InEazhumvayalthepaddyfieldis leftbarren.Thereisaconsiderablechangefromthecultivationofmulticropstomonocrops.Theareaunderrubberplantation is considerably increasing. The upper portions of the watershed especiallyKulangodu, Kupperi, Ezhumvayal, etc are highly used for rubber cultivation. Mixed cropcultivationisseenintheregionsadjacenttotheriverandstreams.Thelandusepatternistabledbelow

Crop Area(Ha) % Produ‐ctivityRubber 151.2 54 204.19Coconut 25.2 9 208Arecanut 25.2 9 45.83Pepper 5.6 2 1.64Cashew 8.4 3 7.88Plantain 11.2 4 89.16Vegetables 8.4 3 12.86Tubers 5.6 2 98.35Others 11.2 4 0Builtuparea 28 10 0Total 280 100 0

AnimalHusbandryPoor interest in livestockmaintenanceamong the farmershadresulted indrasticdecrease inthenumberofdomesticanimalsinthewatershed.However,theinterventionoftheveterinarydepartmentandtheGramaPanchayathelpedtosustainsomeofthefarmerswhofosteranimalhusbandry.Givenbelowarethedetailsoflivestockinthewatershed:a. HybridVarietycows(Male):3b. HybridVarietyCows(Female):26c. IndigenousCows(Males):5d. IndigenousCows(Females):34e. Goat(Males):58f. Goat(Female):112g. Indigenousfouls:63h. HybridVariety:108Socio‐EconomicDetails:Alakkadu II watershed covers 174 households with a total population of 1100. The malepopulationis536andthefemalepopulationis564.Thereare25SChouseholdsresidinginthewatershedwitha totalpopulationof131withmalepopulation65and femalepopulation66.ThenumberofBPLfamiliesis88.Thegeneraleconomicsituationofthewatershedcommunityisthatofmiddleclass.Onecannotdistinguish those rich and poor from the physical appearance of the people. But there arepoverty stricken families in thewatershed, especially those SC communities. Statistics showsthat out of the total 174 families 88 are categorized as BPL. This is about 50.57% the totalhouseholdsinthewatershed.Around83%of the totalworking class in thewatershed is in the agricultural sector and theeconomy is built upon agriculture. Therefore, the deterioration of farm lands and change inecologyaffectsthewholeeconomyofthehouseholdsinthewatershed.Onlyafewpercentagesaresalaried.Averygoodpercentageofworkingclasspopulation(22%)isdailywagersworkingmainlyinconstructionsector. Therest15.5%areexclusivelylivingoncasuallaboureitherinfarmsectororinnon‐farmsector.The watershed is net‐worked with both tarred andmud roads which enables the people tomoveoneplacetoanother.Thisroadnetworkplaysanimportantroleinthecivilandpoliticalempowermentofthepeopleandtheirculturalexchange.Buttheconveyancefacilitiesarestillbegrowninthewatershed.Educationally and culturally the watershed community is comparatively better because theyhave easy access to educational institutions in and around the Grama Panchayat. Clubs andculturalassociationsarethecontributorstowardsthisculturalgrowthanddevelopmentofthewatershedcommunity.

RoadNetwork:There are 6roads that connects different places of thewatershed and allowing the people tomove one place to another. Bu there is no bus service in the watershed. People depend onprivate or own vehicles to go outside the watershed for various purposes. The roads are:Choweri – Parottipoil road, Ezhumvayal Colony – Alakkadu PHC road, Ezhumvayal Colony –JimmyWaitingShedRoad,Kulangodu–EriamSchoolRoad,Kulangodu‐KannamkaiRoadandChoweri–ManikkamangalamRoad.InstitutionsandCommunitybasedorganizations:Institutions that directly related to the watershed community are: Ezhumvayal Anganwadi,Kupperi Mosque, Ezhumvayal Mosque, Kulangodu Church, Ayyappa Bhajana madam,EzhumvayalandEzhumvayalCultuaralCentre.MarketFacilities: ThewatershedcommunitydependsuponEriamTownship(2Kmsaway)fortheirimmediateneeds.MathamangalamBazaarisabout12Kmsawayfromthewatershed.Hospitalfacilities:There are no major hospitals or dispensaries in the watershed. The watershed communitydepends on medical institutions in Mathamangalam and Payyanur for minor ailments.PariyaramMedicalCollegeisabout21Kmsawayfromthewatershed.MajorProblemsofthewatershedMajorproblemsidentifiedthroughabrainstormingsessioninwhichrepresentativesfromtheNeighbourhoodclustersparticipated.Theproblemsarecategorizedunder fourheadings:Soilrelated, Water related, Agro‐Bio Diversity Related and Animal Husbandry related. Such acategorizationisinlinewiththeactivitiesthatcanbeundertakenIWMPtosolvetheissues.Theissuesarelistedbelow:SoilrelatedProblems

Group–IAgroBio‐Diversity

Group–2SoilFertility

Group–3WaterAvailability

Group–4AnimalHusbandry

Shiftfrommulticropstomonocrops

LowPHofthesoilandreducingproductivity

Dryingupofstreamsandpondsinthewatershed

AbsenceofPaddycultivationaffectedavailabilityofdryfodder(straw)

LevelingofPaddyfieldswhichisanaturaleco‐system(E.g.:Ezhumvayal)

Reducingwaterstoragecapacityofthesoil

Lackofwaterconservationmeasures

PrivatizationofCommonPropertyResourcesforDevelopmentinterventions

Extinctionoftraditionalplantsandseeds

SoilerosioninEzhumvayal

Reducingnumberofraindays

LackofinterestinAnimalhusbandryandchanged

mentalityofthefarmers

Destructionofnaturaleco‐systemalienatingplantsandanimals

ChangingChemicalStructureoftheSoilduetoapplicationofchemicals

ContaminationofWaterSources

Inadequatefoddercultivation&highpriceofdryfodder

AtmosphericRadiationfromElectronicEquipmentsspeeduptheextinctionoforganisms

Reducingsoilfertility

Depletinggroundwatertableanddrinkingwaterscarcity(Patthamkunnu,Karimbilodu,Ezhumvayal,ThenamkunnuandKulangoduThattu)

ExtinctionoftraditionalanimalslikeVechurCowsandMalabriGoats

ActivitiesproposedtoaddresstheissuesGenerally the activities are of three folds: Natural Resource Management Activities whichcovers the soil, water and bio‐diversity issues, Production System Management and MicroEnterprises (PS&M) which covers the agriculture and soil problems along with economicbackwardness, , whichmanages the livelihoods and economic backwardness of the landless,womenand the indigenouscommunities.Givenbelow isabriefabout theactivitiesproposedforthewatershed:

NaturalResourceManagement(NRM)

ProductionSystem&Micro‐Enterprises

(PS&M)

LivelihoodSupportSystems(LSS)

SoilConservation1. Livefencing2. Stonebunding3. Centripetalterracing4. Streambankstabilization5. GullyPlugging

1. GoatRearing2. Cowrearing3. BananaCultivation4. RabbitRearing5. OrganicVegetableCultivation

1. TailoringMachineDistribution

2. WeldingUnit3. BananaChipsMaking

Unit

WaterConservation1. Retainingwall2. Yardwatercollectionpits3. HuskTrenches4. MoistureCollectionPits5. SourceRecharging6. CheckDams7. RainWaterHarvesting

Alakkad‐IIWatershedDevelopmentProject(Area–280Ha)MasterplanforFourYears‐Fundingpattern

Installment

Administration

Monitoring

EvaluationEntryPointActivity

Institution&CapacityBuilding

DPRpreparati

on

WatershedDevelopm

entActivities

Livelihood

Activities

Productionsystem&MicroEnterpris

es

ConsolidationPhase

TotalIWMPprojectfund

1St 84000 8400 8400 168000 126000 42000 403200 0 0 0 840000

% 2 0.2 0.2 4 3 1 9.6 0 0 0 20

2nd 105000 8400 8400 0 42000 0 697200 189000 210000 0 1260000

% 2.5 0.2 0.2 0 1 0 16.6 4.5 5 0 30

3rd 126000 12600 12600 0 42000 0 667800 189000 210000 0 1260000

% 3 0.3 0.3 0 1 0 15.9 4.5 5 0 30

4rd 105000 12600 12600 0 0 0 583800 0 0 126000 840000

% 2.5 0.3 0.3 0 0 0 13.9 0 0 3 20

Total 420000 42000 42000 168000 210000 42000 2352000 378000 420000 126000 4200000

% 10 1 1 4 5 1 56 9 10 3 100

Alakkadu‐IIWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐Iyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost TargetEPA

IWMPFund

MNREGS/OtherSource

Total WDF

1. MoisturecollectionpitsM3 149 500 0 0 74500 74500

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. LivefencingRM 24 1000 0 24000 24000

3. StonebundingM2 144 489.7 70529 0 70529

4. CentrypetalterracingNOS 65.67 100 0 0 6567 6567

5. GullycontrolledcheckdamacrossKarimbilodethodu

RM 2996 6.36 19080 0 19080

6. ConstructionofcheckdaminKarimbilodthdouneartheplotofThomasVeranikalandAbrahamChoorapuzha

RM 2996 7.17 21491 0 21491

7. StreambankprotectionwithretainingwallalongthesidesofKarimbilodthoduneartheplotofC.G.Prabhakaran(2sides)

RM

2395 43.5 104300 0 104300

8. StreambankprotectionwithretainigwallalongthesidesofKarimbilodthoduneartheplotofV.K.Balakrishnan,MattummalHopalan

RM 2395 78.41 187800 0 187800

Total 403200 105067 508267

Alakkadu‐IIWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivitiesIIyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost Target EPA

IWMPFund MNREGS/OtherSource Total WDF

1. GullycontrolledStructuresacrossPathamkunnuthoduatUriyilkunnu

RM 2996 1 0 2996 0 2996

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. Gullycontrolledcheckdamacrosspathamkunnuthodu

RM 2996 5.09 0 15264 0 15264

3. StreambankprotectionwithretainingwallalongthesidesofKarimbilodthoduneartheplotofC.G.Prabhakaran(2sides)

RM 2395 107.98 0 258614 0 258614

4. GullycontrolledcheckdaminThenamkunnuthodu

RM 2395 37.98 0 90973 0 90973

5. RetainingwallalongthesidesofPathamkunnuthoduneartheplotofChappamthottathilAndruman,MadathilAmina

RM 2395 87.09 0 208600 0 208600

6. RetainingwallalongthesidesofPathamkunnuthoduneartheplotofMadathilMariyam‐ParvathiPeedikavalappil

M2 144 838.56 0 120753 0 120753

7. StoneBunding M3 149 500 0 0 74500 74500

8. Moistureconservationpit RM 24 1500 0 0 36000 36000

9. Livefencing NOS 400 100 0 0 40000 40000

10. Yardwatercollectionpit RM 2996 1 0 2996 0 2996

Total 697200 150500 847700

Alakkadu‐IIWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐IIIyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost Target EPAIWMPFund MNREGS/Other

Source Total WDF

1. StoneBundingM3 144 558.2 0 80390 0 80390

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. CentrypetalterracingNos 65.67 100 0 0 6567 6567

3. YardwatercollectionpitNos 400 15 0 0 6000 6000

4. LivefencingRM 24 1800 0 0 43200 43200

5. Rainwaterharvestingtank5000ltrcapacityforindividuals

Nos 30200 5 0 151000 0 151000

6. WellrechargingNos 12970 9 0 116730 0 116730

7. GullycontrollingstructuresinNeeliyarthodu,Kattilakunnuthodu

RM

2996 6.368 0 19080 0 19080

8. RetainingwallalongthesidesofThahiraPandikashalayilfrombelowthejunctionbetweenneeliyarkunnuthoduandKattilakunnuthodu

RM 2395 30.48 0 73010 0 73010

9. RetainingwallalongthesidesKunnilamthodufromthejunctionofKulangodthodu

RM

2395 95.02 0 227590 0 227590

Total 667800 55767 723567

Alakkadu–IIWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐IVyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost TargetEPA

IWMPFund

MNREGS/OtherSource

Total WDF

1. RetainingwallalongthesidesofManikyamangalamthoduneartheplotofDhamodharanKalamvalappil

RM 2395 29.79 0 71355 0 71355

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. RetainingwallalongthesidesKunnilamthodufromthejunctionofKulangodthodu

RM 2395 78.41 0 187800 0 187800

3. GullyplugginginKulangodthodufromstartingpoint

RM 2696 6.36 0 19080 0 19080

4. GullyplugginginAthikkallukunnuthodu RM 2696 4.24 0 12720 0 12720

5. Wellrecharging Nos 12970 5 0 64850 0 64850

6. Stonebunding M2 144 279.1 0 40195 0 40195

7. StreambankprotectionwithretainingwallalongthesidesofKarimbilodthoduneartheplotofSalimkulathunkal‐C.G.Prabhakaran

RM

2395 78.41 0 187800 0 187800

8. Centrypetalterracing Nos 65.67 500 0 0 32835 32835

9. Yardwatercollectionpit Nos 400 100 0 0 40000 40000

10. Livefencing

RM

24 1500 0 0 36000 36000

11. Moisturecollectionpit M3 149 1000 0 0 149000 149000

12. Husktrench Nos 165 300 0 0 49500 49500

TOTAL 583800 307335 891135

Alakkad‐IIWatershed‐Sector–II–LivelihoodActivitiesforLandless/Assetless‐IIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMP

fund

MNREGS/other

source/BankLoan

Total

1 seedmoneyforenterprisingindividuals Nos 0 0 37800 0 37800

1 SeedmoneyforSHGs Nos 0 0 151200 0 151200

Total 189000 51000 240000

Alakkad‐IIWatershed‐Sector–II–LivelihoodActivitiesforLandless/Assetless‐IIIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target

MNREGS/other

source/BankLoan

WDF Total

1 SeedmoneyforSHGs Nos 0 0 75600 0 75600

III FundingforMajorlivelihoodactivities

1 Weldingunit Nos 150000 1 75000 75000 150000

2 Bananachipsmakingunit Nos 77000 1 38400 38600 77000

Total 189000 113600 302600

Fundingpattern Seedmoneyforenterprisingindividuals(10%oftheallocation‐Revolvingfund)

37800

SeedmoneyforSHGs(60%oftheallocation‐Revolvingfund) 226800

Fundingformajorlivelihoodactivities(30%oftheallocation‐Grantinaid) 113400

Totalallocation 378000

Alakkad‐IIWatershed‐Sector–III–ProductionSystem&MicroEnterprisesbasedlivelihoodactivities‐IIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost

