Detail Project Report for Integrated Solid Waste ... · Detail Project Report for Integrated Solid Waste Management of Hangal Town Municipal Council 2016 MaRS Planning and Engineering

Preparation of Detailed Project Report for

Integrated Solid Waste Management of Hangal

Town Municipal Council, Karnataka

Submitted by:

MaRS Planning and Engineering Services Pvt. Ltd.

Detail Project Report for Integrated Solid Waste Management of Hangal Town Municipal Council

2016

MaRS Planning and Engineering Services Pvt Ltd., Ahmedabad Page 2

1. Contents

1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ............................................................................................... 8

1.1 Background ..................................................................................................................................................... 8

1.2 Problems being faced by Urban Local Bodies ................................................................................................ 8

1.3 Efforts of the Government ............................................................................................................................... 9

1.4 Need for the Project ....................................................................................................................................... 13

1.5 Framework of ISWM .................................................................................................................................... 14

1.6 Methodology ................................................................................................................................................. 14

1.7 Structure of Report ........................................................................................................................................ 21

2 PROJECT AREA PROFILE ................................................................................................................... 23

2.1 Hangal Town ................................................................................................................................................. 23

2.1.1 General Details .............................................................................................................................................................. 24

2.2 Observation on the Current System ............................................................................................................... 27

2.2.1 No waste segregation ...................................................................................................................................................... 28

2.2.2 100% of collection coverage is not practiced .................................................................................................................. 28

2.2.3 Absence of scientific processing and disposal facility .................................................................................................... 28

2.2.4 Shortage of assets Within the ULB ................................................................................................................................. 28

2.2.5 Lack of awareness among people.................................................................................................................................... 29

3 Existing Scenario ....................................................................................................................................... 30

3.1 Quantification of Waste................................................................................................................................. 30

3.2 Quantification of Waste in Hangal Town ...................................................................................................... 31

3.2.1 Estimation of Per capita waste generation ...................................................................................................................... 31

3.2.2 Characterization and Composition of MSW ................................................................................................................... 33

3.3 Segregation of waste at source ...................................................................................................................... 37

3.3.1 Residential and Commercial Areas ................................................................................................................................. 40

3.3.2 Markets and Meat Stalls ................................................................................................................................................ 41

3.3.3 Bulk Generators ............................................................................................................................................................. 42

3.3.4 Hotel and Restaurants ................................................................................................................................................... 42

3.3.5 Construction & Demolition Waste ................................................................................................................................ 43

3.3.6 Bio -Medical Waste ........................................................................................................................................................ 43

3.3.7 Street sweeping and drain Waste ................................................................................................................................. 43

3.4 Collection and Transportation of waste ......................................................................................................... 44

3.5 MSW Processing and Disposal facility ......................................................................................................... 45

3.6 Present SWM Institutional Framework ......................................................................................................... 51

3.7 Legal Framework .......................................................................................................................................... 52

3.7.1 Air & Water Act.............................................................................................................................................................. 52

3.7.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 2006 ................................................................................................... 52

3.7.3 MSW (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 ............................................................................................................ 52


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3.7.4 Site Suitability Analysis .................................................................................................................................................. 53

3.7.5 Location Criteria as per CPHEEO Manual ..................................................................................................................... 53

3.7.6 Service Level Benchmarks .............................................................................................................................................. 54

4 Review of Technologies ............................................................................................................................. 56

4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 56

4.2 Recycling of waste ........................................................................................................................................ 56

4.3 Processing of organic fraction of waste ......................................................................................................... 56

4.3.1 Aerobic / Anaerobic Composting Technology ................................................................................................................ 57

4.3.2 Vermi-Composting Technology ...................................................................................................................................... 61

4.3.3 Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) Processing Technology ...................................................................................................... 62

4.3.4 Bio-methanation .............................................................................................................................................................. 63

4.3.5 Incineration ..................................................................................................................................................................... 63

4.3.6 Pyrolysis / Gasification ................................................................................................................................................... 65

4.4 Plastic Waste Management ........................................................................................................................... 66

4.5 E-Waste Management ................................................................................................................................... 74

4.6 Construction and Demolition Waste Management ........................................................................................ 76

4.7 Sanitary Waste Management ......................................................................................................................... 77

4.8 Sanitary Landfill ............................................................................................................................................ 79

5 Design Criteria for ISWM ........................................................................................................................ 90

5.1 Population Growth & waste generation projects ........................................................................................... 90

5.1.1 Segregation at Source...................................................................................................................................................... 90

5.1.2 Command Areas.............................................................................................................................................................. 91

5.1.3 Destination bound Collection and Transportation ........................................................................................................... 94

5.2 Proposed Plan for Collection & Transportation Operations .......................................................................... 94

5.3 Proposed Model for MSW Processing and Disposal ..................................................................................... 97

6 Proposed Collection & Transportation Plan ......................................................................................... 100

6.1 Road / Street Sweeping ............................................................................................................................... 100

6.2 Drain Cleaning ............................................................................................................................................ 105

6.3 System of waste storage at Source .............................................................................................................. 106

6.4 Collection and Transportation ..................................................................................................................... 109

6.5 Asset & Manpower Requirement ................................................................................................................ 112

7 Proposed Processing & Disposal Plan ................................................................................................... 117

7.1 Compost Processing Plant - Operation Details ............................................................................................ 117

7.2 Area requirement for Windrow Platform .................................................................................................... 120

7.3 E-Waste Management ................................................................................................................................. 125

7.4 Sanitary Waste Management ....................................................................................................................... 126

7.5 Bio-medical Waste Management ................................................................................................................ 127

7.6 C & D Waste Management ......................................................................................................................... 127

7.7 Sanitary Landfill Facility ............................................................................................................................. 128


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7.8 Leachate Treatment ..................................................................................................................................... 130

7.9 Asset, Manpower & Area Requirement ...................................................................................................... 130

8 Project Financials .................................................................................................................................... 132

8.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 132

8.2 City Sanitation Operations .......................................................................................................................... 132

8.3 Collection & Transportation Operations ..................................................................................................... 133

8.4 Vehicle Monitoring System ......................................................................................................................... 134

8.5 Processing & Disposal Facility ................................................................................................................... 135

8.6 Funding Pattern for Capital Cost ................................................................................................................. 138

8.7 Funding Pattern for Operations & Maintenance Cost ................................................................................. 139

8.7.1 Municipal Funds ........................................................................................................................................................... 139

8.7.2 User Charges ................................................................................................................................................................. 140

8.7.3 Revenue from sale of Compost & Recyclables ............................................................................................................. 141

8.7.4 Salaries from SFC Grants ............................................................................................................................................. 141

9 . Operating Framework ......................................................................................................................... 142

9.1 Options for Project Implementation ............................................................................................................ 142

9.2 Option 1: Service delivery by ULB ............................................................................................................. 142

9.3 Option 2: Service delivery through Private Operator(s) .............................................................................. 142

10 Legal Aspects ........................................................................................................................................... 146

10.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 146

10.2 Proposed Legal Provisions .......................................................................................................................... 146

11 . Health Aspects ...................................................................................................................................... 150

11.1 Low Cost Sanitation Program to prevent Open Defecation ........................................................................ 150

11.2 Covering of Buildings under Construction .................................................................................................. 150

11.3 Cattle Nuisance ........................................................................................................................................... 150

11.4 Health Monitoring for Sanitary Workers..................................................................................................... 150

11.5 Prevent Indiscriminate Use of Pesticides .................................................................................................... 151

12 . Role of Stakeholders ............................................................................................................................. 152

12.1 Role of the ULB .......................................................................................................................................... 152

12.2 Role of the Citizens ..................................................................................................................................... 152

12.3 Role of the Private Operator ........................................................................................................................ 152

13 . Information, Education and Communication .................................................................................... 153

13.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 153

13.2 Approaches of IEC Plan .............................................................................................................................. 153

13.3 Awareness about Reduce, Reuse and Recycle Waste ................................................................................. 154

13.4 Awareness about segregation of waste at source ......................................................................................... 155

13.5 Strategies for creating Awareness ............................................................................................................... 155


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2. List of Tables Table 1: Physical Characteristics of Waste .................................................................................................................. 18

Table 2: Chemical Characteristics of Waste ................................................................................................................ 19

Table 1: Basic information about Hangal Town .......................................................................................................... 25

Table 2: Population of Hangal Town ........................................................................................................................... 25

Table 3 Ward-wise population and household............................................................................................................. 25

Table 7: Average Per-capita generation of MSW in Indian Cities .............................................................................. 30

Table 8 Weigh Bridge Survey in Hangal Town........................................................................................................... 33

Table 9 : Physical Characteristics of MSW in Indian Cities ........................................................................................ 34

Table 10: Chemical Characteristics of MSW in Indian Cities ..................................................................................... 34

Table 11 Physical Characteristics of MSW in Hangal ................................................................................................. 35

Table 12 Physical and Chemical Characteristics MSW in Hangal .............................................................................. 36

Table 13: Existing Assets and vehicles within the ULB .............................................................................................. 37

Table 14: Manpower available within the ULB .......................................................................................................... 39

Table 15: Details on frequency of sweeping depending on the categories .................................................................. 44

Table 16 Evaluation of location as per CPHEEO Manual ........................................................................................... 53

Table 17: SWM Service Level Benchmarks at a glance .............................................................................................. 54

Table 18 Specifications for Compost Quality .............................................................................................................. 60

Table 19 Categorization of Plastics ............................................................................................................................. 66

Table 20 Population & Waste Generation Projections ................................................................................................ 90

Table 21: Assumptions for Assets and manpower Requirement ............................................................................... 112

Table 22 : Assets Requirement .................................................................................................................................. 114

Table 23 : Manpower Requirement ........................................................................................................................... 115

Table 24 : Administrative Manpower Requirement .................................................................................................. 115

Table 25 : Assets to be procured ................................................................................................................................ 116

Table 26 : Command area-wise allocation of Assets ................................................................................................. 116

Table 27 : Area requirement for Compost Processing Plant ...................................................................................... 121

Table 28: Specifications for 20 T Garbage Sorting and Processing Machine ........................................................... 121

Table 29: Specifications for Double Deck Rotary Screening Machinery .................................................................. 123

Table 30 : Technical Specifications for Baling Machine (1.5 TPD) .......................................................................... 124

Table 31 : Salient Features of Sanitary Pad Incinerator ............................................................................................. 126

Table 32 : Area requirement for Sanitary Landfill .................................................................................................... 128

Table 33 : Asset requirement for Processing & Disposal Facility ............................................................................. 130

Table 34 : Man power requirement for Processing & Disposal Facility .................................................................... 130

Table 35 : Area requirement for Processing & Disposal Facility .............................................................................. 131

Table 36: Capital Cost for City Sanitation Operations .............................................................................................. 132

Table 37 : O & M Cost for City Sanitation Operations ............................................................................................. 133


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Table 38 : Capital Cost Collection & Transportation Operations .............................................................................. 133

Table 39 : O & M Cost for Collection & Transportation Operations ........................................................................ 134

Table 40: Vehicle Monitoring System ....................................................................................................................... 134

Table 41: Capital Cost for Plant & Machinery .......................................................................................................... 135

Table 42: Capital Cost for Civil Works ..................................................................................................................... 136

Table 43 : O & M Cost for Processing & Disposal Facility ...................................................................................... 138

Table 44 : Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 138

Table 45 : Cost/ tonne ................................................................................................................................................ 138

Table 46 : Funding Pattern for Capital Cost .............................................................................................................. 139

Table 47 : Sources of Income of the ULB ................................................................................................................. 140

Table 48 : Revised User charges for various generators ............................................................................................ 140

Table 49 : Funding Pattern for O&M Cost ................................................................................................................ 141

Table 51 : Comparative Analysis of risks .................................................................................................................. 144

List of Figures

Figure 1: Approach and Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 15

Figure 1: Location Map of Hangal Town .................................................................................................................... 23

Figure 2: Ward map of Hangal Town .......................................................................................................................... 27

Figure 4: Pushcart ........................................................................................................................................................ 38

Figure 5: Auto Tipper ................................................................................................................................................. 38

Figure 6: Tractor Trailer .............................................................................................................................................. 39

Figure 7: JCB/ Front and Back .................................................................................................................................... 39

Figure 8: Suction Machine........................................................................................................................................... 39

Figure 9: Household Survey ........................................................................................................................................ 40

Figure 10 COMMERCIAL SURVEY ......................................................................................................................... 41

Figure 11: chicken stalls survey ................................................................................................................................ 42

Figure 12 Hotels, Bar and Restaurants Survey ............................................................................................................ 43

Figure 13 Existing Scenario of SWM .......................................................................................................................... 44

Figure 16: Location Map of Landfill Site .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 15: Infrastructure facilities in Landfill Site ...................................................................................................... 49

Figure 17 LAYOUT MAP ........................................................................................................................................... 50

Figure 18: Organization Chart ..................................................................................................................................... 51

Figure 19 Processing Technology for E-Waste ........................................................................................................... 75

Figure 20 Proposed Collection & Transportation Plan ................................................................................................ 95

Figure 21 Overall Proposed Processing & Disposal Plan (long-term)......................................................................... 98


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Figure 26 : IEC Modules used at Town Level ........................................................................................................... 159


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1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

1.1 Background

Solid waste is generated from a number of sources which include households (kitchen and yard),

commercial areas (shops, hotels and restaurants), industries (raw material and packaging),

institutions (schools, hospitals and offices), construction and demolition sites, wild and

domesticated animals (carcasses of dead animals, manure), parks (fallen branches, leaves from

trees), and streets (sand, silt, clay, concrete, bricks, asphalt, residues from air deposition, and

dust). Municipal solid waste (MSW) includes waste from households, non-hazardous solid waste

from industrial, commercial and institutional establishments (excluding bio-medical waste in

present context), market waste, yard waste, agricultural wastes and street sweepings. Industrial

and community hazardous waste and infectious waste, is not considered as MSW and should be

collected and processed separately. MSW (Management and Handling) Rules 2000 defines

MSW as “commercial and residential wastes generated in municipal or notified areas in either

solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including treated bio-

medical wastes”. MSW management (MSWM) encompasses the functions of collection, transfer

& transportation, processing & recycling, and disposal of MSW.

1.2 Problems being faced by Urban Local Bodies

Land disposal of solid wastes is a common waste management practice and has been practiced

for centuries. Unscientific disposal of wastes causes an adverse impact on all components of the

environment and human health. One of the major environmental concerns is release of methane

gas, which has 21 times more global warming potential than carbon dioxide. Improper

management of waste contributes to 6% of India’s methane emissions and is the third largest

emitter of methane in India. This is much higher than the global average of 3% methane

emissions from solid waste. It currently produces 16 million tons of CO2 equivalents per year

and this number is expected to rise to 20 million tons of CO2 equivalents by 2020.

Improper and unorganized disposal of waste in open areas and landfills have a negative impact

on the living conditions of human beings as well as the overall environment. It results in spread

of communicable and non-communicable diseases among human beings and animals, thus

affecting the welfare, livelihood and economic productivity. In addition, it causes contamination

of soil, surface water, ground water and generation of toxic and green-house gases. Population


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growth and rapid urbanization means bigger and denser cities and increased MSW generation in

each city. The problem of solid waste management (SWM) in India, in combination with rapid

urbanization, population growth and unplanned development is worsening day by day. India is

the second largest nation in the world, with a population of 1.21 billion, accounting for nearly

18% of world's human population, but it does not have enough resources or adequate systems in

place to treat its solid wastes. Its urban population grew at a rate of 31.8% during the last decade

to 377 million, which is greater than the entire population of US, the third largest country in the

world according to population). There has been significant increase in generation of solid wastes

in India over last few decades and reason is largely associated with population growth. Although

typical urban growth rate has been determined at around 2.5% annually, waste generation is out

pacing the urban population growth in Indian cities. The solid waste generated in Indian cities

has increased from 6 million tons in 1947 to 48 million tons in 1997 and is expected to increase

to 300 million tons per annum by 2047.

India is facing a sharp contrast between its increasing urban population and available services

and resources. Waste management is one such service where India has an enormous gap to fill.

More than 25% of the waste generated is not collected at all; 70% of the Indian cities lack

adequate capacity to transport it and there are no sanitary landfills to dispose of the waste.

Proper disposal systems to address the burgeoning amount of wastes are absent. The current

waste management services are inefficient, incur heavy expenditure and are so low as to be a

potential threat to the public health and environmental quality. Improper solid waste

management deteriorates public health, causes environmental pollution, accelerates natural

resources degradation, causes climate change and greatly impacts the quality of life of citizens

Solid MSW management is constrained by institutional weakness, lack of proper funding, lack of

proper management and operational systems, public apathy, lack of municipal will to become

financially self-sufficient through municipal taxation, etc.

1.3 Efforts of the Government

In recent years, the Government of India has taken several initiatives to improve existing SWM

practices in the country. Some of the key initiatives and recommendations are discussed below:

(i) Hon’ble Supreme Court of India Recommendations In recent years, the current MSWM system in India has received considerable attention from the

Central and State Governments and local municipalities. Then first initiative was taken by the


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Honorable Supreme Court of India in 1998, which resulted in the formation of a Committee to

study the current status of MSWM in Indian cities. This Committee identified the

deficiencies/gaps in the existing MSWM system in the country and prepared the “Interim

Report on SWM Practices in Class I Cities”. Class I are cities with a population ranging between

one lakh to ten lakhs (1, 00,000 – 10, 00,000).

(ii) Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules

As a second initiative, the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India,

published “Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000” (MSW Rules

2000). These rules were developed in conformance with Sections 3, 6 and 25 of the

Environment Protection Act, 1986 and aim at standardization and enforcement of SWM

practices in the urban sector. They dictate that, “Every municipal authority shall, within the

territorial area of the municipality, be responsible for the implementation of the provisions of

these rules and infrastructure development for collection, storage segregation, transportation,

processing and disposal of municipal solid wastes”. In addition, “the CPCB shall coordinate with

State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) and Pollution Control Committees (PCCs) in the matters

of MSW disposal and its management and handling”.

(iii) Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission

The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) is the third notable

initiative undertaken by Government of India. JNNURM provides funding for urban

infrastructure development in 63 cities and towns of the country. This mission was initiated in

2006 and is slated to continue until 2011.

(iv) Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium

Towns

The primary objective of this scheme is to improve the urban infrastructure in towns and cities

in a planned manner and to promote public–private partnership (PPP) in infrastructure

development. This scheme was introduced in the year 2005-06 and will continue for seven

years. This scheme is applicable to all cities/towns as per 2001 census, except the cities/towns

covered under the JNNURM. One of the components of this scheme is to renew the old

sewerage and solid waste disposal systems in inner (old) areas.


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(v) Swachh Bharat Mission

Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) was launched on 2nd of October, 2014 with a vision to achieve a

clean India as a tribute to the father of the nation, Mahatma Gandhi, on his 150th birth

anniversary, in 2019. SBM is being implemented by the Ministry of Urban Development

(MoUD) and by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MoDWS) for urban and rural

areas with a given set of guidelines for improved sanitary services and capacity building

initiatives. MSWM a major component of the SBM (urban)-“refers to a systematic process that

comprises of waste segregation and storage at source, primary collection, secondary storage,

transportation, secondary segregation, resource recovery, processing, treatment, and final

disposal of solid waste.”

Under the provisions of MSWM, the local bodies are to prepare Detailed Project Reports in

consultation with the state government based on the identified needs of the City Sanitation

Plans. Provision also mentions clustering of smaller cities for attracting Private investment. The

DPRs should be prepared in lines with Govt. of India’s goals outlined in the NUSP 2008, SWM

rules, advisories, CPHEEO manuals (including cost recovery mechanisms), O&M practices and

Service-level Benchmark advisories released by MoUD and Manual on Municipal Solid Waste

Management, 2000. States will contribute a minimum of 25% funds for SWM projects to match

75% Central Share (10% in the case of North East States and special category states). 80% of the

urban population to be covered by SWM services (allowing for a 2% increase year on year)

covering all statutory towns. 1 Central government Grant / VGF may also be used to promote

projects of waste to energy.

(vi) Fourteen Finance Commission Recommendations

Constituted by the President of India, under Article 280 of the constitution, the Finance

Commission is to recommend on distribution of central tax revenues between the Union and the

States. Supporting Local bodies through grant, subsequent to the passage of the 73rd and 74th

constitutional amendments was first time announced in the 10th Finance Commission for

providing basic services at the grassroots level and strengthening decentralization. The 13th

Finance Commission has recommended two categories of Grants to Local Bodies namely (1)

General Basic Grant and (2) General Performance Grant. The Basic Grants will be released on

furnishing the Utilization Certificates for the last releases and the General Performance Grant

will be released on fulfillment of nine conditions by the State Government, as stipulated in para


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10.16.1 of the report of the 13th Finance Commission by March of a particular financial year.

Further, in 2009, MoUD initiated Service Level Benchmarking (SLB) with respect to basic

municipal services including solid waste management. SLB has been introduced in 30 states and

across 1700 ULBs.

Under the provisions of MSWM, the local bodies are to prepare Detailed Project Reports in

consultation with the state government based on the identified needs of the City Sanitation

Plans. Provision also mentions clustering of smaller cities for attracting Private investment. The

DPRs should be prepared in lines with Govt. of India’s goals outlined in the NUSP 2008, SWM

rules, advisories, CPHEEO manuals (including cost recovery mechanisms), O&M practices and

Service-level Benchmark advisories released by MoUD and Manual on Municipal Solid Waste

Management, 2000. States will contribute a minimum of 25% funds for SWM projects to match

75% Central Share (10% in the case of North East States and special category states). 80% of the

urban population to be covered by SWM services (allowing for a 2% increase year on year)

covering all statutory towns. 1 Central government Grant / VGF may also be used to promote

projects of waste to energy.

(vii) Fourteen Finance Commission Recommendations

Constituted by the President of India, under Article 280 of the constitution, the Finance

Commission is to recommend on distribution of central tax revenues between the Union and the

States. Supporting Local bodies through grant, subsequent to the passage of the 73rd and 74th

constitutional amendments was first time announced in the 10th Finance Commission for

providing basic services at the grassroots level and strengthening decentralization. The 13th

Finance Commission has recommended two categories of Grants to Local Bodies namely (1)

General Basic Grant and (2) General Performance Grant. The Basic Grants will be released on

furnishing the Utilization Certificates for the last releases and the General Performance Grant

will be released on fulfillment of nine conditions by the State Government, as stipulated in para

10.16.1 of the report of the 13th Finance Commission by March of a particular financial year.

Further, in 2009, MoUD initiated Service Level Benchmarking (SLB) with respect to basic

municipal services including solid waste management. SLB has been introduced in 30 states and

across 1700 ULBs.


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1.4 Need for the Project

As per the 74th Constitutional Amendment, provision of solid waste services - waste collection,

transfer, recycling, resource recovery and disposal, is recognized as a key service to be managed

and delivered by Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). Also the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and

Handling) Rules, 2000 (MSW Rules) imposes an obligation on all municipalities in India to

adopt suitable processes for scientific collection, management, processing and disposal of MSW.

Solid waste management is a major task of the local governments, typically accounting for a

sizeable portion of the municipal budget - about 20% to 50%. Most ULBs spend nearly 60%-

70% of their total overall budgetary allocation on collection, another 20%-30% on

transportation, and often less than 10% on the treatment and final disposal of MSW. Despite

this huge expenditure, ULBs are still grappling with the challenge of preventing environmental

degradation due to the unsystematic and unscientific method of solid waste management. Most

of the ULBs in the state are collecting waste and disposing the waste at dumping sites without

any processing. Moreover, proper waste management in the cities is hampered by the following

problems:

• Increasing quantity and volume of solid waste • Inadequate infrastructure for proper collection and transportation of waste • Lack of adequate and appropriate facilities for MSW processing and disposal • Limited access to land • Increasing cost of solid waste collection and disposal.

Most cities and towns lack systematization of procedures relating to waste collection,

segregation, storage and transportation, and absence of scientific processing and disposal of

waste. As a consequence, ULBs are unable to achieve the desired level of service level

performance in terms of efficiency and satisfaction and thereby comply with the MSW Rules. As

a part of the Swachha Bharat Mission, District Urban Development Cell, Haveri intends to

enhance the existing Solid waste management system and thus improve the health and living

standards of its residents in Hangal. The purpose of this project is to identify the existing

MSWM practices in Hangal in Haveri district, recognize deficiencies/gaps in the present system

and propose a comprehensive plan for MSWM including segregation, collection, transportation

and processing & scientific disposal of waste in compliance with the MSW Rules 2000.


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1.5 Framework of ISWM

The Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan is prepared for the achievement of, among others,

the following objectives:

To devise cost effective system for primary collection

To devise an efficient system of daily cleaning of streets and public places

To ensure waste generated by the floating populations is adequately addressed

To devise a system to eliminate indiscriminate disposal of garbage

To promote processing of waste for:

o deriving fertilizer

o reducing waste loads going to landfill

o generating income

o helping agriculture production

o To ensure safe disposal of waste

In accordance to the timeline provided, the Project team will have consultative meetings with

ULB officials, elected councilors, local citizen representatives and based on both primary and

secondary data, and the interactions, carry out the analysis of the data.

