CHNG I : TONG QUAN VE TRAM CAP NC

n tt nghip Tnh ton v thit k trm x l nc thi ch bin c ph - CS: 200 m3/ngy.m

LI CAM OAN

(((Ti xin cam oan n tt nghip l kt qu thc hin ca ring ti. Nhng kt qu trong n l trung thc, c thc hin trn c s nghin cu l thuyt, kho st tnh hnh thc tin v di s hng dn ca TS. Nguyn Xun Trng.

Ni dung n c tham kho v s dng cc ti liu, thng tin c ng ti trn cc tc phm v cc trang web theo danh mc ti liu ca n.

LI CM N n tt nghip l kt qu cui cng ca qu trnh hc tp ca mi sinh vin trn ging ng i hc. t c kt qu nh ngy hm nay ngoi s n lc ca bn thn cn c s gip ca thy c, gia nh v bn b.Trc tin ti xin chn thnh cm n qu thy c Trng i Hc K Thut Cng Ngh Tp.HCM ni chung v thy c Khoa Mi Trng & Cng Ngh Sinh Hc ni ring truyn t cho ti nhng kin thc b ch. c bit l s gip nhit tnh ca T.S Nguyn Xun Trng, ngi trc tip hng dn ti hon thnh n tt nghip ny.Ti khng th khng nhc n gia nh lun bn cnh ng h v gip ti c v vt cht cng nh tinh thn, l im ta v ng lc gip ti vn ln.Cm n Ban gim c v ton th nhn vin Cng ty Minh An nhit tnh gip ti c c nhng kinh nghim thc t b ch.Cui cng, ti cm n bn b gip v chia s nhng kinh nghim hc c, gip ti b sung vn kin thc ca mnh.

Ti chn thnh cm n!