Target IWMPfund Total WDF

1 Cowrearingunit Nos 24000 5 113000 120000

20%forGeneral&10%forSC/ST

2 Bananacultivation Nos 24000 3 72000 72000

3 Rabbitrearing Nos 25000 1 25000 25000

Total 210000 217000

Alakkad‐IIWatershed‐Sector–III–ProductionSystem&MicroEnterprisesbasedlivelihoodactivities‐IIIyearactionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMP

fundTotal WDF

1 Organicvegitablecultivation Nos 24000 5 113000 12000020%forGeneral&10%forSC

/ST

2 Bananacultivation Nos 24000 3 72000 72000

3 Rabbitrearing Nos 25000 1 25000 25000

Total 210000 217000

TotalAllotment‐420000

PUTHUKKUDIVAYALWATERSHED

GramaPanchayat : Kadannappalli‐PanapuzhaVillage : PanapuzhaWardscovered : IV,V&VI BlockPanchayat : ThaliparambaThaluk : KannurDistrict : KannurTotalfamiliescovered : 211TotalPopulationcovered : 950TotaltreatableArea : 462HaRiverBasin : Peruvamba(Perumba)RiverAverageLength : 3.0.Kms.AverageWidth : 4.25.Kms.TotalProjectCost : Rs.69,30,000/‐Boundaries : North:PanapuzhaRiver : South:Puthukkudivayalwatershed : East:PariyaramGramaPanchayat : West:PanapuzhaRiver

IntroductionPuthukkudivayal watershed is amicrowatershed of 462 ha of land spread over two GramaPanchayats: Kadannappally – Panapuzha and Pariyaram. Only a very small portion is inPariyaram Grama Panchayat, major portion (406.69 ha) lies in 4th, 5th and 6th wards ofKadannappally – Panapuzha Panchayat and the rest ( 55.31ha) lies in Pariyaram GramaPanchayat.Thearea included in thePariyaramPanchayat ismostlybarrenwithhard lateriterocks.Includingthis,thetotalcultivablewasteinthiswatershedis125ha.Themainplacesinthe watershed are Puthukudi, Ponnacheri, Cheruvayal, Karakkundu, Pathayakundu,Ezhumvayal, etc. Two revenuevillages shares thewatershed area, thePanapuzhavillage andPariyaramvillageofThaliparambablockPanchayath.The important places in the watershed are Choweri, Parottipoyil, Alakkadu, Ezhumvayal,Kupperi,Kulangodu,Manikkamangalam,etc.GeographicDescriptionoftheWatershed:a. Location:Thewatershed is located about 45 Km away from theDistrict HeadQuarters and accessiblethrough road. The watershed is about 6 Km away from the Panchayat Head Quarters.Geographicallythewatershedhasaslantingnaturefromsouthtonorthdirectionwithhillocksand medium slopes. The upstream areas in the watershed like Karakkundu, Ponnachery,cheruvayal,Pallithattu,Muthakkundu,andMadolinhietcarehillswhichareofslantingnature.

b. Thegeographiccoordinates

Thewatershedarea liesbetween theeast longitude75019’30and75021’30”andnorth latitude1206’30”and1207’30”withatotalelevationof367feet.c. Averagelengthandwidthofthewatershed

Puthukkudivayalwatershedhasanaveragelengthof3.Kms.andanaveragewidthof4.25Kms.Relief&DrainageThewatershedhasaslantingcharacteristic. Itslants towardsnorth.Thenatureof the land isgenerallyundulatingwithsmallhillsandmoderatehillslopes.Around10%ofthewatershediswithrockylandsandonly1%constitutestheplains.Theslantingnatureofthewatershedhelpsheavysoilerosion.RajagiriStreamformsthemaindrainageofthewatershed.Besidestherearenineotherstreamsalso. These nine streams togetherwith Rajagiri Stream forms Puthukudivayalwatershed. AllstreamsareflowingacrossthewatershedandenteringintoPanapuzhRiver.Thestreamsare: Koovachalstream Cheruvayalstream Rajagiristream Chullistream Kunderistream Ponnacheristream Bheemanadistream Thottiyilstream Koovacheristream ChoweristreamThere are other seven streams which are considered to be tributaries of the main Rajagiristream.ThetributariesthatenrichRajagiriStreamare: Parathodustream Kadungamottastream Eachikundustream ThestreamoriginatingnearKarakkunduchurch Thestreamoriginatingfromtheplotofshri.Rajan Thestreamoriginatingfromtheplotofshri.Sukumaran MadolinjistreamTheCheethastreamandPonnacheriChillystreamsarethesubstreamsofPonnacheristreamandcontributorsofitswaterabundance.Themainwatersourcesfordomesticaswellasirrigationpurposesarewellsandponds.Thereareabouttenponds,5springsand3publicborewellsinthewatershed.

SLNo NameofPond Ownership

1. JanardhananPond Private2. ChandranPond Private3. T.P.ChandranPond Private4. C.K.KunjiramanPond Private5. T.G.AnilkumarPond Private6. MottammalGovindhanPond Private7. CheeyayiPond Private8. TemplePond Public9. CheethaPond Public10. CheruvayalPond Public

The three existing Public bore‐wells situated in the following watershed areas are atPulimbakunnu, Karakkundu and Karakkundu Church. There are five springs observed in thewatershedandisseasonalprovidingwaterforsixtoeightmonths.ThefollowingarethenaturalspringsobservedinPuthukkudivayalwatershed. ParathoduSpring KarakkunduchurchSpring PonnacheriSpring

ChoweriSpring NarimadaSpring

Thereare204privatewellsinthewatershed;outofwhich56areseasonalandtherest148areperennialwells.TheDrainagedensity:ThedrainagedensityofPuthukkudivayalwatershedis16.77m/Ha.PresentsituationofthestreamsandotherwaterbodiesThough about 15% of the household have constructed moisture collection pits to conservewaterandstonepitchedbundstoprotecttopsoilfromerosion,thewatershedisintheclutchesofwaterscarcityandsoildeterioration.Thebundsarealsohelpful to retain thewater in thewatershedbycheckingheavyrunoff.However, streambanksarenotproperlyprotectedandthere is no groundwater rechargingmechanisms. This enhances the water depletion in thewatershed.RainfallandClimateClimate in the Puthukkudivayal watershed is with common humid tropical climate. Themaximumtemperatureofthewatershedis36.6oCandtheminimumtemperatureis28.5oC.ThetemperatureisinitspeakbetweenFebruaryandMay.Therainfall iscomparativelyhighinthewatershed.MaximumRainfall isobtainingduringtheSouth‐westMonsoon.61%of the rainfall isduring theSouth–westMonsoonand the rest isfromtheNorth‐eastmonsoon.Theaveragerainfallinthewatershedis3697.6mm.SoilType&DepthIntheupperportionsofthewatershedredlateritesoil(Brownhydromorphicsoil)isgenerallyseen.ThisisspecificallysoinplaceslikeKarakkundu,Ponnachery,cheruvayal,Muthalakkunnu

andPallithattu.Claysoilwithgravelsisseeninareasadjacenttotheriverandstreams.About22.05Haarewithbrownhydromorphicsoiland439.95haiswithClaysoilwithgravel.Agriculture&LandUseAround20%ofthetotalareaiswithuncultivablerocksandwithstreams.Majorportionofthearea is set apart for cultivation.Major crops in thewatershedare coconut, arecanut, rubber,vegetablesandtubers.Rubberiscultivatedinabout32.09%ofland,coconutin13.32%,arecanut in 11.76%and Vegetables and Tubers in 6.54%. The Built up area is around 9.23% andcultivablewasteis27.06%.Thetablegivenbelowwillillustratethelandusepattern.

Crops LandUsed %ofLandused ProductivityCoconut 61.54 13.32 5093Arecanut 54.33 11.76 98.81Vegetables 30.21 6.54 46.24Rubber 148.28 32.09 200.24

BuiltUpArea 42.64 9.23 0Cultivablewaste 125 27.06 0

Total 462 100 AnimalHusbandryPoor interest in livestockmaintenanceamong the farmershadresulted indrasticdecrease inthenumberofdomesticanimalsinthewatershed.However,theinterventionoftheveterinarydepartmentandtheGramaPanchayathelpedtosustainsomeofthefarmerswhofosteranimalhusbandry.Givenbelowarethedetailsoflivestockinthewatershed:a. HybridVarietycows(Male):4b. HybridVarietyCows(Female):32c. IndigenousCows(Males):7d. IndigenousCows(Females):23

e. Goat(Males):32f. Goat(Female):78g. Indigenousfouls:44h. HybridVariety:117

Socio‐EconomicDetails:Thewatershed has 217 households out ofwhich 69.12% belongs to BPL category. The totalpopulationinthiswatershedisonly950outofwhich503arefemalesand447aremales.TheSChouseholdsinthewatershedare34withatotalpopulationof148.Thenumberofmlaeandfemaleareequal(74each).Though themajor part of the land is used for cultivation only 1% of the total population isconsideredas farmers.This isbecause; the landowners are living elsewhere.Majorityof thewatershedcommunityisinvolvedinconstructionsectorwith36.39%and28.68%areinfarmlabour. Government/Semi Government employees are around 11% and 9.88% are drivers.Thereare4.65%Businesspeopleandtherestaredoingothercasuallabour.Thus themajor source of income for thewatershed community is labour. It has been shownearlierthat82%ofthehouseholdsarecategorizedasBPL.Thisobviouslyshowstheeconomicbackwardnessofthewatershedcommunity.Theaveragelandoccupationis1.32acres.

All thehouseholds in thewatershedhaveownhousesandmostof themtileroofed.ThenewhousesareRCCroofedandtheownersofsuchhousesareeithermiddleclassorthoseworkingabroad.Thehousesareattachedwithadequatesanitationfacilities.Almostallareeducatedatsecondarylevelandthereonlyafewwhoareundereducated.Thisissoespeciallyinthecaseofmen.Continuingeducationisnowconf9inedtogirlchildrenasthemalesareforcedtoenterintothelabourinearlystagesoftheirlifespan.About79%oftheworkingclasspopulationinvolvedinagricultureand22%arewagelabourersworkingmainly inconstructionsector.Onlyaveryfewareemployedingovernmentservices.Theremainingareeitherdriversorworkinginengineeringdivisions.Allarehavingownhouseswithadequatesanitationfacilities.Butsafedisposalmechanismsforsolidandliquidwastesareabsent.Educationally, all are having secondary education. The knowledge level of the people issatisfactory and the predominant political party membership made them aware of socio‐economic backwardness and the reason for such a situation. Most of them are havingmembershipinwelfarefundsschemesfthegovernment.RoadNetwork:There are 3 roads that connect different places of thewatershed and allowing the people tomove one place to another. Karakkundu – Ezhumvayal Road, Puthukkudi Ponnachery Road,Parottypoil–ChoweriKunnuRoadandKarakkundu–ParavoorRoad.Busservice isavailablethrough Karakkundu ‐ Ezhumvayal Road only. Karakkundu ‐ Ezhumvayal Road is the onlytarredroad.InstitutionsandCommunitybasedorganizations:KarakkunduAnganwadi,KarakkunduClubandPonnacherySreeKrishnaTemplearethethreemaininstitutionsinthewatershed.MarketFacilities:The watershed community depends up on Mathamangalam Bazaar (4 Kms away) for theirneeds.LocalpurchaseisalsopossiblefromParavoorMarketwhichisasmalltownship.Hospitalfacilities:Therearenohospitalsordispensariesinthewatershed.Thewatershedcommunitydependsonmedical institutions inMathamangalamandPayyanur forminor ailments. PariyaramMedicalCollegeisabout11Kmsawayfromthewatershed.MajorProblemsofthewatershedMajorproblemsidentifiedthroughabrainstormingsessioninwhichrepresentativesfromtheNeighbourhoodclustersparticipated.Theproblemsarecategorizedunder fourheadings:Soilrelated, Water related, Agro‐Bio Diversity Related and Animal Husbandry related. Such a

categorizationisinlinewiththeactivitiesthatcanbeundertakenIWMPtosolvetheissues.Theissuesarelistedbelow:SoilrelatedIssues:

OncefertilesoilhasdeterioratedandtheProductivityhasdrasticallydecreased Thefertiletopsoiliswashedoffwithhighvelocityrunningwater,especiallyduringmonsoon

Inadequatesoilconservationmeasuresenhancesthelossoffertilesoil Changeinlandusagelikelevelingofpaddyfieldsformixedcropshasreducedfoodcropstoagreatextent.

Indiscriminateapplicationofchemicalfertilizersandpesticidescontaminatedthesoilandsoilhumusisreduced

AcidicnatureofthesoilpreventsseedgerminationandplantgrowthWaterrelatedissues:

Fastdryingwatersources Poorwaterconservationmeasures Poorwaterliteracyamongthewatershedcommunity Overutilizationofwater Groundwaterdeterioration/loweringofwatertable Sedimentationofsourceslikestreamsandponds Landmining Steepslopesresultsinfastrunoff. Drinkingwaterscarcity

Agro‐biodiversityrelatedissues

Overcultivationofmonocrops Absenceofcroprotation Disinterestinfoodcultivation Alienationofwomenfromagriculture Extinctmedicinalplants Eco‐destructionresultedinreductioninplant&animaldiversity Unexpectedplantdiseasesandpestattacks

AnimalHusbandryrelatedissues

Poorinterestinindigenousvarieties Lackofgrazinglandandpastures Compartmentalizationofland Monocropsdonosupplementlivestock Unavailabilityofgoodvarietiesofanimals Lackofinterestinanimalhusbandry

Poorreturnsandinadequatemarketingfacilities.ActivitiesproposedtoaddresstheissuesGenerally the activities are of three folds: Natural Resource Management Activities whichcovers the soil, water and bio‐diversity issues, Production System Management and MicroEnterprises (PS&M) which covers the agriculture and soil problems along with economicbackwardness, , whichmanages the livelihoods and economic backwardness of the landless,womenand the indigenouscommunities.Givenbelow isabriefabout theactivitiesproposedforthewatershed:NaturalResourceManagement

(NRM)ProductionSystem&Micro‐

Enterprises(PS&M)LivelihoodSupportSystems

(LSS)

SoilConservation1. GullyPlugging2. Livefencing3. Stonebunding4. CentripetalTerracing

1. Cowrearing2. QuailRearing3. VerminComposting4. OrganicFertilizerDistribution5. BananaCultivation6. OrganicVegetableCultivation7. RabbitRearing

1. FloorCleanerMaking2. CandleMaking3. MiniDairyUnit4. PoultryUnit5. SoapmakingUnit6. TailoringMachine

Distribution

WaterConservation1. Yardwatercollectionpits2. HuskTrenches3. MoistureCollectionPits

4. SourceRecharging5. CheckDams6. Retainingwall

PuthukkudivayalWatershedDevelopmentProject(Area–462Ha)‐MasterplanforFourYears‐Fundingpattern

Installment

Administration

Monitoring

Evaluation

EntryPointActivity

Institution&Capacit

yBuildin

g

DPRpreparation

Watershed

Development

Activities

Livelihood

Activities

Productionsystem&Micro

Enterprises

ConsolidationPhase

TotalIWMPprojectfund

1St 138600 13860 13860 277200 207900 69300 665280 0 0 0 1386000

% 2 0.2 0.2 4 3 1 9.6 0 0 0 20

2nd 173250 13860 13860 0 69300 0 1150380 311850 346500 0 2079000

% 2.5 0.2 0.2 0 1 0 16.6 4.5 5 0 30

3rd 207900 20790 20790 0 69300 0 1101870 311850 346500 0 2079000

% 3 0.3 0.3 0 1 0 15.9 4.5 5 0 30

4rd 173250 20790 20790 0 0 0 963270 0 0 207900 1386000

% 2.5 0.3 0.3 0 0 0 13.9 0 0 3 20

Total 693000 69300 69300 277200 346500 69300 3880800 623700 693000 207900 6930000