An interim report will be submitted in 10 days, from the date of submission of Inception Report,

incorporating the concept of ISWM proposed for the town of Hangal.

1.6 Methodology

This DPR proposes a comprehensive SWM management and implementation plan for Hangal.

In order to address each of the problems associated with the current SWM system, a series of

steps shall be adopted.


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Figure 1: Approach and Methodology

Step 1: Problem Identification

Identification of problems in the town would involve meeting the various stakeholders in the

ULB, and gaining an understanding of the town from administrators of the area. Tentative

facts that emerge from such discussion are:

Waste management awareness level in the towns

Transportation situation

Status of sewerage and drainage system

Source of wastes – slaughter houses, residential areas, bio medical waste

Existing waste management system


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Estimates of household and bulk generators in the ULBs

Major markets, bus stops and depots, transit centers

Estimates of floating population

These would give the consultants basic idea about the functioning 0f the towns in terms of solid

waste, public toilets and other related infrastructure.

Step 2: Primary and secondary data collection

The main objective of the baseline study is to understand the existing solid waste system as

accurately as possible, analyze system deficiencies in the context of MSW Rules, 2000 and utilize

that information for further planning, implementation and monitoring processes. Local

conditions shall be considered while assessing the inadequacy of existing service and

planning for the future with due consideration of local demography, physical location,

growth objectives of the ULB as well as social and environmental conditions.

From previous experiences, we know that to understand the problems of the ULB as well as the

public, both primary and secondary data collection is required. The major source of secondary

data for this project would be the ULB and other government and non-government organizations.

Detailed information for assessing the adequacy of municipal solid waste management services

may not be readily available with the ULB. Therefore, efforts were made to collect secondary data

from previous surveys and studies undertaken for other purposes.

Some essential information shall be collected from field level supervisors. Primary data shall be

collected only when authentic secondary data is unavailable. Primary data shall be collected

through conducting surveys and measurements at the point of generation, using data collection

formats.

Data collection

Secondary data would be collected after discussions with ULB officials to understand the

present practice of waste management and disposal system in the ULBs. Detailed questionnaires

would be prepared to collect information in a streamlined and organized fashion at macro level.

In this regard, the following preliminary information would be collected to help in framing the

methodology for primary data collection.

Map of the town with municipal limits and ward wise map


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Census Details – Year 2011, 2001, 1991, 1981, 1971, 1961, 1951

Total number of households in ULB

List of markets, hospitals, nursing homes, hotels, industries, Abattoirs, slaughter houses in ULB

Existing assets and manpower with ULB

Based on the evaluation of available secondary data and the outcome of discussions with the

ULB our strategy and approach to complete each and every stage of the project shall be framed.

Quantification and Composition of MSW The quantity and composition of MSW generated in the ULB is essential for determining

collection, processing and disposal options that could be adopted. They are dependent on the

population, demographic details, principal activities in the city/ town, income levels and lifestyle

of the community. It has been well established that waste generation of an area is

proportional to average income of the people of that area. It is also observed that generation

of organic, plastic and paper waste is high in high income areas.

The Characterization studies carried out by NEERI in the year 1996 indicate that MSW contains

large organic fraction (30-40%), ash and fine earth (30-40%), paper (3-6%) along with plastic

glass and metal (each less than 1%), calorific value of refuse ranges between 800-1000 kcal/kg

and C/N ratio ranges between 20 and 30.Study revealed that quantum of waste generation

varies between 0.2-0.4 kg/capita/day in the urban centers and it goes up to 0.5 kg/capita/day in

metropolitan cities.

Estimation of per capita waste generation details

For the purpose of estimating the per capita waste generated in the ULBs, representative

samples from each ULB shall be collected from households of low, mid and higher income and

commercial establishments.

The waste generators shall be advised to deposit all the waste generated in the bags distributed

to them and hand over the bag to the waste collector on the subsequent day. The waste shall be

weighed after collection and the weights recorded. The average amount of waste disposed by a

specific class of generators shall be estimated by averaging data from several samples collected


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at multiple representative locations within the ULB jurisdiction. These quantities shall then be

extrapolated to the entire ULB to assess the per capita waste generation.

Sampling for Waste Quantification

The waste quantification and characterization studies would be conducted for samples

collected from the open dumpsites of the city from where waste is dumped by different sections

of the society. This would be followed by waste quantification and waste characterization

(physical) by quartering method. The sample shall be analyzed in the laboratory for its chemical

characteristics.

Determining Waste Composition

The quartering and coining method is one of the best techniques for determining the physical

composition and characteristic of municipal waste. The sample is reduced to a more manageable

size as the actual classification is carried out by hand. The Quartering and Coining sampling

procedure is described below:

Manageable quantity of MSW mixed from outside and inside of the waste pile, sourced from

random entities in an identified sampling location is collected and mixed thoroughly.

The sample is placed as a uniform heap and the heap is divided into four portions using straight

lines perpendicular to each other.

Waste from opposing corners of the divided heap is removed to leave half of the original sample.

The remaining portions are again thoroughly mixed and the quartering process is repeated until a

desired size is obtained (10 kg of waste can be handled/ segregated efficiently).

The last remaining opposing fractions of waste shall be mixed and analyzed for identifying

physical and chemical properties of the waste.

Chemical analysis of the sample shall be performed in a laboratory accredited by the

Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF).

Table 1: Physical Characteristics of Waste

Sl. No. Waste Category Waste constituents

1 Inert Waste Bulky wastes like mats & beddings, stones, mud from street sweeping, ash, porcelain & sanitary waste

2 Organic Waste Leaves, fruits, vegetables, leftover food, organic waste from kitchen and markets, horticulture wastes


2016


3 Drain Silt Silt from drain including blackish matter that includes waste which is not visible as it is either decomposed or can’t be differentiated

4 Recyclables Plastics, metals, paper, glass, cloth, cardboard, carton boxes, rubber, packaging material

5 Construction debris Broken concrete, brick, sand, stone and aggregates

Table 2: Chemical Characteristics of Waste

Sl. No. Parameters Sl. No. Parameters

1 Moisture Content 15 Sulphur

2 Calorific Value 16 Iron

3 Bulk Density 17 Copper

4 pH 18 Zinc

5 Conductivity 19 Nickel

6 C/N Ratio 20 Manganese

7 Organic Carbon 21 Chromium

8 Total Solids (% by mass) 22 Cadmium

9 Lignin Content (% by mass) 23 Mercury

10 Total Volatile Solids (1:5ratio) 24 Lead

11 Loss of ignition 25 Selenium

12 Total Potassium (ask mg/kg) 26 Arsenic

13 Total Nitrogen (%by mass) 27 Pesticides

14 Total Phosphorus (% by mass)

Step 3: Data Collection and Analysis

The waste quantity and characterization details gathered during primary survey would be

compiled and analyzed.

Estimating future waste generation quantities and composition is critical for developing a MSW

management Plan. Planning horizons for solid waste processing/treatment/disposal projects

typically extend to 20-30 years, depending on the nature of the facility. The MSW management

plan shall be designed for the following design periods (time-frame):

(i) Short-term plan : 5 years

(ii) Mid-term plan : 15 years

(iii) Long-term plan : 20-25 years

Population Growth Projections


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The census 2011 population figures would be used to calculate population projection for

each ward. The Projections would be done using the methods recommended in CPHEEO

Manual.

Arithmetical Increase Method: This method is generally applicable to large and old cities. In

this method the average increase of population per decade is calculated from the past records

and added to the present population to find out population in the next decade. This method

gives a low value and is suitable for well settled and established communities.

Method: In this method the increment in arithmetical increase is determined from the past

decades and the average of that increment is added to the average increase. This method

increases the figures obtained by the arithmetical increase method.

Geometrical Increase Method: In this method percentage increase is assumed to be the rate of

growth and the average of the percentage increase is used to find out future increment in

population. This method gives much higher value and is mostly applicable for growing towns

and cities having vast scope for expansion.

Waste Generation Projections

Waste generation figures would be also calculated on the basis of these projected figures and the

per capita waste generation figures.

An assessment states that the per capita waste generation is increasing by about 1.3% per year.

With an urban growth rate of 3-3.5% per annum, the annual increase in waste quantities may be

considered at 5 % per annum. Impacts of increasing ULB jurisdiction should also be considered

while assessing future waste generation rates.

Step 4: Gap analysis

The assessment of the information on the current status of waste management in the ULB vis-

a- vis the requirements of existing regulation, policies and guidelines and identified SLBs will

result in an identification of key shortfalls in achieving the desired level of services and shall

form the basis for preparing a plan to improve the MSWM system. Gaps in the existing waste

management system would be identified with reference to the MSW Rules 2000, the

information provided by the ULB officials and the existing scenario as per the results of the

primary survey.

Step 5: Evaluation & Proposal, Detailed engineering, BOQ and Cost estimates


2016


Based on the outcomes of the primary and secondary data collection and the corresponding

analysis of gap and requirement analysis results, discussions with the stakeholders, ULB, and

the best judgments made by the consultant experts, alternatives would be considered and

evaluated and a most suitable MSW management model would be developed for

implementation. Further, detailed engineering, BOQ, cost and estimates for this plan would be

developed and considered for producing a finance model. Guidelines laid out by the Swachh

Bharat Mission would be used for the same.

1.7 Structure of Report

This DPR is for setting up a modern municipal solid waste management project for the Town of

Hangal in Haveri District. The DPR is organized in thirteen chapters and the details are briefed

below:

Chapter 1: Introduction

This chapter elaborates the background of waste management in India, the need for the Project

and the methodology adopted for the study.

Chapter 2: Project Area Profile

This chapter provides an understanding of the district and Town profile.

Chapter 3: Present Scenario of SWM

This chapter provides details of current scenario in the town including quantification &

characterization of the waste, existing collection and transportation system and the present

processing and disposal methods adopted by the ULB.

Chapter 4: Review of Technologies

This chapter details out the technical details of the various technologies available for processing

the waste.

Chapter 5: Design Criteria

This chapter provides the design basis for the project including population growth and waste

generation projections, the strategy to be adopted and the proposed plan for collection,

transportation, processing and disposal of waste.


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Chapter 6: Proposed Collection & Transportation Plan

This chapter elaborates the proposed collection and transportation plan for the city and also

provides details of the assets and manpower requirement.

Chapter 7: Proposed Processing & Disposal Plan

This chapter details out the various technologies proposed for processing the waste and the

details for the sanitary landfill facility. Details of plant & machinery and civil infrastructure,

manpower and area requirement for the processing and disposal facility is provided.

Chapter 8: Project Financial

This chapter provides the details of the capital cost and the operation and maintenance cost for

implementing the project including the funding pattern for the project.

Chapter 9: Operating Framework

This chapter describes the framework for implementing the project.

Chapter 10: Legal Aspects

This chapter lists out legal provisions to be implemented by the ULBs to ensure robust waste

management system.

Chapter 11: Health Aspects

This chapter addresses the health and other related issues arising from waste management

activities.

Chapter 12: Role of Stakeholders

This chapter elaborates the roles and responsibilities of the various stakeholders of the project.

Chapter 13: Information, Education & Communication (IEC)

This chapter provides strategies to be adopted for creating public awareness in terms of MSW

segregation at source level and 3R concept. Also provides Information education,

communication and awareness programs.


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2 PROJECT AREA PROFILE

2.1 Hangal Town

Hangal is a town in Haveri district in the state of Karnataka, India. It is in Shiggaon taluk,

Hangal, also spelled Hanagal, Hanungal, and Hungul, is an historic town in Haveri district in

the Indian state of Karnataka.

Figure 2: Location Map of Hangal Town

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchayat_town

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haveri_district

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiggaon


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Hangal lies about 75 kilometers (47 mi) south of the city of Hubli-Dharwad, about 30 kilometers

(19 mi) west of the Tungabhadra river and east of the Arabian sea. It is located on state road one,

running north to south. A nearby body of water is the Anakere Lake. The town is on level terrain

in an agricultural district.

As of 2001 India census, Hangal had a population of 25009. Males constituted 51% of the

population and females 49%. Hangal had an average literacy rate of 64%, higher than the

national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 67%, and female literacy was 60%. 14% of the

population is under six years of age.

History

Hungal is recorded as Panungal in early documents. It was once the capital of a feudatory of the

Kadambas. The Kadambas was an ancient dynasty of south India which ruled the region of the

present day state of Goa and nearby Konkan region from around AD 485 until the 11th century.

They built temples in Hangal in the Jain tradition.

Hanagal is also known for Agnihotra (three Kunda shroutagni) which was practised by

Brahmashri Chayanayaji—Girishastri Kashikar—for seven generations till 1973.

Around 1031, the Hoysalas took and held Hangal. In 1060, Mallikarjuna of the Shilahara laid

siege to Hangal.

In the 12th century, Hangal was held by the Kalalyani Chalukyas, rulers of the Deccan. The

Chalukyas built temples in the Gadag architectural style, from grey green coloured chloritic

schist.

On 14 July 1800, English forces took Hangal from Dhoondia Punt Gocklah, a Marhatta rebel

deserter

2.1.1 General Details

The Hangal TMC has classified Hangal into 23 wards for administrative purposes. It covers an

area of about 4.27 sq.km. According to the 2011 census, the total population of Hangal was

28159 and number of properties are 5732.


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Table 3: Basic information about Hangal Town

Particulars Data

Present Population 28159

Area 4.27 Sq. K.M

Number of Properties 4468

Number of Wards 23

Length of Roads 84.00

Total Water Supply 3.0 MLD

Per Capita Water Supply 100 LPCD

Summer Temp. 33oC-4OoC

Winter Temp. 23oC-29oC

Table 4: Population of Hangal Town

Year Population

1971 13826

1981 17089

1991 20906

2001 25009

2011 28159

Hangal ward wise population and households detail shown in the table 3.

Table 5 Ward-wise population and household

Ward No. Households Population

1 451 2360

2 160 808

3 304 1433

4 425 1841

5 592 2741

6 206 1093

7 188 972

8 179 835

9 266 1439

10 176 895

11 190 902


2016


Hangal has 22 slums. The total population of slums in the Town is 18509 residing in 3226slum

households. The percentage of slum population to that of Town is about 65.73 %. All the slums

in the town have been declared.

12 342 1700

13 322 1666

14 124 632

15 127 585

16 148 773

17 291 1459

18 191 926

19 352 1750

20 129 624

21 57 197

22 293 1459

23 219 1069

Total 5732

28159


2016


Figure 3: Ward map of Hangal Town

2.2 Observation on the Current System

Urban Local Bodies face a variety of issues related to the task of Solid Waste management.

However, ISWM is an obligatory task of the municipal body which has to be compulsorily done.

Solid Waste Management, thus, is done by Town Municipal Council. It is of two package system

comprising primary collection, street sweeping and transportation to landfill site. Door-to-Door


2016


collections are done in 31 Wards. The user fees shall be collected as per the MSW-rules for

door-to-door collections of waste. After preliminary inspection of the town and basis data

gathering, the following issues have been identified.

2.2.1 No waste segregation

Waste segregation at source is the foremost step to a successful ISWM system. Organic and non-

organic waste must be segregated at the household level so that it can be collected separately by

the ULB. It helps in targeted approach towards the different streams of waste, and accordingly,

the processing and disposal of the waste at the landfill facility will be more efficient. Also, the

value of the recyclable products is higher due to non-cross contamination.

2.2.2 100% of collection coverage is not practiced

A present waste collected from all the areas such as residential, commercial, Marriage halls, Meat

stalls, Street sweeping and drain cleaning except hotel and restaurants waste are not collected by

ULB. An efficiently functioning ISWM process needs a scientifically planned collection and

transportation plan that optimally utilizes the assets and manpower, as per CPHEEO

guidelines. The plan should also highlight the type of vehicle requirement and strategy to collect

waste from different types of generators like residential units, commercial units, markets, street

sweeping, drain silt, etc.

2.2.3 Absence of scientific processing and disposal facility

At present vermi composting unit and windrow platform are being used for processing. No SWM

process can be sustainable and workable if the waste is finally not treated in a scientific manner.

As present the town has a temporary dumping site as the final destination. Area is available

with the TMC for developing a SWM processing and disposal facility which needs to be

developed in a manner suitable for the town’s waste characteristics.

2.2.4 Shortage of assets Within the ULB

Creating necessary assets is of primarily necessary in order to implement a successful ISWM.

This includes proper vehicles, safety gears, tools and machinery, etc., along with systemic

management methodology. Lack of adequate infrastructure brings in inefficiency and results


2016


are undesirable. Such infrastructure should be made available as per the waste characteristics

of the town, urban fabric like road widths, settlement type distance between the Town and the

disposal site, etc.

2.2.5 Lack of awareness among people

Awareness among the people towards cleanliness is one of the most critical elements for the

success of a solid waste management plan. It is important and primary to design and implement

proper IEC modules to highlight to the people and the children about the dos and don’ts

towards maintaining a clean Town. Campaigns like street plays, door to door campaigning,

announcements, competitions, etc. must be organized in order to achieve the objectives.

Awards and incentives also play an important role in encouraging people for maintaining

cleanliness.

The above are some of the identified issues at the preliminary level in Hangal. The DPR would

focus towards these and other subsequent issues that would come up as critical for deriving

solutions to the solid waste management problem in the town.


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3 Existing Scenario

3.1 Quantification of Waste

The quantity of MSW generated depends on a number of factors such as food habits, standard of

living, degree of commercial activities and seasons. Data on quantity variation and generation

are useful in planning for collection and disposal systems. Indian cities now generate eight times

more MSW than they did in 1947 because of increasing urbanization and changing life styles.

The rate of increase of MSW generated per capita is estimated at 1 to 1.33% annually. MSW

generation rates in small cities are lower than those of metro cities, and the per capita

generation rate of MSW in India ranges from 0.2 to 0.5 kgs/ day.

The quantity of waste from various cities was accurately measured by NEERI and it was

observed that the quantity of waste produced is lesser than that in developed countries and is

normally observed to vary between 0.2-0.6 kg/capita/day. It is estimated that solid waste

generated in small, medium and large cities and towns is about 0.1 kg, 0.3 –0.4 kg and 0.5 kg

per capita per day respectively. Values up to 0.6 kg/capita/day was observed in metropolitan

cities. Average per-capita generation of municipal solid waste per the CPHEEO Manual on

Municipal Solid Waste Management is given in Table 6.

Table 6: Average Per-capita generation of MSW in Indian Cities

Population Range

(in millions)

Average per capita value (kg/capita/day)

< 0.1 0.21

0.1 - 0.5 0.21

0.5 - 1.0 0.25

1.0 - 2.0 0.27

2.0 - 5.0 0.35

> 5.0 0.50

> 5.0 (in metro cities) 0.60

Source: CPHEEO Manual on MSWM May 2000


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3.2 Quantification of Waste in Hangal Town

3.2.1 Estimation of Per capita waste generation

For the purpose of estimating the per capita waste generated in the ULBs, representative

samples were collected from households of low, mid and higher income and slums. The waste

generators were advised to deposit all the waste generated in the bags distributed to them and

hand over the bag to the waste collector on the subsequent day. The waste was weighed after

collection and the weights recorded. The average amount of waste disposed by generators was

estimated by averaging data from several samples collected at multiple representative locations

within the ULB jurisdiction. These quantities were then be extrapolated to the entire ULB to

assess the per capita waste generation.

The per capita waste generation was estimated to be 257 gms/capita/day. The quantity of waste

generated in residential and commercial areas was estimated by multiplying the population with

the per capita waste generation factor. The waste generated from residential and commercial

units is about 9.94 TPD.

There are about 60 eating joints/ hotels in Hangal. The waste from these establishments mostly

includes left-over food, which is outsourced to piggeries, and disposable crockery and it is

estimated that the average generation rate is 15.5 kgs/unit/day and total waste generated works

out to be 0.9 TPD. There are about 20 meat, 9 fish and 15 chicken stalls and there is 1

temporary slaughter house in the Town. It is estimated that the average generation rate is 3.5

kgs/unit/ day from chicken stalls, 18 kgs/unit/ day from mutton and meat stalls and total waste

generated works out to be about 0.38 TPD.

The waste quantity generated from street sweeping and drain cleaning activities was obtained

from the field studies. Based on the field survey conducted, the average waste generation per km

road length is 25 kgs/km. The total waste estimated from street sweeping is about 0.9 TPD

considering that a road length of 84 kms is swept every day. The total waste estimated from

drain cleaning is about 4.18 TPD and the average waste generation per km drain length is

650kgs/ km.


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Table 11 Quantification of MSW in Hangal Town (2016)

Waste Generators Quantity (TPD)

Residential waste 8.28

Commercial waste 1.66

Market waste 0.31

Hotel & Bulk Generators waste 0.99

Meat stall waste 0.38

Drain cleaning & street sweeping waste 5.16

Total waste 16.8

Weighbridge survey

To estimate the quantity of waste disposed in the land fill site, a survey of all the vehicles

reaching the dumping site was undertaken for 2 days from 25/07/2016 and 26/07/2016. All the

MSW collected and transported from the city is bought and disposed in the land fill site. All the

tractors trailers and auto tippers were weighed at a weigh bridge for all trips prior to dumping at

site. Loaded and tare weights of all the vehicles were obtained from the weigh bridge. The data

on waste carried by all the vehicles for 2 days is presented in the table below.

DAY-1

SL NO

Registration No

Vehicle Type

Weight (Loaded Vehicle)

in KG

Weight (Empty

Vehicle) in KG

Waste Collected Waste Collected from

DAY 1 DAY 1

1 ka27 A 2871 TRACTOR 6390 3140 3250 drain & road


3 ka 27 A 2869 TRACTOR 4495 3285 1210 drain & road

4 ka 27 G 4058 TRACTOR 4735 3270 1465 residential

5 ….. Auto Tipper 970 590 380 residential

Total 9055 DAY-2

SL NO

Registration No

Vehicle Type

Weight (Loaded

Vehicle) in

Weight (Empty

Vehicle) in Waste

Collected Waste Collected from


2016


KG KG

DAY 2 DAY 2



3 ka 27 A 2869 TRACTOR 3830 3285 545 drain & road

4 ka 27 G 4058 TRACTOR 6450 3270 3180 residential

TOTAL 7989

Table 7 Weigh Bridge Survey in Hangal Town

At the time of survey the collection efficiency is only 56%.

The approximate quantity of MSW generated is 16.8 TPD from a population of 301121

distributed in 23 wards. Thus, the overall per capita generation of waste is estimated to be 557

gms/capita/day.

Considering 84 km of open drains where the generation of waste is about 4.18 TPD. Most of the

waste is silt from roads, papers and plastics etc.

3.2.2 Characterization and Composition of MSW

The waste quantification studies was followed by waste characterization studies (physical) by

quartering method and the sample was analyzed in the laboratory for its chemical

characteristics. The waste characterization studies were conducted for samples collected from

the open dumpsite where waste is dumped by different sections of the society.

The characterization is carried is by two methods namely, on site characterization and

laboratory characterization

On site characterization is done while conducting house hold and commercial survey. 10

samples have been collected from each income group namely HIG, MIG and Low Income Group.

The samples are been weighed individually and the weight is noted. The samples have been

characterized as plastic, paper, wood, sand, cloth, steel, and medical waste is termed as dry

waste. The individual waste is noted separately. The waste like vegetable, flower, fruit, food,

coconut, ash diaper etc. is noted as wet waste. The average weight of the samples is represented

in below table.

1 2016 population


2016


Laboratory characterization is done by taking around 20kg of composite sample from the land

fill site of Hangal Town. The sample has been given to the laboratory for testing. The physical

characterization of MSW is presented in below Table.

As compared to the western countries, MSW differs greatly with regard to the composition and

hazardous nature, in India. MSW contains compostable organic matter (fruit and vegetable

peels, food waste), recyclables (paper, plastic, glass, metals, etc.) and inerts. MSW composition

at generation sources and collection points, determined on a wet weight basis, consists mainly of

large organic fraction (40–60%), ash and fine earth (30–40%), paper (3–6%) and plastic, glass

and metals (each less than 1%). The C/N ratio ranges between 20 and 30, and the lower calorific

value ranges between 800 and 1000 kcal/kg. Based on the characterization study conducted in

various Indian cities by National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), the

physical and chemical characterization of MSW is presented in Table 11 and 12 respectively.