Tp.HCM, ngy. thng. nm 2011

Sinh vin thc hin

Nguyn Th Kim Thoa

MC LC3CHNG 1 GII THIU CHUNG V TI

1.1 C s hnh thnh ti31.3. Mc tiu ca ti41.4. Ni dung nghin cu41.5. Phm vi nghin cu5CHNG 2 TNG QUAN V NGNH CH BIN C PH V CNG NGH SN XUT CA CNG TY MINH AN62.1 Tng quan v ngnh ch bin c ph Vit Nam62.1.1 S lc v ngnh c ph62.1.2 Hin trng ngnh c ph112.2 Tng quan v cng ngh ch bin c ph ca Cng ty Minh An122.2.1 Thng tin chung v Cng ty Minh An122.2.2 Nhng thun li cho vic kinh doanh ca Cng ty Minh An132.2.3 S lc v sn phm ca Cng ty Minh An132.3 Cc vn mi trng ca nh my202.3.1 nhim nc thi202.3.2 Cht thi rn212.3.3 Kh thi21CHNG 3 TNG QUAN V NC THI CH BIN C PH V CC PHNG PHP X L NC THI223.1 Tng quan v nc thi223.1.1 Phn loi nc thi223.1.2 Thnh phn chnh ca nc thi ch bin c ph233.1.2.1 ng233.1.2.2 Nht233.1.2.3 Cc cht hu c233.1.2.4 Hng liu t nhin233.2 Cc phng php x l nc thi243.2.1 Phng php x l c hc243.2.1.1 Song chn rc243.2.1.2 Lng253.2 2. Phng php x l ha hc - ha l253.2.2.1 Trung ha253.2.2.2 Keo t - to bng253.2.2.3 Tuyn ni253.2.2.4 Oxy ha kh253.2.2.5 Hp th253.2.3 Phng php sinh hc253.2.3.1 Sinh hc k kh253.2.3.2 Sinh hc hiu kh253.3 Cng trnh x l nc thi trong thc t25CHNG 4 XUT CNG NGH X L CHO CNG TY MINH AN V TNH TON CC CNG TRNH N V254.1 S cn thit ca vic x l nc thi254.2 c tnh ca nc thi254.2.1 Cng sut ca trm x l254.2.2 Tiu chun nc thi sau khi x l254.3 Cc yu cu thit k khc254.4 xut phng n x l254.4.1 C s a ra phng n x l:254.4.2 Phng n c xut254.6 Thuyt minh s cng ngh254.7 Nhn xt v cng ngh x l254.7.1 u im254.7.3 Nhc im25CHNG 5 TNH TON CHI TIT CC CNG TRNH N V255.1 Song chn rc255.1.1 Nhim v:255.1.2 Tnh ton255.1.2.1 S khe h ca song chn trc255.2 B thu gom255.2.1.Nhim v255.2.2 Tnh ton255.2.2.1 Tnh kch thc b255.2.2.2 Tnh bm nc thi255.3 Thit b lc rc bng ti255.3.1 Nhim v255.3.2 Tnh ton255.4 B iu ha255.4.1 Nhim v255.4.2 Tnh ton255.4.2.1 Tnh ton kch thc b iu ha255.4.2.2.Tnh ton h thng cp kh ca b iu ha255.4.2.3 Tnh ton ng ng dn kh vo b iu ha255.4.2.4 Tnh ton bm chm nc thi255.5 Cm keo t to bng255.5.1 Nhim v255.5.2 Tnh ton b keo t (trn c kh)255.5.2.1 Tnh kch thc b keo t255.5.2.2. Tnh c cu khuy trn255.5.2.3 Tnh ton bm nh lng phn255.5.2.4 Tnh ton bm nh lng Polymer255.5.3.Tnh ton b to bng (trn c kh)255.5.3.1 Tnh kch thc b to bng255.5.3.2 Tnh c cu khuy trn255.6 B lng ha l255.6.1 Nhim v255.6.2Tnh ton255.6.2.1 Tnh ti trng v ng trung tm255.6.2.2 Kim tra thi gian lu nc b lng255.6.2.3 Mng thu:255.6.2.4 Mng rng ca255.6.2.5 Tnh ton hiu qu x l ca b lng bn ha l255.6.2.6 Cng sut ca bm bn:255.6.2.7 ng dn nc ra khi b lng255.7 B lc sinh hc k kh UAF1 UAF2255.7.1 Nhim v255.7.2 Tnh ton b UAF1255.7.2.1 Tnh kch thc b255.7.2.2 Tnh ton ng phn phi nc255.7.2.3 Tnh lng kh sinh ra v ng thu kh255.7.3 Tnh ton b UAF2255.7.3.1 Tnh kch thc b255.7.3.2 Tnh ton ng phn phi nc255.7.3.3 Tnh lng kh sinh ra v ng thu kh:255.8 B Aerotank255.8.1 Nhim v255.8.2 Tnh ton255.8.2.1 Tnh ton kch thc b Aerotank:255.8.2.2 Tnh lng bn d thi b hng ngy:255.8.2.3 Xc nh t s tun hon bn:255.8.2.4 Xc nh lu lng khng kh cung cp cho Aerotank:255.8.2.5 Tnh ton ng ng dn kh vo b Aerotank:255.8.2.6 Tnh ton my thi kh:255.9 B lng II255.9.1 Nhim v255.9.2 Tnh ton255.9.2.1 Tnh ti trng v ng trung tm:255.9.2.2 Kim tra thi gian lu nc ca b lng:255.9.2.3 Mng thu:255.9.2.4 Mng rng ca:255.9.2.5 Cng sut ca bm bn tun hon:255.9.2.6 Cng sut ca bm bn thi b255.10 B kh trng255.10.1 Nhim v255.10.2 Tnh ton255.10.2.1 Tnh kch thc b255.10.2.2 Tnh ha cht kh trng255.11 B nn bn255.11.1 Nhim v255.11.2 Tnh ton25CHNG 6 KHI TON GI THNH X L256.1 D ton phn thit b v xy dng256.2 Sut u t cho 1m3 nc thi256.3 Chi ph x l 1m3 nc thi256.3.1 Chi ph in nng tiu th256.3.2 Chi ph ha cht256.3.2.1 Clorine256.3.2.2 Dinh dng256.3.2.3 Ha cht nng pH256.3.2.4 PAC256.3.2.5 Polymer256.3.3 Chi ph nhn cng256.3.4 Chi ph bo dng + ph khc:25CHNG 7 KT LUN V KIN NGH257.1 Kt lun257.1.1 u im ca trm:257.1.2 Nhc im ca trm:257.2 Kin ngh25TI LIU THAM KHO25

DANH MC CC T VIT TT

STTTHUT NG VIT TCTING ANHTING VIT

1.BODBiochemical Oxygen DemandNhu cu oxi sinh ha

2.

CODChemaical Oxygen DemandNhu cu oxi ha hc

3.DODissolved OxygenLng oxi ha tan

4.F/MFood/ Micro OrganismT s gia lng thc n v lng vi sinh vt

5.HRTHydrolic Retention TimeThi gian lu nc

6.MLSSMixed Liqour Suspended SolidCht rn l lng trong bn hot tnh

7.MLVSSMixed Liquoi Suspended SolidCht rn l lng bay hi

8.NNitrogenNit

9.PPhosphorusPht pho

10.RBCRotating Biological ContactorB lc sinh hc tip xc quay

11.SBRSequencing Batch ReactorB phn ng sinh hc tng m

12.SSSuspended SoilCht rn l lng

13.SVISludge Volume IndexCh s th tch bn

14.TCVNVienam StandardTiu chun Vit Nam

15.UAFUpflow Anaerobic FixbedB lc sinh hc k kh vt liu m vi dng hng ln

16.UASBUpflow Anaetobic Sludge BlanketB sinh hc ky kh

DANH SCH CC BNG8Bng 2.1: Tng kt cc cht (theo %) cho c ph xanh v c ph rang ca c ph Arabica, c ph Robusta, c ph bt pha sn

9Bng 2.2: Danh sch quc gia xut khu c ph

11Bng 2.3: Sn lng c ph c tiu th

12Bng 2.4: Tnh hnh xut khu c ph Vit Nam nin v 2003/04 n 2009/10

24Bng 3.1: Thnh phn v tnh cht nc thi ch bin c ph ht ti ti Brazil

25Bng 4.1: Cc thng s tnh ton u vo

25Bng 4.2 Gi tr gii hn cc h thng v nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi cng nghip theo Quy chun k thut quc gia QCVN 24:2009/BTNMT