% 10 1 1 4 5 1 56 9 10 3 100

Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐Iyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost TargetEPA

IWMPFundMNREGS/O

therSource

Total

WDF

1. Moisturecollectionpits M3 149 1000 0 0 149000 149000

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. Livefencing RM 24 2500 0 0 60000 60000

3. Stonebunding M2 144 2000 0 160780 0 160780

4. Centripetalterracing Nos 65.67 500 0 0 14500 14500

5. Husktrench Nos 165 500 0 0 82500 82500

6. Shutter type check dam in ParathodunearT.P.Kunjambu(31/1)

Nos 97780 1 0 97780 0 97780

7. Gully controlled check dam inParathodu

RM 2395 169.82 0 406720 0 406720

8. Retaining wall construction along thesidesofRajagirithodu

M3 149 1000 0 0 149000 149000

Total 665280 306000 971280

Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivitiesIIyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost Target

EPAIWMPFund MNREGS/Other

Source Total

WDF

1. Yardwatercollectionpit Nos 400 50 0 0 20000 20000

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. Centripetalterracing Nos 65.67 1000 0 0 65670 65670

3. Livefencing RM 24 2800 0 0 67200 67200

4. Husktrench Nos 165 400 0 0 66000 66000

5. Sourcerecharging Nos 12970 24 0 311280 0 311280

6. Stonebunding M2 144 2500 0 200975 0 200975

7. GullycontrollingstructuresinKoovachalthoduRM 2996 6.36 0 19080 0 19080

8. GullycontrollingstructuresinCheruvayalthoduRM 2996 3.39 0 10176 0 10176

9. StreambankprotectionofKoovachalthodufromoutletpointnearplotofYashodhaT.V

RM 2395 8.70 0 20860 0 20860

10. RetainingwallalongthesidesofKoovachalthoduneartheplotofKumaranKodakkaran,K.Ashokan

RM 2395 30.48 0 73010 0 73010

11. RetainingwallalongthesidesofCheruvayalthoduP.B.KrishnanRM 2395 33.21 0 79539 0 79539

12. RetainingwallconstructionalongthesidesofRajagirithoduRM 2395 70.57 0 169020 0 169020

13. RetainingwallinCheruvayalthodu RM 2395 78.38 0 187740 0 187740

14. ConstructionofshuttertypecheckdamincheruvayalthodNos 78700 1 0 78700 0 78700

Total 1150380 218870 1369250

Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐IIIyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost Target EPAIWMPFund MNREGS/Other

Source Total

WDF

1. StreambankprotectionofponnacherythodunearthesidesofMattummalCheeyeyi(50/1A).ChendachiCheeyeyi(50/1A)

RM 2395 117.62 0 281700 0 281700

10%General&5%SC/ST2. Wellrecharging Nos 12970 15 0 194550 0 194550

3. GullycontrollingstructuresinKoovacherythodufromstarting

RM 2996 6.79 0 20352 0 20352

4. ConstructionofretainingwallinChoverrythodufromoutletpoint

Nos 1878 270.92 0 508800 0 508800

5. Stonebunding M2 144 1200 0 96468 0 96468

6. Livefencing RM 24 2000 0 0 48000 48000

7. Husktrench Nos 165 300 0 0 49500 49500

8. Centripetalterracing Nos 56.67 300 0 0 19701 19701

Total 1101870 117201 1219071

Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐IVyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost Target

EPA IWMPFund

MNREGS/OtherSource Total

WDF

1. StreambankstabilizationalongKoovacherrythodufromoutletpoint

RM 2395 121.93 0 292040 0 292040

10%General&5%SC/ST2. Stonebunding M2 144 1800 0 144702 0 144702

3. ConstructionofretainingwallalongthesidesofChoverrythodu

Nos 12970 10 0 129700 0 129700

4. Wellrecharge M2 1878 190.98 0 358668 0 358668

5. GullycontrollingstructuresinChoverrythodu,koovacherythodu

RM 2996 12.73 0 38160 0 38160

6. Moisturecollectionpits M3 149 1000 0 0 149000 149000

7. Livefencing RM 1200 24 0 0 28800 28800

8. Husktrench Nos 165 200 0 0 33000 33000

9. Centrypetalterracing Nos 65.67 200 0 0 13134 13134

TOTAL 963270 223934 1187204

Sector–II–LivelihoodActivitiesforLandless/Assetless‐IIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMP

fund

MNREGS/other

source/BankLoan

Total

1 seedmoneyforenterprisingindividuals Nos 0 0 62370 0 62370

2 SeedmoneyforSHGs 0 0 249480 0 249480

TOTAL 311850 0 311850

Sector–II–LivelihoodActivitiesforLandless/Assetless‐IIIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMP

fund

MNREGS/other

source/BankLoan

Total

1 SeedmoneyforSHGs Nos 0 0 124740 0 124740

II FundingforMajorlivelihoodactivities1 Minidiaryunit Nos 300000 1 150000 150000 3000002 Poultryunit Nos 75000 1 37110 37890 75000

Total 311850 187890 499740

Fundingpattern Seedmoneyforenterprisingindividuals(10%oftheallocation‐Revolvingfund)

62370SeedmoneyforSHGs(60%oftheallocation‐Revolvingfund) 374220Fundingformajorlivelihoodactivities(30%oftheallocation‐Grantinaid) 187110

Totalallocation 623700Sector–III–ProductionSystem&MicroEnterprisesbasedlivelihoodactivities‐IIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMPfund Total WDF

1 Organicfertilizerdistribution 1800/100kg 1800 152 273600 27360020%forGeneral&10%forSC

/ST

2 soapmakingunit Nos 23900 1 23900 23900

3 Vermicomposting Nos 7000 7 49000 49000

TOTAL 346500 346500

ActionPlan‐Sector–III–ProductionSystem&MicroEnterprisesbasedlivelihoodactivities‐IIIyearactionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMP

fund Total WDF

1 Bananacultivation Nos 24000 7 168000 168000

20%forGeneral&10%forSC/ST

2 Organicvegitablecultivation Nos 24000 6 144000 144000

3 Rabbitrearing Nos 34500 1 34500 34500

TOTAL 346500 346500

TotalAllotment‐693000

ENTRYPOINTACTIVITY‐ACTIONPLAN

Sl:no Activity Unit Unitcost Target IWMPEPAfund

IWMPProjectfund Total

8. Collectiontank No 77700 1 77700 ‐ 777009. CheckdamConstructionon Karakunduthodu Rm 1200 166.25 199500 ‐ 199500

Total 277200 ‐ 277200

KAVIYANAMWATERSHED

GramaPanchayat : Kadannappalli‐PanapuzhaVillage : PanapuzhaWardscovered : III,IV&V BlockPanchayat : ThaliparambaThaluk : KannurDistrict : KannurTotalfamiliescovered : 158TotalPopulationcovered : 696TotaltreatableArea : 397HaRiverBasin : Peruvamba(Perumba)RiverAverageLength : 3.75.Kms.AverageWidth : 3.40.Kms.TotalProjectCost : Rs.59,55,000/‐ Boundaries : North:PanapuzhaRiver : South:PariyaramPanchayat : East:PuthukkudivayalWatershed : West:CheruvicheryWatershed

IntroductionKaviyanam is a smallwatershedwith a total geographic area of 397ha,major part ofwhich(253.56ha)isincludedinKadannaPallyPanapuzhaPanchayat.Whilethe3rd.4thand5thwardsof Kadannappally Pananpuzha Panchayat embedded this part the other part (143.44 ha)belongstoPariyaramGramaPanchayat.Thewatershedhas134haofcultivablewaste.The importantplaces in thewatershed are Chirakkal, VallikkanamKoovachal, Karakkundu,Mangadanmotta,KacherikkadavuandKarrepoil.GeographicDescriptionoftheWatershed:a. Location:

The watershed is located about 44 Km away from the District Head Quarters and can bereached by road. The watershed is about 9 Km away from the kadannappally‐ PanapuzhaPanchayat Head Quarters and 8.5 Kms away from Pariyaram Panchayat Head Quarters.Geographicallythewatershedhashillocksandmediumslopes.b. Thegeographiccoordinates:Geographically the Kaviyanam watershed lies between the east longitude 750 18’0” and 750

19’30”andnorthlatitude1206’0”and1207’30”withatotalelevationof240ft.c. Averagelengthandwidthofthewatershed:Kaviyanamwatershedhasanaveragelengthof3.75.Kmsandhasanaveragewidthof3.40Kms.

Relief&Drainage Thewatershedconsistsofhillslopesandsmallvalleys.Theupperreachofthewatershedisfullof laterite/granite rocks. The southern part of thewatershed is comparatively barren as thearea is rockyandnon‐cultivable.Thenorthernsidewhich isadjacent to thePanapuzhaRiverappearstobeplainland.Around20haoflandarefullofrocks.Therearefiveimportantstreamsflowingacrossthewatershed.Thesestreamswereoncerichinflowbutalmostofthemaredriedup. KaviyanamStreamisflowingabout700metersacrossthewatershedbeforeitenterintothe

mainstream–PanapuzhaRiver ChirakkalStreamisflowingacrossthewatershedabout650meterslengthwithanaverage

widthbetween3meterand1¼metersdepth Thestreamoriginating fromtheLandofShri.Moosa(MoosakkanThodu) is flowingabout

700 meters with a width varied from 2 m to 2½m and entering into Panapuzha RiverthroughthelandofKizhakkepurayilDevi.

Kacherikkadavustream isanothersurfacewaterbodywhichenters intoPanapuzhaRiverafterflowing400metersacrossthewatershed.

VallikkanamstreamoriginatefromalocationsituatedinPariyaramGramaPanchayatarea,flowsdownwardsthroughthelandofShriVallikkanamSureshinthewatershedareabeforeitjoinwithPanapuzhaRiver.Itmeasuredthatthestreamisflowingabout1½Kms.fromthestarttotheend.TherearefourtributariesthatenrichtheVallikkanamStreamwhenitflowsthrough thewatershedbefore it enters intoPanapuzhaRiver. Thereare fourmore smallstreamsoriginatingfromdifferentlocations.

TherearetwospringsinthelandofShriVallikkanamSuresh,oneofwhichisperennialandtheotherisseasonal.Similarlyseveralpondsalsocontributetothehydrologyofthewatershed.Ourobservationandtransectwalkwiththeleadersoftheneighbourhoodclustersrevealedthatthereareninepondsin thewatershed area and all of thembelong to individual farmers, i.e., none of themcanbeconsidered as public. Someof these ponds are in dilapidated condition andneedde‐siltationandrenovation.Thelistoffarmerswhoownsthepondsisgivenbelow:1. V.K.KunhiramaPoduval2. V.K.Narayanan3. RamachandranNayanar4. Gopinathan5. P.C.Damodaran

6. K.P.Balakrishnan7. Damodaran8. VallikkanamSuresh9. Moosa

Othersourcesthataddtothehydrologyofthewatershedaretwopublicwells,oneatChirakkaland the other at Kacherikkadavu. These two are drinking water sources. Almost all thehouseholdsinthewatershedhavetheirowndrinkingwaterwellintheirhousepremises.TheDrainagedensity:ThedrainagedensityofKaviyanamwatershedis18.89m/Ha.PresentsituationofthestreamsandotherwaterbodiesThe watershed seems to be rich in the number of small and big streams but most of thesestreamsareseasonalexceptVallikkanamstreamwhere the spring is located.The streamsarenot made useful and beneficial to the farming community of the watershed. Places like

Chirakkal and Mangadan Motta experiences severe water scarcity and people travel a longdistanceinsearchofpotablewater.RainfallandClimateClimate in the Kaviyanam watershed is common humid tropical climate. The maximumtemperatureofthewatershedis36oCandtheminimumtemperatureis28oC.ThetemperatureisinitspeakbetweenFebruaryandMay.The watershed obtains usual rainfall. Maximum Rainfall is obtaining during the South‐westMonsoon.63%oftherainfallisduringtheSouth–westMonsoonand37%isfromtheNorth‐eastmonsoon.Theaveragerainfallinthewatershedis3697.6mm.SoilType&DepthBrownhydromorphicsoilisseenin85.72haandClaysoilwithgravelsisseenin311.28ha.Thesoilisgenerallyfoundtobefertile,butcertainareasareunfertile.Agriculture&LandUseAround10%ofthetotalgeographicareaofthewatershedisusedforconstr4uctionpurposesandtherestexceptthe20haofrocksisleftforcultivation.Rubberdominatestheothercropsinthewatershedwithmorethan35%.Thewatershedishavingbothcashcropslikerubberandcashewand foodcrops likeplantainandvegetables.However theareaundercultivationwithfoodcropsisgraduallyreducing,because,asfarmersputit,heavylossisoccurredinfoodcropcultivationduetovariousreasons,especiallyincreaseintheproductioncostandunavailabilityoflabourers.Theothercropsandlandusepatternareasfollows:

Crops LandUsed % Productivity

Coconut 10.16 2.56 84Arecanut 37.00 9.32 20.45Cashew 18.90 4.76 17.73Plantain 22.74 3.2 181.03Vegetables 5.80 1.46 8.88Rubber 109.89 27.68 148.4CultivableWaste 133.67 33.67 0UncultivableWaste 20.00 5.04 0BuiltUpArea 38.84 9.78 0Total 397 100

AnimalHusbandryPoor interest in livestockmaintenanceamong the farmershadresulted indrasticdecrease inthenumberofdomesticanimalsinthewatershed.However,theinterventionoftheveterinarydepartmentandtheGramaPanchayathelpedtosustainsomeofthefarmerswhofosteranimalhusbandry.Givenbelowarethedetailsoflivestockinthewatershed:a. HybridVarietycows(Male):5b. HybridVarietyCows(Female):44c. IndigenousCows(Males):7d. IndigenousCows(Females):31

e. Goat(Males):41f. Goat(Female):112g. Indigenousfouls:39h. HybridVariety:156

Socio‐EconomicDetails:Thetotalpopulationinthewatershedaccordingtoprimarydatais696with361maleand335femalelivingin158households.Thispatternofgenderdistributionisspecialtothiswatershed.While in all the other watershed female domination is observed, in Kaviyanam alone maledominationisobviouslyclear.ThetotalNo.ofhouseholdsinthewatershedis158outofwhich115areBPL.ThereisnotraceofSTfamilies,butthereare4SChouseholdsThewatershedcommunityisseemedtobemiddleclassandmajorityofthemhavegoodhousesand sanitation facilities. About 46.26% are involved in agriculture sector. 27.38% areconstruction workers. The government Employees are only 3.32% and 2% are working intraditionaltrades.Therest(21.04%)iswagelabourers.Thewatershed has a very good network of roads, butmajority of them aremud roads. Thetransportation facilities also, therefore, are poor. Except a very few all households hadelectricityconnection.The educational level of the watershed community is average. About 84% of the watershedcommunitymembershavecompletedtheirsecondaryeducation.OnlyafewhavegonebeyondSSLCandaveryfewhaveacquiredcollegiateeducation.AllFamilieshavetheirownhouses.Onlyanegligiblenumberareresidinginrentedhouses,theymay either are migrants or temporary workers in the construction sector. The roof type ofmajorityofthehouseistiledandtherearefewhouseswithRCCroofing.RoadNetwork:Chudala – Bhoodanam – Panapuzha Road, which is partly tarred passes through watershedtouchingKacherikkadavu.ChudalaPanapuzhaRoadisalsopartlytarredjoinsthefirstroadatKacherikkadavu.Themudroadswithinthewatershedare:1. Bhoodanam–KarakkunduRoad2. Chirakkal–BhoodanamRoad3. Kacherikkadavu–KaviyanamRoad4. Karinkalchal–BhoodanamRoad5. PynadiAnakketturoad6. ChirakkalRoad7. ThookkupalamRoadInstitutionsandCommunitybasedorganizations:Few institutions are also found in the watershed. Kacherikkadavu Reading Room andKacherikkadavuAnganwadi are the twomajor institutions thatdirectly affect the livesof thepeople.MarketFacilities:ThewatershedcommunitydependsuponChandapuraandPilatharaTownships(2Kmsand6kms respectively) for their purchasing needs. For selling the producethey either go toMathangalamortoPayyanurBazaars.