Table 8 : Physical Characteristics of MSW in Indian Cities

Population Range

(in million)

Number of Cities

Surveyed

Percent Composition of Municipal Solid Waste

Paper Rubber, Leather & Synthetics

Glass Metals Total compostable

matter

Inert Total

0.1 - 0.5 12 2.91 0.78 0.56 0.33 44.57 43.59 100

0.5 - 1.0 15 2.95 0.73 0.35 0.32 40.04 48.38 100

1.0 - 2.0 9 4.71 0.71 0.46 0.49 38.95 44.57 100

2.0 - 5.0 3 3.18 0.48 0.48 0.59 56.67 49.07 100

> 5.0 4 6.43 0.28 0.94 0.80 30.48 53.90 100

All values are calculated on net weight basis

Source: Manual on Solid Waste Management, NEERI, 1996

Table 9: Chemical Characteristics of MSW in Indian Cities

Population Range

(in million)

Moisture Organic Matter

Chemical Characteristics

Nitrogen as Total Nitrogen

Phosphorous as P2O5

Potassium as K2O

C/N

Ratio

Calorific value in kcal/kg

0.1 - 0.5 25.81 37.09 0.71 0.63 0.83 30.94 1009.89

0.5 - 1.0 19.52 25.19 0.66 0.56 0.69 21.13 900.61

1.0 - 2.0 26.98 26.98 0.64 0.82 0.72 23.68 980.05


2016


2.0 - 5.0 21.03 25.60 0.56 0.69 0.78 22.45 907.18

> 5.0 38.72 39.07 0.56 0.52 0.52 30.11 800.70

All values, except moisture, are on dry weight basis

Source: Manual on Solid Waste Management, NEERI, 1996

Sample Collection Procedure

The quartering and coining method is one of the best techniques for determining the physical

composition and characteristics of municipal waste. The sample collected from the dumpsite is

reduced to a more manageable size as the actual classification is carried out by hand. The

Quartering and Coining sampling procedure is described below:

Manageable quantity of MSW mixed from outside and inside of the waste pile, sourced from

random entities in an identified sampling location is collected and mixed thoroughly.

The sample is placed as a uniform heap and the heap is divided into four portions using straight

lines perpendicular to each other.

Waste from opposing corners of the divided heap is removed to leave half of the original sample.

The remaining portions are again thoroughly mixed and the quartering process is repeated until

a desired size is obtained (10 kgs of waste can be handled/ segregated efficiently).

The last remaining opposing fractions of waste shall be mixed and analyzed for identifying

physical and chemical properties of the waste.

Chemical analysis of the waste sample follows the physical constituent analysis. Chemical

analysis of the sample shall be performed in a laboratory accredited by the Ministry of

Environment & Forests (Moe).

Table 10 Physical Characteristics of MSW in Hangal

Sl. No. Waste type Residential Commercial Market

Kg % Kg % Kg %

1 Organic 35.3 53.6 42 69.48 10.5 75

2 Recyclables (plastic, paper,

metal, etc.)

21.5 32.6 17.45 28.87 2.5 17.86

3 Cloth, coconut shells, etc. 1.60 2.43 …. …. 1 7.14

4 Ash and Fine earth 3.65 5.5 1.65 1.65 ….. ……


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5 Others 3.8 5.8 …. ….. …. …..

Total 65.85 100 60.45 100 14 100

Table 11 Physical and Chemical Characteristics MSW2 in Hangal

TEST PARAMETER UNIT RESULT

Physical characteristics

Biodegradable

Paper/cardboard % 23.13

Organic Waste % 18.59

Wood % 07.56

Non-Biodegradable

Rubber & Leather % 10.45

Plastics % 25.89

Rags/Textiles % 05.87

Metals % 00.98

Inert

Glass & Crockery % 02.93

Stone & Grits % 04.60

Chemical Characteristics

Bulk density gm/cc 0.386

pH ---- 07.21

Proximate Analysis

Moisture % 29.45

Volatile % 46.23

Fixed carbon % 09.22

Ash content % 15.10

Ultimate Analysis(on Dry basis)

Carbon as C % 42.46


2016


Hydrogen as H % 05.26

Oxygen as O % 29.83

Nitrogen as N % 00.54

Sulphur as S % 00.21

Phosphorus as P % 00.08

Potassium as K % 00.62

C/N ratio % 71.2: 1

Heavy Metals

Arsenic as (As) mg/Kg ND

Zinc as (Zn) mg/Kg 0.034

Lead as (Pb) mg/Kg ND

Cadmium as (Cd) mg/Kg ND

Copper as (Cu) mg/Kg ND

Mercury as (Hg) mg/Kg ND

Nickel as (Ni) mg/Kg ND

Iron as (Fe) mg/Kg 03.45

Gross calorific value Kcal/Kg 790.00

3.3 Segregation of waste at source

At present waste Segregation is not practiced in the Town. Door to door collection of waste is

collected by auto tippers. Waste collected from door to door collection is dumped into landfill

site.

Table 12: Existing Assets and vehicles within the ULB

Sl. No Existing Assets and Vehicles Numbers

ULB

1 Pushcarts 25

2 Auto tipper 2

3 Tractor Engine 4


2016


4 Tractor Trailer 3

5 Tractor Placer 2

6 Front End Loader with Back Hoe /JCB 1

7 Trailer mounted suction machine 1

Figure 4: Pushcart

Figure 5: Auto Tipper


2016


Figure 6: Tractor Trailer

Figure 7: JCB/ Front and Back

Figure 8: Suction Machine

Table 13: Manpower available within the ULB

Sl. No Existing Manpower Numbers

ULB Contract

1 Health Officer/ Environment Engineer 0

2 Health Inspector Senior 3

3 Health Inspector Junior 0

4 Sanitary Supervisors 1

5 Sanitary Workers 19 26

6 Drivers 2


2016


3.3.1 Residential and Commercial Areas

The door to door collection activities are being carried out using Auto tippers. Waste is collected

in residential areas everyday by auto tippers. Waste from auto tipper is transport waste to

landfill site. The domestic waste generated in commercial areas is collected and transported

through tractor directly to the site.

Figure 9: Household Survey


2016


Figure 10 COMMERCIAL SURVEY

3.3.2 Markets and Meat Stalls

The market waste is collected by the tractor and transported to landfill site. The meat and

chicken waste generated in the city is collected by the tractor and dumped in landfill site.


2016


Figure 11: chicken stalls survey

3.3.3 Bulk Generators

The waste from the marriage halls are collected in tractor. The waste is carried out by tractor to

landfill site. Waste consists of food waste, organic waste and disposal crockeries. Waste is

dumped into container and transported by tractor placer to landfill site.

3.3.4 Hotel and Restaurants

The waste is collected through tractor; waste generated usually is food waste, organic waste and

recyclable wastes. Wastes are collected by piggeries.


2016


Figure 12 Hotels, Bar and Restaurants Survey

3.3.5 Construction & Demolition Waste

The construction and demolition waste is used by the generators for house constructions and

leveling of low lying areas. There is no regulation on this activity of disposal yet.

3.3.6 Bio -Medical Waste

The bio-medical waste is collected by the private Agency on alternate days.

3.3.7 Street sweeping and drain Waste

The street sweeping waste and drain waste is collected by tractor and transported to landfill site.


2016


3.4 Collection and Transportation of waste

Figure 13 Existing Scenario of SWM

Street Sweeping and Drain Cleaning

Hangal Town has a total road length of 84.00 kms and drain length of approximately 165 kms.

The road length is divided into 3 types of roads on the basis of the frequency of street sweeping

required.

The frequency of sweeping in 3 categories, i.e., Type A (high density areas like Town Centre,

commercials and important areas), Type B (medium Density areas and housing colonies) and

Type C (low density areas and fringe areas).

Table 14: Details on frequency of sweeping depending on the categories

Parameter Length of

roads in km

Frequency of

Sweeping

Type A (Town Centre, commercial areas & important areas) 8.70 Daily

Type B (Medium density areas and housing colonies) 12 Twice a week

Type C (low density areas and fringe areas) 63.3 Once a week


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3.5 MSW Processing and Disposal facility

The ULB has identified the landfill site near Belagal pet village spread over 15 acres of land

located about 10 kms away from the city bus stand for establishing the MSW Processing and

disposal facility.


2016


Figure 14: Location Map of Landfill Site

Sl.No Name of work Fund

year

photo remarks

1 Watchmen

Shed

2 Warehouse

(Segregated

Storage

Shed)

3 Compound

Wall


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4 Transformer

5 Internal

Roads

6 Gate

`

7 Drains

.


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8 Landfill

9 Vermin

composting

10 Water Tank


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Figure 15: Infrastructure facilities in Landfill Site


2016


Figure 16 LAYOUT MAP


2016


3.6 Present SWM Institutional Framework

The Hangal Town Municipal Council is responsible for infrastructure development and

managing the various civic services such as water supply, solid waste management, sanitation

etc. of the Town. The TMC has various departments such as engineering, revenue, health,

administrative, accounts etc., for managing and administrative purposes. These are headed by

the municipal commissioner. The municipal organizational structure related to SWM is given in

figure 22.

Figure 17: Organization Chart


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3.7 Legal Framework

3.7.1 Air & Water Act

All MSW projects have to obtain separately the Consent for Establishment (CFE) and also

Consent for Operation (CFO) under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

and Air Act (Prevention and Control of Pollution) 1981. These Projects shall comply with the

National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The Project has to obtain the relevant Consents from

the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB).

3.7.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 2006

The notification classifies the Common Municipal Solid Waste Project as falling under Schedule

B which requires Prior Environmental Clearance (EC). The approval has to be obtained from the

State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) before taking up any construction

activity.

3.7.3 MSW (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000

Under the Notification of the Government of India in the Ministry of Environment and Forests

number S.O. 783(E), dated, the 27th September, 1999 in the Gazettes of India, Part II, Section 3,

sub-section (B) the MSW (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 shall apply to every

municipal authority responsible for collection, segregation, storage, transportation, processing

and disposal of municipal solid wastes.

Any MSW generated in a Town or a Town, shall be managed and handled in accordance with the

compliance criteria and the procedure laid down in Schedule–II [See Rules 6(1) and (3), 7(1)

Management of Municipal Solid Wastes]. Municipal authorities shall adopt suitable technology

or combination of such technologies to make use of wastes so as to minimize burden on landfill.

Following criteria shall be adopted, namely: -

The biodegradable wastes shall be processed by composting, vermin-composting, anaerobic

digestion or any other appropriate biological processing for stabilization of wastes. It shall be

ensured that compost or any other end product shall comply with standards as specified in

Schedule –IV;


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Mixed waste containing recoverable resources shall follow the route of recycling. Incineration

with or without energy recovery including pelletisation can also be used for processing wastes in

specific cases. Municipal authority or the operator of a facility wishing to use other state-of-the-

art technologies shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board to get the standards laid

down before applying for grant of authorization.

3.7.4 Site Suitability Analysis

The problem of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) has acquired an alarming

dimension in the developing countries during the last few decades. The quantity of solid waste

generated has increased significantly and its characteristics have changed as a result of the

change in industrialization and urbanization. Hence in India, establishing Municipal Solid

Waste Management facility has become mandatory according to MSW Rules, 2000.

3.7.5 Location Criteria as per CPHEEO Manual

Manual on Solid Waste Management has prescribed criteria for selecting the site for landfill.

The site selected for setting up of solid waste management was evaluated based on the location

criteria as per CPHEEO Manual and discussed below.

Table 15 Evaluation of location as per CPHEEO Manual

Sl.

No

Criteria CPHEEO Manual Requirements Compliance

1 Lake/Pond 200 m away from the Lake/Pond Yes

2 River 100 m away from the river Yes

3 Flood plain No land fill within a 100 year flood plain Yes

4 Highway 200 m from highway Yes

5 Public parks 300 m away from public parks Yes

6 Wet lands No landfill within wet lands Yes

7 Habitation 500 m away from the notified habitation yes


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8 Ground water

table

Ground water table >2m. Yes

9 Critical habitat

area

No landfill within the Critical habitat area. It

is defined as the area in which 1 or more

endangered species live.

Yes

10 Air ports No landfill within 20 kms Yes

11 Water supply

Schemes/ wells.

Minimum 500 m away Yes

12 Coastal

regulatory zone

Should not be sited Yes

13 Unstable zone Landfill Site is not susceptible to land slide. Yes

14 Buffer zone As prescribed by regulatory Not yet declared

3.7.6 Service Level Benchmarks

The Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD), GoI has introduced Service Level Benchmarking

as one of the appropriate systems for information management, performance monitoring and

benchmarking. This system is aimed at improving not only the service provision but also the

delivery of services to the consumers. MSWM is one of the four basic urban services which

MoUD has identified as a performance parameter. These are indicators to measure the stepwise

performance in MSWM at ULB level.

Under the 13th Finance Commission, Service Level Benchmarking is a key criterion for

performance grant of ULBs.

Table 16: SWM Service Level Benchmarks at a glance

Sl. No Indicator Unit Value Current

1 Household level

coverage of

SWM services

As % of households and establishments that

are covered by daily door-step collection

system

100% 40%

2 Efficiency of

Collection of

MSW

As % of total waste collected by ULB and

authorized service providers against waste

generated within the project area (excluding

100% 80%


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the waste recycled through rag pickers)

3 Extent of

Segregation of

MSW

As % of households and establishments that

segregate their waste

100% 40%

4 Extent of MSW

recovered

Quantum of waste collected, which is either

recycled or Processed, expressed as %.

80% 60%

5 Extent of

scientific

disposal of solid

waste

As % of waste disposed in a sanitary landfill

site against total quantum of waste disposed

in landfills and dump sites.

100% 80%

6 Cost Recovery in

SWM services

Expressed as % recovery of all operating

expenses related to SWM Services that the

ULB is able to meet from the operating

revenues of sources related exclusively to

SWM.

100% 10%

7 Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints

As a % of total number of SWM related

complaints resolved against total number of

SWM complaints received within 24 hrs.

time period

80% 75%

8 Efficiency in

collection of

charges

Efficiency in collection is defined as -

Current year revenues collected, expressed

as a % of the Total operating revenues, for

the corresponding time period.

90% 80%


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4 Review of Technologies

4.1 Introduction

The design tonnage for Hangal Town Municipal Council is 16.8 TPD of solid waste per day,

which has a significant component of biodegradable waste which is about 55 - 60% of the total

composition. The collected solid waste is presently disposed in an unscientific manner by open

dumping at various identified locations. There is an urgent need to stop the crude and

unhygienic method of open dumping of waste and to adopt scientific and environmental friendly

methods where the useful components of waste are utilized and only rejects and inert material

are disposed in an environmentally acceptable manner.

4.2 Recycling of waste

The MSW contains more than 32% recyclable matter like plastics, glass, paper, metals etc. which

can be easily recycled and reused by the community.

4.3 Processing of organic fraction of waste

The organic fraction of MSW contains bio-degradable matter ranging from 30% to 55%

depending upon the size of the Town, income levels of citizens, eating habits of the population

and ongoing economic activity. This organic matter can be profitably converted into useful

products like compost (organic manure), methane gas (used for cooking, heating, lighting,

production of energy) etc. through the following processes:-

(a) Waste to Compost

Aerobic / Anaerobic Composting

Vermi-Composting

(b) Waste to Energy

Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) / Pelletization

Bio-methanation

Incineration


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Pyrolysis / Plasma Gasification

4.3.1 Aerobic / Anaerobic Composting Technology

The municipal waste primarily comprises of organic material such as kitchen and yard waste,

refuse from vegetable markets, food waste from hotels and restaurants; green & horticultural

waste; cow dung and dairy waste etc. The organic content tends to decompose leading to odour

problems and pollution of the environment.

Several processing methods have been proposed to reduce the pollution potential of the waste

and ensure its safe disposal. The waste can either be stabilized before sending it to a landfill or

can be converted into a valuable material such as compost, bio-gas, filler material in landfills

etc. However, the land fill requirements for disposal of MSW and consequent further

contamination of the environment can be avoided by processing of the organic and bio-

degradable waste into usable material viz., Compost.

Composting is one of the most popular and techno-economically viable mechanisms for

processing and disposal of biodegradable waste. The process uses biological mechanism of

microorganism to breakdown organic matter of MSW. There are two major types of process;

aerobic and anaerobic.

The aerobic method uses aerobic bacteria to work under suitable environment, i.e. moisture,

temperature, oxygen content and Carbon/Nitrogen ratio of organic matter. This method

normally produces good quality compost containing Nitrogen and Sulfate, and does not cause

the odor problem. The finished compost can be used as an offset for fertilizers in the agriculture

industry and other related uses such as landscaping, green cover development, barren land

reclamation etc.

The other method is operated under anaerobic environment, and normally causes odor

problems, such as, Hydrogen Sulfide and Ammonia. This method uses longer time for acquiring

mature to digest and gives lower quality of fertilizer. Normally compost plant is processed under

aerobic condition and requires aeration system, which consequently needs energy consumption.

Principles of Composting Process

Decomposition and stabilization of organic waste matter is a natural phenomenon. Composting

is an organized method of producing compost manure by adopting this natural phenomenon.

Compost is particularly useful as organic manure which contains plant nutrients (Nitrogen,


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Phosphorous and Potassium) as well as micro nutrients which can be utilized for the growth of

plants. When used in conjunction with chemical fertilizers optimum results are obtained.

Stages and Phases of Composting Process

Composting process can be divided into the following four stages:

Mesophilic stage

Thermophilic stage

Cooling Stage

Maturation &Stabilization Stage

The mesophilic process takes place at the temperature range of 200 C to 400 C. When

composting process begins, the mesophilic flora pre-dominates and is responsible for most of

the metabolic activities. This results in rise in the temperature of the compost heap. With the

rise in temperature, mesophilic population is replaced by thermophilic species which thrive at

the temperature of 450 C and above. Thermophilic bacteria are mainly responsible for breaking

down proteins and other readily bio-degradable organic matter. Fungi and Actinomycetes play

an important role in the decomposition of cellulose and lignin.

The increased temperature results in increased rate of biological activity and hence results in

faster stabilization of the material. However, if the temperature rise is very high, the organism

and enzymes get inactivated resulting into decrease in the biological activity. The temperature

range of 500C to 600C is optimum for nitrification and cellulose degradation. The high

temperature also helps in destruction of some of the pathogens and parasites. If the process is so

controlled that the temperature is kept between 500C to 600C for 5 to 7 days, destruction of

pathogens and parasites will be ensured.

Thermophilic stage which continues for 7 to 10 days is followed by cooling stage wherein the

temperature comes down in the range of 200C to 400C. The micro-flora and micro-fauna which

flourish during the final stage of composting are essentially mesophilic. The composting is

normally taken to be complete when the active decomposition stage is over and the C/N ratio is

stabilized around 20.

The cooling stage which covers a period of about a week is followed by the stabilization stage. At

the end of three to four weeks period, the decomposed materials known as “Green Compost” or

“Fresh Compo fully stabilized. It is therefore, stored in large sized windrows for about ten to

fifteen days. At the end of the storage period, the compost is known as “Ripe Compost”.


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By controlling some of the composting influencing factors, natural composting process could be

accelerated. These influencing factors also have impact on quality of compost produced. Some of

the important factors in the composting process are temperature, C/N ratio, phosphorous,

sulphur, moisture, particle size, oxygen flow, etc.

Temperature: For best results, temperature should be maintained between 50 and 550C for

the first few days and 55 and 600C for the remainder of the active composting period. If

temperature goes beyond 660C, biological activity is reduced significantly. Although high

temperatures ensure destruction of pathogens and parasites it could also result in Nitrogen loss.

C/N ratio: Optimum ratio is 30. To bring down the ratio sewage and sludge will be added. To

increase the ratio straw, sawdust, paper will be added.

Phosphorous: One of the essential nutrients for plant growth and determines the quality of

compost. Phosphorous concentration might increase as composting proceeds.

Sulphur: Presence of Sulphur in sufficient quantities can lead to the production of volatile,

odorous compounds. The major sources of Sulphur are two amino acids (cysteine and

methionine). Under well-aerated conditions, the sulfides are oxidized to sulfates, but under

anaerobic conditions, they are converted to volatile organic sulfides or to H2S, leading to a bad

odor. Some compounds like carbon disulfide, carbonyl sulfide, methyl mercaptum, diethyl

sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide might also lead to bad odors.

Moisture: Optimum 50 to 60%, very high moisture content will result anaerobic condition.

Higher moisture content is essential for mechanical operated system and the waste contains

high percentage of fibrous material.

Particle size: Smaller particles produce homogenous particle size which helps to maintain

optimum temperatures. But too fine particle may not allow air to flow into the piles.

Oxygen and aeration: In case of aerobic process, helps to decompose the organic matter at a

faster rate. However, care must be taken not to provide more oxygen which might dry the

system and slow down the composting process.


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Compost Quality

The high organic content in the MSW stream is ideal for composting. However, the MSW also

contains increasing quantities of glass, plastics, metals and hazardous materials which can

contaminate the finished compost. Separating contaminants from the raw material at the

compost site is inefficient as it is likely that much of the contamination has already affected the

organic fraction. Source separating the waste before collection is usually an environmentally and

technically better way to improve the quality of the final compost. In addition to ensuring a safe

product, compost standards provide a valuable marketing tool.

Table 17 Specifications for Compost Quality

Sl. No Parameters Concentration to exceed (mg/kg dry

basis, except pH value and C/N ratio)

1 Arsenic 10.0

2 Cadmium 5.0

3 Chromium 50.0

4 Copper 300.0

5 Lead 100.0

6 Mercury 0.15

7 Nickel 50.0

8 Zink 1000.0

9 C/N ratio 20-42

10 pH 5.5-8.5

Marketing Compost

The quality of compost produced from source segregated organic waste is generally better than

that of compost produced from mechanically separated MSW and of that produced from mixed

MSW (without any separation). Grinding of MSW should be avoided as it can mask the presence

of hazardous material and make it impossible for their removal after the composting is done.

In the absence of waste segregation at source, there is possibility of the produced compost being

contaminated by heavy metals and toxic / hazardous substances etc. It is critical that compost so

produced be environmentally safe and if the compost is marketed for agriculture, it is ensured

through proper testing and certification that it is free from heavy metals, toxic materials, sharp

objects, glass, etc.


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4.3.2 Vermi-Composting Technology

Vermi-composting is the best biotechnology to reduce the load on the treatment and disposal of

biodegradable agro waste. Vermi-composting is basically a managed process of worms digesting

organic matter to transform the material into a beneficial soil amendment. Vermi-composting is

faster than traditional composting methods, requires less space, and creates little odor.

Earthworms consume various organic wastes and reduce the volume by 40–60%. Each

earthworm weighs about 0.5 to 0.6 g, eats waste equivalent to its body weight and produces cast

equivalent to about 50% of the waste it consumes in a day. These worm castings have been

analyzed for chemical and biological properties. The moisture content of castings ranges

between 32 and 66% and the pH is around 7.0.

Process

The process of composting bio-degradable wastes using earthworms comprise spreading the

wastes and cow dung in gradually built up shallow layers. The pits are kept shallow to avoid heat

built-up that could kill earthworms. To enable earthworms to transform the material relatively

faster a temperature of around 300C is maintained.

The final product generated by this process is called vermi-compost which essentially consists of

the casts made by earthworms eating the raw organic materials. Compared to other composts,

this has a finer texture, do a better job of enhancing the soil, have typically higher levels of

nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous, and have more microorganisms to fight diseases in

plants.

The process consists of constructing brick lined beds generally of 0.9 to 1.5 m width and 0.25 to

0.3 m height are constructed inside a shed open from all sides.

For commercial production, the beds can be prepared with 15 m length, 1.5 m width and 0.6 m

height spread equally below and above the ground. While the length of the beds can be made as

per convenience, the width and height cannot be increased as an increased width affects the ease

of operation and an increased height on conversion rate due to heat built up.

Cow dung and waste can be placed in layers to make a heap of about 0.6 to 0.9 m height.

Earthworms are introduced in between the layers @ 350 worms per m3 of bed volume that

weighs nearly 1 Kg. The beds are maintained at about 40-50% moisture content and a

temperature of 200–300C by sprinkling water over the beds.


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(b) Waste to Energy

Energy can be recovered from the organic fraction of waste (biodegradable as well as non-

biodegradable) basically through two methods as follows:

Thermo-chemical conversion: This process entails thermal de-composition of organic

matter to produce either heat energy or fuel oil or gas; and

Bio-chemical conversion: This process is based on enzymatic decomposition of organic

matter by microbial action to produce methane gas or alcohol.

The Thermo-chemical conversion processes are useful for wastes containing high percentage of

organic non-biodegradable matter and low moisture content. The main technological options

under this category include Incineration and pyrolysis/ gasification. The biochemical conversion

processes, on the other hand, are preferred for wastes having high percentage of organic bio-

degradable (putrescible) matter and high level of moisture/ water content, which aids microbial

activity. The main technological options under this category are Anaerobic Digestion, also

referred to as Bio-methanation.

4.3.3 Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) Processing Technology

Due to the non-homogeneous property of MSW that usually causes problems in the incinerator,

the conversion of MSW into solid fuel, namely Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) is developed which is

aimed at acquiring a stable, environmentally friendly fuel that is easy to transport.

The RDF production process starts with the separation and sorting of MSW. This operation

removes recyclables, i.e. ferrous materials, glass, non-combustible or potentially hazardous

materials from the waste stream. The remaining combustible material is an input for RDF

production, by being crushed or grinded, then conveyed to a flash dryer to remove excess

moisture by steam or hot air, and finally be compacted in form of pellets.

In some case, additive such as lime (CaO) shall be added during the pelletization process to

reduce pollutants in the combustion. The final product can be reduced to 5% of the original

volume. RDF is a good fuel due to its high heating value from low moisture content. It is easy to

transport and causes lower emission such as NOx and dioxins/furans compares to MSW direct

combustion.