25Bng 4.3 Hiu qu x l ca cc cng trnh tiu biu

25Bng 4.4: Hiu qu ca mt s qu trnh k kh trong x l nc thi cng nghip

25Bng 4.5 So snh hai phng n x l xut

25Bng 5.1 Gii thiu h s khng iu ha ph thuc vo lu lng nc thi theo tiu chun ngnh mng li bn ngoi vo cng trnh TCVN 51- 84

25Bng 5.2: Tm tc s liu thit k SCR tm tc nh sau:

25Bng 5.3: Tm tc thng s nhim nc thi sau khi qua song chn rc

25Bng 5.4 Tm tc thng s ca b thu gom

25Bng 5.5 Tm tc thng s nhim ca nc thi sau khi qua b thu gom

25Bng 5.6 Tm tt thng s ca b iu ha

25Bng 5.7 Tm tt thng s nhim ca nc thi sau khi qua b iu ha

25Bng 5.8 Gi tr ca hng s thc nghim a, b 200C

25Bng 5.9 Tm tt thng s ca b lng ha l

25Bng 5.10 Tm tt thng s nhim ca nc thi sau khi qua b lng ha l

25Bng 5.11 Tm tc thng s nhim ca nc thi sau khi qua b UAF1

25Bng 5.12 Tm tt thng s ca b UAF1

25Bng 5.13 Tm tt thng s nhim ca nc thi sau khi qua b UAF2

25Bng 5.14 Tm tt thng s ca b UAF2

25Bng 5.15 Tm tt thng s nhim ca nc thi sau khi qua b Aerotank

25Bng 5.16 Tm tt thng s ca b Aerotank

25Bng 5.17 Tm tt thng s ca b lng II

25Bng 5.18 Tm tt thng s ca b kh trng

25Bng 5.19 Tm tt thng s b nn bn:

25Bng 6.1 Ph x l cho 1m3 nc thi

DANH SCH CC HNH6Hnh 2.1: Cy c ph Ty Nguyn

7Hnh 2.3: Tri c ph

7Hnh 2.2: Hoa c ph

8Hnh 2.4: Ly c ph sn phm vn ha

17Hnh 2.5: Ti nguyn liu vo

18Hnh 2.6: Phn loi bng sn rung

18Hnh 2.7: Phn loi bng ci xay

18Hnh 2.8: Ngm Enzym nh nht

19Hnh 2.9: Ra sch

19Hnh 2.10: Lm ro

19Hnh 2.11: Sy kh

20Hnh 2.12: Phn loi ht

25Hnh 4.1: S cng ngh h thng x l nc thi c ph (Phng n 1)

25Hnh 4.2: S cng ngh h thng x l nc thi c ph ( Phng n 2)

TM TT TINc thi ch bin c ph l nc thi c hm lng cht nhim (BOD, COD, SS, ) rt cao. Vic x l nc thi ch bin c ph l vn cp thit v cn phi thc hin. Mt trong nhng c s ch bin c ph ca tnh k Nng l cng ty Minh An c nh my ch bin t ti Thn Xun Sn, x c Minh, huyn Dakmil, tnh ak Nng cng ang gp phi kh khn ny. V vy, ti ny ra i vi mc tiu: Tnh ton v thit k trm x l nc thi ch bin c ph cho Cng ty Minh An vi cng sut l 200 m3/ ngy m.Vi hm lng cc cht nhim c trng l: BOD5 = 11.450 mg/l, COD = 17.260 mg/l, SS = 2.655mg/l v cha cc cht kh phn hy sinh hc cn phi p dng cng ngh x l kt hp vi vi sinh. Ti trng nhim qu cao nn cn p dng cng ngh x l vi sinh k kh gim ti trng nhim, tip theo x l vi sinh hiu kh lm gim nng cc cht nhim. Ngoi ra, nc thi c mu nn cn s dng phng php x l sinh hc vi h keo t to bng v lng m bo nc t tiu chun khi ra h thng x l. Vi cng ngh x l ny, nc sau khi x l t cht lng theo QCVN 24: 2009/BTNMT, loi B trc khi x ra ngun tip nhn.Sut u t cho h thng x l nc thi ch bin c ph ca cng ty TNHH TM DV NN Minh An l: 15.519.750 ng/m3.

Chi ph vn hnh 1m3 nc thi l: 6.116 ng/m3.

CHNG 1GII THIU CHUNG V TI 1.1 C s hnh thnh tiCh bin c ph ang l ngnh pht trin nhanh v mang li hiu qu kinh t cao, vi tng din tch trng t trn 500.000 ha v sn lng trn 10 triu bao mi nm, c ph Vit Nam hin nay ang xp hng th 2 sau go trong danh mc hng nng sn xut khu ca Vit Nam.