Hospitalfacilities:There are no major hospitals or dispensaries in the watershed. The watershed communitydepends on medical institutions in Mathamangalam and Payyanur for minor ailments.PariyaramMedicalCollegeisabout8Kmsawayfromthewatershed.MajorProblemsofthewatershedMajorproblemsidentifiedthroughabrainstormingsessioninwhichrepresentativesfromtheNeighbourhoodclustersparticipated.Theproblemsarecategorizedunder fourheadings:Soilrelated, Water related, Agro‐Bio Diversity Related and Animal Husbandry related. Such acategorizationisinlinewiththeactivitiesthatcanbeundertakenIWMPtosolvetheissues.Theissuesarelistedbelow:SoilRelatedProblemsinthewatershed ErosionoftopsoilatareaslikeChirakkal SoilDegradationfore.g.Mangadanmotta&Chirakkal LowerCropProduction–ageneralfeatureofthewatershed PoorBiologicalFertilityofthesoil–Poorhumusinthesoilduetochangedlanduse VerylowsoilPHWaterRelatedIssues Loweringwateryieldinthecatchments PoorGroundwaterRecharginginplaceslikeChirakkal Poorvegetativecoveronthesoilsurfaceontheupperreaches BankerosionandSedimentationofWaterSources–VallikkanamStream,ChirakkalStream

andKaviyanamStreamandalmostallponds GroundwaterscarcityinplaceslikeMangadanMottaandChirakkal WaterPollutionnearthespringinVallikkanamStreamAgriculturalRelatedIssues DecliningFoodcropCultivation‐MonoCropsreplacefoodcrops Increasingmonocrop(rubber)Eveninthestreambanksrubbercultivationispenetrating Shifttonon‐agriculturalwork‐Peoplemigratingtotownsforconstructionworks HighWages&Highcostofliving Changingfoodhabits‐traditionalfoodhabitsgavewaytopacketfoodhabits Fragilelandmass LowpriceAnimalHusbandryRelatedissues Degradationofcommonpropertyresources Poorbiomassavailability PoorperformanceofVeterinarydepartment/hospitals PoorserviceofAgriculturalDepartment/Krishibhavans

PoorinterestofthefarmersActivitiesproposedtoaddresstheissuesGenerally the activities are of three folds: Natural Resource Management Activities whichcovers the soil, water and bio‐diversity issues, Production System Management and MicroEnterprises (PS&M) which covers the agriculture and soil problems along with economicbackwardness, , whichmanages the livelihoods and economic backwardness of the landless,womenand the indigenouscommunities.Givenbelow isabriefabout theactivitiesproposedforthewatershed:

NaturalResourceManagement(NRM)

ProductionSystem&Micro‐Enterprises(PS&M)

LivelihoodSupportSystems(LSS)

SoilConservation1. GullyPlugging2. Streambankstabilization3. Livefencing4. Stonebunding5. CentripetalTerracing6. Geotextiles

1. Cowrearing2. RabbitRearing3. MushroomCultivation4. GoatRearing5. JapaneseQuailRearing6. BananaCultivation7. OrganicFertilizer

Distribution8. OrganicVegetable

Cultivation

1. MiniDairyUnit2. DistributionofTailoring

Machines

WaterConservation1. PublicWellrenovation2. Yardwatercollectionpits3. HuskTrenches4. MoistureCollectionPits5. SourceRecharging6. CheckDams7. Retainingwall8. Drinkingwaterscheme

KaviyanamWatershedDevelopmentProject(Area–397Ha)‐MasterplanforFourYears‐Fundingpattern

Installment

Administration

Monitoring

Evaluation

EntryPointActivity

Institution&

CapacityBuilding

DPRpreparati

on

WatershedDevelopm

entActivities

Livelihood

Activities

Production

system&MicroEnterprises

ConsolidationPhase

TotalIWMPprojectfund

1St 119100 11910 11910 238200 178650 59550 571680 0 0 0 1191000

% 2 0.2 0.2 4 3 1 9.6 0 0 0 20

2nd 148875 11910 11910 0 59550 0 988530 267975 297750 0 1786500

% 2.5 0.2 0.2 0 1 0 16.6 4.5 5 0 30

3rd 178650 17865 17865 0 59550 0 946845 267975 297750 0 1786500

% 3 0.3 0.3 0 1 0 15.9 4.5 5 0 30

4rd 148875 17865 17865 0 0 0 827745 0 0 178650 1191000

% 2.5 0.3 0.3 0 0 0 13.9 0 0 3 20

Total 595500 59550 59550 238200 297750 59550 3334800 535950 595500 178650 5955000

% 10 1 1 4 5 1 56 9 10 3 100

KaviyanamWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐Iyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost Target EPAIWMPFund MNREGS/Ot

herSource Total WDF

1. Kacherikadavuvayanashaladrinkingwaterproject

Nos 60000 1 0 60000 0 60000

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. Wellrecharging Nos 12970 5 0 64850 0 64850

3. Husktrench Nos 165 200 0 0 33000 33000

4. Stonebunding M3 149 1000 0 0 149000 149000

5. Moisturecollectionpits RM 24 1000 0 0 24000 24000

6. Livefencing Nos 65.67 100 0 0 6567 6567

7. Centrypetalterracing Nos 400 15 0 0 6000 6000

8. Yardwatercollectionpit RM 2395 45.80 0 109713 0 109713

9. Gullycontrollingcheckdam RM 2395 77.92  0  186617  0  186617 

10. StreambankstebilizationforCherkalathodu1.50m

Nos 21500 7 0 150500 0 150500

11. GullycontrolledHtypecheckdaminPallithanamthodu4.50mwidth

Nos 60000 1 0 60000 0 60000

Total 571680  218567  744480 

KaviyanamWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivitiesIIyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost TargetEPA

IWMPFundMNREGS/Other

SourceTotal WDF

1. Kacherikadavuvayanashaladrinkingwaterproject

Nos 78500 1 0 78500 0 78500

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. RetainingwallconstructionforStreambankstebilization1mHt

RM 2395 65.32 0 156450 0 156450

3. Wellrecharging Nos 12970 5 0 64850 0 64850

4. Husktrench Nos 165 300 0 0 49500 49500

5. Stonebunding M2 144 800.9 0 115340 0 115340

6. Moisturecollectionpits M3 149 2000 0 0 298000 298000

7. Livefencing RM 24 2500 0 0 60000 60000

8. StreambankstebilizationforVallithanamthodu1.50m

RM 2395 109.77 0 262920 0 262920

9. GullycontrolledcheckdaminOlakkanamthodu

RM 2395 15.93 0 38160 0 38160

10. Centrypetalterracing Nos 65.67 400 0 0 26268 26268

11. Yardwatercollectionpit Nos 400 30 0 0 12000 12000

12. StreambankstebilizationforCherkalathodu1.50m

RM 2395 113.69 0 272310 0 272310

Total 988530 445768 1434298

KaviyanamWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivitiesIIIyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost Target EPAIWMPFund MNREGS/Other

Source Total WDF

1. Streambankstebilizationforthodu1.50mHt

RM 2395 86.25 0 206580 0 206580

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. GullycontrolledcheckdaminCherkalathoduthodu

RM 2395 16.98 0 50880 0 50880

3. Husktrench Nos 165 250 0 0 41250 41250

4. Stonebunding M2 144 936 0 134785 0 134785

5. Moisturecollectionpits M3 149 2500 0 0 372500 372500

6. Livefencing RM 24 3000 0 0 72000 72000

7. Kacherikadavu vayanashaladrinkingwaterproject

RM 2395 66.80 0 160000 0 160000

8. RetainingwallconstructionforStreambankstebilization1mHt

RM 2395 87.09 0 208600 0 208600

9. ImprovementstotheexsistingPublicwellnearthecherakalathodu‐1.50mHt

RM 2395 32.77 0 78500 0 78500

10. Centrypetalterracing Nos 65.67 350 0 0 22985 22985

11. GullycontrolledHtypecheckdam4mwidth

RM 2395 44.88 0 107500 0 107500

Total 946845 508735 1455580

KaviyanamWatershedSector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivitiesIVyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost Target EPA IWMP

FundMNREGS/Other

Source Total WDF

1. Nos 65.67 250 0 0 16418 16418

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. Nos 400 20 0 0 8000 8000

3. Nos 12970 4 0 51880 0 51880

4. Nos 165 100 0 0 16500 16500

5. M2 144 504.1 0 72595 0 72595

6. M3 149 2000 0 0 298000 298000

7. RM 24 1000 0 0 24000 24000

8. RM 2395 109.77 0 262920 0 262920

9. RM 2996 6.36 0 19080 0 19080

10. RM 2395 23.92 0 57300 0 57300

11. RM 2996 35.88 0 107500 0 107500

12. RM 2395 107.08 0 256470 0 256470

13. Nos 65.67 250 0 0 16418 16418

TOTAL 827745 362918 1190663

KaviyanamWatershed‐Sector–II–LivelihoodActivitiesforLandless/Assetless‐IIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMP

fund

MNREGS/other

source/BankLoan

Total

1 seedmoneyforenterprisingindividuals Nos 0 0 53595 0 53595

1 SeedmoneyforSHGs Nos 0 0 214380 0 214380Total 267975 0 267975

KaviyanamWatershed‐Sector–II–LivelihoodActivitiesforLandless/Assetless‐IIIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMP

fund

MNREGS/other

source/BankLoan

Total

1 SeedmoneyforSHGs Nos 0 0 107190 0 107190

III FundingforMajorlivelihoodactivities

1 Minidiaryunit Nos 300000 1 150000 150000 300000

2 Japanesequailrearing Nos 22800 1 10785 12015 22800Total 267975 162015 429990

Fundingpattern Seedmoneyforenterprisingindividuals(10%oftheallocation‐Revolvingfund) 53595

SeedmoneyforSHGs(60%oftheallocation‐Revolvingfund) 321570

Fundingformajorlivelihoodactivities(30%oftheallocation‐Grantinaid) 160785

Totalallocation 535950

KaviyanamWatershed‐ActionPlan‐Sector–III–ProductionSystem&MicroEnterprisesbasedlivelihoodactivities‐IIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMP

fund Total WDF

1 Bananacultivation Nos 24000 7 168000 16800020%for

General&10%forSC/ST

2 Plantaincultivationforleaves Ha 20775 2 41550 41550

3 Organicfertilizerdistribution(100kg/Farmer) Nos 1800 49 88200 88200TOTAL 297750 298200

KaviyanamWatershed‐Sector–III–ProductionSystem&MicroEnterprisesbasedlivelihoodactivities‐IIIyearactionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMP

fundTotal WDF

1 Organicvegetablecultivation Nos 24000 7 168000 168000

20%forGeneral&10%forSC/ST

2 Plantaincultivationforleaves Nos 20775 2 41550 41550

3 Organicfertilizerdistribution(100kg/Farmer) Nos 1800 49 88200 88200

TOTAL 297750 298200

TotalAllotment‐595500

KAVIYANAMWATERSHEDDEVELOPMENTPROJECT‐ACTIONPLAN

Sl:no Activity Unit Unitcost Target IWMPEPAfund

IWMPProjectfund

Total

1. Constructionofacheckdam

withsideprotection No 65000 1 65000 ‐ 62500

2. Constructionofretainingwall Rm 1800 96.222 173200 ‐ 173200

Total 2,38,200 ‐ 2,38,200

CHERUVICHERYTHODUWATERSHED

GramaPanchayat : Kadannappalli‐PanapuzhaVillage : Panapuzha&KadannappalyWardscovered : II,IX& X BlockPanchayat : ThaliparambaThaluk : KannurDistrict : KannurTotalfamiliescovered : 471TotalPopulationcovered : 2077TotaltreatableArea : 517HaRiverBasin : Peruvamba(Perumba)RiverAverageLength : 3.Kms.AverageWidth : 4.05.Kms.TotalIWMPFund : Rs.77,55,000/‐

Boundaries North : VannathipuzhaRiverSouth : ThumbottaWatershedEast : KaviyanamWatershedWest : KokkottuvayalWatershed

IntroductionCheruvicherycanbeconsideredasaWatershedwhichhaveanexclusivenaturethatembeddedin Kadannappally – Panapuzha Grama Panchayat, because 98% of the total area of thewatershed is in the said Panchayat and only 2% is in Pariyaram Grama Panchayat. InKadannappally–Panapuzha,thewatershedliesin2nd,9thand10thwards.The importantplaces inthewatershedare:Cheruvichery,Kallakkamthodu,Kacherikkadavu.Karinkalchal,Painadi,KolambaandBhoodanam.

GeographicDescriptionoftheWatershed:

a. Location:The watershed is located about 45 Km away from the District Head Quarters and can bereached by road. Thewatershed is about 0.5 Km away from the Kadannappally‐ PanapuzhaPanchayat Head Quarters and 5 Kms away from Pariyaram Panchayat Head Quarters.Geographicallythewatershedhashillocks(Bhoodanam)andmediumslopes(kallakkamthodu).b. Thegeographiccoordinates

GeographicallytheCheruvicherithoduwatershed liesbetweentheeast longitude75017’0”and75019’0”andnorthlatitude1205’30”and1207’0”withatotalelevationof90ft.c. Averagelengthandwidthofthewatershed

Kaviyanamwatershedhasanaveragelengthof3Kmsandhasanaveragewidthof4.05Kms.Relief&DrainageThetopographyofthewatershedingeneralisundulating.TheupperreachofthewatershedslikeBhoodanam,Pollalam,KarimkalchalandKallakkamthoduareasarehillyandrockyandtherest of the areas arewith slopes andvalleys.There is sludge (Apieceof land filledwithwetclay)atPollalamslidewithanareaof4Ha.ThewatershedisslantingtowardswestfromNorth‐ west side. The Painadi region of the watershed is about 65% slope. The highest area isBhoodanamarea.Fourmainstreamsdrainthewatershedanddirectlyenteringintheriver.Theyare:CheruvicheryThodu(KallakkamThodu)whichhasalengthof3Kmsandanaveragewidthof2½meters.Theaveragedepthofthestreamis1meter.ItoriginatesfromPollalampond.ThestreamisseasonalinnatureanditdriesupbytheendofMay.KolambaThoduoriginatesfromBhoodanamareaandjoinswithVannathipuzhaRiver.Itflowsabout500meterswithanaveragewidthof2½meters.Theaveragedepthof thestream is2meters.Waterisavailableonlyduringmonsoon.Thekkechalthodu originates from theNorth‐east side ofBhoodanamarea and it flows about1100 meters with a width of one meter and depth of one meter before it enters in toVannathipuzha.Thisstreamalsoprovideswateronlyduringmonsoon.KarimkalchalThoduhasa lengthofoneKilometerwithanaveragewidthof1½Meters.Theaveragedepthofthestreamisonemeter.ItoriginatesfromKarimakalchalandatKalikkadavuitjoinswithVannathipuzha.