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4.3.4 Bio-methanation

In this process, the organic fraction of wastes is segregated and fed to a closed container (biogas

digester) where, under anaerobic conditions, the organic wastes undergo bio-degradation

producing methane-rich biogas and effluent/sludge. The biogas can be utilized either for

cooking/ heating applications, or through dual fuel or gas engines or gas / steam turbines for

generating motive power or electricity The sludge from anaerobic digestion, after stabilization,

can be used as a soil conditioner, or even sold as manure depending upon its composition, which

is determined mainly by the composition of the input waste. The biogas normally consists of 60-

70% of Methane and 30-40% of Carbon dioxide. Biogas heating value is approximately 20-25

MJ/m3, which is equivalent to a half kilogram of the Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Dried

excess sludge from the biogas digester can be made available as good organic compost/soil

conditioner.

The important requirement for implementing this technology is that organic waste must be

separated from other wastes. Front-end sorting systems comprising sorting belts, magnetic

separators, and labors; as well as public campaign such as waste separation shall cause higher

investment cost to the project. With high percentage of organic waste, the anaerobic digestion is

appropriate treatment with broad advantages such as preventing odor, producing energy in the

form of biogas, getting compost/soil conditioner as by-products, and helping reduce landfill

volume requirement.

4.3.5 Incineration

Incineration is an alternative solution in the waste disposal crisis when landfill space is limited.

It is the process of direct burning of wastes in the presence of excess air (oxygen) at

temperatures of about 8000 C and above, liberating heat energy, inert gases and ash. Net energy

yield depends upon the density and composition of the waste; relative percentage of moisture

and inert materials, which add to the heat loss; ignition temperature; size and shape of the

constituents; design of the combustion system (fixed bed/ fluidized bed) etc. In practice, about

65 to 80 % of the energy content of the organic matter can be recovered as heat energy, which

can be utilized either for direct thermal applications, or for producing power via steam turbine-

generators (with typical conversion efficiency of about 30%).

The combustion temperatures of conventional incinerators fuelled only by wastes are

about760°C in the furnace and in excess of 870°C in the secondary combustion chamber. These


2016


temperatures are needed to avoid odor from incomplete combustion but are insufficient to burn

or even melt glass. To avoid the deficiencies of conventional incinerators, some modern

incinerators utilize higher temperatures of up to 1650°C using supplementary fuel. These reduce

waste volume by 97% and convert metal and glass to ash.

Combustion technologies used for MSW are stoker-fired incinerator, fluidized bed incinerator,

and rotary kiln incinerator. Each technology is suitable for converting waste to energy but with

different advantages and disadvantages. Heat from the combustion process is used to turn water

into steam that will be routed to a steam turbine-generator for power generation. The used

steam is then condensed in condenser and routed back to the boiler.

Residues produced include bottom ash (which falls to the bottom of the combustion chamber),

fly ash (which exits the combustion chamber with the flue gas), and residue (including fly ash)

from the flue gas cleaning system. Common incineration plants comprise of the following

functional units:

Waste reception, Storage and pretreatment

Feed-stock and combustor

Slag extraction / treatment of residuals / storage

Boiler / steam usage

Flue gas cleaning & Chimney

Wastes burned solely for volume reduction may not need any auxiliary fuel except for startup.

When the objective is steam production, supplementary fuel may have to be used with the

pulverized refuse, because of the variable energy content of the waste or in the event that the

quantity of waste available is insufficient.

While incineration is extensively used as an important method of waste disposal, it is associated

with some polluting discharges which are of environmental concern, although in varying degrees

of severity. The major environmental concern of incinerator is stack pollutants formed during

combustion comprising particulates, Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Carbon

monoxide (CO), metals, Hydrogen chloride (HCl), Dioxins and Furans. Emission control system

and equipment’s are necessary to meet the stringent ambient air quality requirements such as

dust collector, combustion temperature and retention time control, lime and ammonia scrubber

(with or without catalyst reactor), activated carbon absorber etc. With proper equipment’s,

emissions including Dioxins and Furans can be reduced to comply with the stringent emission

standards. When the operating temperature is maintained to more than1100°c


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4.3.6 Pyrolysis / Gasification

Pyrolysis is also referred to as destructive distillation or carbonization. It is the process of

thermal decomposition of organic matter at high temperature (about 9000C) in an inert(oxygen

deficient) atmosphere or vacuum, producing a mixture of combustible Carbon Monoxide,

Methane, Hydrogen, Ethane [CO, CH4, H2, C2H6] and non-combustible Carbon Dioxide, water,

Nitrogen [CO2, H2O, N2] gases, pyroligenous liquid, chemicals and charcoal. The pyroligenous

liquid has high heat value and is a feasible substitute of industrial fuel oil. Amount of each end-

product depends on the chemical composition of the organic matter and operating conditions.

Quantity and chemical composition of each product changes with Pyrolysis temperature,

residence time, pressure, feed stock and other variables.

Gasification involves thermal decomposition of organic matter at high temperatures in presence

of limited amounts of air/ oxygen, producing mainly a mixture of combustible and non-

combustible gas (Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide). This process is similar to

Pyrolysis, involving some secondary/ different high temperature (>1000o C) chemistry which

improves the heating value of gaseous output and increases the gaseous yield (mainly

combustible gases CO+H2) and lesser quantity of other residues. The gas can be cooled, cleaned

and then utilized in IC engines to generate electricity

Electricity Generation

Electricity can be generated for on-site or for distribution through the local electric power grid.

Internal combustion engines (ICs) and Gas turbines are the most commonly used in power

generation projects.

Environmental Pollution Control Measures for WTE Plants

Incinerators burning MSW can produce a number of pollutants in the flue gas in varying

concentration like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter containing heavy

metal compounds and dioxins. Many of these pollutants are formed as a result of incomplete/

partial combustion. That is, refuse that is not burned at high enough temperatures, for long

enough or when too much or too little air has been added to the fire.

The generation of these pollutants and their release into the atmosphere can be effectively

reduced or prevented by incorporating a number of air pollution control devices and by proper

operation of the WTE facility.


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Concentrations of heavy metals in particulates, particularly lead, zinc, mercury and cadmium,

may be significant and care must be exercised in their removal and disposal. The most

important of flue gas pollutants are sulphur-di-oxide (SO2) and hydrogen chloride (HCl), the

agents of acid rain. These may be eliminated by wet scrubbers. Hydrogen fluoride and oxides of

nitrogen are also produced but are not normally a problem because of low concentrations. The

emission of combustible, carbon-containing pollutants- dioxins and furans is also of concern.

The same can be controlled by optimizing the combustion process.

Other concerns related to incineration include the disposal of the liquid wastes from floor

drainage; quench water, and scrubber effluents, and the problem of ash disposal in landfills

because of heavy metal residues.

4.4 Plastic Waste Management

Plastics are non-biodegradable, synthetic polymers can be molded into finished products. There

are two types of plastics, recyclable and non-recyclable plastics. It is a fact that plastics will

never degrade and remains on landscape for several years. Mostly, plastics are recyclable but

recycled products are more hazardous to the environment than the virgin products. As per BIS

Classification, there are seven types of plastics and these are further categorized as

Recyclable Plastics (Thermoplastics): PET, HDPE, LDPE, PP, PVC, PS, etc.

Non-Recyclable Plastics (Thermo set& others): Multilayer & Laminated Plastics, PUF,

Bakelite, Polycarbonate, Melamine, Nylon etc.

The Thermoplastics, constitutes 80% and Thermo set constitutes approximately 20% of total

post-consumer plastics waste generated. The plastic materials are categorized in seven types

based on properties and applications.

Table 18 Categorization of Plastics

Symbol Short

Name

Scientific Name Used in

PET Polyethylene Terephthalate Water bottles, PET bottles etc.


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HDPE High Density Polyethylene Milk / detergent bags, carry bags,

container etc.

PVC Polyvinyl Chloride Cables, Pipes Flooring etc.

LDPE Low Density Polyethylene Carry bags, films

PP Polypropylene Medicine bottles, cereal liners,

packaging films etc.

PS Polystyrene Foam packaging, tea cups, ice-cream

cups etc.

O Others Thermoset plastics, multi-layer and

laminated plastics, PUF, Bakelite,

Polycarbonate, Melamine, Nylon

etc.

Salient Features of the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2011

The plastic carry bags used for the purpose of carrying or dispensing commodities but

don’t include these bags which are integral part of packaged products. The thickness of

bag shall not be <40μ

Carry bags can also be made from compostable plastics conforming IS/ISO:17088:2008


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Prescribed Authority for registration, manufacture & recycling shall be State Pollution

Control Board (SPCB) or Pollution Control Committee (PCC). And for enforcement of

Rules relating to use, collection, segregation, transportation & disposal of plastic waste,

shall be concerned Municipal Authority

Multilayered pouches or sachets used for packaging of gutkha etc. shall not use plastic

material in any form

No carry bag shall be made available free of cost by retailers to consumers. The

concerned Municipal Authority may be notification determine the minimum price for

carry bags in order to encourage re-use so as to minimize plastic waste generation;

Each State Government shall for constitute a State Level Advisory (SLA) Body to monitor

implementation of Rules. This body shall meet once in a year and may invite experts, if it

considers necessary.

The Plastic Waste Management (PWM) shall be as under;

A. Recycling, recovery or disposal of plastic waste shall be carried out as per the rules,

regulations and standards stipulated by the central government from time to time;

B. Recycling of plastics shall be carried out in accordance with the Indian Standard IS

14534:1998 titled as Guidelines for Recycling of Plastics, as amended from time to time;

C. The Municipal Authority shall be responsible for setting up, operationalization and co-

ordination of the waste management system and for performing the associated

functions, namely:- (i) to ensure safe collection, storage, segregation, transportation,

processing and disposal of plastic waste; (ii) to ensure that no damage is caused to the

environment during this process; (iii) to ensure setting up of collection center’s

manufacturers; (iv) to ensure its channelization to recyclers; (v) to create awareness

among all stakeholders about their responsibilities; (vi) to engage agencies or groups

working in waste management including waste pickers, and (vii) to ensure that open

burning of plastic waste is not permitted;

D. for setting up plastic waste collection centers, the Municipal Authority may ask the

manufacturers, either collectively or individually in line with the principle of Extended

Producer's Responsibility (EPR) to provide the required finance to establish such

collection Centre;

E. Recyclers shall ensure that recycling facilities are in accordance with the Indian

Standard: IS 14534:194 titled as Guidelines for Recycling of Plastics and in compliance


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with the rules under the Environment (Protection) Ad, 1986, as amended from time to

time;

F. The concerned Municipal Authority shall ensure that the residues generated from

recycling processes are disposed of in compliance with Schedule II (Management of

Municipal Solid Wastes) and Schedule III (Specifications for Landfill Sites) of the

Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 made under the

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, as amended from time to time;

G. The Municipal Authority shall incorporate the said rules in the Municipal Bye- laws of all

the Urban Local Bodies;

H. The Municipal Authority shall encourage the use of plastic waste by adopting suitable

technology such as in Road Construction, Co-incineration etc. The Municipal Authority

or the operator intending to use such technology shall ensure the compliance with the

prescribed standards including pollution norms prescribed by the Competent Authority

in this regard.

Technological Disposal Options

The selection of appropriate technology for plastic waste disposal and its processes for the

management of plastic wastes are available in literature. Several processes and technologies

have been explored and developed for plastic waste management. Some of these are:

Chemical recycling of pet bottles into fibers

Processing of plastic waste in Blast Furnace

Co-incineration of plastic waste in cement kilns

Utilization of plastic waste in road construction with bitumen

Plasma Pyrolysis Technology for disposal of plastic waste and

Gasification

Plastic Extrusion & Pelletisation

(a) Chemical recycling of pet bottles into fibers

This method of plastic recycling, involves the breaking down of polymer chain in to their basic

components, which can then be used in various industries. The feedstock plastic recycling

process is flexible and more forbearing to the plastic additives, as compared to the mechanical

plastic recycling. This is the most costly method of recycling. The varying end products are

obtained by using following process:


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Monomerization: The waste plastics are initially broken down into their constituent

monomers by chemical reaction (de polymerization). These monomers are then extracted for

use as the raw material in new plastic products. Monomerization produces higher quality plastic

raw materials than material recycling. Which in turn enables the production of high quality

plastic products with the same (or almost the same) quality as virgin raw material. Among other

products, this enables the recycling of waste PET bottles into new PET bottles, which is not

possible with other recycling technologies. About 50% recovery is possible along with clean and

single resin plastic waste as input is required17.

(ii) Processing of plastic waste in Blast Furnace

Plastic waste can be co-incinerated as fuel in the iron and steel industry. This will reduce coal

consumption and hence in reduction in the consumption of energy. The proportion of waste

plastic added to coal should be about 1% by mass. Increased addition of waste plastic will reduce

the heating strength of the coal/coke.

In this process, the collected and baled plastic waste that has been agglomerated by pre-

treatment is mixed together with coal and charged into coke oven. The mixed plastic waste and

coal are carbonized in an oxygen-free reducing atmosphere at about 1,100 to 1,2000C. As a

result, the waste plastic is thermally decomposed into coke (about 20%), tar/light oil (about

40%) and coke oven gas (about40%). These products obtained by the carbonization of waste

plastics have their own uses. When plastics are used together with coke, CO2 emission is

significantly less. The excessive reducing gases are also used for blast furnace stove and power

generation.

Blast Furnace: Plastics waste can be used as an alternative raw material in blast furnaces to

generate energy for manufacturing of iron. Plastic waste can be successfully used as a reducing

agent in blast furnaces for the manufacturing of iron from its ore. Use of coke in blast furnace

provides only one type of reducing agent-carbon Monoxide. In contrast, use of plastic waste

provides one additional type of reducing agent –Hydrogen. Advantage of this process includes

use of all types of plastics including laminated plastics without creating any environmental

pollution. The high temperature inside the blast furnace around 20000C that there is no

possibility of any dioxins formation even if PVC is processed. Furthermore, as the reducing


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atmosphere in the low- temperature region at the top of the furnace contains no oxygen, no

dioxins are produced or re-synthesized in the lower temperature zone also.

The plastics waste is first formed into suitable size either by crushing or pellatising as necessary,

and subsequently injected into the blast furnace from the tuyeres at the base of the furnace with

hot air. The injected plastic waste material is broken down to form reducer gas - Carbon

Monoxide (CO) and Hydrogen (H2). The reducer gas rises through the raw material layers in the

blast furnace and reacts with iron ore to produce pig iron. The gas, after the reduction reaction,

is recovered at the top of the blast furnace which has energy content to the tune of 800

kcal/NM3 and is reused as a fuel gas in heating furnaces within the steel plant. The reactions

involved in the process are:

i) In the presence of Coke only

Coke or pulverized coal is burnt rapidly in the first stage of operation when, in the presence of

oxygen, carbon-dioxide is produced.

C + O2 = CO2

The reaction of freshly produced carbon-dioxide with the coke.

C + CO2 = 2CO

The carbon monoxide reduces the iron ore into pig iron.

Fe2O3 + 3CO = 2Fe + 3CO2

ii) In the presence of Plastic Waste along with Coke

Plastics materials break down to CO and Hydrogen. This presence of hydrogen, produced by

burning of plastics, contributes to the reduction reaction thus reducing the amount of CO2

generated by coke.

½ C2H4 + CO2 = 2CO + H2

Fe2O3 + 2CO + H2 = 2Fe + 2CO2 + H2O

The blast furnace temperature reaches up to around 20000C. Plastics may replace coke or coal

for the reduction reaction. However, coke has a special function in the blast furnace in moving

the gases, liquids and solids within the blast furnace. Plastics and pulverized coal cannot

perform this specific function and hence the substitution of coke is possible only up to a certain

limit, which has been established at approximately 40% (compared to coke).


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As cost of waste plastics is less than coke, use of plastics waste reduces the raw material cost.

Use of plastics waste also reduces the ash generation, ensuring cleaner operation.

There are varieties of low-end plastics waste, whose cost is lower than coke. Basically, these low-

end create waste management problems as the waste pickers find it unviable to pick up those for

normal mechanical recycling. With the utilization of all types of low-end plastics waste in the

blast furnace, the waste management problems can be solved to a great extent. When plastics

are used together with coke, CO2 emission is significantly less (30%) than when only using coke.

Furthermore the blast furnace slag can be used as cement and road material. Also the excessive

reducing gases are also used for blast furnace stove and power generation.

(iii) Co-incineration of Plastics Waste in Cement Kilns

Co-incineration refers to the usage of waste materials as alternative fuels to recover energy and

material value from them. The temperature in the cement kiln process is about 14000C.Excess

level of oxygen and counter flow operation with the flue gases moving in a direction opposite to

the materials lends a high degree of turbulence to the process. The presence of an alkaline

reducing environment (lime) and the pre-heating of the raw materials by a pre-heater tower

(>100 meter tall) acts as an ideal scrubber for hot flue gases before they are emitted into the

atmosphere. The 3Ts - Time, Temperature and Turbulence in cement kilns provides extremely

high destruction removal efficiency (DRE) for the plastic wastes.

Co-incineration leaves no residue as the incombustible, inorganic content of the waste materials

are incorporated in the clinker matrix. Therefore, after the waste is co-incinerated, it becomes a

part of the product. Co-incineration ranks higher on the waste disposal hierarchy and eliminates

the need for landfills and incineration.

(iv) Utilization of plastic waste in road construction

The process of road laying using waste plastics is designed and the technique is being

implemented successfully for the construction of flexible roads at various places in India.

Plastics waste (bags, cups, thermocole) made out of PE, PP and PS cut into a size between 1.18

mm and 4.36mm using shredding machine, (PVC waste should be eliminated). The aggregate

mix is heated to 1650C (as per the HRS specification) and transferred to mixing chamber.

Similarly the bitumen is to be heated up to a maximum of 1600C (HRS Specification) to have

good binding and to prevent weak bonding. (Monitoring the temperature is very important). At

the mixing chamber, the shredded plastics waste is to be added over the hot aggregate. It gets

coated uniformly over the aggregate within 30 to 45 secs, giving a look of oily coated aggregate.

The plastics waste coated aggregate is mixed with hot bitumen and the resulted mix is used for


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road construction. The road laying temperature is between 1100C to 1200 C. The roller used is 8-

ton capacity

(v) Plasma Pyrolysis Technology (PPT)

Plasma pyrolysis is a state of the art technology, which integrates the thermo-chemical

properties of plasma with the pyrolysis process. The intense and versatile heat generation

capabilities of Plasma Pyrolysis technology enable it to dispose of all types of plastic waste

including polymeric, biomedical and hazardous waste in a safe and reliable manner. Plasma

Pyrolysis is the thermal disintegration of carbonaceous material in oxygen-starved atmosphere.

When optimized, the most likely compounds formed are methane, carbon monoxide, hydrogen

carbon dioxide and water molecules.

In Plasma Pyrolysis, the plastics waste is fed in to primary chamber at 8500C through a feeder.

The waste material dissociates into carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, higher hydrocarbons

etc. Induced draft fan drains the pyrolysis gases as well as plastic waste into the secondary

chamber where these gases are combusted in the presence of excess air. The inflammable gases

are ignited with high voltage spark. The secondary chamber temperature is maintained at

10500C. The hydrocarbon, CO and hydrogen are combusted into safe carbon dioxide and water.

The process conditions are maintained such that it eliminates the possibility of formation of

toxic dioxins and furans molecules (in case of chlorinated waste). The conversion of organic

waste into nontoxic gases (CO2, H2O) is more than 99%. The extreme conditions of plasma kill

stable bacteria such as bacillus sterio-thermophilus and bacillus subtilis immediately.

Segregation of waste is not necessary, as the very high temperatures ensure treatment of all

types of waste without discrimination.

(vi) Gasification

Gasification is a recycling method where waste plastics are processed into gases such as carbon

monoxide, hydrogen and hydrogen chloride. These gases are then used as the chemical raw

material for the production of chemicals such as methanol and ammonia. Almost all types of

plastics, including those containing chlorine, can be recycled under the gasification method.

This method is therefore suitable for miscellaneous plastics or plastics that are hard to sort.

In this process, the long polymer chains are broken down into small molecules, for example, into

synthesis gas. The process may be fixed bed or fluidized bed gasification. In the fluidized process

sand is heated to 600~8000C at first- stage low temperature gasification furnace and plastic

introduced into the furnace. Waste plastic break down on contact with the sand to form


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hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The gas from the low-stage with a steam at a

temperature of 1,300~1,5000C to produce a gas composed primarily of carbon monoxide and

hydrogen. At the furnace outlet, the gas is rapidly cooled to below 2000C to prevent the

formation of dioxins. The gas then passes through a gas scrubber, and any remaining hydrogen

chloride is neutralized by alkalis and removed from synthetic gas.

Slag is produced as a by-product, which can be utilized as raw material for civil engineering

works and construction materials. There are problems in controlling the combustion

temperature and the quantity of unburned gases.

(vii) Plastic Extrusion & Pelletisation

The main goal for developing green recycling of waste plastic was to design an extruder, which

would have “Zero Significant Adverse E achieved by assigning right motor of minimum capacity,

selecting optimum L/D ratio, heat sealing and right temperature for the processes and trapping

all the emission in pollution control gadget and treating the pollutants to produce byproducts.

The Extrusion & Pelletisation processes have been redesigned to make the pollution from the

process to a minimum level and as a result to enhance the efficiency of the process.

4.5 E-Waste Management

Electronic waste (e-waste) comprises waste electronics/electrical goods that are not fit for their

originally intended use or have reached their end of life. This may include items such as

computers, servers, mainframes, monitors, CDs, printers, scanners, copiers, calculators, fax

machines, battery cells, cellular phones, transceivers, TVs, medical apparatus and electronic

components besides white goods such as refrigerators and air-conditioners. E-waste contains

valuable materials such as copper, silver, gold and platinum which could be processed for their

recovery.

E-waste is not hazardous per se. However, the hazardous constituents present in the e-waste

render it hazardous when such wastes are dismantled and processed, since it is only at this stage

that they pose hazard to health and environment. Electronics and electrical equipment seem

efficient and environmentally-friendly, but there are hidden dangers associated with them once

these become e-waste. The harmful materials contained in electronics products replacing

outdated units, pose a real danger to human health if electronics products are not properly

processed prior to disposal. Electronics products like computers and cell phones contain a lot of

different toxins. For example, cathode ray tubes (CRTs) of computer monitors contain heavy


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metals such as lead, barium and cadmium, which can be very harmful to health if they enter the

water system. These materials can cause damage to the human nervous and respiratory systems.

Flame-retardant plastics, used in electronics casings, release particles that can damage human

endocrine functions. These are the types of things that can happen when unprocessed e-waste is

put directly in landfill.

Components of e-waste management

The major components of e-waste management are:

e-waste collection, sorting and transportation

E-waste recycling; it involves dismantling, recovery of valuable resource, and sale of

dismantled parts and export of processed waste for precious metal recovery.

Figure 18 Processing Technology for E-Waste

The first step in e-waste processing is primary inspection and dismantling where parts and

components that can be refurbished are put back in the market for reuse. The rejects from the

television sets are the cathode ray tubes which are sent to the CRT recycling plants. The other

rejects are generally of three types –plastic wastes, circuit boards and waste cables. Plastic waste

is sent to a plastic granulator to generate sorted plastic mixture. Circuit boards are crushed and

separated to generate sorted plastic mixture. Waste cables are sent to a cable recycling plant to

generate non-ferrous plastic and rubber. Residue from all these processes goes to the disposal


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facility. Setting up of e- waste processing plant is feasible when there is a reasonably high

volume of waste coming in where the money generated from refurbishing can pay for the

treatment of the rejects.

4.6 Construction and Demolition Waste Management

General classification of C&D waste

The efficiency and viability of C&D waste recycling depends very much on the purity of the

recycled materials. Therefore, segregation at source and segregation at the processing site is one

of the keys to success.

A. Non-mineral construction materials: Manual or mechanical segregation for

o Material recovery (metals, glass, plastics, paper & cardboards, cables)

o Production of RDF (wood, plastics, paper & cardboards, floor covers, paints)

o Hazardous waste treatment plants (floor covers, paints)

B. Mineral construction materials:

o Segregation of materials for material recovery, combustibles and hazardous

materials

o Processing of mineral materials for processing the different types of materials

separately

o Depending on the material, the consistence and the particle size it can be used as

o Base layer in road construction

o Insulation and backfilling material for urban channel and pipeline construction

o Aggregates for asphalt road construction

o Aggregates for concrete bricks and other concrete works

o Material for vegetation layer as a porous bottom substrate

o Fine sands can be used as filling material in the brick production

C. Road construction materials:

o Usually, is extracted as single material

o Can be added to the asphalt or concrete processing without much effort

o Can be crushed directly on-site by a mobile processing unit to

o Reuse it directly on-site

o Reduce transportation costs

D. Excavation materials:


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o Approx. 70% can be reused directly on-site without further processing

o Approx. 30% has to be processed (as mineral materials)

Processing and Recycling

The entire process will be carried out into two stages i.e., Primary and Secondary Station.

In the primary processing unit the recyclables - such as metals, glass, cables, plastics, paper etc.

– are segregated from the non-mineral construction materials and the mixed C&D waste.

Moreover, in the primary processing unit the combustibles - such as wood, plastics, paper, etc. –

are segregated from the non-mineral construction materials and the mixed C&D waste.