Nc Vit Nam nm trong vnh ai nhit i Bc Bn Cu, tri di theo phng kinh tuyn t 8030 n 23030 v Bc. iu kin kh hu v a l thch hp cng vi s pht trin cy c ph v ang mang li cho ngnh c ph nc ta mt hng v rt ring.

Cng ty Minh An vi sn phm ch bin chnh l nhn c ph cng c nhng ng gp vo s pht trin chung ca ngnh c ph Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, cng vi s pht trin ngy cng ln mnh th lng cht thi pht sinh ngy cng nhiu, lm nhim mi trng. Trong , nc thi l yu t cn phi quan tm hng u. Nc thi ch bin c ph cha hm lng cht hu c cao nn gy nhiu kh khn trong qu trnh x l, nhim nc thi c ph lm hy hoi mi trng nghim trng, nh hng n h sinh thi trong khu vc v sc khe cng ng. Vn t ra l lm th no gim nng cc cht nhim n mc cho php trc khi x vo ngun tip nhn.Trc tnh trng , vic xy dng h thng x l nc thi cho nh my sn xut nhn c ph ca Cng ty Minh An l vn cp bch v cn thit.T nhng l do v vi mong mun ng gp mt phn vo cng tc BVMT t nhng kin thc hc c t gh nh trng cng nh kinh nghim thc tin, ti chn ti : Tnh ton v thit k trm x l nc thi ch bin c ph Cng ty Minh An vi cng sut 200m3/ngy m thc hin n tt nghip ny. 1.2. Mc tiu ca ti bo v mi trng cng vi vic pht trin ngnh c ph Vit Nam theo hng xanh sch t cht lng tiu chun, t nhim mi trng, t tiu chun cho php x thi vo ngun tip nhn.Tnh ton, thit k trm x l nc thi cho Cng ty Minh An chnh l xy dng gii quyt cc vn nhim mi trng nc thi do ngnh ch bin c ph ni chung v cng ty Minh An gy ra.

Ngoi ra, ti cn mc ch cng c kin thc hc v mt t kinh nghim thc t lm n ra trng, mang kin thc, kinh nghim, s vp ng, sc tr, phc v li ch cho x hi ni chung v qu nh Bnh nh ni ring, cng ha nhp vo xu th pht trin chung ca th gii ni chung v Nc ta ni ring l BVMT xanh sch khng nhim.1.3. Ni dung nghin cu t mc tiu ca ti tt nghip, ngi thc hin cn nghin cu cc ni dung sau:

Tm hiu ngnh ch bin c ph Vit Nam

Tm hiu v thnh phn, tnh cht ca nc thi ch bin c ph

Tng quan v Cng ty Minh An v quy trnh ch bin c ph, t nhn bit thnh phn v tnh cht ca nc thi ch bin c ph. Tng quan v cc cng ngh x l nc thi ch bin c ph ang c p dng.

La chn cng ngh x l nc thi ch bin c ph ca Cng ty Minh An. Tnh ton cc cng trnh n v trong h thng x l nc thi ch bin c ph ca Cng ty.

Khi ton chi ph u t v vn hnh h thng x l nc thi ch bin c ph ca Cng ty.1.4. Phm vi nghin cu ti c thc hin ti Cng ty Minh An trong thi gian hn 3 thng, bt u t ngy 30/05/2011 n ngy 06/09/2011.CHNG 2TNG QUAN V NGNH CH BIN C PH V CNG NGH SN XUT CA CNG TY MINH AN2.1 Tng quan v ngnh ch bin c ph Vit Nam2.1.1 S lc v ngnh c ph

Cy c ph l mt trong nhng cy cng nghip quan trng vng nhit i ni chung, vng Ty Nguyn Vit Nam ni ring. C ph c tnh thch nghi rng, chu c hn. So vi mt s cy cng nghip khc c ph l cy d trng, tui th cao, t mc cc bnh nguy him, cho nng xut cao, thu nhp kh. V th, din tch trng c ph nc ta trong nhng nm gn y tng ln ng k. Nin v 2000/2001 l 410.000ha, nin v 2009/2010 l 500.000ha.

C ph l thc ung thng dng nht th gii, ch sau nc ung thng thng. Hng ngy trn th gii c khong 2 t ngi ung c ph. Trong ht c ph c cha nhiu hp cht khc nhau nh: Cafein (1,1 4,5% cht kh), ng Saccaro (5,3 7,95% cht kh), ng kh (0,3 0,44% cht kh), Protein ha tan (5,15 5,23% cht tan),Cc Vitamin nhm B, PP l nhng cht rt cn thit cho c th con ngi.

Hp cht c trng v quan trng nht trong c ph l Cafein. C tc dng kch thch thn kinh v tng cng hot ng ca t bo no, thc y hot ng tun hon, bi tit tng cng trao i ca c bp. Do vy khi dng c ph vi mt lng thch hp s gip con ngi tr nn minh mn v sng khoi hn .

Ngoi s hp dn bi mu sc v hng v c o, mt s nghin cu gn y cn cho rng: Ngi s dng c ph thng xuyn th nguy c mc bnh tiu ng loi 2 s gim so vi nhng ngi t dng c ph.