Othersub‐streams,whichhelptoenrichthemainstreams,areasfollows:Sl.No.

NameofStream Length(M)

Width(M)

Depth(M)

1. Sub‐Stream1 200 0.50 0.502. Sub‐Stream2 300 0.75 0.503. NellikkunnuStream 150 0.50 0.504. Sub‐Stream4 150 0.50 0.505. VaranamkulamStream 300 0.50 0.506. PanapuzhaPigFarmStream 150 0.50 0.507. VaniyamparaStream 300 0.50 0.508. PaloonnuthoduStream 350 0.50 0.509. KanamkodeStream 400 0.50 0.5010. KooranMurichaParaStream 1000 0.50 0.5011. ChandapuraSCcolonyStream 300 0.50 0.5012. CherkalStream 150 0.50 0.50PondsSl.No. NameofPond

Ownership

Length(M)

Width(M)

Depth(M)

1. KanamKulam1(BalamaniEstate) Private 5 4 32. KanamKulam2(BalamaniEstate) Private 20 20 103. CherkalKulam(MusthafaEttikulamEstate) Private 4 3 24. PollalamKulam(JayanEstate) Private 5 5 45. AripatuKulam(AripattuShanthakumari’s) Private 20 10 126. VayalVeetilGopalanNair’sPond Private 15 8 107. V.V.Nalini’sPond Private 10 6 68. KunnathuKunhiraman’sPond Private 5 4 59. NayanaveettilPond Private 8 5 510. MadamparambuEeswaran’sPond Private 8 5 5

11. PadinhattupuramNarayanNamboothiri’sPond Private 8 5 5

12. V.K.NarayanaMaster’sPond Private 8 5 6Besidestheabovetherearepondswhichareexclusivelyusedforirrigation.Thepondsare: PondatMeethaleveettilRaman,Kallakkamthodu

2poundsatN.V.Janakiamma

V.V.GoplanNair’sPond,Kanamthodu

P.C.Thambai’spond

K.M.Sasi’sPond

KombamkulamVayalilKundukulam

PoothillathuKesavanMaster’sPond

IringalamKrishnanNamboothiri’sPond

ThekkekanappuramNarayananNamboothir’sPond

EastTemplePond

PuthiyillamMadhavannamboothiri’sPond

V.K.KrishanaPoduval’sPond

MiddleTemplePond

MeethalePeriyangattuDamodarannamboodiri’sPond

WestTemplePond

Inaddition to this thereare8seasonalpublicwells,2Publicbore‐wellsand5Springs in thewatershedwhichaddstothehydrologyofthewatershed.TheDrainagedensity:ThedrainagedensityofCheruvicherythoduwatershedis29.50m/Ha.PresentsituationofthestreamsandotherwaterbodiesThe number of streams, sub‐streams and ponds are creating an exhilarating situation in thewatershed.Butthepityisthatalmostallthestreamsandspringsdryupinthebeginningofthesummer or immediately after the rain is over. The streams face another threat of illegalencroachment.ThisisobservedinKallakkamStream.ChirakkalstreamhasbeendivertedfromitsoriginalpathandmadeitenterintoKallakkamStreaminsteadoftheVannathipuzhaasintheoldendays.WaterscarcityisobservedinBhoodanamarea.ThisisbecausethesingleborewellintheareaisdisfunctionalforalongtimeandtherearenoalternatearrangementsfortheavailingdrinkingwaterfortheSCcommunitylivinginthatarea.WaterscarcityisalsoobservedinColumbaSide.SoilType&DepthIntheupperreachesofthewatershedlikeBhoodanamiswithlateriterocks.Thetypeofsoilinthis area is brownhydromorphic. Total areawith this type of soil is 52.09 ha. Clay soilwithgravels is seen in the plains likeKanamkode, Aarappal, Cheruvichery, Koolikkunnu, Kolambaetc.Totalareawiththistypeofsoilis464.91ha.Agriculture&LandUseThewatershed is richwith indigenous plants likeMango, Jack, Irul, Mahagony, Coconut andarecanut.Rubberhas recentlyentered into thewatershedand it slowlydominates theothercropsandplants.Therubberhasalreadyoccupiedabout24%ofthetotalcultivableland.Thelanduseandcroppingpatternsareasfollows:

Crops LandUse %ofLanduse Productivity(Tonnes/ha)

Coconut 58.13 11.24 48Arecanut 44.36 8.58 81Cashew 41.87 8.09 39.25Plantain 48.46 9.37 386Vegetables 21.86 4.23 33.45

Tubers 19.03 3.68 334.20Paddy 27.50 5.32 61.08Rubber 184.08 35.62 249Uncultivablewaste 9.67 1.87 0BuiltUpArea 62.04 12 0Total 517 100

AnimalHusbandryPoor interest in livestockmaintenanceamong the farmershadresulted indrasticdecrease inthenumberofdomesticanimalsinthewatershed.However,theinterventionoftheveterinarydepartmentandtheGramaPanchayathelpedtosustainsomeofthefarmerswhofosteranimalhusbandry.Givenbelowarethedetailsoflivestockinthewatershed:a. HybridVarietycows(Male):8b. HybridVarietyCows(Female):52c. IndigenousCows(Males):9d. IndigenousCows(Females):36e. Goat(Males):54

f. Goat(Female):132g. Indigenousfouls:42h. HybridVariety:165

Socio‐EconomicDetails:Thewatershedhas a total471households amongstwhich167 areBPL.The totalpopulationliving in thesehouseholds is2077.The femalepopulation is1063and themalepopulation is1014.Thereare16SChouseholdsinthewatershedwithatotalpopulation83–44malesand39females.Thewatershedcommunityisseemedtobemiddleclassandmajorityofthemhavegoodhousesand sanitation facilities. About 48.62% are involved in agriculture sector. 23. 38% areconstruction workers. The government Employees are only 5.32% and 2% are working intraditionaltrades.Therest(20.68)iswagelabourers.Thewatershed has a very good network of roads, butmajority of them aremud roads. Thetransportation facilities also, therefore, are poor. Except 20 all households had electricityconnection.The educational level of the watershed community is average. About 82% of the watershedcommunitymembershavecompletedtheirsecondaryeducation.OnlyafewhavegonebeyondSSLCandaveryfewhaveacquiredcollegiateeducation.AllFamilieshavetheirownhouses.Onlyanegligiblenumberareresidinginrentedhouses,theymay either are migrants or temporary workers in the construction sector. The roof type ofmajorityofthehouseistiledandtherearefewhouseswithRCCroofing.RoadNetwork:Thereare20roadspassingthroughthewatershed.Amongthem3aretarredandtheothersaremudroads.ThereisnoBusservicethroughanyoneoftheseroads.Peopledependonprivatevehiclesfortransportationorsometransportjeeps.Thetarredroadsareasfollows:

1. Chandapura–Cheruvichery–KacherikkadavuRoadwitha lengthof3.7Kmsandawidth

7.5Meters2. Cheruvichery–BhoodanamColonyRoad–2.6Kmslengthand8Mwidth3. Chandapura–Vannathikkadavu–CheruvicheryVayalRoad–950Mlength&10MwidthThemudroadsare:1. Cheruvichery–KottamBypassRoad–400mLengthand6Mwidth2. Cheruvichery–Koramangalam–KoolikkadavuRoad120Mlengthand3Mwidth3. CheruvicheryKottam–PoorakkadavuRoad–300Mlength&3Mwidth4. Cheruvichery–Kolamba–BhoodanamRoad–520Mlength&4Mwidth5. Cheruvichery–PalookkunnuRoad–1KmsLengthand4Mwidth6. Cheruvichery–CherkalRoad–200Mlength3Mwidth7. KolambaWaitingShed–NelliyodukunnuRoad‐!kmLength&3Mwidth8. Karinkalchal–BhoodanamColonyRoad–1.2Kmslength&5Mwidth9. Karinkalchal–MudappanakkunnuRoad–1.2KmsLength&6Mwidth10. ChuzhaliTemple–KanamkoduHighSchoolRoad5.5MsLength&8Mwidth11. Cheruvichery–HighSchoolRoad600Mklength&3Mwidth12. BhaskaranPeedika–HighSchoolRoad–200Mlength&3Mwidth13. Cheruvichery–KoolikkadavuRoad–200Mlength&3Mwidth14. ChandapuraOldAgeHome–CheruvicheryRoad–2KmsLenth&6Mwidth15. KallakamThoduIndustrialEstateRoad–1½Kmlength&7Mwidth16. Chandapura‐Kallakkamthodu–PollalamRoad–2Kmslength,8Mwidth17. BhoodanamColony–PollalamRoad‐1Kmlength&8MwidthInstitutionsandCommunitybasedorganizations: VayojanaVisramaKendram(RestingPlacefortheaged) Cheruvichery.L.P.School CheruvicheryAnganwadi ChuzhaliBhagavathiTemple ChanfdapuraJumaMasjid PuthiyaBhagavathiTemple,Cheruvichery VettakkorumakanTemple KakkaraBhagavathiTemple CulturalForumCheruvichery PadashekharaSamithy,Cheruvichery S.N.Mekkadureadingroom,Bhoodanam BhoodanamPlayers ArtificialweavingunitBhoodanam IndustrialEstate RubberproducersCo‐operativeunitCheruvicheryMarketFacilities:ThewatershedcommunitydependsuponChandapuraandPilatharaTownships(0.5Kmsand4kms respectively) for their purchasing needs. For selling the produce they either go toMathangalamortoPayyanurBazaars.

Hospitalfacilities:There are no major hospitals or dispensaries in the watershed. The watershed communitydepends on medical institutions in Mathamangalam and Payyanur for minor ailments.PariyaramMedicalCollegeisabout8Kmsawayfromthewatershed.MajorProblemsofthewatershedMajorproblemsidentifiedthroughabrainstormingsessioninwhichrepresentativesfromtheNeighbourhoodclustersparticipated.Theproblemsarecategorizedunder fourheadings:Soilrelated, Water related, Agro‐Bio Diversity Related and Animal Husbandry related. Such acategorizationisinlinewiththeactivitiesthatcanbeundertakenIWMPtosolvetheissues.Theissuesarelistedbelow:SoilRelatedProblemsinthewatershed ErosionoftopsoilatareaslikeBhoodanam,Pollalam,Cheruvicheryetc. SoilDegradationfore.g.Bhoodanam LowerCropProduction–ageneralfeatureofthewatershed PoorBiologicalFertilityofthesoil–Poorhumusinthesoilduetochangedlanduse VerylowsoilPHWaterRelatedIssues Loweringwateryieldinthecatchments PoorGroundwaterRecharginginplaceslikeBhoodanam,Kolamba Poorvegetativecoveronthesoilsurfaceontheupperreaches BankerosionandSedimentationofWaterSources–Chervicherythodu, ,KolambaStream

andKaviyanamStreamandalmostallponds GroundwaterscarcityinplaceslikeKolamba,Bhoodanametc. WaterPollutionnearthespringinVallikkanamStreamAgriculturalRelatedIssues DecliningFoodcropCultivation‐MonoCropsreplacefoodcrops Increasingmonocrop(rubber)Eveninthestreambanksrubbercultivationispenetrating Shifttonon‐agriculturalwork‐Peoplemigratingtotownsforconstructionworks HighWages&Highcostofliving Changingfoodhabits‐traditionalfoodhabitsgavewaytopacketfoodhabits Fragilelandmass LowpriceAnimalHusbandryRelatedissues Degradationofcommonpropertyresources Poorbiomassavailability PoorperformanceofVeterinarydepartment/hospitals PoorserviceofAgriculturalDepartment/Krishibhavans Poorinterestofthefarmers

ActivitiesproposedtoaddresstheissuesGenerally the activities are of three folds: Natural Resource Management Activities whichcovers the soil, water and bio‐diversity issues, Production System Management and MicroEnterprises (PS&M) which covers the agriculture and soil problems along with economicbackwardness, , whichmanages the livelihoods and economic backwardness of the landless,womenand the indigenouscommunities.Givenbelow isabriefabout theactivitiesproposedforthewatershed:

NaturalResourceManagement(NRM)

ProductionSystem&Micro‐Enterprises

(PS&M)

LivelihoodSupportSystems(LSS)

SoilConservation1. GullyPlugging2. Stonebunding3. Livefencing4. Geotextiles5. CentripetalTerracing6. Streambank

stabilization

1. GoatRearing2. CowRearing3. LayerDistribution4. JapaneseQuailRearing5. RabbitRearing6. VermiComposting7. OrganicFertilizer

Distribution8. BananaCultivation9. OrganicVegetable

Cultivation

1. FloorCleanerMaking2. MiniDairyUnit3. BagMakingUnit4. SoapMakingUnit5. DistributionofTailoring

Machine

WaterConservation1. Retainingwall2. Yardwatercollectionpits

3. HuskTrenches4. MoistureCollectionPits5. SourceRecharging6. CheckDams7. RainWaterHarvesting8. VCBrenovation

CheruvicherythoduWatershedDevelopmentProject(Area–517Ha)MasterplanforFourYears‐Fundingpattern

Installment

Administration

Monitoring

Evaluation

EntryPointActivity

Institution&CapacityBuilding

DPRpreparation

Watershed

Development

Activities

Livelihood

Activities

Production

system&MicroEnterprises

ConsolidationPhase

TotalIWMPprojectfund

1St 155100 15510 15510 310200 232650 77550 744480 0 0 0 1551000

% 2 0.2 0.2 4 3 1 9.6 0 0 0 20

2nd 193875 15510 15510 0 77550 0 1287330 348975 387750 0 2326500

% 2.5 0.2 0.2 0 1 0 16.6 4.5 5 0 30

3rd 232650 23265 23265 0 77550 0 1233045 348975 387750 0 2326500

% 3 0.3 0.3 0 1 0 15.9 4.5 5 0 30

4rd 193875 23265 23265 0 0 0 1077945 0 0 232650 1551000

% 2.5 0.3 0.3 0 0 0 13.9 0 0 3 20

Total 775500 77550 77550 310200 387750 77550 4342800 697950 775500 232650 7755000

% 10 1 1 4 5 1 56 9 10 3 100

CheruvicherythoduWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐Iyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit Unit

Cost TargetEPA

IWMPFund

MNREGS/OtherSource

Total WDF

1. ShuttertypecheckdamatKalakkamthodu5,50mwidth Nos 232901 1 62901 170000 0 232901

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. Wellrecharging RM 2395 51.67 15645 108115 0 123760