In the secondary processing unit the mostly mineral construction materials –including the

heavy inert fraction from the primary processing unit –is processed to recycling (RC) materials

of different categories (Cat. I –III).

Hazardous materials are segregated throughout the whole process and stored separately.

Disposal

Fine organics of no further use can be utilized as a sealing layer at a sanitary landfill.

Hazardous materials should be disposed at a hazardous waste landfill or should be treated in a

hazardous waste thermal treatment plant.

4.7 Sanitary Waste Management

At 12%, India has one of the lowest sanitary napkin usage figures in the world. Most Indian

women use cloth pads and some still use traditional local methods many of which are

uncomfortable, insanitary and in some cases actually dangerous to women. The gravity of this

situation has been recognized and government at both central and state levels is actively

working to manufacture and distribute low-cost sanitary pads. Paradoxically, this gives rise to

another related issue that is equally demanding of our attention: the safe and sanitary disposal

of sanitary napkins and the occupational health of those who handle waste. The volume of soiled

pads disposed is only going to increase in the near future. At every level, from the larger

environmental impact to the impact on an individual’s health, this attention.

Environmental implications of sanitary pad disposal


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The materials used to manufacture most pads are derived from the petroleum industry and

forestry. The absorbent core, made from chlorine bleached wood/cotton pulp, could be reduced

to make slimmer products with the addition of polyacrylate gel which sucks up the liquid quickly

and holds it in a suspension under pressure. The remaining materials are mostly derived from

the petroleum industry; the cover stock used is polypropylene non-woven, with the leak-proof

barrier made from polyethylene film. Over 90% of a sanitary pad is made of crude oil plastic; the

rest is made from chlorine-bleached wood/cotton pulp. The problems with these materials are

that they are neither biodegradable nor recyclable, so disposal issues are created worldwide.

Menstrual Waste Management Laws in India

There are no concrete laws in place for menstrual waste management in India. It is treated as

reject waste and one possible categorization under sanitary waste is it being treated as bio-

medical waste. The following are the laws relating to menstrual waste management:

Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998

Under this law, waste containing blood, body fluids or faces should be regarded as bio-

medical waste. Strictly speaking, such interpretation requires the assumption that the

process of collecting menstrual fluids takes place in the course of ‘treatment’ of

human

All bio-medical waste is required to be collected, stored, transported and processed

separately and exclusively in Bio Medical Waste treatment Facilities. Bio-Medical waste

should be properly marked in distinctive packaging and given the presence of

chlorinated wood pulp and plastics, menstrual hygiene waste has to be autoclaved

(sterilized under high pressure using steam), micro- waved (disinfecting through moist

heat generated by microwaves) or burnt in approved and registered bio-medical

incinerators.

Obviously, the treatment of menstrual hygiene waste as biomedical waste faces

opposition from municipalities due to the sheer volume (an estimated 5% of all MSW)

and complex logistics associated with separate handling of this stream of waste.

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Rules (2000)

The existing MSW Rules contain no provisions relating to Sanitary Waste.


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However, these rules are currently under revision, and the latest draft has provisions for

dealing with sanitary waste as a separate waste stream, only to the extent of separate

packaging at source of generation and thereafter inclusion in dry/ non-biodegradable

category of waste.

Best practices for waste collection and disposal

Disposal bags for collection

The recycled newspaper may be used to prepare disposal bags with a string attached to it to

ensure that the contents do not spill out into the general waste that is sorted through manually

by waste pickers looking to salvage recyclables. Waste pickers can easily identify these bags due

to the label on them and this also helps channel this waste into a different stream.

Notwithstanding the problematic categorization of menstrual hygiene waste, it is imperative to:

1. Prohibit the incineration of menstrual hygiene waste where the product contains

chlorinated wood pulp and plastic.

2. Prohibit flushing of menstrual hygiene waste down the toilets as they lead to clogging

sewers.

Source segregation, sterilization by autoclaving/microwaving, followed by recycling and

composting of the various layers are recommended as the best practices.

4.8 Sanitary Landfill

Municipal waste contains 40% to 55% of the inert matter depending upon the type of Town and

ongoing infrastructure development activity. This inert material cannot be converted into any

useful product and needs to be managed in the scientific and hygienic manner in order to

prevent pollution of underground water reservoirs or surface sources in the vicinity of the Town.

Therefore, the residuals / unutilized / inerts from the waste processing facilities like compost /

waste-to-energy plants are put into the scientifically engineered landfills to prevent

environmental pollution.

The MSW (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 makes it mandatory for each of the

municipal authorities to set up an engineered landfill for the disposal of waste. It directs as

follows.


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Land filling shall be restricted to non-biodegradable, inert wastes and other wastes

which are not suitable for recycling and for biological processing.

Land filling shall also be carried out for residues of waste processing facilities as well as

pre-processing rejects from waste processing facilities.

The term ‘landfill’ is used to describe a u land, designed and constructed with the objective of

minimum impact to the environment by incorporating eight essential components as described

by CPHEEO Manual, 2000. This term encompasses other terms such as ‘secured landfills’ and

‘engineering landfills’ are also some times applied to MSW disposal units. The term ‘landfill’ can

be treated ‘sanitary landfill’ of MSW latter is designed on the principle of waste containment and

is characterized by the presence of a liner and leachate collection system to prevent ground

water contamination. The non-biodegradable inert waste and rejects from the Processing Plant

will be disposed in a scientifically engineered landfill as per the MSW (Management and

Handling) Rules, 2000.

(i) Guidelines for Sanitary landfill

The MSW (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000 mandate that each municipal authority shall

set up an engineered landfill for the disposal of waste. It directs as follows.

Land filling shall be restricted to non-biodegradable, inert wastes and other wastes

which are not suitable for recycling and for biological processing.

Land filling shall also be carried out for residues of waste processing facilities as well as

pre-processing rejects from waste processing facilities.

The landfill site shall be large enough to last for 20-25 years.

A buffer zone of no-development shall be maintained around landfill site and shall be

incorporated in the Town-Planning Department’s land-use plant.

Wastes subjected to land filling shall be compacted in thin layers using landfill

compactors to achieve high density of the wastes. In high rainfall areas where heavy

compactors cannot be used alternative measures shall be adopted.

Wastes shall be covered immediately or at the end of each working day with minimum 10

cm of soil, inert debris or construction material till such time waste processing facilities

for composting or recycling or energy recovery are set up as per Schedule 1.

Prior to the commencement of monsoon season, an intermediate cover of 40-65 cm

thickness of soil shall be placed on the landfill with proper compaction and grading to


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prevent infiltration during monsoon. Proper drainage berms shall be constructed to

divert run-off away from the active cell of the landfill.

After completion of landfill, a final cover shall be designed to minimize infiltration and

erosion. The final cover shall meet the following specifications, namely :--

The final cover shall have a barrier soil layer comprising of 60 cms of clay or

amended soil with permeability coefficient less that 1 x 10-7 cm/sec.

On top of the barrier soil layer there shall be a drainage layer of 15 cm.

On top of the drainage layer there shall be a vegetative layer of 45 cm to support

natural plant growth and to minimize erosion.

(ii) Design Requirements & Standards

The seven essential components of a MSW landfill include:

1. A liner system at the base and sides of the landfill which prevents migration of leachate

or gas to the surrounding soil.

2. A leachate collection and control facility which collects and extracts leachate from within

and from the base of the landfill and then treats the leachate.

3. A gas collection and control facility (optional for small landfills) which collects and

extracts gas from within and from the top of the landfill and then treats it or uses it for

energy recovery.

4. A final cover system at the top of the landfill which enhances surface drainage, prevents

infiltrating water and supports surface vegetation.

5. A surface water drainage system which collects and removes all surface runoff from the

landfill site.

6. An environmental monitoring system which periodically collects and analyses air,

surface water, soil-gas and ground water samples around the landfill site.

7. A closure and post-closure plan which lists the steps that must be taken to close and

secure a landfill site once the filling operation has been completed and the activities for

long-term monitoring, operation and maintenance of the completed landfill.

(iii)Design Requirements

(a) Earth Work

The design of the layout is made in such a way that all planned areas have sufficient inclination

to guarantee an unhindered run off of leachate and storm water. The design of the landfill has to


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be prepared in such a manner, that the amount of cut and fills are finally in a balance. Required

cover material need to be considered and has to be made available. Filling and compacting must

be carried out in layers of up to 40 cm maximum.

(b) Base Sealing System Basic Elements: The sealing system has to fulfill the guidelines and technical requirements as

defined in the EIA and in the MSW Rules, 2000.

Mineral Sealing Layer: The mineral sealing layer of 900mm depth will be installed in four

layers of at least 225 mm thickness each. A suitable binding material (suitable combination of

coarse and fine particles) should be used. This material must be installed during favorable

weather conditions. The following qualities are required:

at least 10 mass-% of clay particles with a high adsorptive capacity,

maximum 5 mass-% of organic substances and

maximum 15 mass-% of carbonate.

A permeability of the mineral sealing layer of kf>1 x 10-9 m/s has to be ensured. For the material

and its installation the following requirements must be considered:

homogenous material that has a homogenous water content and homogenous

incorporation of the material,

proctor density (DPR) of each layer of DPR >95 %, and

Water content (w) must be higher than the proctor water content (WPR).

Alternatively, Geo-synthetic clay liner and may also be used along with 600mm of native soil as

the mineral sealing layer.

HDPE Geo-Membrane: The second sealing liner will be a High-density polyethylene (HDPE)

geo-membrane with a minimum thickness of 1.5 mm. The geo-membrane can only be installed

during favorable weather conditions. For the constructing of the layer the following items have

to be considered:

a) Welding of the HDPE layer is only possible if the sun does not shine directly on the

HDPE layer in summer time (danger of blistering),

b) Water is not allowed on the landfill base of the HDPE layer,

c) Before work starts the way of placing has to be defined in a plan,

d) The placed HDPE layer must be fixed (e. g. sandbags),


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e) No equipment must drive on the welded HDPE layers (only the necessary equipment for

welding), and

f) Every welding seam has to be double checked (stability, density with under pressure

method, thickness, visual inspection).

Drainage (Leachate) Layer: A drainage layer, consisting of gravel with a grain size of 16/32

mm will be applied to assist drainage of leachate. Gravel will consist of uniform sizes and be

washed to ensure a high permeability. Perforated HDPE leachate collection pipes will be

embedded in the drainage layer to further assist leachate collection. Leachate will drain towards

the leachate pond. The thickness of the drainage layer will be at least 300 mm. The gravel has to

fulfill the following quality standards:

Permeability kf>1 x 10-3 m/s and

b. Maximum 20 mass-% of carbonate.

Geo-Textile –Protection Layer: For protection of the HDPE layer, a geo-textile must be

applied. A geo-textile material, which is needle-punched and non-woven, will be used as a

protection layer. For incorporation of the layer, the following items have to be considered:

a) Weight of geo-

b) Proof of stamp pushing through force,

c) Proof of strip tensile strength,

d) Static proof, and

e) Proof of stability and resistance to sliding during building and final state.

Laying of the geo-textile is carried out after acceptance of the layers laying underneath. No

vehicles must drive on the geo-textile no equipment or machines should be stored on this layer.

The position of the layer must be secured by appropriate measures to prevent them from getting

lifted up (e. g. sand bags).

Soil Layer: For protection of the Geo-textile layer, a soil layer of 300 mm thickness must be

applied. A suitable binding material (suitable combination of coarse and fine particles) should

be used. This material must be installed during favorable weather conditions. The following

qualities are required:

at least 10 mass-% of clay particles with a high adsorptive capacity,

maximum 5 mass-% of organic substances and

Maximum 15 mass-% of carbonate.


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(c) Top Sealing System

General: To avoid negative impact of the landfill body a surface sealing system has to be

installed after the filling of the landfill or parts of it (landfill cells) are completed. The sealing

system has to fulfill the guidelines and technical requirements as defined in the EIA and in the

MSW Rules, 2000. The surface sealing system has to fulfill the following requirements:

300 mm compensation layer,

Composite layer,

450 mm vegetative layer.

After reaching the highest level of each construction phase, as final cover, the surface sealing

system has to be placed on top of the waste body. The surface sealing system will be constructed

with a maximum slope of 33 % in the embankment area.

Compensation Layer: After completing the waste filling, the waste surface will be re-profiled

according to the planned inclination of the surface sealing system. Above the waste surface, the

compensation layer made of a homogenous non-binding material will be applied. The thickness

of the layer will be 600 mm. The layer will be the foundation for the mineral-sealing layer.

Composite Layer: The Composite layer will act as drainage and mineral sealing layer. It

consist of gravel with a grain size of 16/32 mm will be used for discharging the rainwater and

mineral sealing layer with a thickness of 600 mm (after compaction).The composite layer of the

surface has to fulfill the same quality standards as the mineral sealing layer and drainage layer

of the base.

Vegetative Layer: The Vegetative layer (topsoil) will be used for the final restoration of the

site. The re-cultivation layer will have a thickness of at least 450 mm.

Plants will be placed in accordance to the local flora as provided in the vicinity of the site. In

order to protect the sealing system, deep rooting plants must be avoided. The plants have to

protect the total sealing system against wind and water erosion and have to minimize rainwater

infiltration.

(iv) Tests and Samples during Construction of the Sealing Systems

The tests and samples during construction of the sealing system need to be agreed with the

Contracting Authority but it is likely that they will include the following items.


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Aptitude Test

The fundamental suitability (aptitude test) of the used materials provided for the mineral base

and surface sealing system must be proven before construction works start. The suitability tests

of the used mineral sealing material have to be approved by laboratory tests and a test field. The

following laboratory testing is required:

a) Grain-size distribution

b) Water content

c) Consistency of material

d) Water absorption of material

e) Portion of organic materials

f) Portion of carbonate

g) Density

h) Proctor density

i) Water permeability

j) Homogeneity

The suitability of the used drainage material has to be also approved by laboratory tests. The

following tests are required:

a) Grain-size distribution

b) Content of organic materials

c) Content of carbonate

Test Field

Within a test field the suitability of the clay must be proven under the supposed site conditions.

These test fields are the basis for all conditions stipulated for later application by an

independent supervisor. Construction starts with 4 layers of 225 mm each and includes all

above-mentioned laboratory tests and examinations required for each layer by taking some

samples. Visual tests have to be performed by trial pits. The test fields have to be performed

outside of the sealing areas. The results from the test field (including the results of the

laboratory tests) must be evaluated and documented including the following statements with

regard to the design of the mineral sealing system:

Compacting methods

Compacting equipment

Number of compacting transitions

Operation speed of compacting equipment


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Thickness of un-compacted layers (before compaction)

Type of homogenization

The test field must be at least 20 m in length, the minimum width must be 2 machine widths

plus the required ramps 1: 10 and the embankments 1: 5 as well as the distance of acceleration

and deceleration with driving tracks as wide as the equipment, which are arranged alongside.

The test fields should be located at the bottom and embankment area of the landfill. They should

represent the same slopes as landfill. After the mineral sealing material has been tested, the

application of the other sealing compounds, protection layer and drainage layer will be tested in

the test field accordingly. This will be done for the base sealing as well as for the surface sealing.

Quality Assurance during Construction Works

For the quality assurance during construction works the requirements are as follows:

I. The mineral sealing layers must be built under weather conditions which are in

compliance with required conditions (water content, degree of compression, coefficient

of permeability; example: no construction during heavy rain fall)

II. The top of each completed layer of the mineral sealing system must be dewatered

sufficiently. Shrinkage cracks must be avoided by taking technical measures.

III. Soil lumps, which are bigger than 32 mm, shall not be used for construction the mineral

sealing.

IV. The sealing material must be homogenous and show regular placement water content.

The layers must achieve a homogenous sealing mass. The layers shall overlap.

V. After completion of each compacted layer an acceptance test must be carried out before

starting the next layer.

VI. During and after incorporation the following tests and checks must be carried out

especially for the mineral-sealing layer (for re-cultivation layer, drainage layer and

compensation layer the test has to be done similar):

a) Density

b) Thickness of each layer

c) Flatness of each layer

d) Grain-size distribution

e) Water content

f) Consistency of material

g) Water absorption of material


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h) Proctor density

i) Permeability

j) Content of organic parts

k) Content of carbonate

These tests should be carried according a defined scheme. The size of testing area should be

1000 m². The laboratory test for the aptitude test and the quality assurance during construction

works have to be carried out by a qualified geo-technical institute.

Slope Stability Aspects and Seismic Aspects

The stability of a landfill should be checked for the following cases

I. Stability of excavated slopes

II. Stability of liner system along excavated slopes

III. Stability of temporary waste slopes constructed to their full height (usually at the

end of a phase)

IV. Stability of slopes of above -ground portion of completed landfills

V. Stability of cover systems in above -ground landfills.

The stability analysis should be conducted using the following soil mechanics methods

depending upon the shape of the failure surface:

I. failure surface parallel to slope;

II. wedge method of analysis;

III. method of slices for circular failure surface and

IV. Special methods for stability of anchored geo-membranes along slopes.

In preliminary design of a landfill section, the following slopes may be adopted:

Excavated soil slopes (2.5 Hor : 1 Vertical)

Temporary waste slopes (3.0 Hor : 1 Vertical)

Final cover slopes (4.0 Hor : 1 Vertical)

Slopes can be made steeper, if found stable by stability analysis results.

Acceptable factors of safety may be taken as 1.3 for temporary slopes and 1.5 for

permanent slopes. In earthquake prone areas, the stability of all landfill slopes

will be conducted taking into account seismic coefficients as recommended by

BIS codes.


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(v) Design of Environmental Monitoring System

The objective of an environmental monitoring system is

To find out whether a landfill is performing as designed; and

To ensure that the landfill is conforming to the regulatory environmental

standards.

Monitoring at a landfill site is carried out in four zones:

a) On and within the landfill;

b) In the unsaturated subsurface zone (vadose zone) beneath and around the

landfill;

c) In the groundwater (saturated) zone beneath and around the landfill and

d) In the atmosphere/local air above and around the landfill. The parameters to be

monitored regularly are:

I. leachate head within the landfill;

II. leachate and gas quality within the landfill;

III. long-term movements of the landfill cover;

IV. quality of pore fluid and pore gas in the vadose zone;

V. quality of groundwater in the saturated zones and

VI. air quality above the landfill, at the gas control facilities, at buildings on or near

the landfill and along any preferential migration paths.

The frequency of monitoring will be so fixed that it is capable of detecting unusual events and

risks in the initial phases of their appearance so as to give time to diagnose and localize the

cause and enable early steps to be taken for containment or remediation. Usually a monthly or a

bimonthly monitoring frequency is considered suitable during the operational phase of a landfill

as well as for 3 to 4 years after closure; this frequency can be decreased to 2-3 times a year in

later years, if all systems perform satisfactorily. The monitoring frequency may have to be

increased if higher concentrations than expected are detected, if control systems are changed or

if drainage systems become clogged/non-functional. The frequency of monitoring may also be

increased during those periods in which gas generation or leachate generation is higher, such as

during the monsoon periods.


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(vi) Closure and Post -Closure Maintenance Plan

Determination of the end-use of a landfill site is an essential part of the plan for landfill closure

and post-closure maintenance. Some possible uses of closed landfill sites near urban centers

include parks, recreational areas, golf courses, vehicle parking areas and sometimes even

commercial development. A closure and post-closure plan for landfills involves the following

components:

Plan for vegetative stabilization of the final landfill cover.

Plan for management of surface water run-off with an effective drainage system.

Plan for periodical inspection and maintenance of landfill cover and facilities.


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5 Design Criteria for ISWM

5.1 Population Growth & waste generation projects

Approximate quantity of MSW generated is 16.8 TPD from a population of 30112 distributed in

23 wards.

Table 19 Population & Waste Generation Projections

Year Population as per census

Projected Population by Population considered (Avg. of AP,

II& GP)

Waste Generation (TPD) (@ 5% growth)

Arithmetic

Progressio

n method

Increment

al Increase

method

Geometric

Progressio

n method

1971 13826

1981 17089

1991 20906

2001 25009

2011 28159

2015 29635 29624 29893 29717

2016 30004 29990 30343 30112 16.8

2021 31849 31811 32696 32119 21.4

2026 33694 33623 35231 34183 27.3

2031 35539 35426 37963 36309 34.9

2036 37384 37219 40907 38503 44.6

2041 39229 39003 44079 40770 56.9

2046 41074 40777 47497 43116 72.6

5.1.1 Segregation at Source

The fundamental pre requisite for planning the MSW Collection and Transport system is that

the waste collected and transported will be segregated at source and no mixed waste handling

will be permitted. Waste will therefore be segregated at source into basic three types which is

wet (organic) waste, dry (inorganic) waste and sanitary waste.


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The collection of other streams of waste, termed as ‘special streams’ will be planned for Town

based on the need. These streams include waste like garden waste, construction and demolition

waste, E-waste, etc.

5.1.2 Command Areas

The Town will be divided into two command areas for implementing the Town waste collection

and transportation activities in Hangal. Each command area will comprise of a wards as given

below.

Table 19 command area wise asset requirement

WARD/COMMAND AREA WISE ASSET REQUIREMENT

Command Area 1:

SL No Ward no Population Households & Commercial

Establishments

Auto tippers

Pushcarts

1 1 2524 514

3 2

2 2 864 176

3 3 1532 312

4 4 1969 401

5 5 2931 597

6 6 1169 238

7 7 1039 212

8 8 893 182

9 9 1539 313

10 10 957 195

11 11 965 196

Total 16381 3335

Command Area 2:

SL Ward no Population Households & Commercial

Establishments

Auto tippers

Pushcarts

1 12 1818 370

3 2

2 13 1782 363

3 14 676 138

4 15 626 127

5 16 827 168


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6 17 1560 318

7 18 990 202

8 19 1871 381

9 20 667 136

10 21 211 43

11 22 1560 318

12 23 2242 456

Total 14829 3019

Figure 14 command areas of HANGAL TOWN


2016



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5.1.3 Destination bound Collection and Transportation

The wet, dry and sanitary waste will be collected and transported to its specific destination.

Further every ward will have its designated destinations, for each of the streams of waste.

I. Dry waste – Dry Waste Collection Centre (DWCC)

II. Wet waste – Conventional indoor aerobic composting

III. Sanitary waste –Collection Points / Sanitary waste processing units

The recyclables from the dry waste stream will be sold to recyclers. Dry waste that is non-

recyclable is to be landfilled now, and once the quantity increases beyond 50 tones, they should

be converted to Refused Derived Fuel (RDF). All other inert or post processing rejects shall be

landfilled at the assigned scientific landfill.

5.2 Proposed Plan for Collection & Transportation Operations

The efficiency of the proposed plan described below is driven by the segregation of the waste at

the source. For this purpose, following approach needs to be adopted by the residents:

It is proposed to ban the littering of waste on the streets by introducing segregation of

waste at the source and storage of segregated waste i.e. wet and dry in two different bins

at the house hold level and at other generator areas.

The wet and dry waste will be collected separately on a daily basis. The wet waste shall be

transported to processing facility and the dry waste shall be transported to the dry waste

collection centers.

The system of door to door collection through containerized pushcarts shall be

implemented in the Town.

The wastes from door to door collection through pushcarts and Auto-Tippers. The dry

waste from pushcarts is transferred to the tipper. The wet waste is transferred to the

processing facility while the dry waste is transferred to the dry waste collection centers

located at select location within the Town as well as at the processing site.

The dry waste collection Centre may be located within the Town or within the processing

site itself. The segregated dry waste is collected at this location and sold to the recyclers.


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The waste from bulk generators, markets and hotels shall be collected and transported to

the processing facility by tractor trailer

Meat waste generated would be collected in a dedicated tipper.

Street and drain cleaning waste could be collected by tipper and transferred to

processing site.

The E-Waste generated at households shall be collected during the primary collection

activities and transported to the dry waste collection centers.

Depending on type and capacity of the vehicle, two to three trips shall be made by each

vehicle in a day depending upon waste quantity generated in the designated area.

Figure 19 Proposed Collection & Transportation Plan


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(i) Normative Standards for Collection and Transportation

Pushcart:

One pushcart shall be assigned for every 180 to 200 households/day

A Pushcart shall collect waste from 60 households/ trip there by doing three trips/day.

One worker shall be deployed per pushcart.

Pushcart designed to accommodate 4 HDPE bins of 40 liters or 6 bins of 30 liter each

capacity fabricated out of M.S Angles and flats for door to door collection, for road side

and street waste collection for pushing by hand on patchy roads. The pushcarts should

be painted with Anti corrosive paints to make it corrosive free for longer performance

life.

Auto-tipper:

One Auto tipper shall be assigned for every 1000 households

An Auto tipper shall collect waste from 500 households/trip thereby having two trips/

day

One driver with one helper shall be assigned per auto tipper.

The Auto tipper shall be well maneuverable, diesel fuel 4 wheel auto chassis, equipped

with tipping hopper of capacity 1.8 cubic meter and above, having lids which can be

tipped using a hydraulic arrangement and be adequate for direct transfer to the

compactors.

The vehicle should be suitable for moving in narrow lanes.

The vehicle will be painted with enamel paint.

The auto tippers shall meet with speed governor as per the existing RTO regulation.