Bng 2.1: Tng kt cc cht (theo %) cho c ph xanh v c ph rang ca c ph Arabica, c ph Robusta, c ph bt pha sn

Thnh phnArabicaRobustaSn

XanhRangXanhRang

Khong cht3 4,23,5 4,54 4,54,6 59 10

Caffeine0,9 1,2( 11,6 2,4( 24,5 5,1

Trigonelline1 1,20,5 - 10,6 1,750,3 0,6(

Cht bo12 1814,5 209 1311 161,5 1,6

Tng axit Cholorogenic5,5 81,2 2,37 103,9 4,65,2 7,4

Tng axit Aliphatic1,5 21 1,51,5 21 1,15

Oligosaccharides6 80 0,355 70 3,50,7 5,2

Tng cht x Polysaccharides50 5524 3937 47( 6,5

Amino axit20200

Protein11 1313 1511 1313 1516 21

Axit Humic16 1716 1715

(Ngun: Hip hi c ph v ca cao Vit Nam, nm 2010)C ph khng ch n thun l mt sn phm nng nghip thun ty, n thc s tr thnh ngnh kinh t ng vai tr ngy cng quan trng trong nn kinh t th gii. Trn th gii cng nhn v s dng rng ri thut ng Coffee Industrial ngnh cng nghip c ph vi tng gi tr giao dch ton cu l khong 100 t USD (ch sau du ha). Ngnh c ph khng ch l mt sn phm ch bin m cn c cc yu t ti chnh, thng mi, u t, vn ha, du lch sinh thi, du lch c ph, C ph chnh l mt hng c u t nhiu nht th gii.

Vit Nam l nc ng th 2 trn th gii v sn lng c ph xut khu nh v tr a l thun li, ti nguyn thin nhin (nc, rng, khng gian), kh hu nhit i gi ma, th nhng, sinh thi mi trng v con ngi vi vn vn ha bn a. xut hin nhng doanh nghip ln c bc pht trin c th gi l thn k, c kht vng ln v nhng tng t ph. Tt c nhng iu ny l tin c th hoch nh v pht trin ngnh c ph thnh ngnh mi nhn quc gia.

Bng 2.2: Danh sch quc gia xut khu c ph

Sn lng c ph (nghn bao)

T Chc C Ph Th Gii (ICO)

Quc giaNin v2007200820092010

Brasil(R/A)T4-T348.48028.82039.27332.944

Vit Nam(R/A)T10-1911.55515.23013.84411.000

Colombia(A)T.10-T.911.88911.19711.40511.550

Indonesia(R/A)T4-T36.7836.5717.3866.750

n (A/R)T.10-T.94.6834.4.953.8444.630

Mexico(A)T.10-T.94.0004.5503.4074.200

Ethiopia(A)T.10-T.93.6933.8745.0004.500

Guatemala(A/R)T.10-T.94.0703.6103.6783.675

Peru(A)T.4-T.32.9002.6163.3552.750

Uganda(R/A)T.10-T.92.9002.5102.7502.750

Honduras(A)T.10-T.92.4972.9682.5752.990

Cte dIvoire(A)T.10-T.93.1452.6891.7502.500

Costa Rica(A)T.10-T.91.9381.8021.7752.157

El Salvador(A)T.10-T.91.4381.4571.4471.372

Ecuador(A/R) T.4-T.3732767938720

Venezuela(A)T.10-T.9869786701820

Philippines(R/A)T.7-T.6721433373500

Tng sn lng121.808103.801112.552106.851

(Ngun: Tng cc thng k, thng 7 nm 2011)

Ch thch:

A (Arabica): C Ph ch

R (Robusta): C ph vi

T: Thng

A/R: Nc xut khu c hai loi c ph, nhng sn lng c ph Arabica l ch yu

R/A: Nc xut khu c hai loi c ph, nhng sn lng Robusta l ch yu

1 bao = 60kg

C ph l tn mt chi thc vt thin bo, h ny gm 500 chi khc nhau, vi trn 6.000 loi cy nhit i. Chi c ph bao gm nhiu loi cy lu nm khc nhau, hai loi c ph c ngha kinh t, loi th nht c tn thng thng trong ting vit l cy c ph ch (tn khoa hc l Coffee Arabica), i din cho khong 61% cc sn phm c ph trn th gii, loi th 2 l c ph vi (tn khoa hc l Robusta) chim khong 39% cc sn phm c ph. Ngoi ra cn c Coffee Liberica v Coffee Excelsa ( Vit Nam gi l c ph mt) vi sn lng khng ng k.

2.1.2 Hin trng ngnh c phNm 2011 c nc c khong 539.959 ha c ph hu ht pht trin, sinh trng tt, nng xut cao, tng sn lng t ti 80 vn tn. Nhng con s vt xa tt c mi suy ngh, mi mc tiu chin lc ca ngnh.

Tuy nhin, s pht trin ny vn cn cha ng nhng yu t yu km: ch yu l xut c ph nhn, c ph ch bin v thng hiu cn thp. T l tiu dng c ph trong nc vn cn rt thp (0,5 kg/ngi/nm, so vi cc nc trng c ph khc c mc trung bnh l 3kg/ngi/nm), khng to ra s t ch ca sn lng c ph ni a so vi xut khu.