3. Husktrench RM 2996 6.36 0 19080 0 19080

4. Stonebunding RM 2395 151.33 24414 338040 0 362454

5. Moisturecollectionpits Nos 12970 5 0 64850 16500 81350

6. Retainingwallconstructionforstreambankstebilization1,00mHtM2 80.39 552.2 0 44395 0 44395

7. Livefencing Nos 165 145.4 0 0 24000 24000

8. Centrypetalterracing M3 149 1000 0 0 149000 149000

9. Yardwatercollectionpit RM 24 1000 0 0 24000 24000

10. Gullycontrollingcheckdam Nos 65.67 300 0 0 19701 19701

11. StreambankstebilizationforKalakkamthodu1.50m Nos 400 20 0 0 8000 8000

12. ShutteringthoduVCBneartheoldagehome Nos 232901 1 62901 170000 0 232901

Total 102960 744480 241201 1088641

CheruvicherythoduWatershed‐Watershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivitiesIIyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost Target EPA IWMP

FundMNREGS/Other

Source Total WDF

1. Rainwaterharvestingtank10000ltrcapacityforcommonNos 12970 15 0 194550 0 194550

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. Sourcerecharging RM 2996 14.85 0 44520 0 44520

3. Husktrench RM 2395 156.82 0 375600 0 375600

4. Stonebunding Nos 217500 1 0 217500 0 217500

5. Moisturecollectionpit M2 144 640 0 92160 0 92160

6. Livefencing RM 2395 88.72 0 212500 0 212500

7. Centrypetalterracing Nos 165 200 0 0 33000 33000

8. Yardwatercollectionpit M3 149 3000 0 0 447000 447000

9. Gullycontrollingcheckdam RM 24 2500 0 0 60000 60000

10. StreambankstebilizationforKanamkoduthodu1.50mNos 65.67 400 0 0 26268 26268

11. GullycontrolledHtypecheckdaminKanamkoduthodu4mwidthNos 400 30 0 0 12000 12000

12. Geotextiles Nos 1 1 0 150500 0 150500

13. StreambankstebilizationforVellakanamthodu0,60mHtNos 12970 15 0 194550 0 194550

14. Rainwaterharvestingtank5000ltrcapacityforindividualsRM 2996 14.85 0 44520 0 44520

Total 1287330 578268 1865598

CheruvicherythoduWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivitiesIIIyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost TargetEPA

IWMPFundMNREGS/OtherSource

Total WDF

1. Wellrecharging Nos 12970 15 0 194550 0 194550

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. Husktrench M2 144 1262 0 181740 0 181740

3. Stonebunding RM 2996 14.85 0 44520 0 44520

4. Moisturecollectionpit RM 2395 223.91 0 536285 0 536285

5. Livefencing RM 21500 5 0 107500 0 107500

6. Centrypetalterracing RM 2395 65.32 22842 156450 0 179292

7. Yardwatercollectionpit Nos 165 200 0 0 33000 33000

8. Gullycontrollingcheckdam M3 149 3000 0 0 447000 447000

9. Streambankstebilization1.50m RM 24 3500 0 0 84000 84000

10. GullycontrolledHtypecheckdam4mwidth Nos 65.67 400 0 0 26268 26268

11. Retainingwallconstructionforstreambankstebilization1,00mHt

Nos 400 30 0 12000 0 12000

12. Geotextiles Nos 12970 15 0 194550 0 194550

Total 22842 1233045 590268 1846155

CheruvicherythoduWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐IVyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost Target EPA IWMPFund

MNREGS/OtherSource Total WDF

1. Gullycontrollingcheckdam RM 2996 8.49 0 25440 0 25440

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. Streambankstabilization1.50m RM 2395 156.37 0 374530 0 374530

3. GullycontrolledHtypecheckdam4mwidth

Nos 21500 4 0 56000 0 56000

4. Retainingwallconstructionforstreambankstebilization1,00mHt

RM 2395 56.61 0 135590 0 135590

5. Geotextiles Nos 12970 20 0 259400 0 259400

6. Wellrecharging M2 144 534.6 0 76985 0 76985

7. Husktrench Nos 150000 1 0 150000 0 150000

8. Stonebunding Nos 165 200 0 0 33000 33000

9. Moisturecollectionpit M3 149 2500 0 0 372500 372500

10. Livefencing RM 24 3000 0 0 72000 72000

11. Centrypetalterracing Nos 65.67 300 0 0 19701 19701

12. Yardwatercollectionpit Nos 400 28 0 0 11200 11200

TOTAL 1077945 508401 1586346

CheruvicherrythoduWatershed‐Sector–II–LivelihoodActivitiesforLand‐less/Assetless‐IIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMP

fundMNREGS/othersource/BankLoan Total

1 seedmoneyforenterprisingindividuals Nos 0 0 69795 0 69795

2 SeedmoneyforSHGs 279180 0 279180TOTAL 348975 90315 439290

CheruvicherrythoduWatershed‐Sector–II–LivelihoodActivitiesforLandless/Assetless‐IIIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMP

fund

MNREGS/othersource/Bank

LoanTotal

1 SeedmoneyforSHGs 0 0 139590 0 139590

FundingforMajorlivelihoodactivities

1 Minidiaryunit Nos 300000 1 150000 150000 300000

2 Bagunit Nos 119000 1 59385 59615 119000Total 348975 209615 558590

Fundingpattern Seed money for enterprising individuals (10% of the allocation ‐Revolvingfund) 69795

SeedmoneyforSHGs(60%oftheallocation‐Revolvingfund) 418770Fundingformajorlivelihoodactivities(30%oftheallocation‐Grantinaid) 209385

Totalallocation 697950

CheruvicherrythoduWatershed‐Sector–III–ProductionSystem&MicroEnterprisesbasedlivelihoodactivities‐IIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMPfund Total WDF

1 Organicfertilizerdistribution 1800/100kg 1800 152 271750 27360020%for

General&10%forSC/ST

2 soapmakingunit Nos 25000 1 25000 250003 Plantaincultivationforleaves Ha 22750 4 91000 91000

TOTAL 387750 484800

CheruvicherrythoduWatershedSector–III–ProductionSystem&MicroEnterprisesbasedlivelihoodactivities‐IIIyearactionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMPfund Total WDF

1 Bananacultivation Nos 24000 6 141750 14400020%for

General&10%forSC/ST

2 Organicvegetablecultivation Nos 24000 9 216000 2160003 Rabbitrearing Nos 30000 1 30000 30000

TOTAL 387750 390000

TotalAllotment–775500

CHERUVICHERYTHODUWATERSHEDDEVELOPMENTPROJECTENTRYPOINTACTIVITY‐ACTIONPLAN

Sl:no Activity Unit Unitcost Target

ProjectCost

AllocatedforEPA

AdditionalAmountmetfromIWMP

TotalProjectCost

1. Deepeningofexistingpanchayathwell No 22960 1 22960 ‐ 22960

2. Supplyingpipeline,ohtank,pumphouse No 302000 1 287240 14760 302000Total 310200 14760 324960

THUMBOTTAWATERSHED

GramaPanchayat : Kadannappalli‐PanapuzhaVillage : KadannappalyWardscovered : XII BlockPanchayat : ThaliparambaThaluk : KannurDistrict : KannurTotalfamiliescovered : 339TotalPopulationcovered : 1456TotaltreatableArea : 459HaRiverBasin : Peruvamba(Perumba)RiverAverageLength : 3.25.Kms.AverageWidth : 4.15.Kms.TotalProjectCost : Rs.68,85,000/‐Boundaries : North: Kaviyanam & CheruvicheryWatershed : South:PariyaramPanchayat : East:PariyaramPanchayat : West:KokkottuvayalWatershed

IntroductionThumbottawatershed covers the 12thward of Kadannappalli – Panapuzha Grama Panchayatandhasatotalareaof459Ha.Thewatershedis formedbasedonthemainstreamTumbotta(Padiyil)stream.The importantplaces in thewatershedarePeruvalanga,Padiyil,Thumbotta,Puthoorkunnu,Vayattupoyiletc.GeographicDescriptionoftheWatershed:a. Location:The watershed is located about 35 Km away from the District Head Quarters and can bereached by road. Thewatershed is about 2.5 Km away from the Kadannappally‐ PanapuzhaPanchayat Head Quarters and 8 Kms away from Pariyaram Panchayat Head Quarters.Geographicallythewatershedhashillocksandmediumslopes.b. Thegeographiccoordinates:Geographicallythewatershedarealiesbetweentheeastlongitude75017’30”and75019’0”andnorthlatitude1204’30”and1206’0”withatotalelevationof112ft.c. AveragelengthandwidthofthewatershedThumbottawatershed has an average length of 3.25. Kms and has an averagewidth of 4.15Kms.

Relief&DrainageThumbottawatershedhasaslantingnaturetowardsthewestdirection.Theupperareasofthewatershed have a sloping nature of 300. Vayattupoyil, Peruvalnga, Pothoorkunnu, etc are theupper regions of the watershed and that constitute about 50% of the total geographic area.About40%areobservedasmidlands(Mavuppadi,Thumbotta,etc).ThePadiyilagriculturalfieldandotheragricultural fieldandadjacent landareconsideredasplainswhichconstituteabout10%ofthetotalgeographicareaofthewatershed.DrainageThumbottawatershed is the catchment area of Thumbotta (Padiyil) stream. This stream is ajoined version of two smaller streams originating from Pariyaram Panchayat which joinstogether at Varanakulam and flowing towardswest about 3Kmswith 6meterswidth and 2metersdepthbefore it getoutof thewatershed.Thereare fifteensub‐streams thatdrain thewatershedandareasfollows: ChundaStream VaranakulamStream ValiyakurukkoottyStream KolakkaraStream PeruvalangaStream Balanmada–EachikkunduStream NeeralathumkundStream Cheroonathumchal

Parothumchal Thykkodichal Alakkamthodu Manthar–ChengalamStream KanichatteThodu OushadhiThodu, AnchanapoilThodu MavuppadiKakkathummoolathodu

The wells and ponds are considered as the main water sources for domestic and irrigationpurposes.Thetablegivenbelowshowsthedetailsofpondsinthewatershed.

SLNo

NameofPond Ownership

1. PadiyilPond Public2. PuthukulamPond Public3. VellalathuTemplePond‐I Private4. VellalathuTemplePond‐II Private5. E.T.KunjiramanPond Private6. RayarothPond Private7. P.R.ChandhukuttiPond Private8. BabuPond Private9. ParakasanPond Private10. MavuppadiPond Private

Besides this, the number of wells in thewatershed is: Public wells ‐8, Householdwells‐281,Perennialwells‐219,andSeasonalwells‐62

TheDrainagedensity:ThedrainagedensityofThumbottawatershedis33.77m/Ha.

PresentsituationofthestreamsandotherwaterbodiesThe number of streams, sub‐streams and ponds are creating an exhilarating situation in thewatershed.Butthepityisthatalmostallthestreamsandsomeofthepondsandwellsdryupinthebeginningofthesummerorimmediatelyaftertherainisover.WaterscarcityisobservedinPeruvalangaandPuthurkunnuarea.Theauthoritieshavemadenoarrangements toreachdrinkingwater to theseareas.Therefore, thewatershedcommunity isforcedtowalklongdistancetocollecttheirdrinkingwater.RainfallandClimateClimate in theThumbottawatershed issimilar to thatofotherwatersheds in thecluster.Themaximumtemperatureof thewatershed is36oCand theminimumtemperature is28oC.ThetemperatureisinitspeakbetweenFebruaryandMay.The watershed obtains usual rainfall. Maximum Rainfall is obtaining during the South‐westMonsoon.58%oftherainfallisduringtheSouth–westMonsoonand42%isfromtheNorth‐eastmonsoon.Theaveragerainfallinthewatershedis3697.6mm.SoilType&DepthCommonly brown hydromorphic soil is seen in the top portion of the watershed likePuthoorkunnu,Peruvalanga,etc.ThemidlandarealikeThumbotta,Mavuppadi,etchasalluvialtypeofsoil (Claywithgravel).Thegeographicareawith the first typeofsoil is256.91haandwiththesecondtypeis202.09ha.Agriculture&LandUse

Nearly80%ofthetotalgeographicareaof thewatershedisundercrops.Theremaining20%occupiesthewaterbodies,roads,buildings,rockylandsetc.50%ofthetotalareaundercropsare used formono crop cultivation especially rubber. 40% used for for multi crops and theremaining10%ispaddyfields.Rubberandcashewcultivationispredominantinhigherregionof the watershed. The midland is the region of coconut, and areca nut cultivation. Paddycultivationiscommoninlowland.Thelandusepatternofthewatershedisshowbelow:

Crops Area(Ha) % Productivity

Builtup 19.8 4.31 0Paddy 45.9 10 101.95Rubber 158.8 34.6 214.45Coconut 68.85 15 5698Arecanut 65.44 14.26 119.01Cashew 32.54 7.09 30.52Plantain 26.36 5.74 209.86Vegetables 22.95 5 35.12

Tubers 18.36 4 322.44

Total 459 100 0

AnimalHusbandry

Livestock maintenance among the farmers had become very poor during the recent years.Thereisspecificreasonforthat.Themainreasonisthatpeopledidnotgetadequatefoddertofeed theanimals.Thesecondone ispoor interestamong the farmers.However,a statistics isavailablefromthewatershedaboutthelivestockinthewatershed.a. HybridVarietycows(Male):11b. HybridVarietyCows(Female):52c. IndigenousCows(Males):6d. IndigenousCows(Females):34

e. Goat(Males):28f. Goat(Female):88g. Indigenousfouls:67h. HybridVariety:212

Socio‐EconomicDetails:

Thedemographicfeaturesofthewatershedshowthatthereisatotalpopulationof1456livingin339households.Outofthesehouseholds144,i.e.,42.47%areBPL.Asinthecaseofmajorityof the watersheds, here also the female population (753) is more than that of the malepopulation(703).