Street Sweeping

The roads need to be divided into three categories

I. High density roads - Type A : Daily sweeping

II. Medium density roads - Type B: Three days in a week

III. Low density roads - Type C : One day in a week

Normative standard for staff requirement: 1 person with 1 push cart for 1000 mts

running length on both sides in a day.

Use the pushcarts for collection of waste and transport using the available tractor-trailer.


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The waste should be transported directly to landfill site.

Cleaning of surface drains: collection of waste from clogged drains up to 0.6mt

depth including removing of obstacles under the covered drains in front of houses,

removal of manhole silt from the road side, uprooting of weeds alongside the road /street

shall need to be undertaken by the street sweepers.

(iii) Provision of litter bins on streets and public places

Though Town is bin less, there is a necessity of small litter bins to be provided at crowded public

places to ensure that streets and public places are not littered with waste materials such as used

cans, cartons of soft drinks, used bus tickets, wrappers of chocolates or empty cigarette cases

and the like generated while on a move.

The litter bins may be provided on important streets, markets, public places, tourist spots, bus

and railway stations, large commercial complexes, etc. at a distance ranging from 25 meters to

250 meters and cleared during the time of street sweeping. All litter bins will be labeled –dry

waste and wet waste.

These litter bins can only be used by the general public, commuters and is strictly not to be used

by the commercial shops, residences on the street or by the street sweeping staff to dump the

waste collected.

(iv) Dry Waste Collection Centre (DWCC)

Reduction of waste is also possible by setting up purchase / processing centers for dry waste,

like plastics, paper, and etc. one dry waste collection center shall be set up in the landfill site.

The dry waste shall be collected during the primary collection activities and delivered to the dry

waste collection Centre.

5.3 Proposed Model for MSW Processing and Disposal

Hangal Town Municipal Council presently generates about 16.8 tons of solid waste per day,

which has a significant component of biodegradable waste which is about 60% of the total

composition. The collected solid waste is presently disposed in an unscientific manner by open

dumping at disposal site. There is an urgent need to stop the crude and unhygienic method of

open dumping of waste and to adopt scientific and environmental friendly methods where the

useful components of waste are utilized and only rejects and inert material are disposed in an


2016


environmentally acceptable manner. The processing and disposal plan is as given in below

Figure.

Figure 20 Overall Proposed Processing & Disposal Plan (long-term)

It is proposed to treat the biodegradable portion of the MSW from households and commercial

shops (besides hotels and petty shops) using aerobic windrow composting method. The RDF

material and recyclables like plastics, glass, paper, metals etc. shall be recovered and balance

inert material shall be sent to the Sanitary landfill. The waste collected from markets and bulk

generators shall also be processed using Vermi composting. The dry waste derived from the

source segregation would be sold to recyclers.

The meat waste generated in the Town is proposed to be processed using windrow platform

method.

The E-waste shall be sold off to e-waste recyclers for processing at e-waste regional processing

facility. The C & D waste shall also be processed in the processing facility.


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In order to ensure that inert waste material such as street sweeping, silt from the drains and C &

D wastes does not land up at the waste processing facilities, the waste should be collected and

transported in three different streams as under:

I. Domestic / commercial wastes

II. Street sweeping and silt from drains

III. Construction and demolition wastes

The domestic market, commercial and institutional wastes should be directly delivered at the

waste processing facilities, whereas the street sweeping and silt from the drains should be

directly taken to the disposal facilities. This would keep away inert wastes from biodegradable

and recyclable/ combustible wastes and facilitate smooth processing of MSW. Till such time,

door-to-door collection facility becomes fully operational, segregation of organic matter (tree

leaves) and recyclables from street sweepings may be done at the disposal facility and sent to the

respective processing facility


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6 Proposed Collection & Transportation Plan

6.1 Road / Street Sweeping

A schedule of street sweeping / cleaning is carried out based on the importance of the

road and the normative standards of the DMA.

A. Frequency of Street Sweeping

Daily sweeping of public streets is essential where there is habitation close by. Isolated

pockets or roads with little or no habitation around do not require daily cleansing but at

the same time they cannot be ignored. A schedule of street cleaning should be prepared,

prioritizing the roads requiring daily cleansing and the ones which are need to be

cleansed periodically. The city can be divided into sweepers’ beats which contain fairly

uniform workloads, despite great differences in the lengths to be covered.

The street sweepings are proposed to be collected separately and directly transferred

into the vehicles for disposing them. It must be strictly monitored that no road sweeping

staff should dump the road swept waste in the neighbouring storm water drains or

nallahs running parallel to the road.

The following measures may be taken to ensure regular sweeping of streets and public

places:

Cleansing of Street on a daily basis including Sundays and Public Holidays

Cleansing of the public roads, streets, lanes, by-lanes should be done daily if there is

habitation or commercial activity on one or both sides of the street. A list of such roads

and streets together with their length and width should be prepared and a program for

their daily cleaning should be worked out keeping in view the work norms (yardsticks)

prescribed. Roads and streets with no cluster habitation which do not require daily

cleaning may be put in a separate group and may be taken up for need-based cleaning

on alternate days, twice a week, once a week or occasionally, as considered appropriate


2016


by the urban local body. Similarly a timetable should be prepared for cleaning of open

public spaces daily or periodically to ensure that they do not become dump yards and

remain clean.

Working on Sundays

The generation of waste is a continuous process. As waste is produced each day,

collection, transportation and disposal of waste is required to be done daily. There can

therefore be no holiday in street sweeping, primary collection, transportation,

processing and disposal of waste. All local bodies should therefore re-organize their

work schedule and ensure that the Sanitation Department functions on all days in the

year irrespective of Sundays and public holidays. This does not mean that Sanitation

Department staff shall have no weekly off or holidays. The sweepers and other staff

engaged in collection, transportation and disposal of waste as well as supervision of

sanitation services should be given their statutory weekly off by rotation instead of

giving them off on Sunday, by dividing the staff into seven groups and each group

getting a weekly off on one of the days of the week. Thus one-seventh of the staff should

be enjoying their weekly off on each day of the week. This will necessitate staff

consolidation or creation of additional posts to the extent of one-seventh of the total

strength of the staff in the cities where no cleaning is presently done on Sundays.

Alternatively, the staff may be given two half days (afternoon) off in a week in lieu of one

full day weekly off if the sweepers agree to such an arrangement. Here the sweepers may

leave work after working for 4 hours on two days out of seven days of the week to make

up their weekly off. Perhaps they may be happy to have two half holidays instead of one

weekly off in a week as they will have more time for themselves and the family twice a

week. However, since this has legal implications, such arrangements will have to be

worked out by mutual consent.

This arrangement of giving two half days’ leave in lieu of one full day weekly off, may be

made applicable to street sweepers and drain cleaners and their supervisors only and

not to the transportation workers or workers engaged in the disposal of waste as these


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activities have to continue for full shifts of the day. One-seventh additional staff may be

engaged in these sections of the SWM department to make up the requirement of

working on all the days, or overtime may be given as per the need to complete the day’s

work.

Review of Holidays given to the staff working in essential services such as Collection,

Transportation, Processing and Disposal of Waste

The list of public holidays being given to staff engaged in essential services vis-a-vis

general category staff should be reviewed by the local body. Normally the number of

holidays given to essential services staff are less than half the number of holidays given

to general category staff. After review, the local body may finalize the number of

holidays to be given to the sweepers and other staff in SWM and thereafter may make

necessary arrangements for the collection, transportation and disposal of waste on all

public holidays by either suitably compensating existing workers for holiday or by

creating additional mechanisms to carry out the work on public holidays. The staff can

also be compensated by giving additional earned leave in lieu of a public holiday, or

additional salary/allowance as deemed proper. This suggestion does not preclude

continuance of existing arrangements, if any, made by the local body to provide SWM

services on public holidays.

Substitution of Sanitation Workers

When any sanitation worker remains absent or proceeds on leave, alternate

arrangements must be made to ensure that cleaning is done as usual. Badli workers or

leave reserve could be used for this purpose. Any other satisfactory arrangements, which

are currently in use for this purpose, may continue. Work must not suffer on account of

absenteeism.

Prevent open Burning of Waste by Sweepers and the Public


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The Municipal Corporation should take measures to prevent burning of tree leaves and

other waste by sweepers on the roadside and direct sweepers to take all waste to the

communal waste storage bins/sites only. Action may be taken against the erring

employees. Where open spaces are available nearby, the leaves could be rapid-

composted and used locally as organic manure for roadside plantations.

B. Working Hours

It is desirable to start work as early as possible in the morning so that the city looks

clean before the roads and streets get busy in the morning. Normally the labor force is

required to work for 8 hours and is given half an hours’ recess. Considering the type of

work, it is desirable to split the 8 hours of duty of sweepers into two spells, 4 to 5 hours

in the morning and 3 to 4 hours in the afternoon and the work force should be fully

utilized in both the spells of duties. Quite often the work force is utilized in a group in

the afternoon hours, which is highly unproductive. Individual work needs to be allotted

to each person in both spells to ensure full output and accountability. The local body

may decide the duty hours on the above lines and the total hours of work to be taken

from the sweepers, subject to government policy, court orders and union agreements.

C. Equipment used for Street Sweeping

Use of appropriate tool plays an important role in improving the efficiency of the work

force. Presently most of the tools utilized by the sanitation workers are inefficient and

outdated and need to be replaced by efficient tools and equipment. Traditionally the

work force resists any change, even if it is for their good. Persuasion and awareness

efforts ill, therefore, be necessary to convince the workforce to adopt improved tools and

equipment. Equipment used for Manual Street sweepings are; brooms, shovels, and

containers. These are described in the following sections:

Brooms

Instead of using short handled brooms which require bending of the body while at work,

causes fatigue to the workforce and causes back pain in the long run, the workforce may


2016


be advised to use long handled brooms, which will not require bending, reduce fatigue

and increase their productivity. In cities where a broom allowance is given, or only

broom sticks are provided to sweepers, they may be persuaded that long handled

brooms may be used or made by them for street sweeping. While making such brooms, a

metal blade which can scrape the material sticking on the street should be fixed on the

top of the broom, or a separate metal scraper may be given to the sweepers, to remove

sticky material from the street while sweeping. There is no yardstick about the number

of brooms to be given to sweepers per month. In some cities three brooms per month

are given, whereas in other cities only one broom is given per quarter of a year. One long

handled broom per month is considered to be adequate for street sweeping. The bamboo

(long handle) to which the broom is attached need not be given once a month as it has a

long life. The same bamboo should be reused while making the broom. The bamboo may

be replaced as and when required. It could be once in six months or once a year

depending upon the local conditions of the city.

Shovels

The function of the broom is to gather the street wastes into small heaps, which then

have to be picked up completely, and placed in a receptacle. The conventional tool for

this purpose is a large straight-blade shovel. However, when the wastes comprise large

quantities of very light materials such as leaves, a shovel is ineffective because dried

leaves fall of or are blown away during transfer. A good solution to this problem is to use

a pair of flat boards, usually plywood, between which the wastes are retained by hand-

pressure.


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Hand-Carts

Each sweeper engaged in street sweeping should be given a handcart having 4 to 6

containers for ease of handling. These containers should be detachable to facilitate the

direct transfer of street sweepings and household waste from the container into the

communal waste storage bins. Such containers should lockable with a chain

arrangement. The handcart should have at least 3 wheels ball bearings so that it can be

used efficiently.

6.2 Drain Cleaning

In many cities there are open surface drains beside the road, into which quite often the

sweepers and the public dispose of waste. These drains need to be cleaned on a regular

basis to permit free flow of waste water. Action should be taken to ensure that sweepers

and citizens do not dispose of any waste into drains.

Initially, drain cleaners should be given the work of cleaning shallow surface drains (not

more than 60 cms) up to 500 meter length per day and this length may be increased as

soon as the discharge of solid waste into the drain is substantially reduced. Necessary

tools should be given to the drain cleaners. They should also be given suitable seamless

handcarts and shovels for transferring the silt to sites identified for depositing it. The

periodicity of cleaning such drains should be worked out based on the conditions and

frequency of clogging of drains. The Roster of Cleaning of such drains should be worked

out and strictly followed. Whatever waste is removed from the drains should not be

allowed to remain outside the drain for long for drying. It would be desirable to deposit

the wet silt into a seamless handcart as soon as it is taken out from the drain. If that be

not possible or found difficult, the silt may be allowed to dry for about 4 hours outside

the drain before transporting the semi-solid silt for disposal.

In special situations a maximum of 24 hours should be allowed for removal of such

waste. Seamless handcarts may be used for transfer of silt from the surface drain site to

the waste storage depot. Shovels should be used for transferring the contents from the


2016


seamless handcart to the vehicles at the temporary storage depot or communal waste

storage site. If this work can be contracted out the contractor should ensure that the silt

removed from the drain is similarly lifted promptly and taken to the disposal site as per

the terms of contract.

Removal of Silt from Underground Drains/ Manholes

The work of removal of silt from underground drains or manholes, storm water drains

or surface drains deeper than 600 mm, should be done by the Engineering Division of

the Municipal Corporation and this work should not be entrusted to the SWM

department. The silt so removed should not be kept on the road/footpath for drying.

This waste should be removed on the same line as suggested for silt removed from the

surface drains. Wet waste only be removed immediately from the main roads and not

less than in 4 hours and in other areas within 24 hours and taken to the disposal site to

prevent nuisance and health hazards. This waste should not be taken to the compost

plant, but may be used as landfill cover. All the drains have to be cleaned once a month

and mandatorily just before the onset of monsoons. The frequency of drain cleaning is

limited if the drain bed is visible.

6.3 System of waste storage at Source

Improvement measures should evolve effective strategies so as to mobilize the

community and citizens towards synchronizing their system of waste storage at source

with the primary collection of the wastes by the ULB and cooperate with the authority to

maintain clean streets and neighborhood in particular and the town in general. The local

inhabitants shall be advised to keep two separate bins/bags for the purposes of

segregation of wastes at source and adopt appropriate mode of disposal of such wastes

from the source.

The Hangal Town Municipal Council shall direct all the waste producers (households,

institutions, commercial establishments and floating population) not to throw any solid

waste in their neighborhood, on the street, open spaces, and vacant plots or into drains


2016


by organizing public awareness programs. There shall be adequate provision made in

public heath rules to punish the violation at least to some extent like imposing fines in

order to reduce the violations.

At present, about 80% of the waste received is in the segregated form. The following

measures are recommended so as to facilitate an organized and hierarchical system of

waste collection and disposal.

Segregation has to be done at source.

All premises should keep two separate bins/containers/bags for biodegradable waste and

non-biodegradable waste.

The food / biodegradable waste as and when generated shall be stored in any type of

domestic waste container, preferably with a cover.

The dry/recyclable wastes shall be stored preferably in bags or sacks for the collection.

Following are the suggestive specifications for storage of wet and dry wastes:

Individual Households, Slums and Congested Areas

A metal or plastic container with lid of 10-litre capacity (to accommodate 7-8 kg) for a

family of5 members would be adequate,

Households may keep larger containers or more than one container to store the waste

produced in 24 hours having a spare capacity of 100% to meet unforeseen delay in

clearance or unforeseen extra loads and

Community / Group Households

To adopt above-mentioned guidelines at the individual household level in each

community or group households.

Provision of community bin facility for apartment residents within the premises for

storage of domestic wastes and encourage residents to deposit their domestic waste into

the community bins.

To provide separate community bin optionally for the recyclable wastes.


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The Haveri City Municipal Council to issue notices to the existing private society/,

flats/multistoried buildings, etc. and provision of such facility to be made mandatory for

sanctioning building construction permits and completion certificates.

Shops / Offices / Institutions

A metal or plastic container with lid of 30-litre capacity (to accommodate 15 kg) would

be adequate,

The shops, offices and institutions may keep larger containers or more than one

container to store the waste produced in 24 hours having a spare capacity of 100%to

meet unforeseen delay in clearance or unforeseen extra loads and preferably wet wastes

should not be disposed of in plastic carry bags.

Hotels / Restaurants

A HDPE / LDPE container with lid of 50-100 liters capacity (to accommodate at least 50-

100kgs) would be adequate.

The container should have appropriate handle(s) on the top or side and rim at the

bottom for ease of emptying.

Vegetable / Fruit / Meat / Fish Markets

PVC container(s) of 50 liters capacity for each market /stall leaving open shops & road

side shops would be adequate.

The container should have appropriate handle(s) on the top or side and rim at the

bottom for ease of emptying.

Marriage Halls / Community Halls

50 liters capacity PVC bins with lid and handles of adequate number depending on the

volume of waste generated in dining halls and kitchen.

Construction and Demolition Wastes

The generator of construction and demolition waste shall be responsible for storage,

transportation and disposal of the waste.

The generator shall store waste in such a way that it does not hamper the traffic; the

waste does not get spread on the road and does not block the surface drain or storm

water drain.


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6.4 Collection and Transportation

Considering that waste collection is at present performed rather inefficiently, the above

objectives present very ambitious targets for the ULB. The implementation of an

intensive awareness raising and communication campaign to sensitize and motivate the

population is vital to achieving the objective.

Residential Areas and Commercial Establishments

Door-to-door collection through containerized pushcarts and auto-tippers would be the

primary mode of collection from domestic households and commercial establishments.

The door-to-door collection of waste shall be done on a day-to-day basis between 7:00

AM and 2:00 PM.

The wet and dry waste is collected separately. The wastes collected in pushcarts are

unloaded into auto-tippers and the wastes from auto tippers are transferred into tipper

vehicles for transportation to the processing site. The wet waste is unloaded at the

processing facility and the dry waste is delivered at the dry waste collection center in the

site.

The containerized pushcarts to be used for the purpose shall have four detachable

buckets each of capacity 30 liters. Containers shall be exclusively earmarked for dry, wet

and domestic hazardous. The sanitary worker shall ring the bell or blow the whistle

announcing his/her arrival at the place of work to facilitate the citizens and households

to bring the wastes to them.

Collection of Waste from Apartments

Apartment associations should organize for the waste collection from each household in

their apartment complex and the waste shall be brought near the gate. From the

apartment gate, the waste shall be collected through collection vehicles and transported

to the processing site. Bins shall also be placed at easily approachable locations within


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the premises of the apartment complexes with the provision to store dry and wet waste

separately by the residents. The waste from these bins should be emptied into

transportation vehicles on a daily basis for transferring to the processing site.

Slums and Old Areas of the City

It is proposed to deploy auto-tippers for door to door collection of waste from slum and

congested areas and pushcarts will be deployed in locations not accessible by auto-

tippers. The waste shall be collected by bell ringing/whistle system along their main

access-lanes and residents should bring their wastes from their houses to the collection

vehicle. The waste collected shall be transported to the processing facility on a daily

basis. The slum dwellers should be strictly advised to store the wastes in plastic

containers supplied to them.

Meat Stalls

It should be made mandatory for the shopkeepers to store the meat and fish waste in

bins. These wastes shall be collected on a daily basis in auto-tipper and transported to

the processing facility and processed to manure adopting composting process. The meat

waste should be kept covered and transported to the processing site.

Market Yards

The waste generated in the markets is ideal for production of compost. In this view, it is

desirable that all vegetable waste be stored separately. The vegetable / fruit market

shops may be clearly instructed not to throw their waste on roads. The market waste

shall be collected in a tractor trailer and transported to the processing facility.

Bulk Generators – Marriage / Function Halls, Hotels & Restaurants

These are places where large quantity of waste is generated. The characteristics of waste

from bulk generators i.e. hotels, restaurants, marriage halls shows higher bio-

degradable content compared to recyclables and inerts and so can be processed to

manure. The vehicle deployed for transporting the market waste shall be deployed for

collection of wastes from bulk generators. The ULB shall be responsible for the


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collection and transportation of waste from the bulk generators and shall charge a fee

for the providing the services.

Construction & Demolition Waste

The Municipal Council should prescribe the rate per tonne for the collection,

transportation and disposal of construction waste and debris and notify the same to the

people.

Every person who is likely to produce construction waste may be required to deposit with

the Municipal Council an approximate amount in advance at the rates as may be

prescribed by the Municipal Council from time to time, for the removal and disposal of

construction waste from his premises by the Municipal Council. Such amount may be

deposited at the time when the building permission is being sought and in cases where

such permission is not required, at any time before such waste is produced.

The charges for removal of construction waste to be doubled for those who fail to deposit

the amount in advance.

Hospitals/ Nursing Homes/Pathological Laboratories

Collection of bio-medical waste should be done in accordance with the rules / directions

contained in the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India Notification dated

20th July 1998 as the liability for safe disposal of biomedical waste is on such waste

producer and the local body as such is not directly responsible to provide any service.

E-Waste

The E-waste shall be collected during the door the door collection activities along with

the dry waste and transported to the dry waste collection centers and sold to the

recyclers.

Sanitary Waste

It shall be made mandatory to wrap the sanitary napkins in paper bags and secure it

before handing over separately to the sanitary workers.


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6.5 Asset & Manpower Requirement

Table 20: Assumptions for Assets and manpower Requirement

Sl. No Assumptions Assets Manpower

1 Pushcarts for Street sweeping 2 persons/cart

Frequency of cleaning – A type roads 7 days/week

Frequency of cleaning – B type roads 2 days/week

Frequency of cleaning – C type roads 1 day/week

Avg beat length 1,000mtrs

2 Open spaces 2 days/week 2 persons / 7500 sqm

3 No of households 6853

4 Total waste from door to door collection 9.98

6 Pushcart household coverage 0% 1 person /cart

No of households 200 no’s

7 Auto-tipper household coverage 100% 1 driver /auto

No of households 1000 no’s 1 helpers / auto

8 Tractor trailer 1 driver /tractor

3 loaders / tractor

9 Pushcarts (markets) 1 no’s / person 1 person/400 sqm

Pushcarts for Street Sweeping

Total road length : 85 kms

Type A road : 85 x 10% = 8.5~9 kms

Type B road : 85 x 15% = 12.7~13 kms

Type C road : 85 x 75% = 63.5~64 kms

Length of Type A road : 9kms

No of sweepers required : 9 x 1 = 9 no’s

No of pushcarts : 9/2 = 4.5~4 no’s

Length of Type B road : 13 kms


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No of sweepers required : 13 x 2/6 = 4 no’s

No of pushcarts : 4/2 = 2 no’s

Length of Type C road : 64 kms

No of sweepers required : 64 x 1/6 = 11 no’s

No of pushcarts : 11/2 = 5.5~6 no’s

Total no of pushcarts for street sweeping : 12 no’s

Total no of sweepers for street sweeping : 24 no’s

Tractor trailer for Street Sweeping

Length of roads covered : 15 kms / day

Distance covered by tipper : 9 kms / day

No of trips : 2 no’s

Total no of tipper required : 15/9 = 1.66~2 no’s

No of drivers required : 2 x 1 = 2 no’s

No of helpers required : 2 x 3 = 6 no’s

Total no of manpower required : 8 nos.

Auto-tippers and Pushcarts for door to door collection

No of households & petty shops : 6353 + 500 = 6853 no’s

Auto Tipper Coverage (100%) : 6853

Pushcart Coverage (0%) : 0

Total no of Auto-tippers : 6853 /1000 = 6.85~ 7 no’s

Total Auto-tipper to be procured : 7 no’s

Total no of Pushcart : 0

Total Pushcart to be procured : 0

Auto Tipper for meat : 1 no’s

Total no of drivers required : 8 x 1 = 8 no’s

Total no of helpers required : 8 x 1 = 8 no’s

Total no of manpower required : 8+8 =16nos


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Tipper for Secondary Collection & Transportation

Waste transported by Tipper : 10 TPD (households + commercial)


Capacity of Tipper : 3 T

No of tractors required : 10/ (2 x 3) = 1.67~2 no’s



Total no of manpower required : 8 no’s

Tractor Trailer for Bulk generators, Hotels and Market Waste to be transported : 1.68 TPD


Capacity of Tipper : 1.6 T

No of tipper required : 1.68 / (2 x 1.6) =0.525~1 no’s



Total no of manpower required : 4 no’s

Table 21 : Assets Requirement

Sl. No Particulars Requirement (no’s)

A City Sanitation

1 Push carts (Street Sweeping) 12

2 Tipper (Street Sweeping) 2

3 Nala cleaning machine 1

B Collection & Transportation

1 Auto-Tippers (Primary Collection) 7

2 Tipper (Secondary Collection) 2

3 Pushcarts ( Market) 3

4 Tractor trailers (Markets, Bulk generators, Hotels ) 1

5 Auto-Tipper (Meat stalls ) 1


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Table 22 : Manpower Requirement


A City Sanitation

1 Sweepers 24

2 Tractor Trailer Driver @ 1 driver/vehicle 2

3 Tractor Trailer Helper @ 3 loaders/vehicle 6


2 Auto-Tipper Drivers @ 1 driver/vehicle 7

3 Auto-Tipper Helpers @ 1 helpers/vehicle 7

4 Tipper Drivers @ 1 driver/vehicle 2

5 Tippers Helpers @ 3 helpers/vehicle 6

6 Sweepers (Markets) 3

7 Tractor Driver @ 1 driver/vehicle (Markets , Hotel & Bulk generators)

1

8 Tractor helpers @ 3 loaders/vehicle(Markets , Hotel & Bulk generators)

3

9 Auto-tipper Driver @ 1 driver/vehicle (Meat stalls & dead animals)

1

10 Auto-Tippers Helpers @ 1 helpers/vehicle (Meat stalls & dead animals)

1

Grand Total 63

Table 23 : Administrative Manpower Requirement

Sl. No Manpower Requirement (no’s)

1 Environmental Engineer 1

2 Senior Health Inspector 3

3 Junior Health Inspectors 3

4 Supervisors 9

Total 16


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Table 24 : Assets to be procured

Sl. No

Assets Requirement Existing To be procured

A City Sanitation

1 Push carts 12 0 12

2 Tractor Trailer 2 2 0

3 Nala cleaning machine 1 1 0


1 Auto-Tippers 8 2 6

3 Pushcart (Market) 3 3 0

3 Tipper 2 1 1

4 Tractor for Market & Bulk Generators 1 1 0

4 GPS Tracking System 13 0 13

Table 25 : Command area-wise allocation of Assets

Sl. No Zone Auto-Tipper

1 Command area 1 3

2 Command area 2 3

Total 6


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7 Proposed Processing & Disposal Plan

7.1 Compost Processing Plant - Operation Details

The quantity of bio-degradable waste generated in Hangal is about 17 TPD. The

Compost plant for Hangal is designed for a capacity of 22 TPD to cater to the waste

generated next five years.