Bng 2.3: Sn lng c ph c tiu th

Quc giaS lngn v tnh

Vit Nam0,5Kg/ngi/nm

Bc u10Kg/ngi/nm

Ty u5 - 6Kg/ngi/nm

(Ngun: Theo Hip hi c ph v ca cao Vit Nam, nm 2010)

Bn cnh cc c s ch bin vi thit b mi, cht lng sn phm kh, c xy dng trong vng gn 10 nm li y m bo ch bin c khong 1 triu tn/nm vi 500 nghn ha din tch cn c nhiu c s ti sn xut th cng. Cc c s ny trang b nhiu my l, ch bin c ph thu mua ca dn qua s ch khng m bo tiu chun xut khu. C ph ca dn thu hi v ch yu x l phn tn tng h nng dn qua con ng phi kh trn sn c, sn ct hoc nn xi mng. Nhiu ni s dng cc my say xt nh xay c ph nhn bn cho nhng h thu mua c ph.

Tnh hnh ch bin nh vy dn n kt qu l cht lng c ph khng u. C ph ca cc Cng ty, nng trng sn xut ra thng c cht lng tt, mt hng p nh klk c c ph ca cc cng ty Thng Li, Phc An v cng ty Vit c, Bun h, c khch hng nh gi cao.

Trong vng 20 nm li y c ph tng sn lng ln gp trm ln, nguyn nhn dn n nhng thnh tu trc ht l nh chnh sch ca nh nc ph hp vi nng dn l lm giu trn mnh t ca mnh da vo s cn c lao ng ca bn thn, tng h gia nh. V nguyn nhn khch quan phi ni rng l do gi thnh c ph trn th gii nhng nm gn y din bin c li cho ngnh sn xut, c ph lm ra bn c gi thnh cao v thu nhp ca ngi nng dn cng tng ln ng k.Bng 2.4: Tnh hnh xut khu c ph Vit Nam nin v 2003/04 n 2009/10Nin vXut ( ha)n gi bnh qun ( USD/ MT)

2003/04212.0382.633,0

2004/05221.4961.815,0

2005/06336.2421.198,0

2006/07395.4181.152,0

2007/08404.2061.373,0

2008/09653.678823,0

2009/10874.676436,6

(Ngun: Tng cc thng k, thng 3 nm 2011)2.2 Tng quan v cng ngh ch bin c ph ca Cng ty Minh An2.2.1 Thng tin chung v Cng ty Minh An

Cng ty TNHH TM DV NN Minh An c t ti khu t 01 Xun Sn c Minh t Nng.

Din tch ton Cng ty 7.200 m2 Ton Cng ty c khong 20 nhn vin.

Gi lm vic ca Cng ty chia lm 2 ca T 17h 6h sng: phn loi qu, ra, xay v.

T 6h 17h : ngm enzyme v nh nht

Ngnh ngh kinh doanh: Ch bin nhn c ph2.2.2 Nhng thun li cho vic kinh doanh ca Cng ty Minh An

Cng ty Minh An t nh my ti huyn DakMil - Dak Nng. y l mt Tnh min ni thuc khu vc Min trung Ty Nguyn. Kh hu c chia thnh hai ma r rt, ma kh t thng 11 n thng 4 nm sau, ma ma t gia thng 4 n thng 11, l mt vng t Bazan rt mu m, rt ph hp cho vic pht trin cc loi cy cng nghip nh c ph, tiu, ca cao v cc loi cy nng lm sn khc. Bn cnh , nh my thuc huyn DakMil l mt huyn c din tch trng c ph v cc loi cy nng sn khc ln nht nh trong Tnh, l mt vng thm canh pht trin cy c ph theo quy hoch pht trin ca tnh k Nng. Mc khc, huyn Dakmil mt v tr trung tm ca vng nguyn liu c ph nng sn, trn trc ng QL 14, ni lin vi huyn k Sng (trc y thuc huyn Dakmil mi chia tch bn nm nay) thun li cho vic giao thng gia cc vng trong v ngoi Tnh, vi lng C ph nhn hng nm trn 60.000 tn. y l iu kin thun li xy dng cc c s ch bin v kinh doanh c ph, nng sn xut khu v cung ng vt t, k thut nng nghip rt hiu qu.

Ngoi ra, cng ty c nhiu kinh nghim v nng lc trong lnh vc ch bin v kinh doanh c ph nng sn, nng sn xut khu. 2.2.3 S lc v sn phm ca Cng ty Minh AnCng ty Minh An ch bin sn phm ch yu l c ph nhn phc v cho xut khu. Ti nh my, c ph c phn ra thnh nhiu loi phn phi cho nhiu th trng khc nhau:

Nhn c ph loi 1 c xut khu, c ph ny c gi tr kinh t cao v c ch bin ch yu.

Nhn c ph loi 2 v v vn c tiu th trong nc, phn phi cho cc nh my ch bin c ph bt hay c ph ha tan.