The general economic situation of thewatershed community is that ofmiddle class. There islittle difference in the physical appearance between the rich and thepoor. But it is true thatthere are poverty stricken families in the watershed, especially those among the SCcommunities. Statistics shows that out of the total 339 families in thewatershed nearly half(144) families are categorized as BPL. This is about 42.47% of the total households in thewatershed.Majorityofthepeopleinthewatershedcommunityareclassifiedasworkingclass.Around63%ofthetotalworkingclassinthewatershedisintheagriculturalsectorandtheeconomyisbuiltupon agriculture. Therefore, any change in the climate or in the structure of the soil willdefinitelyaffecttheeconomyofthewatershed.Onlyafewpercentagesaresalaried.Averygoodpercentageofworkingclasspopulation(26%)isdailywagersworkingmainlyinconstructionsector.Therest11%areexclusivelylivingoncasuallaboureitherinfarmsectororinnon‐farmsector.There is a very good network of roads, booth pucca and kucha, in the watershed and thisenables the inhabitants of the watershed to move one place to another. This mobility hasinfluencedthecultureanddevelopmentofthewatershedcommunitysincetheyestablishclosecontactswithoutsidecommunities.However,theconveyancefacilitiesareyettobeimprovedsothatpeopleliveininteriorplacescanalsohaveaccesstoplaceslikemarketsandplacesinthenearbytownships.Educationally and culturally the watershed community is comparatively better because theyhave easy access to educational institutions in and around the Grama Panchayat. Clubs andculturalassociationsarethecontributorstowardsthisculturalgrowthanddevelopmentofthewatershedcommunity.RoadNetwork:There are five important roads and several smaller ones in thewatershed. Three roads aretarredandoneispartiallytarred(100Meters).Theroadsareasfollows:

1. Chandapura–PariyaramMedicalCollegeRoadwithalengthof2.5Kmsandawidth6Meters

2. PuthurkunnuColonyRoad–1Kmslengthand4.5Mwidth3. Thumbotta–PeruvalangaRoad–3Kmslength&3Mwidth4. ThankayamMavuppadiRoad–2Kmslength&4Mwidth.5. Puthurkunnu‐PariyaramAyurvedaCollegeRoad–750Mlengthand6Mwidth

InstitutionsandCommunitybasedorganizations: CulturalCentre,Puthurkunnu Anganwadi,Puthurkunnu Anganwadi,Peruvalanga MilkMarketingCoop.Society ThumbottaSportsClub AranguArts&CulturalForumMarketFacilities:ThewatershedcommunitydependsuponPariyaramandPilatharaTownships(2.5Kmsand5kms respectively) for their purchasing needs. For selling the produce they either go toMathangalamortoPayyanurBazaars.Hospitalfacilities:There are no major hospitals or dispensaries in the watershed. The watershed communitydepends on medical institutions in Payyanur or Thaliparamba for treatments. PariyaramMedicalCollegeisabout2.5Kmsawayfromthewatershed.MajorProblemsofthewatershedMajorproblemsidentifiedthroughabrainstormingsessioninwhichrepresentativesfromtheNeighbourhoodclustersparticipated.Theproblemsarecategorizedunder fourheadings:Soilrelated, Water related, Agro‐Bio Diversity Related and Animal Husbandry related. Such acategorizationisinlinewiththeactivitiesthatcanbeundertakenIWMPtosolvetheissues.Theissuesarelistedbelow:WaterRelatedIssues:

Mostofthestreamsbecameseasonal Watercontaminationdueunsafedisposalofplasticwastesandotherwastes PoorGroundwaterrecharging InPeruvalangaandPuthoorkunnuareaseverewaterscarcityisexperienced Theextensiveuseofchemicalsintheagriculturallandsenhanceswaterpollution

SoilRelatedIssues

In theupstreamareasof thewatershedseveresoilerosion isexperienced (Puthurkunnu,,Peruvalangaareas)

Thesoilfertilityisgraduallydecreasing Thechangingchemicalstructureofthesoilanddisappearingmicroorganisms

Thedecreasingcapacityofthesoiltoabsorbandholdwater Unsafedisposalofplasticgoodsinthesoil.

IssuesrelatedtoAgricultureandBioDiversity

LowAgriculturalProduction Increasingplantdiseases(Mandari,Mahali,BunchyTop,Quickwiltetc.) Unavailabilityofskilledlabourers Unavailabilityofseedswithensuredgermination WildAttack Lackofirrigationfacilities ManytraditionalplantsareatthevergeofextinctionlikeAnjili(Artocarpushirsutus)Njaval,Ponchembakam(Micheliachembaka),Maruthu(Terminaliapaniculata)

IssuesrelatedtoAnimalHusbandry

FarmerslostinterestinAnimalHusbandry Unavailabilityofsufficientfodder Abandoningofpaddycultivationaffectedtheavailabilityofstraw Deteriorationofcommongrazinglandsduetochangeinlandusepattern

Activitiesproposedtoaddresstheissues

Natural ResourceManagement(NRM)

Production System &Micro‐ Enterprises(PS&M)

Livelihood SupportSystems(LSS)

SoilConservation1. GullyPlugging2. Streambankstabilization

3. Livefencing4. Stonebunding5. CentripetalTerracing

1. GoatRearing2. Cowrearing3. QuailRearing4. MushroomCultivation5. OrganicFertilizerDistribution

6. BananaCultivation7. OrganicVegetableCultivation

8. Rabbitrearing

1. FloorCleanerMakingUnit

2. CandleMakingUnit3. MiniDairyUnit4. TailoringUnit5. SoapMaking6. DistributionofTailoringMachines

7. SareePainting

WaterConservation1. Pondrenovation2. Yardwatercollectionpits

3. HuskTrenches4. MoistureCollectionPits5. SourceRecharging6. RainWaterHarvestingtank

7. Watercollectionpit8. Pumphouseconstruction

ThumbottaWatershedDevelopmentProject(Area–459Ha)‐MasterplanforFourYears‐Fundingpattern

Installment

Administration

Monitoring

Evaluation

EntryPointActivity

Institution&

CapacityBuilding

DPRpreparation

WatershedDevelopm

entActivities

Livelihood

Activities

Productionsystem&Micro

Enterprises

ConsolidationPhase

TotalIWMPprojectfund

1St 137700 13770 13770 275400 206550 68850 660960 0 0 0 1377000

% 2 0.2 0.2 4 3 1 9.6 0 0 0 20

2nd 172125 13770 13770 0 68850 0 1142910 309825 344250 0 2065500

% 2.5 0.2 0.2 0 1 0 16.6 4.5 5 0 30

3rd 206550 20655 20655 0 68850 0 1094715 309825 344250 0 2065500

% 3 0.3 0.3 0 1 0 15.9 4.5 5 0 30

4rd 172125 20655 20655 0 0 0 957015 0 0 206550 1377000

% 2.5 0.3 0.3 0 0 0 13.9 0 0 3 20

Total 688500 68850 68850 275400 344250 68850 3855600 619650 688500 206550 6885000

% 10 1 1 4 5 1 56 9 10 3 100

ThumbottaWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐Iyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost TargetEPA

IWMPFund MNREGS/OtherSource Total

WDF

1. Moisturecollectionpits M3 149 1500 0 0 223500 223500

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. Livefencing RM 24 2300 0 0 55200 55200

3. Husktrench Nos 165 200 0 0 33000 33000

4. Centrypetalterracing Nos 65.67 200 0 13134 13134

5. Stonebunding Nos 80500 1 0 80500 0 80500

6. GullycontrollingstructuresinPadiyilthodu

RM 2395 242.3 0 580460 0 580460

7. Storageferrocementtank(EPA) M3 149 1500 0 0 223500 223500

8. Conveying,layingpipelinewithmotorandelectricconnection(EPA)

RM 24 2300 0 0 55200 55200

Total 660960 324834 985794

ThumbottaWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivitiesIIyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost TargetEPA

IWMPFund MNREGS/OtherSource Total

WDF

1. RenovationoftheexistingopendugoutpondatpadikulaM

Nos 96500 1 0 96500 0 96500

10%General&5%SC/ST2.

Constructionof apumphouseandsupplyinganderectionmotornearPadikulam

Nos 332500 1 0 332500 0 332500

3. ConstructionofcatchpitnearPadikulam(continuingworkitemno:2,3)

Nos 66500 1 0 66500 0 66500

4. Wellrecharging RM 2395 206.5 0 494600 0 494600

5. Stonebunding Nos 36080 1 0 36080 0 36080

6. Livefencing Nos 12970 9 0 116730 0 116730

7. Husktrench RM 24 2000 0 0 48000 48000

8. Centrypetalterracing Nos 165 600 0 0 99000 99000

9. Yardwatercollectionpit Nos 65.67 700 0 0 45969 45969

Total 1142910 200969 1343879

ThumbottaWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐IIIyearactionplan

SlNo. NameofActivity Unit UnitCost

TargetEPA

IWMPFund MNREGS/OtherSource

Total

WDF

1. Constructionof20,000ltr.capacityFerrocementtankattachedtothePuthoorkunnuAnganwadi

M2 144 119.4 0 17198 0 17198

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. Stonebunding Nos 12970 27 0 350190 0 350190

3. WellrechargingNos 72732

7

1 0 727327 727327

4. StreambankprotectionalongPadiyilthoduatperuvalanga,padikanam

Nos 400 600 0 0 24000 24000

5. GullycontrollingstructuresinValiyakurukkudithodu

RM 24 3500 0 0 84000 84000

6. Yardwatercollectionpit Nos 65.67 200 0 0 13134 13134

7. Livefencing M3 149 2600 0 0 387400 387400

8. Centrypetalterracing M2 144 119.4 0 17198 0 17198

9. Moisturecollectionpit Nos 12970 27 0 350190 0 350190

Total 1094715 508534 1603249

ThumbottaWatershed‐Sector–I–WatershedDevelopmentActivities‐IVyearactionplan

SlNo.

NameofActivity UnitUnitCost

TargetEPA

IWMPFund

MNREGS/OtherSource

Total

WDF

1. Yardwatercollectionpit Nos 400 20 0 0 8000 8000

10%General&5%SC/ST

2. Livefencing RM 24 4000 0 0 96000 96000

3. Centrypetalterracing Nos 65.67 230 0 0 151041 1510414. Moisturecollectionpit M3 149 2600 0 0 387400 3874005. Stonebunding M2 144 1660 0 239050 0 2390506. Wellrecharging Nos 12970 10 0 129700 0 1297007. Gullycontrollingstructures RM 2996 10.61 0 31800 0 31800

8. HTypegullycontrollingstructuresinAnjanapoyilthodu

Nos 14600 5 0 73000 0 73000

9. HTypegullycontrollingstructuresinAlakamthodu

Nos 14600 4 0 58400 0 58400

10. StreambankstabilizationalongMavupadithodu

RM 2395 67.50 0 161665 0 161665

11. Streambankstabilizationalongalakamthodu

RM 2395 78.41 0 187800 0 187800

12. GullycontrollingstructuresinMavupadithodu

957015 642441 1599456

13. HtypegullycontrollingstructuresinMavupadithodu

TOTAL

ThumbottaWatershed‐Sector–II–LivelihoodActivitiesforLandless/Assetless‐IIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMP

fund

MNREGS/other

source/BankLoan

Total

1 seedmoneyforenterprisingindividuals Nos 0 0 61965 0 619652 SeedmoneyforSHGs 0 0 247860 0 247860

TOTAL 309825 0 309825

ThumbottaWatershed‐Sector–II–LivelihoodActivitiesforLandless/Assetless‐IIIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMP

fund

MNREGS/other

source/BankLoan

Total

1 SeedmoneyforSHGs Nos 0 0 123930 0 123930

II FundingforMajorlivelihoodactivities

1 Minidiaryunit Nos 300000 1 150000 150000 300000

2 NonWovenbagmanufacturingunit Nos 72000 1 35895 36105 72000TOTAL 309825 186105 495930

Fundingpattern Seedmoneyforenterprisingindividuals(10%oftheallocation‐Revolvingfund)

61965

SeedmoneyforSHGs(60%oftheallocation‐Revolvingfund) 371790

Fundingformajorlivelihoodactivities(30%oftheallocation‐Grantinaid) 185895

Totalallocation 619650

ThumbottaWatershed‐Sector–III–ProductionSystem&MicroEnterprisesbasedlivelihoodactivities‐IIyearActionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMPfund Total WDF

1 Organicfertilizerdistribution 1800/100kg 1800 152 273600 273600

20%forGeneral&10%forSC/ST

2 Japanesequailrearing Nos 21650 1 21650 21650

3 Distributionoftailoringmachines Nos 7000 7 49000 49000

TOTAL 344250 344250

ThumbottaWatershed‐Sector–III–ProductionSystem&MicroEnterprisesbasedlivelihoodactivities:IIIyearactionplan

SlNo NameofActivity unit Unitcost Target IWMPfund Total WDF

1 Bananacultivation Nos 24000 5 120000 120000

20%forGeneral&10%forSC/

ST

2 Organicvegetablecultivation Nos 24000 7 168000 168000

3 Rabbitrearing Nos 25000 1 25000 25000

4 Sareepainting Nos 31250 1 31250 31250

TOTAL 344250 360750TotalAllotment‐688500

ENTRYPOINTACTIVITY‐ACTIONPLAN

Sl:no Activity Unit Unitcost Target IWMPEPAfund

IWMPProjectfund

Total

1. Constructionofopendugoutwell No 1,00,000 1 100000 ‐ 1000002. Pumphouse No 32,400 1 32400 ‐ 324003. StorageFerrocementtank No 64,400 1 30000 34400 64400

4. Conveyinglayingpipelinewithmotorandelectricconnection No 6,25,000 1 113000

512000 625000

Total 275400 546400 821800

Annexure–1LOGFRAMEWORKANALYSIS–LFA

NarrativeSummary ExpectedResultsObjectively Verifiable

indicators(OVI)

Means of Verifications

(MOV)Risk/Assumptions

Goal: (OverallObjective)The degraded NaturalTRIO restored and theproduction improved inthe watersheds ofPayyanur BlockPanchayat under thecoverage of IWMP bymore efficient utilizationof natural resourcesthrough the proper andeffective implementationof Integrated WatershedManagementProgrammeplan.

Theincomeoffamilieswillincreased

Livingstandardwillimprove

Increaseofgroundwatertable

Irrigationduringoff‐season

Purchasepowerofvillagerswillincrease

Annualexpenditureandsavingofhouseholds

Householdassets Numberofpeoplemigratingforemploymentopportunity

Croppingpattern

Impactassessmentstudy

Evaluationreport

Comparebetweenbaselinesurveyandevaluationreport

Physicalobservation

PhysicalVerificationandFGDwithfarmers

Political Interventionwill not affect thesmooth implementationoftheprogrammes

LFA….Contnd…..

SpecificObjective1 OutcomeObjectively Verifiable

indicators(OVI)

Means of Verifications

(MOV)Risk/Assumptions

Watershedcommunitiesmobilized,organizedandcapacitatedalongwithotherinstitutionalarrangementstotakeuptheeffectiveimplementationoftheproject

SHGsandUGscapacitatedfortakinguptheresponsibilityParticipationofthewatershedcommunityensuredDPRsatisfyingallsectionsofthecommunityprepared

ActiveinvolvementoftheUGsintheplanningprocess

No.ofgroupsformedandcapacitated

No.oftrainingsorganizedandconducted

No.ofwatershedcommitteesformedand

strenghtened

DPRpreparedandsubmitted

DocumentontheprocessesofUGformation

Trainingregisters Photographs

FavourableclimaticconditionsandthereadinessoftheUGsandWCsinattendingthetrainings

Activitiestorealizethe

Objective

Outputs Objectively Verifiable

indicators(OVI)

Means of Verifications

(MOV)Risk/Assumptions

Meetingsofwatershedcommunitiesandconcernedwardmembers

Groupsformedandofficebearerselected

Increasedparticipationofthecommunity

Interestshownbythecommunityintheprocessofplanning

PRAconductedinthewatershed

DiscussionwithVillagers/Farmers

Listoffamilies Minutesofthemeetings

Photographs

Favourableclimaticconditions,cooperationofthewardmembersandpositiveapproachofthewatershedcommunity

ParticipatoryRuralAppraisal(PRA)

Primarydataregardingthesocio‐economicsituationofthewatershedcommunitycollected

ReliabledatausedintheprocessofDPRpreparation

PRAReportofeachwatershedPhotographsandvideosDraftcopyofMapspreparedbythewatershedcommittee

Favourableclimaticconditions,PeopleunderstandtheimportanceofPRAandtheyactivelyparticipateintheexercise

LFA….Contnd…..