Pre-Sorting

The incoming waste is received at the tipping floor and the waste is manually screened

to remove large inert, coconut shells and recover recyclables. Controlled volume of

garbage is fed to a feeder conveyor belt that feeds the shredder. The design of the conveyor

belt is such that controlled speed enables manual picking of non-biodegradable/plastic

waste from thinly spread moving layer of garbage. Post sorting the organic waste

moving on the conveyor belt is automatically fed into the shredding unit, made up of

stainless steel casing designed with series of blades. Biodegradable waste is furthered

shredded into fine particles. A screw conveyor is placed under the shredder such that

the shredded output falls into the screw conveyor casing. The screw conveyor movement

pushes the shredded output almost 4 feet away from the machine. So the end of the

screw conveyor will directly open into a composting units resulting in reduced handling

of shredded output.

Windrow Formation & Operations

The MSW is formed into trapezoidal heaps of base width 6 - 8 m, top width 2.0 – 4.0 m

and height of 2.5m to 3.5m, called windrows. Space is created for forming 46 windrows.

The windrows are aerated by dismantling the windrows and turning the waste over

using a backhoe or front loader. The turning operation is carried out once every 7 days.

Proprietary innoculum is sprayed to accelerate the decomposition process.


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At the plant seven windrows will be formed in a week for all seven days. After seven days

the waste in the first heap is turned and kept in the inner side to create more space for

the fresh waste. The similar turning and placement will be performed for remaining six

days. After 14 days the waste at the second position is turned and placed at the third

position simultaneously, this provides space for fresh waste. This process is required

continuously for 4 weeks. This process manages the reducing bulk and space at the plant

and more importantly turning control odour and microbial population of the under

process waste.

The aerobic composting occurs when the Carbon: Nitrogen (C: N) ratio is below 50, the

moisture content is between 40-45% and pH between 6-8. A temperature buildup of 60-

650 occurs during the process of decomposition, which helps is destruction of

pathogens, helminth eggs and inactivation of weed seeds. Leachate which would be

generated during the process is recirculated for maintaining the moisture content and

also the microbial levels. Excess leachate needs to be treated in the leachate treatment

plant. The decomposed waste after 28 days is spread in the yard to allow maturation and

drying. The matured waste which has a C: N ratio between 20-25 is taken up for

screening.


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Monsoon Shed

The digested material from the windrow pad is moved to the monsoon shed for drying.

Mechanical sieving

The dried material is then fed into a rotary trommel fitted with dual mesh (25 mm and 4

mm holes). After trommel rotation, the product passes through the sieve to obtain final

compost (-4 mm size). The rejects from screening unit are disposed off in the landfill.


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7.2 Area requirement for Windrow Platform

Assumptions

Density 0.5 t/m3

Width of windrow 5 m

Height of windrow 3 m

No of days 6

End spaces along the length 3 m

End spaces along the width 3 m

No of Windrows 5 no’s

No of Clearances 4 no’s

Clearance width 3 m

Quantity of waste to be processed 22 TPD

Volume of waste 44 cum

Length

Unit area 11.8 sqm

Length of windrow 3.74 m

End spaces 6 m

Aggregate length in 6 days 22.4 m

Total length 28 m

Width

Space required for Windrows 13 m

Space for clearances 10

End spaces 6

Total width 30 m

Total Area 853 sqm


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Table 26 : Area requirement for Compost Processing Plant

Sl. No Particulars Dimensions (m) Area (sqm)

1 Windrow Platform (proposed) 28 30 853

Windrow Platform (Existing) 15.6 20.02 312.31

Windrow Platform (Required) 540.6

Table 27: Specifications for 20 T Garbage Sorting and Processing Machine

Sl. No Description Technical Details

1 Drag Conveyor with Collection Hopper

Hopper capacity 4 to 5 tons

Conveyor Capacity 2.5 tons per hour

Conveyor width 700 mm

Drag conveyor motor 2HP

Drag conveyor Length 8 feet

Angle of Inclination 30 degree

Power required– Conveyor

3hp

Hopper Rotor 1.5 hp

Material Used Mild Steel

2 Conveyor System

Working area 4ft x 20ft

Sorter top platform 3 ply. 315/5 Nylon belt. 1219 mm width Hari belt

Motor Capacity 1Hp 15 rpm, uniform loaded geared motor of ISO standard

Controller Variable Frequency Drive provided in electrical panel base to vary the conveyor speed

Drive Rugged steel pipe rollers with push in pillow bearings at drive ends

Bearings at drive ends

Roller drive mechanism Helical geared motor 1hp

Take up bearings at feed end of rollers

Drive transfer motor Chain and sprocket connection from geared motor to drive pulley

Structure Tubular constructed conveyor stringers

Intermediate cross supports for


2016


stringers holdings

3mm thick top deck sheet for belt sliding

2mm thick bottom deck sheet for belt sliding

3mm thick feed tray with support

Dip water Collector 3mm thick Dip tray with stands on lower stand end of the conveyor

3 Shredding System

Shredder Capacity 20 tons per day/2.5 tons per hour segregated waste

Shredder feed size 450 x 1300 mm

Rotor diameter 440mm

Shredder shaft 100 dia x 1300mm length E NS material

Bearing diameter 55mm double row deep groove ball bearing

Bearing housing 150x150x50mm steel fabricated bearing housing with covers

Cutter blocks 40x40x150mm long blocks, cutting face welded with hard face welding rods to 700 BHN hardness

Fixed cutter blades 20mm thick SS 140 blades with profiled cutting edges

Supporting cutter blades 12mm SS 140 blades with profiled cutting edges

Shredder Body 10mm thick base constructed body with flanges for stability, inner body covered with SS liner

Motor 20 hp capacity ISO standard 3 phase 1440 rpm foot mounted induction motor

Drive pulley 12”x2B solid pulleys with suitable size belts

Stand structure mc 125 base construction frame to mount

Shredder with drive

Shredder Discharge Shredder Discharge designed on side wards to facilitate discharge screw conveyor to mount in an inclined angle


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4 Screw conveyor System

Screw conveyor diameter 225 mm width 225 mm

Conveyor casing 3mm thick ‘V’ formed trough

Screw pipe 60.3 x 5.4 T ERW pipe

Flights thickness 3 mm

Bearings size 50 mm

Motor Capacity 1 hp

Drive and non- drive pulley

6” x 1 B. ‘V’ pulley with suitable belts

Table 28: Specifications for Double Deck Rotary Screening Machinery

Sl. No Description Technical Details

1. Apron Feeder 01 No

Capacity 10 tons/hr

Length of Appron 2.5 meters

Width of Appron 0.8 meters

Motor 5hp 3ph induction motor

Chain support Rollers Nylon

Appron Support Rollers Nylon

KW 7.5 K.W.

Power Supply 3 phase

2 Conveyor System

Conveyor capacity 4tons/hr

Belt Width 800 mm wide

Conveyor length 30 feet

Motor Capacity 5 hp geared motor

Drive mechanism Geared drive to 3hp motor

No of Rollers 7 sets

Supporting structure MB 200 beams

Transmission Chain and sprocket

Chute 4mm thick ms sheet

Supporting frames MC 100 channels

Belt Material 315/3 nylon belt

Feed Chute 5mm plate construction with skirts


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3 Rotary Screening Machine

Capacity 4 tons/hr

Screening mechanism Mile steel rotary screen

Hopper Mild steel collection hopper with support structure

Number of rollers Rotary support rollers 4 numbers

Roller driving mechanism Helical geared motor

Drive transfer motor Sprocket and chains

Motor Capacity 5 HP, 3 Ph, 1440 RPM

Screen type and Thickness Double Deck 4mm thick 20 and 4 dia perforated sheet

4mm perforated sheet 6000 mm

20mm perforated sheet 6000 mm

Discharge area 1 meter

Outer shell 1500 O.D.

Inner Shell 1200 O.D

Motor 5 hp 3 phase

Screen Drum Length 7000 mm

Structural Support structure of 7 feet height – Mild steel angles

4+ mm thick rotary screen with 4 mm perforated sheet.

RDF Preparation

The non-biodegradable and combustible portion of the MSW is bailed after the removal

of the recyclables, i.e. ferrous materials, glass, noncombustible or potentially hazardous

materials on the tipping floor.

Table 29 : Technical Specifications for Baling Machine (1.5

TPD)

Technical Details

Block size- capacity 17 inches x 17 inches x 14 inches block

Feature Arrangements for tying the block using binding wire or plastic strap

Pressing mechanism Hydraulic press

Cylinder Hydraulic cylinder with 450 + mm height


2016


Weight of the machine Approximately 600 kgs

Overall Height 6.5 ft

Overall Width 3 ft

Pressure Mechanism Hydraulic oil

Bale Weight 50 kg bales

Total capacity 1.5 Tons per day

Painting Corrosion resistant paint

Structure MS angles supporting frame

Gauge Pressure Gauge

Indicator Hydraulic oil level indicator

Electrical connection 3 Phase electric supply (2HP motor)

7.3 E-Waste Management

The towns of Haveri district do not have a distinct IT/BT character. Hence e-waste

generated from these towns is of a heterogeneous nature consisting of rejects of the

household and shops catering to household needs. On a survey of the landfill site, the

informal sector and the households, the following are the major components of the e-

waste generated in the towns

Tube lights

Fluorescent bulbs

Wires

Batteries

Cellular phone and its peripherals like head phones

Computer peripherals like home speakers & head phones

Cartridges

Items such as computers, televisions, washing machines and refrigerators are reported

to be resold in the market by the owner themselves for refurbishing and use of parts.


2016


Setting up of an e-waste treatment plan is manpower and cost intensive affair. Most

Indian towns of non IT-BT nature do not generate very high quantum of e-waste to

support an independent e-waste handling facility. To take care of the e-waste disposal

requirements of the cities, every state has registered a number of e-waste handling

facilities who are registered with the Pollution Control Board of the state. In Karnataka,

there are 67 e-waste handling plants that collect and process e-waste.

For towns in Haveri district, the following system is proposed for managing the E-waste

generated. The proposed system suggests 100% source segregation at the household

level. The e-waste generated from the houses hence would be collected along with the

dry waste and brought to the dry waste collection centers, where sorting of the waste is

undertaken. During this sorting process, the e-waste items should be ideally segregated

and stored. The ULB can have a contract with a registered e-waste facility that would

collect the waste from each ULB for the disposal.

7.4 Sanitary Waste Management

It is proposed to dispose the used sanitary napkins in diesel fired sanitary pad disposal

system. The system can dispose 50 pads at a time.

Table 30 : Salient Features of Sanitary Pad Incinerator

Sl. No Salient Features

1 Combustion Chamber made from IS 2042 grade mild steel materials duly lined with Fire Bricks to withstand the temperature of 800°C.

MOC: IS 2062 Grade MS Plate with required Channels & Angles.

Fabricated Hooks for easy Loading and Unloading.

Lining : Fire Bricks Backed Up By Insulation Bricks: Total Thickness 120 mm.

2 Diesel Fired Manual Burner Assembly for the fire Chamber.

Combustion Burner: Diesel Fired Manually Operated Burner for the Chamber.

3 Ash cum Maintenance Doors for the Chambers.

MOC: MS IS 2062 Grade. With Fabricated Heavy Hinges, Handles & Lock.

Lining : High Grade C a stable Cement

4 ID Fan with electric motor.


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Details: M.S. Centrifugal Fan Connected with 1 HP Electric Motor.

5 Chimney 5 Feet. And Total Height for Smoke Exhaust about 10 Feet from Ground Level.

Details: M.S. Flange Mounted on the ID Fan.

6 Duct Line connected from combustion chamber to ID fan & Chimney.

Details: M.S. Fabricated Duct Lines from Primary Chamber to ID Fan.

7 Control Panel with suitable box made from sheet materials, mounting plates, fitting and key, hooter, PVC channel, control fuse, over load relay, indicating lamp, temperature controller cum indicator for primary chamber, temperature indicators, etc.., completely fitted and wired.

8 Painting: All the Equipment’s& Components will be Coated With 2 Coats of Epoxy

Heat Resistance Paint.

9 Safety Interlocks:

Details : To prevent damages to the plant or its parts and also for the safety purpose,

Hooter is provided with the incinerator system offered.

On Panel Temperature Indicator for easy operation of the Burner by the Operator.

When ID Fan failures the Burners shall trip.

10 Operating Standards

Combustion efficiency : 99.99%

Combustion Chamber : Single Chamber

Operating temperature : 600 ±50°C

7.5 Bio-medical Waste Management

There is an existing system of waste storage collection and transport as per the

biomedical waste handling rules. The need is to ensure all the waste generators

subscribe to this facility and medical waste does not enter the municipal waste stream.

7.6 C & D Waste Management

The construction and demolition waste shall be collected and transported for disposal in

low lying areas.


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7.7 Sanitary Landfill Facility

The landfill is a combination of below and above ground landfill in order to economize

on space. The landfill will have an overall height of 18 m. It is proposed to be placed in

an excavation of 3 m deep.

Table 31 : Area requirement for Sanitary Landfill

Sl. No Assumptions

A Assumptions

1 Initial Waste generation (2016) 16.8 TPD

2 Bulk density of the material 0.8 T/m3

3 Fraction of waste to be land filled (%) 20%

4 Design Life 5 yrs.

5 Weight of the waste to be landfilled per day 4.4 TPD

6 Quantity (Cum) (6/0.8) per day 5.5 m3

7 Waste Collection depth per day 1 m

8 Area 5.5 m2

9 Soil depth above the landfill Waste 0.10 m

10 Qty of Soil above the landfill Waste 0.55 m3

11 Total Volume per day 6.05 m3

Per Year 2016 2208.25 m3

Per Year 2017 2429.08 m3

Per Year 2018 2671.98m3

Per Year 2019 2939.18m3

Per Year 2020 3233.10 m3

12 Total Waste for 5 years 14829.75 m3

B Dimensions of Landfill Site

1 Depth of Landfill 3.00 m

2 Length 70.31 m

3 Breadth 70.31 m

4 Slope 1V:2.5H 7.50 m


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5 Slope height 8.08 m

6 Top Length 77.81 m

7 Top Width 77.81 m

8 Bottom Length 62.81 m

9 Bottom Width 62.81 m

10 Slope Length considering 1V:2.5H 8.08 m

11 Depth of the pit 3.00 m

C Vehicle Ramp

1 Width 5 m

2 Length (1V:7H) 21 m

3 Ramp size 521

Total area of the landfill (m2) 4943.25 m2

Total area of the landfill (acre) 1.22 acre

The bottom of the SLF would be lined with 900 mm of mineral sealing system with clay

of permeability k< 1x 10 -9m/s/. It would be overlaid with at least 2.0 mm of HDPE geo-

membrane and protected by 2000 gsm geo-textile. Over this a 300 mm thick gravel

layer is laid for drainage of leachate.

Perforated HDPE pipes of 250 mm dia would be placed at 40 m spacing to intercept and

divert any leachate generated. All the leachate collection pipes are connected to a main

HDPE header pipe of diameter 315 mm. This header pipe would lead the leachate to the

leachate holding tank.

This Landfill facility shall have a side slope of 1:2 and is lined with Clay liner of 90 cms

thick, 1.5 mm thick of High Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE) sheet, drainage layer of 30

cms thick with leachate collection and removal system. Final covering slope of the

landfill 1:3.The area requirement for land filling waste for 5 years is about 1.22 acres.


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7.8 Leachate Treatment

Leachate from the composting plant and sanitary landfill facility shall be collected in a

leachate collection pond. The leachate collected shall be reused for spraying on the

windrows.

7.9 Asset, Manpower & Area Requirement

Table 32 : Asset requirement for Processing & Disposal Facility

Sl. No Assets Net (No’s)

1 Weigh bridge (30 MT) 1

2 Sorting Machine (20T) 1

a Double Decker Screening Machine (10 TPH) 1

3 Bailing machine 1

4 Sanitary Pad Disposal Incinerator 1

5 Vehicles

(i) Handcarts 4

(iii) Tractor Trailer 1

(iv) JCB Backhoe Loader 1

Table 33 : Man power requirement for Processing & Disposal Facility


1 Manager cum Supervisor 1

2 Workers – Tipping Floor 1

3 Processing Plant 2

4 Drivers 2

5 Helpers 2

6 Security 2

7 DWCC 1

Total 11


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Table 34 : Area requirement for Processing & Disposal Facility

Sl. No Particulars Area

1 Compost Plant 853 sqm

2 Sanitary Landfill (5 years) 4943.25 sqm

3 Other infrastructure 5000 sqm

Total Area 10796 sqm ~ 2.66 acres


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8 Project Financials

8.1 Introduction

The cost estimates for MSW management for Hangal city is worked out based on the detailed

study and its assessment of the SWM operations in Hangal The existing infrastructure available

with the ULB has been taken into account and costing for up-gradation of the system is worked

out. The additional investments thus required are to increase the efficiency of the system and to

meet the norms prescribed by the MSW (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000.

8.2 City Sanitation Operations

The cost for physical infrastructure components in the city sanitation services includes

procurement of wheel barrows, and tractor trailers.

Sl. No Particulars Requirement

(no’s) Available

(no’s) Net

(no’s)

Unit Rate (Rs.)

Total Cost

(Rs. in lakhs)

1 Push Carts 12 6 6 13700 0.822

2 Tractor Trailer 2 2 0 865826 0

3 Contingency 3%

0.0247

Total

0.8467

Table 35: Capital Cost for City Sanitation Operations

Sl. No

Particulars No of Units

Unit Rate (Rs.)

Cost Price (Rs.)

Cost/yr. (Rs.)

Total (Rs. In lakhs)

1 Manpower

Street Sweepers 24 19,391 465375 5,584,500 55.85

Drivers 2 16,649 33297.47596 399,570 4.00


2016


Loaders 6 19,391 116343.75 1,396,125 13.96

2 Fuel cost

Tractor trailer 6 60 360 131,400 1.31

3 Maintenance 0.05

198,470 1.98

5 Contingency 0.03

0.0990

Total

77.20

Table 36 : O & M Cost for City Sanitation Operations

8.3 Collection & Transportation Operations

The cost for physical infrastructure components in the collection & transportation operations

include procurement of bins for households, pushcarts, auto-tippers and tractor trailers fitted

with monitoring devices.

Sl. No

Particulars Require

ment (no’s)

Available (no’s)

Net (no’s)

Unit Rate (Rs.)

Total Cost (Rs. in lakhs)

1 Pushcarts (market) 3 0 3 13700 0.411

2 Auto-Tippers ( DDC) 7 2 5 865826 43.291

3 Tipper ( secondary

transportation) 2 1 1

1,205,000.00

12.050

4 Tractor Trailer ( Market , hotels & Bulk generators

1 0 1 865826 8.658

6 Contingency 3%

1.571

Total

65.981

Table 37 : Capital Cost Collection & Transportation Operations


2016


Sl. No

Particulars No of Units

Unit Rate (Rs.)

Cost Price (Rs.)

Cost/yr. (Rs.)

Total (Rs. In lakhs)

1 Manpower

Market (Pushcarts) 3 19,391 58171.875 698,063 6.98

drivers (Normal Vehicles) 10 16,649 166487.3798 1,997,849 19.98

Helpers 19 15,265 290041.9271 3,480,503 34.81

Sanitary Supervisors 3 20,123 60369.77163 724,437 7.24

2 Fuel cost

Auto-Tipper 44 60 2,640 963,600 9.64

Tractor trailer 6 60 360 131,400 1.31

Tipper 6 60 360 131,400 1.31

3 Maintenance 0

108,907 1.09

4 PP Equipment’s/year 32 2,500

80,000 0.80

5 Contingency 0.03

64,192 0.64

Total

83.80

Table 38 : O & M Cost for Collection & Transportation Operations

8.4 Vehicle Monitoring System

Table 39: Vehicle Monitoring System

Sl. No

Particulars No of Units Unit Rate (Rs.)

Cost/Yr. (Rs.)

Total (Rs. in lakhs)

1 GPS for Vehicle

GPS System, 12 14954 179448 1.79

Annual Subscription (Including tax) 12 4108 49298 0.49

2.29


2016


8.5 Processing & Disposal Facility

The cost for physical infrastructure components in the processing & disposal plant includes

procurement of processing plant and machinery, civil works and electrical works.

Sl. No Assets Net (No’s) Cost per

Unit

Total Cost in Lakhs

1 Weigh bridge ( 30 MT) 1 620000 6.20

2 Sorting Machine (20T) 1 22 22.00

a Double Decker Screening Machine (10 TPH) 1 18.4 18.40

3 Bailing machine 1 440825 4.41

4 Sanitary Pad Disposal Incinerator 1 207000 2.07

5 Vehicles

(i) Handcarts 4 13700 0.55

(iii) Tractor Trailer 1 865826 8.66

(iv) JCB Backhoe Loader 1 2255202 22.55

6 Contingency 3% 1.192

Total 86.03

Table 40: Capital Cost for Plant & Machinery

Sl. No Description of Item No’s Qty Units Unit Rate (Rs.)

Total Cost (Rs. in lakhs)

1 Electrical panel cum DG Platform

1 66 sqm 14091 9.359

2 Toilet Block with Outside Wash Area

1 22 cum 27844 6.042

3 Weighbridge Room 1 15 sqm 21024 3.244


2016


4 Weighbridge Platform 1 54 rmt 5760 3.110

5 Administrative Office 1 23 sqm 26855 6.06

6 Transformer yard 1 50 sqm 1200 0.60

7 Bore well 1 1 sqm 150000 1.50

8 Monitoring Bore wells 4 5 sqm 150000 30.00

9 Office vehicle parking 1 100 sqm 500 0.50

10 Plumbing and sanitary works

1 1 sqm 500000 5.00

11 Electrical (Internal & External)

1 1 no’s 2500000 25.000

12 Green belt 1 1910 no’s 175 3.34

Total 93.76

Table 41: Capital Cost for Civil Works

Sl. No Particulars Total Rates/

Unit (Rs)

Amount / year (Rs.

in lakhs)

A Staff Salary/ Wages

1 Manager cum Supervisor 1 20,123 2.41

2 Workers – Tipping Floor 1 19,391 2.33

3 Processing Plant 2 19,391 4.65

5 Drivers 2 16,649 4.00

6 Helpers 2 15,265 3.66

7 Security 2 15,265 3.66

8 DWCC 1 15,265 1.83

Sub- total A 11

22.55

B Power charges

1 Equipment’s and Lighting LS

4.80


2016


Sub-total B

4.80

C Consumables

1 Microbial Culture (bottles/month) 20 2,500 6.00

2 PPE (set/year) 20 2,500 0.50

3 Hose pipe (Rmts) 100 30 0.12

4 Plastic Pots (no’s) 30 75 0.09

5 Shovel (no’s) 30 150 0.18

6 HDPE bags (TPD) 12 35 1.57

Sub-total C

8.46

D Utilities

1 Soil Cover for Landfill LS 10,000 1.20

2 Water supply @3KLD/Day 90 3,000 32.40

3 Soap & Detergents LS 2,000 0.24

4 Garden Maintenance LS 5,000 0.60

5 Laboratory charges LS - -

6 Administrative Charges LS 5,000 0.60

Sub-total D

35.04

E O & M

1 Civil items

0.01 0.94

2 Mechanical works & Vehicles

0.03 -

Sub-total E

0.94

Cost / annum

71.79

Contingencies

0.01 0.72

Grand Total

72.51


2016


Table 42 : O & M Cost for Processing & Disposal Facility

Sl. No Particulars Capital Cost (Rs. in lakhs)

O & M Cost (Rs. In lakhs)

1 City Sanitation 0.85 77.200

2 Collection & Transportation 65.98 83.804

3 GPS System for Vehicle 1.79 0.493

4 MSW Processing Facility

a Plant & Machinery 86.03 71.789

b Civil structures 93.76 0.938

Total 248.41 234.223

Table 43 : Summary

Sl. No Particulars Total

1 Capital Cost 248.413

Cost/Ton 14.786

2 Operation & Maintenance Cost 234.223

Cost/Ton 3819.684

Table 44 : Cost/ tonne

8.6 Funding Pattern for Capital Cost

It is envisaged that the capital expenditure for providing MSWM services would be through

Grants from both Central and State government. The funds allocated would be used towards

procurement of tools, equipment, vehicles and development of processing and landfill facility.