Nh my ch bin bng c 2 phng php (kh v t), hot ng sn xut ca nh my trung bnh 1 v l 2 thng, mi thng trung bnh 30 ngy. Nng xut ca nh my khong 30 tn thnh phm/ ngy.Vi phng php t, nh my c th ch bin 135 tn c ph ti/ ngy. Trung bnh nu c ph chn u, ht tt th c th thu c 1,11 tn nhn t 5 tn ht ti. Nu c ph cht lng khng cao th thu c 1 tn nhn t 6 tn ht ti.Tuy nhin, kinh ph v ngun tiu th ca Cng ty c nhiu hn ch, nn giai on u Cng ty ch u t xy dng trm x l nc thi giai on I vi cng sut 200m3/ngy.m.Quy trnh ch bin c ph ti cng ty TNHH TM DV NN Minh An Quy trnh ch bin nhn c ph t ht kh

Nguyn liu: C ph cha cng ngh cho ch bin ti c chuyn qua ch bin kh bng phng php phi kh ri a vo xt. C ph sau khi qua ch bin ti phi kh chuyn v xt, c ph thu mua ngoi th trng ch bin bng phng php xt kh. Lng tp cht trong c ph nguyn liu trung bnh 2% gm cc tp cht nh cnh l, t, v cc vt khc,T nguyn liu ny c th a vo l sy hoc phi th cng hoc khng qua cng on sy ty vo tnh hnh thi tit, m nguyn liu v nhu cu sn xut. L sy: Nguyn liu cha t m c a vo l sy lm kh. Nh ni trn l sy t hot ng v ch s dng khi cn thit v bc buc vo nhng ngy ma ko di. H thng sy 25 tn c ph t/m v h thng khay sy cp nhit bng gch. Mi m sy cn t 10 12h cho c ph v ti tch qu kh. Nu l nng ch cn 3h cho mt m sy c ph ti ch. Hot ng theo kiu t vn hnh, khp kn v c qut ht gi ht bi v kh thi v lng Xyclon. My x l kh: C ph nhn c lm kh vo my x l th tch cc tp cht rn t , st, thp, Cng on ny sinh ra nhiu bi v cht thi rn, b phn ny phi c thit b ht lng qua Xyclon. My sn c bi: Trong nguyn liu c ph nhn mua v cn phi loi qua cc loi qu c mt nhn t tiu chun xut khu. My tch tp cht: nguyn liu c sn loi b c bi a vo my tch tp cht. My sn phn loi: C ph nhn c lm kh, sch a qua my sn phn loi tch ra tng loi ht theo kch c quy nh ca tiu chun xut khu. Trong cng on ny c cc ht b v trong qu trnh i qua cc cng on trc. Cng on nh bng: Trong dy chuyn ny, nu khch hng c nhu cu th nhn c ph s c qua h thng my nh bng to bng cn thit. Nhm nng cao hiu qu kinh t, c ph c phn loi ht. Ht c cht lng tt c xut khu, ht c cht lng khng tt c phn phi trong nc. Quy trnh ch bin c ph ht tiHt c ph ti sau khi thu hoch c cng ty thu mua v vn chuyn v nh my. Ti y, c ph c chuyn n bi tp trung chun b cho cng on ch bin.

u tin, c ph c cho qua sn lc nguyn liu: cnh, l, t, cn st li trong qu trnh thu hoch c loi b. Sau khi sn lc nguyn liu, ht c chuyn n cng on ra th nhm mc ch lm sch lp v bn ngoi, to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh xay xt.Ht c ph c a n ci xay. Ti y qu c phn thnh 2 loi: qu chn c xay b v, qu xanh c a thng n cng on xay. Mc ch ca cng on ny l loi b lp v cng bao bn ngoi, ly ht tip tc cho cng on pha sau.Tip theo, ht theo h thng bng chuyn vo bn cha dung dch enzyme Pectinaza loi b tht qu. Giai on ny gi l giai on nh nht hay cn gi l giai on ngm enzyme. Mc ch ca qu trnh ny l dng enzyme Pectinaza phn hy Pectin c trong tht qu, gip nhn thnh phm c bng. Cng on ny din ra t 5 6h, quyt nh ln n cht lng sn phm. Sau khi nh nht, nhn c ra sch loi b cht bn dnh trn nhn. Giai on ny tn nhiu nc nht trong ton b qu trnh ch bin. y cng l cng on gy nhim nhiu nht v nc thi cha mt lng cht hu c.

Tip theo, c ph c tri u trn mt sn lm ro (mt sn cch t 50cm). Vic lm ro c thc hin nh cc cnh qut t bn di. Mc ch ca giai on ny l lm ro mt nhn c ph, gim thi gian sy kh bng nhit.

Sau khi lm ro, c ph c cho vo cc thng quay nhit sy kh hon ton (cc ht c ph xanh c sy thng quay khc

Cui cng nhn c ph c phn loi ht phn phi cho cc th trng khc nhau.

Ht c ph cn xanh c tip tc ch bin nh phng php kh.