SpecificObjective2 OutcomeObjectively Verifiable

indicators(OVI)

Means of Verifications

(MOV)Risk/Assumptions

Totalagricultureproductionincreased

Modernagriculturetechniquesforenhancingofagricultureproductivity

IncreasedAgricultureincome

Soilmoisturecontentincreased

Netareaunderagricultureincreased

vegetationcoverintheprojectarea

present Percentageoffarmerscultivatingthecrops

incrreased

Impactassessmentstudy

Evaluationreport DiscussionwithVillagers/Farmers

Trendanalysisofcropcultivation

MaintenanceoftheStructureaftertheprojectcompletion

Activitiestorealizethe

ObjectiveOutputs

Objectively Verifiable

indicators(OVI)

Means of Verifications

(MOV)Risk/Assumptions

Soilandmoistureconservationworks

Completionofsoilmoistureworks.

NumberofwatershedphysicalstructurepresentsintheprojectareaDiversifiedfarming

PhysicalverificationDiscussionwithVillagers/Farmers

Useofadvancewaterconservationtechniques.

Optimumutilizationofavailablewater

Numberofhouseholdshavingdripirrigationsystemoftheirhouses

Physicalverification

Modernagriculturetechniquesforenhancingofagricultureproductivitythroughcropdemonstrationplot.

Changeinthecultivationpatternandadoptionofnewtechniquesinagriculturetorealizethemaximumpotentialoftheland

Numberofpeoplemigratingforemployment

Observations

LFA….Contnd…..

SpecificObjective–3 OutcomeObjectively Verifiable

indicators(OVI)

Means of Verifications

(MOV)Risk/Assumptions

PercapitaincomeofBPLandmarginalfarmersincreasedthroughVariouslivelihoodactivities

No.ofmigratingfamiliesfromthe

projectareareduced Employmentavailable

withintheprojectarea.

Unemploymentdecreased

Numberofpeoplemigratingforemploymentopportunity

Numberofpeopleengagedinlivelihood

activities. Numberofpeople

involvedinselfemploymentactivities

Impactassessmentstudy

Physicalverification/Photographs

FGDsandPRA

Adequatefinancial

supportavailedbythe

banksandotherfinancial

institutions

Activitiestorealizethe

ObjectiveOutput

Objectively Verifiable

indicators(OVI)

Means of Verifications

(MOV)Risk/Assumptions

Promotionoflivelihoodactivities

Peopleset‐uptheirmicro‐enterpriseondemandbasedactivities.

Numberofpeopleshowingtheirinteresttoset‐upmicroindustry

ObservationsPeopleshowinterestin

takinguprisk

Capacitybuildingactivitiesforimprovemententrepreneurialskill.

Improvedknowledgeandenhancementofskillsforselfdevelopment

Numberofsmallenterpriseset‐up Impactassessmentstudy

Appropriatefaculties

availableforimparting

trainingandtheline

departmentscooperates

Womenentrepreneursprovidedwithanopportunitytointeractwithserviceproviders

NumberofWomenentrepreneursstartedselfemploymentprogrammes

PhysicalverificationDirectinteractionwiththetrained

LFA….Contnd…..

SpecificObjective–4 OutcomeObjectively Verifiable

indicators(OVI)

Means of Verifications

(MOV)Risk/Assumptions

Localinstitutionsstrengthened

Presenceofstronganddynamiclocal

governance People’s

participationandrepresentationincreased

Numberofmeetingsinitiatedbythelocal

leaders. Numberofpeoples’organizationpresentinthegrassrootlevel

Impactassessmentstudy

Evaluationreport,FGD,Observations

InterestofthePeople.

Activitiestorealizethe

ObjectiveOutput

Objectively Verifiable

indicators(OVI)

Means of Verifications

(MOV)Risk/Assumptions

OrganizedtrainingandawarenessprogrammeforVillageinstitutions

Qualityoflocalleadersimprovedandmoredemocraticmethodofdecisionmakingused

Numberofcaseresolvedwithinthelocality.

Observations

Prticipantstakepartinthetrainingprogrammeunderstandingtheimportance

CapacitybuildingworkshopsandexposurevisitsUserGroupandWatershedCommittee

Localleaderstakeninteresttounderstandtheprogrammesandschemesutilizedforthecommonbenefitofthevillage.

Numberofschemesutilizeforthebenefitofthevillages.

FGDsandPRA

FavourableClimaticConditionandPrticipantstakepartinthetrainingprogrammeunderstandingtheimportance

RATIONALEOFTHEACTIVITIESPROPOSEDINTHEDPR

In themost general termWatershedManagement is important for the improvementandmaintenanceofgoodwaterquality,goodsoilqualitythatensureshighproductivityand the existence of sound biomass that help improve sustainability of theenvironmental conditions in our watershed. In the recent years the water qualitystandards have come under stress due to increasing population, depleting waterresources, bad management practices. Similarly the soil has undergone severedeterioration due to soil erosion, unsustainable agricultural practices, change in landuse pattern etc. Addressing all the issues that concerns the water resources of ourwatershed,inanyway,comeunderthewatershedmanagementstrategy.There are three main activities that are recommended for a good watershedmanagementpractice: Rehabilitatinglandsthataresourceofsedimentlossandchemicalexport Protectingthesensitiveareasinthewatershedsothatresourcescanbeconserved

thatmaybespentinrehabilitationofthesame,otherwise Improvingthecharacteristicsofwaterresourcesthataffectthequalityofwaterand

thesoilthataffectthequantityofagriculturalproduction

Watershedmanagement activities should be a conglomeration of scientific structuralinterventionscoupledwithawarenessandLivelihoodPromotiontobringbetter livingstandards of the watershed community. The awareness generation is to make thewatershedcommunitytounderstandtheimportanceandhelpthemtomaintainwhatisachieved through thewatershedmanagement activities. . The livelihoodpromotion ismainlytohelpthosewithoutanyassetanddeprivedofmeansoflivelihood.Thisisalsopart of the empowerment processes of the poorest of the poor and the women‐ thevulnerable group. The whole watershed communities along with the managementteamswith professionals and officials should work on improving and expediting theprocessofimprovement.Theremightariseaneedfortheeducationofthemembersoncomplexissuesthatmayrequireaninterdisciplinaryapproachofeducation.Inthatcasethememberscancollaborateontheexchangeofinformation.Publicinvolvementisthekey to a good management practice of the watershed. Public can provide usefulinformation and its cooperationwill helpmake themanagement plan a success. Thiscomponent will be met by the Capacity Building Programmes and trainings that areformedintheDPR.Therearevariouswaysthatonecangetinvolvedintherestoration,maintenance,andpreservationof thewatershed.The first step towards is throughresponsibleattitude.Therearemanyprogramsplannedatdifferentlevelthatareavailableforparticipation.

EntryPointActivity(EPA)hasbeenplannedtopersuadethewatershedcommunityandindividualsorteamscanjoin.EPAalsorecognizestheteamsthathavebeeninvolvedinawatershed.WaterQuantity&QualitymanagementprogrammesWatershedManagement should includemeasures to control and convey runoff flow,andtocollectandcleanserunoffon‐site.Theseprinciplesmightbesummarizedas“TheFourC’s”ofwatershedmanagement:control,conveyance,collectionandcleansing.ThewaterconservationmeasuresthatproposedintheDPRlikecheckdams,diversioncanals,moisture collectionpits, etc are allmainly aiming to ensure the four ‘Cs’withregardtothewaterconservation.Whenadequatewaterisavailableinthesoilaquiferitisundoubtedlyhelpincreasetheproductivityofthesoilandbringbetterincometothefarmers.Similarly, the soil conservationmeasures proposed in the DPR like contour bunding,live fencing, centripetal bunding, gully controlmeasures etc. are aiming at improvingthequalityaswellasquantityofthesoil,especiallyinthefarmlandsofthesmallholderfarmers. When soil conservation measures are successfully implemented, theproductionisimprovedbringingadequateincometothefarmersthatwilldirectlyaffectthelivingstandardsandsocio‐economicsituationofthewatershedcommunity.Theproductionsystemmanagementhasdirectimpactonthequalityofwateraswellasthequalityofthesoil.Thesoilfertilitywillbekeptsustainedforlongiftheproductionsystem management activities proposed in the DPR is implemented. This will havedirectrelationtothelivelihoodpromotionbasedonnaturalresources.Thelivelihoodofthe watershed community is directly related to natural resources. However, when adevelopmentplan is formulated it shouldensure thewell beingof all the communitymembers irrespective of their asset base. Hence the PS&M activities as well asLivelihood promotion are aimed to improve the living condition of the watershedcommunity.All activities that occur within a watershed will somehow affect that watershed’snatural resources, water quality and the life style of thewatershed community. Newland development, runoff from already‐developed areas, agricultural activities, andhousehold activities such as gardening/lawn care, septic system use/maintenance,water diversion andmaintenance all can affect the quality of the resourceswithin awatershed. Watershed management planning comprehensively identifies thoseactivities that affect the health of the watershed and makes recommendations toproperlyaddressthemsothatadverseimpactsarereduced.WatershedmanagementactivitiesplannedandproposedinthisDPRisalsoimportantbecausetheplanningprocessresultsinapartnershipamongallaffectedpartiesinthewatershed.Thatpartnershipisessentialtothesuccessfulmanagementofthelandand

water resources in thewatershed since all partners have a stake in the health of thewatershed. It is also an efficient way to prioritize the implementation of watershedmanagementplansintimeswhenresourcesmaybelimited.Though, the watershed management program is not the panacea to maintain thesustainablelivelihoods, itcontributestothelivelihoodsoutcomesasmentionedintheLFAof thisDPR;more income, increasedwell‐being, reducedvulnerability, improvedfood security and more sustainable use of natural base. The activities proposedcontribute to all assets of the sustainable livelihoods of the local people. The level ofextent to which it can contribute to the five assets of the Sustainable Livelihooddepends on the approaches and objectives of the program. Participatory groupapproachfollowedisencouraging.The multipurpose benefits of the planned interventions in this DPR are asfollows:

Upstream DownstreamOverall

Direct Indirect Direct Indirect

Reducedsoilerosion

Betterwateravailability

Betterqualityofwater

Reduceddeforestation

Enhancedminorforestproduceavailability

Improvedwateravailability

Bettercropproduction

Morebiomassavailability

Enhancedfuel(biomass)availability

Enhancedcattlemilkproduction

Enhancedothereconomicactivitieslikevermincomposting,sericulture,orchardetc

Reducedmigration

Moreemployment

ImprovedHealthcondition

Improvedadaptivecapacitytoclimatechange

Socialdevelopment

Inaddition,WatershedManagementactivitiesincludedinthisDPRisanadvancedideaofordinarywatershedmanagementwhichprimarilyincludes:

Betterwatermanagement, Minorirrigation, Drinkingwatersupply, Sanitationfacilities, Forestry Micro crediting to use Non Timber Forest products, Aquaculture, orchardmaintenanceandhandicraftsforincomegenerationandlivelihood

InshorttheplannedinterventionsproposedinthisDPRshall:

Considerthetotalenvironmentalimpactoftheproposedsystem.

Considerwaterqualityaswellaswaterquantity.

Be consistent with the local Plan of Development and any existing watershedmanagementplan.

Coordinatewitherosioncontrolmeasuresandaquiferprotection.

Minimize disturbance of natural grades and vegetation, and utilize existingtopographyfornaturaldrainagesystems.

Preservenaturalvegetatedbuffersalongwaterresourcesandwetlands.

Minimize impervious surfaces and maximize infiltration of cleansed runoff toappropriatesoils.

Reduce peak flow to minimize the likelihood of soil erosion, stream channelinstability,andfloodingandhabitatdestruction.

Usewetlandsandwaterbodiestoreceiveortreatrunoffonlywhenitisassuredthatthesenaturalsystemswillnotbeoverloadedordegraded.

Provideamaintenancescheduleformanagementpractices,includingdesignationofmaintenanceresponsibilities.

Two issues are central here: first, an improved natural resource base can contribute toenhanced livelihoods for a growing ruralpopulationbut isnot apanacea; second, evenamoderatedegreeofequityrequireshighlevelsofsocialorganizationandanabilityamongwomenandthepoortoarticulatetheirrequirements,togetherwithcontinuingvigilancetoensurethattheirrightsarenotoverridden.ProvisionsareleftinthisDPRtoensurestrongandsustainablesocialorganizations.AcknowledgementInthisprocessofDPRpreparation,weneedtoacknowledgethesupportandguidanceprovidedbytheProjectDirector,PAU,Kannur,theJointDirectorandChiefExecutiveofSLNA, The Payyanur Balock Panchayat President and her team, Block PanchayatSecretaryandhiscolleagues,Agricultureofficersof theconcernedGramaPanchayats,TheConcernedGramaPanchayatPresidentsandtheirteam,TheMGNREGSsupervisorsintheBlockPanchayatandintheGramaPanchayatandlast,butnotleast,theelectedmembersof theGramaPanchayatsand thewatershedcommitteemembers.A specialmention is required here for the support and cooperation rendered to us by theparticipatingWatershedNeighbourhoodClusters.

Weknowthatweshouldnotforgetthatthisdetaileddocumentwitheverydataanditsanalysiswithworkedoutengineeringmeasuresandbudgetprovisionsisaresultoftherestless effort of the Technical Support Organization (SUSTHIRA, Centre forDevelopment Studies andAction, Pariyaram).ThisDetailedProjectReport is realizedonthestipulatedtimeisonlybecausethededicatedserviceoftheTSO.ConclusionMany projects fail to yield due results because of the lack of proper sustainingmechanisms.Peoplehave to feel that theprojectsarebeneficial to themand itwouldcontribute to theirwellbeing.Manyprojectsdonot come to this levelbecauseof thelackofOperationandMaintenanceProgrammes. In this context,measuresneed tobedevisedtoseethatagroupofpeoplewillbeproperlytrained inthevariousdetailsofoperationandmaintenanceof theproject and theywill see that theprojects initiatedaremaintainedprofitablyandoverallsuccessisachieved.Peoplewhoaredrawnfromthewatershed sangams and other baseline groupswill be given enough training andthese peoplewill constitutes a ‘Watershed Vikasana Samithi’ and itwill register as alegal body and look after all future operations in connectionwith the operation andmaintenance of the project. This approach will certainly sustain the project and itsbenefits.Thebasics for theexistenceofhumanbeingsarehismeansof livelihood ‐ soil,waterand biomass. All our developmental programmes should have been focused on theconservation and protection of these basic resources, but unfortunately this had notbeen the focus of development till recently. As the statistics and studies conductedworldwidehaverevealed,existenceandevensurvivalofthehumanonthisplanetearthisindanger,asituationwhichhadbeenknowinglyorunknowinglyhadbeencreatedbyhimself,ashegavetoppriorityforhisownluxury.Asofnow,wehaverecognizedthatitishightimetostoptheoverexploitationofournaturalresourcesandwemustlearntoprotectandconservethenaturalresourcestothemaximum.The holistic watershed management programme helps in making the watersheddwellers capable of managing the natural resources for optimal benefits. Themanagementofnaturalresourceswithunderstandingofscientificandtechnicalaspectsandwithanideaofcateringtotheneedsofthecommunityalwayshaspositiveimpactonthesocio‐economicandenvironmentalconditionsofthecommunity.IntegratedWatershedManagementisanimportantactivityfordevelopmentofruralcommunity. Itnotonlyhelpsrestorethequalityof lifeofpeoplebutalsoenrichestheland,vegetationandhelpsretainsoilmoistureinasustainablemanner.