2016


Table 45 : Funding Pattern for Capital Cost

Sl. No Particulars (Rs. in lakhs)

1 Total Capital Cost 248.4130544

2 GOI Share @ 35% of Capital Cost 86.94456906

3 GOK Share @ 1/3rd of GOI Share 28.98152302

4 ULB Share 132.4869624

a Funds available with the ULB 38.56

b Other funds

Deficit 93.92696237

8.7 Funding Pattern for Operations & Maintenance Cost

The O & M expense for the MSWM services includes salary expenses, repair and maintenance

and fuel expenses. It is proposed that the O&M expenses would be entirely funded through

internal cash flows such as municipal funds, collection of user charges from various categories of

waste generators and sale of compost and recyclables.

8.7.1 Municipal Funds

The source of income of the ULB includes income from resource mobilization activities of the

ULB in the form of taxes i.e. property tax, professional tax and other taxes, all non-tax revenues

such as fees for building permission, trade licenses, etc. and charges levied as per the Municipal

Act i.e. income from special services, income from properties, interest on investments and

miscellaneous items etc.


2016


Table 46 : Sources of Income of the ULB

Sl. No Particulars (Rs. in lakhs)

1 Advertisement 0.6

2 Trade license 2.0

3 Building permission & development 18.22

4 Sale of forms and transfer charges ….

5 Rent hire charges 4.8

6 SAS Tax 5.65

Total 29.72

8.7.2 User Charges

With an objective of making the MSW management activities self-sustainable and to enable

recovery of O&M costs to the extent possible, a resolution for collection of user charges from

various generators had been issued by the ULB. The resolution is under implementation and the

collection of user charges from various generators has commenced.

Table 47 : Revised User charges for various generators

Sl .No User Charges Numbers Charges/month

in Rs.

Amount in Lakhs

2016

1 Residential 6353 50 38.118

2 Commercial 500 250 15

3 Hotel & Bulk Generators 60 500 3.6

4 Meat stalls 44 500 2.64

5 Marriage halls/event 25 2000 6

Total 65.358

s


2016


8.7.3 Revenue from sale of Compost & Recyclables

The quantum of compost generated from the processing facility is assumed as 10% and the

recyclables that can be sold is about 20% of the incoming waste.

Sl. No

Revenue Streams Quantity (TPD)

Unite Rate (Rs.)

Total (Rs. in lakhs)

1 Sale of Compost 2.5 2500 22.81

2 Sale of recyclables 1 800 2.92

Total 25.71

8.7.4 Salaries from SFC Grants

The manpower cost is estimated to be about Rs. 165.36 lakhs and 75% of the manpower cost

i.e. 124.02 lakhs shall be funded from the SFC Grants.

Table 48 : Funding Pattern for O&M Cost

Sl. No Particulars Total

(Rs. in lakhs)

1 Total O & M Cost 234.223

2 Sources of Revenue

SFC Grants 124.02

SWM User Charges (50% ) 32.679

Revenue through sale of compost& recyclables

(50%)

12.85625

3 Deficit 64.67


2016


9 . Operating Framework

9.1 Options for Project Implementation

The Project Facilities could be developed by Hangal TMC under any of the two options set out

below:

Option 1: Service delivery by the ULB

Option 2: Service delivery by a private operator

9.2 Option 1: Service delivery by ULB

Under this option, the two distinct activities, with respect to collection & transportation of MSW

and treatment & disposal of MSW, would need to be undertaken by ULB in the following

manner.

(i) Collection and transportation of MSW

Procure tools / equipment and vehicles for collection and transportation of MSW.

Hire manpower for carrying out the activities envisaged

(ii) Treatment and disposal of MSW

Select a contractor to undertake development of the compost facility and develop

the landfill facility.

Hire skilled manpower for carrying out the operations and maintenance of the

developed facilities.

9.3 Option 2: Service delivery through Private Operator(s)

In this option, implementation of MSW management would be undertaken by a private

operator(s) with the ULB playing the role of a facilitator. The private operator(s) would need to

carry out their roles and responsibilities as per the contractual agreement signed with the ULB.

The involvement of private operator(s) in various stages in the MSW management chain is

detailed below.


2016


(i) Collection and transportation of MSW

The ULB would identify private operator for carrying out this activity. The collection and

transportation of MSW from the households would be carried out by the private operator. The

private operator would be responsible for identification of collection crew, procurement of tools/

equipment/ vehicles by utilizing the funds provided by the ULB and also are responsible for

O&M of the same.

The private operator would be required to collect the user charges from the households for

provision of door to door collection services.

(ii) Treatment and disposal of MSW

The private operator would be responsible for development of the treatment and disposal

facility. The operator would be responsible for mobilization of finances for development of these

facilities (capital expenditure) and also O&M of these facilities in accordance with design,

construction and O&M specifications provided by the ULB.

The components of the Project could be implemented in the following ways.

Option 1: Implementation by a single private operator

Under this option the entire chain of MSW management activities including collection and

transportation of MSW and treatment and disposal of MSW facility would be undertaken

through the private operator. The private operator under this option would be selected through

a transparent competitive bidding process. The ULB in turn would need to pay a service fee for

the services rendered. The advantage of having a single private operator would be that since the

entire system is implemented by a single private operator, the operations would be easy to

undertake and monitor but the disadvantage could be failure of the private operator in

performing its obligations would lead to collapse of the entire SWM system in the town.

Option 2: Implementation by different operators


2016


Under this option two packages could be formed; Package I - Collection and Transportation and

Package II- Treatment and Disposal of MSW. Each of the two packages could be undertaken

independently by different operators. The private operators could be selected through a

transparent competitive bidding process. C&T of MSW could be implemented by private

operator under a service contract. The integrated T&D facility could be developed under BOT

concession framework.

A comparative analysis of the risks associated in an event of implementation of the two options

discussed above is set out in the table below:

Table 49 : Comparative Analysis of risks

Options Parameters Impact

Service delivery

by ULB

Manpower Recruitment & management of operational staff by

ULB

Skill set

ULB would need to appoint technical consultants for

developing a strategy for integrated MSW

management and for design and construction of

MSW treatment & disposal facilities. ULB would also

be required to hire skilled manpower to operate and

maintain the treatment and disposal facilities.

Service

Delivery

Since payments to operational staff are not

Performance based and often their motivation levels

are low, this could affect the level of service delivery.

Finances

ULB would need to mobilize finances for

Procurement of tools / equipment and vehicles and

for development of C&T and T&D facilities.

Project Risks

The projects related risks such as design risk, cost

overrun risk, time risks etc. and adherence to

applicable laws would be retained by ULB.

Service delivery

by Private

Operator

Manpower

ULB would need only supervisory staff as the private

operator would be responsible for deployment of

staff for providing MSW management services.

Skill set The onus of providing skilled manpower would be


2016


with private operator.

Service

Delivery

As the payment to the operator would be made

Subsequent to demonstration by him of adherence

to performance standards specified by ULB, the

service delivery levels would be high.

Finances

The private operator would need to mobilize

finances for procurement of tools / equipment and

vehicles and for development of T&D facilities.

Project Risks

The projects related risks such as design risk, cost

overrun risk, time risks etc. and adherence to

applicable laws would be retained by private

operator.


2016


10 Legal Aspects

10.1 Introduction

Local bodies in the country are governed by various laws enacted by their respective State

Legislatures. Many state laws governing urban local bodies do not have adequate provision for

ensuring appropriate solid waste management systems with the result outdated systems

continues affecting the quality of life of the people. For improving solid waste management

practices in urban areas it is necessary to incorporate suitable provisions in the state laws to

ensure public participation and providing for minimum level of solid waste management

service.

Local laws also need to provide for punishment on the spot to those who do not adhere to the

directions given for maintaining appropriate solid waste management systems in the urban

areas, giving adequate power to the local wherever they do not exist with suitable modification

wherever necessary.

10.2 Proposed Legal Provisions Prohibition Against Littering the Streets, Deposition of Solid Waste on the Streets,

Open Defecation, etc.

No person shall litter public streets or public places or deposit or cause or permit to be deposited

or thrown upon or along any public street, public place, and land belonging to the local body,

State or Central Government or any unoccupied land or on the bank of a water-body or resort to

open defecation.

Duty of Occupiers of Premises to Store Solid Waste at Source of Generation

It shall be incumbent on the occupiers of all premises to keep two receptacles, one for the

storage of food/organic/bio-degradable waste and another for recyclable and other types of solid

wastes generated at the said premises. The domestic hazardous waste, as may be notified by the

local body, shall also be kept separately in a suitable container as and when such waste is

generated.


2016


Duty of Occupier not to mix Recyclable /Non-Bio-degradable Waste and Domestic

Hazardous Waste with food waste etc.

It shall be incumbent on the occupier of any premises to ensure that the recyclable waste as well

as domestic hazardous waste generated at the said premises does not get mixed up with the

food/bio-degradable waste and stored separately.

Duty of Societies/ Associations/ Management of Commercial Complexes to Clean their

Premises and to provide Community Bins

It shall be incumbent on the management of Co-operative Societies, Associations of residents,

multistoried buildings, commercial Complexes, Institutional buildings, markets and the like to

arrange for daily cleaning of their internal streets, common spaces, etc., and provide community

bin/bins of appropriate size as may be prescribed by urban local body, for the temporary storage

of food/biodegradable waste duly kept segregated by the members of the society/association for

facilitating primary collection of food/biodegradable waste from one point by the municipal

authorities. A separate community bin may similarly be provided for the storage of recyclable

waste where door to door collection of recyclable waste is not practiced.

Community Bins to be kept in Good Condition

Community bins shall at all times be kept in good condition, regularly maintained and shall be

provided in such number and at such places as may be considered adequate and appropriate to

contain the waste produced by the citizens supposed to be served by the community bins.

Duty of Occupiers to Deposit Solid Waste in Community Bins

It shall be incumbent on occupiers of all premises for whom community bins have been

provided that all segregated domestic waste, trade waste, and institutional waste from their

respective premises to be deposited in the appropriate community bins.

Duty of Occupier of Households/Shops/Establishment to Hand Over the Recyclable

Material/Non-Bio-degradable Waste to the Waste Collectors/ Waste

Purchasers/Recyclers

It shall be incumbent on households / shops / establishments to hand over their segregated

recyclable waste / non-bio-degradable waste to the collectors, waste purchaser or recyclers as

may be convenient or as may be notified by the local body from time to time. Such waste shall


2016


not be disposed off on the streets or in municipal bins or open spaces along with the

organic/food/bio-degradable waste.

Duty of Occupier of Households, Shops and Establishments to Deposit Domestic

Hazardous/Toxic Waste in Special Bins Provided by the Local Body

It shall be incumbent on households, shops and establishments to deposit domestic hazardous

waste/toxic material in containers provided by the urban local body.

Duty of Local Bodies to Collect Waste from Community Bins and to Deposit it at Waste

Storage Depots for Onward Transport

It shall be incumbent for local bodies to remove all solid waste deposited in community bins on

a daily basis and transport to processing or disposal sites.

Duty of Local Bodies to Clean All Public Streets, Open Public Spaces and Slum Areas

It shall be incumbent on local bodies to arrange for cleaning of all public streets having

habitation on both or either side, and all slums on all days of the year including Sundays and

public holidays.

Duty of Local Body to Arrange for Processing of Food/Biodegradable Waste through

Appropriate Technology and Disposal of Rejects

It shall be incumbent for the local bodies to arrange for the processing of food/organic/bio-

degradable wastes produced in the city and dispose of the rejects and non-biodegradable waste

in an environmentally acceptable manner.

Prohibition Against Deposition of Building Rubbish

No person shall deposit or cause or permit to be deposited any building rubbish in or along any

street, public place or open land except at a place designated for the purpose or in conformity

with conditions laid down by the ULB.

Prohibition on Disposal of Carcasses, etc.

No person shall deposit or otherwise dispose of the carcass or parts of any dead animal at a

place not provided or appointed for this purpose.


2016


Punishment for Littering on Streets and Depositing or throwing any solid waste in

Contravention of the Provisions of this Act

Whosoever litters the street /or public places or deposits or throws or causes or permits to be

deposited or thrown any solid waste or construction debris at any place in contravention of the

provisions of this Act permits the flow of any filthy matters from his premises shall be punished

on the spot with a fine not less than Rs.50/- as may be prescribed under the rules framed by the

State Govt. from time to time. Such spot fines may be collected by officers authorized by the

ULB, not below the rank of sanitary inspector. The amount of fine imposed shall be recoverable

as arrears of property taxes. The amount of fine shall be kept higher for repeat offences.

The powers to levy such penalty should also be delegated to railway authorities, cantonment

authorities, notified areas, which are outside the purview of municipal corporations or

municipalities in various cities so that the areas under their control can also remain neat and

clean.


2016


11 . Health Aspects

11.1 Low Cost Sanitation Program to prevent Open Defecation

Open defecation is rampant in the areas where low-income group people reside. The

ULB shall take some measures for setting up public toilets. It is strongly recommended to

establish free public toilets in all the slum areas and more of pay and use toilets at tourist places

like areas close to temple, commercial areas and other religious locations on. Mobile toilets are

other options which can be put up during festivals and construction sites on cost recovery basis.

11.2 Covering of Buildings under Construction

It is recommended that the ULB shall enforce the rule of covering of buildings under

construction so as to avoid dust and particulate matter in the surrounding areas. This should be

made applicable to only large construction sites like construction of commercial complex,

multistory building or multiplex.

11.3 Cattle Nuisance

The cattle deteriorate the sanitary conditions by moving in and around the waste and

Spreading it on the larger area. Punitive measures should be put into practice for owners of such

cattle. Pay and use cattle sheds are also considered away from the living areas.

The cattle are seen more near them market area. The market traders should be informed to not

dispose the market waste on streets. It is essential to curb the movement of stray cattle within

the town. Owners of these animals should be suitably charged an administration charge for the

any infringement and disposal of such trade waste in the municipal system.

11.4 Health Monitoring for Sanitary Workers

The solid waste management activities are not hygienic. There are large number of ULB

employees involved in town sanitation maintenance, cleaning the solid waste and underground

drainage system. The health and hygiene of these staff is not checked regularly at present. The

ULB should insist on annual medical examination and monitoring, health education and free

medical treatment for the solid waste management and sanitation staff. It should become a


2016


standard practiced to conduct medical examination of employees bi-annually. The same shall be

included in the contracts signed with the private sector and community based organization. A

group insurance for health coverage is also to be taken. The ULB should ensure that following

measures are compulsorily practiced.

Sanitation workers should compulsorily take a weekly off

The workers should compulsorily wear all safety equipment’s

The workers should immediately report to health inspectors in case of any accidents

Sanitation workers duty should never be stretched for more than 8 hours including breaks and

attendance period

The staff should be checked with basic medical tests once in 3 months.

11.5 Prevent Indiscriminate Use of Pesticides

Use of pesticides particularly in domestic areas should be banned. However, in gardens & public

parks use of pesticides may be allowed in a scientific manner. The Managers of such gardens

and public parks should be asked to maintain records to type and amount of pesticides they have

used.


2016


12 . Role of Stakeholders

12.1 Role of the ULB

Ensure compliance by citizens.

Monitor the works being performed by the private operator.

Make the payments to the private operator.

12.2 Role of the Citizens

Participation of citizens in efficient disposal of MSW is vital as it would reduce the

environmental impact and help in enhancement of serenity of the city. The functions that need

to be carried out by the citizens from various sources are as set out below:

Household

The citizens would need to carry out segregation of waste at the household level and the

segregated waste should be handed over to the primary collection crew at the pre-notified time.

For the services provided, the citizens shall pay a user fee on a monthly basis. Unhygienic

disposal of waste on streets would need to be avoided by the citizens.

Bulk generators

Bulk generators like hotels, commercial establishments, function halls etc. should dispose the

waste thorough primary collection crew at the pre-notified time.

12.3 Role of the Private Operator

Collection of MSW from different categories of waste generators.

Development, operation, maintenance, and management of integrated processing and disposal

facility.

Transportation of MSW to the integrated treatment and disposal facility.

Processing of the MSW received at the integrated treatment and disposal facility.

Landfilling of the rejects of the processing facility and other non-biodegradable MSW.


2016


13 . Information, Education and Communication

13.1 Introduction

In the present scenario waste management and handling process is unplanned due to lack of

proper infrastructure, awareness among the public and its involvement. No target oriented

awareness programs conducted in the past for solid waste management improvement or for

waste segregation. Thus for making proper, reduced, segregated waste collection, there is a great

need of public awareness and their involvement. Along with this, the Municipal Solid waste

collection, handling and processing staff should be trained and sensitized.

The problem of waste management is becoming acute in the urban areas with the growth of

population and increase in the quantities of waste generating from various sources. The inability

of the local governments to effectively deal with the problem and lack of awareness among the

public and its involvement is making situation worse. The solution to the problem lies in

efficient management by the civic authorities as well as active participation of the people in a

coordinated manner. Therefore, Information, Education & Communication (IEC) Plan and

Training of staffs responsible for Solid Waste Management become very necessary.

13.2 Approaches of IEC Plan

The key to success of solid waste management system in any city is the cooperation of the

citizens. Citizens must be fully involved in the proper storage, collection and safe disposal of

waste and should be made aware of health risks associated with improper solid waste

management. It is also necessary to provide facilities for imparting training to staff at various

levels so that they can provide efficient service.

IEC should hence focus on creating awareness, motivating people to change their habits,

informing them of actions required to be taken, and maintaining the desired habits by sustained

efforts from both local governments, citizens, community based organization. The basic

approach of IEC plan is to create an effective Solid Waste Management System.


2016


To achieve an effective and efficient system, attitudinal and behavioral changes of the residents

are very important. For this purpose, communication with the residents is required through

various techniques and modes. There needs to be a two-way approach for IEC Implementation:

13.3 Awareness about Reduce, Reuse and Recycle Waste

The ULB should emphasize on spreading awareness in general public on reduction of waste

generation at source; reuse it by making some other useful product out of the waste or in the

same form but with different application or hand in over to recyclers for recycling. The following

measures may be taken to reduce, reuse and recycle of waste generation:

1. All residents should be asked to reduce generation of food waste as far as possible. They

should be asked to hand over food waste to animal breeders for feeding animals, if possible.

2. All hoteliers should be asked to put signboards or display notices to the visitors advising them

not to generate waste or minimize waste generation.

3. Traders who are collecting recyclable waste from citizens should be encouraged and should be

given incentives in terms of reduction in taxation fee or license fee per ton of recyclable waste

collected by them.

4. Usage of hard to recycle packaging material like PET bottles, metal coated plastic films and

multi film packs should be discouraged.

5. Usage of thin polythene bags (less than 20 micron) should be prohibited.

6. All floating population should be instructed not to liter any waste and minimize waste

generation in the city to keep it clean and green. Such instructions may be given at bus stands,

railway stations and other public places through display boards.

7. Temple management should be asked to advise devotees not to generate waste in the temple

premises.

8. NGOs and voluntary organizations should be encouraged to organize awareness programs

and campaigns for reuse and recycle of waste. The corporation may even think of extending

nominal financial support to such NGOs.


2016


13.4 Awareness about segregation of waste at source

The term sorting indicates separation and storage of individual constituents of waste

Material so as to facilitate material and energy recovery and reduce the load on the final disposal

of MSW in the landfill. The public should be educated about the desirable sorting stream, the

following could be educated to the public and households which will help the ULB to achieve

better management of solid waste.

1. Dry recyclable materials – Paper, plastic, cardboard and cartons, containers,

packaging, glass, metals, tags, rubber wood, foils, wrappings, pouches, sachets, tetra packs

(rinsed), cassettes, computer diskettes, printer cartridges and electronic parts, discarded

clothing, furniture and equipment.

2. Bio-waste and Horticultural waste – Food waste (including eggshells and

bones), flower and food wastes, house sweepings, vegetable peelings.

3. Hazardous materials in household waste: Aerosol cans, batteries from flashlights and

button cells, bleaches and household kitchen and drain cleaning agents, car batteries, oil filters

and car care products and consumables, cosmetic items (Chemical based), Insecticides and their

empty containers, light bulbs, tube lights and compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), containers of

Paint, oils, lubricants, glues, thinner etc., pesticides and their empty containers, photographic

chemicals, Styrofoam and soft foam packing from new equipment, thermometers and mercury-

containing products.

Apart from the scientifically proven ideas, citizens can generate innovative ideas in day to-day

life to reduce the total quantity of waste generated.

13.5 Strategies for creating Awareness

Selection of key target audience plays a key role in generating effective awareness. Once the

target groups have been identified, the responsibility lies in developing the approach for

educating these groups. For successful implementation of any program involving public at large,

it is essential to spell out clearly and make them know the manner in which the problem is

proposed to be tackled to keep area clean and improve the quality of life. The communication


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material should be developed and must be utilized in public awareness program through the

tools of publicity. The use of various publicity tools shall be made as under:

Group Education

This may be done through:

Group meetings

Workshops

Exhibitions

Lecture Series

Panel discussions

Mass Education

This is very essential to cover the entire population as it is not possible to reach all the people

through group education programs. Mass Education programs can be planned using following

methods communication.

(i) Use of Print Media:

ULBs can also use newspaper delivery services by inserting handbills for readers in a particular

locality to announce the start of campaign from time to time and to adhere to the systems

introduced.

(ii) Use of TV / Cable TV / Radio/Web Site:

This is the very powerful medium and can be used through local programs to inform the citizens

of new waste collection arrangements made by the local body as and when they become

operational and advise them to participate effectively in the prescribed manner. Contact

numbers of the concerned officials for problem solving or reporting of SWM grievances may also

be publicized. This media may be used to publicize successful efforts in some localities to

motivate other citizens to perform likewise and get similar recognition of their effort.

(iii) Use of Cinema Halls:

Slides in cinema theaters can be displayed to inform and motivate the public.


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(iv) Posters:

Attractive posters with good photographs and messages with a very few words, readable from a

distance, should be prepared and displayed in various parts of the city where awareness

campaign is being taken up.

(v) Pamphlets:

Pamphlets, hand bills can be printed giving instructions in very simple and understandable

language showing photographs in action and circulated in the community requesting public

participation.

(vi) Use of Hoarding:

Special hoarding may be put at strategic locations in the town/city carrying messages seeking

public participation. These hoarding should also carry the contact numbers.

(vii) Use of Public Transport System:

Brief messages can be painted on the rear of public buses or inside the bus panels. Public and

private firms having their own bus fleets may be invited to support such efforts.

(viii) Use of School Children:

Children are powerful communicators. The ULB should hold regular meetings with principals,

teachers and students to explain the need for change, and the usefulness to society of new ways

to manage waste. The message can be reinforced by holding essay, debate or drawing and

painting competitions on the subject and publicizing the winning contestants. Social clubs can

be encouraged to sponsor such events to keep the topic alive. The leading schools could be

persuaded to work as a role model for other schools in taking up awareness campaigns in the

city through their students, which should be highly publicized and other schools could be

persuaded to follow suit.

(ix) Involvement of National Cadet Corps (NCC), National Social Service (NSS) and

Scouts:

In the schools and colleges the students are participating in NCC, NSS and scout activities.

These students could also be sensitized on the public participatory aspect in solid waste

management and as part of their activities they can be involved in the awareness campaign to

bring about a change in public behavior.


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(x) Involvement of Religious Leaders:

Religious leaders play a significant role in bringing about a change in the mindset of the people.

If they advise their devotees/disciples to keep their surroundings clean by not littering anywhere

and by managing their waste as advised by the urban local body it will go a long way in

improving the situation in the urban areas.

(xi) Involvement of Medical Practitioners:

Medical practitioners are held in high esteem by the citizens. A word from them to the patients

or the community to practice appropriate systems of waste management at home, offices, shops

and establishments would help substantially in bringing compliance of the directions of the

urban local body to keep the city clean.

(xii) Involvement of Mahila Mandals/Women Associations:

Women are generally found more concerned in maintenance of health and hygiene and they are

involved in domestic waste management on day to day basis. The awareness among the women

could be raised through Mahila Mandals/Women Associations who could be given talking points

and necessary literatures in a very simple understandable language / graphics for creating

awareness among women.

(xiii) Resident Associations:

Most citizens want a nearby facility to dispose of their waste, but nobody wants a dustbin at

their doorstep. Both needs can be met by the house-to-house collection system. Neighborhoods

can be rewarded for good response to doorstep collection of segregated waste. Groups that

undertake to manage the cleaning of their own area can be rewarded by ULBs through

grants/subsidies.


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Figure 21 : IEC Modules used at Town Level


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Documents

Detail Project Report for Integrated Solid Waste ... · Detail Project Report for Integrated Solid Waste Management of Hangal Town Municipal Council 2016 MaRS Planning and Engineering