2.3 Cc vn mi trng ca nh my2.3.1 nhim nc thi

Nc thi ch bin c ph l vn nan gii hin nay v chng kh x l. Nc thi c thi trong cc cng on ca dy chuyn sn xut c th l

Ra th: nc thi c hm lng cht nhim khng cao, ch yu l cht rn l lng.

Xay v: Nc thi pht sinh t nhng hm lng cht nhim cao, nc thi m c, c c v lng cn cao. Trong giai an ny c v thi ra cng vi nc thi nn nc thi c rc nhiu. Ngm enzyme: y l giai on pht sinh nc thi nhiu nht v hm lng cht nhim cao. Ngoi ra, nc thi giai on ny c nht. Ra sch: giai on ny thi ra nc thi cha nhiu cht hu c v cht rn l lng.

Nc thi v sinh thit b: pht sinh t vic v sinh cc thit b

V mt lng nc c thi ra na l nc thi sinh hot.

2.3.2 Cht thi rn

Rc thi sinh hot:

Rc thi t hot ng sinh hot ca cn b cng nhn vin trong nh my nh: thc n tha, bao nylon, thng carton,Rc thi c hm lng cht hu c cao, d phn hy. Mi ngy lng rc thi sinh hot khong 40kg, rc ny c thu gom v mang i chn lp trong khu vc.Cht thi rn t hot ng ch bin: ch yu l v c ph, cnh l st li sau thu hoch. Tng ngun cht thi rn t tnh khong 10.500 tn v c ph/ v. Ngun thi ny c thu gom lm phn bn cho vn c ph.2.3.3 Kh thi

Ngun nhim khng kh t hot ng ca l sy, qu trnh xay v ch bin c ph kh

nhim t hot ng phi c ph, co xi

nhim ting n ca my mc v nhit ca h thng xy.CHNG 3TNG QUAN V NC THI CH BIN C PH V CC PHNG PHP X L NC THI3.1 Tng quan v nc thi

3.1.1 Phn loi nc thi

Nc thi l cht lng c thi ra sau qu trnh s dng ca con ngi v b thay i tnh cht ban u ca chng. Thng thng nc thi c phn loi theo ngun gc pht sinh. y cng l c s cho vic la chn cng ngh x l nc thi. Theo cch phn chia, c cc loi nc thi sau:

Nc thi sinh hot

y cng l nc thi pht sinh t qu trnh sinh hot ca con ngi nh v sinh, git gi, ch bin thc phm, ti cc khu dn c, khu vc hot ng thng mi, cng s, trng hc, bnh vin v cc c s khc. Thnh phn ca loi nc thi ny tng i n gin, bao gm cc cht hu c d phn hy (Cacbon, hydrat, du m,), cht khong (photphat, nito, magie,) v vi sinh vt. Nc thi cng nghip

Nc thi cng nghip l nc thi t cc nh my ang hot ng, c c nc thi sinh hot trong nc thi cng nghip l ch yu. Thnh phn v tnh cht nc thi cng nghip rt a dng v ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: ngnh ngh sn xut, trnh ca dy chuyn sn xut, nguyn vt liu, lu lng, Nc thm qua

y l nc thi vo h thng cng bng nhiu cch khc nhau qua cc khp ni, cc ng c khuyt tt hoc thnh ca h ga.

Nc thi th

Nc thi th l thut ng chung ch cht lng trong h thng cng thot nc ca thnh ph. l hn hp ca cc loi nc thi trn.3.1.2 Thnh phn chnh ca nc thi ch bin c ph

3.1.2.1 ng

ng trong c ph l do nht hoc phn ngoi ca qu c ph

Trong qu trnh ln men, ng b phn hy thnh ru v kh S02. Sau , ru chuyn thnh axit axetic lm cho pH ca nc gim.3.1.2.2 Nht

Nht l thnh phn cht nhy bao quanh ht c ph

Thnh phn ch yu ca nht l protein, ng v pectin. Phn nht rt kh b phn hy, n thng kt ta thnh mt lp en trn b mt. Lp cht rn ny c th lm tt nghn ng ng v gim lng oxy trong nc.3.1.2.3 Cc cht hu c

Hm lng cc cht hu c trong nc thi c ph rt cao (c th ln n 20g/l)

Cc cht hu c c ngun gc t v v tht c ph.3.1.2.4 Hng liu t nhin

y l cht to mu cho c ph

Cc hng liu ny khng lm hi n mi trng. Tuy nhin, chng lm cho nc thi c ph c mu xanh m hoc en, nh hng n hiu qu x l nc thi v cnh quan mi trng.

Bng 3.1: Thnh phn v tnh cht nc thi ch bin c ph ht ti ti BrazilSTTThng sn vGi tr

1. pH-5,1 5,6

2. BOD5 (20oC)mg/l1.578 3.242

3. CODmg/l3.429 5.524

4. Cht rn l lngmg/l700 890

5. Phospho tngmg/l5,5 6,5

6. Nit tngmg/l185 247

(Ngun: Departamento de Engenharia Agricola/ Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Brazil, 2007)3.2 Cc phng php x l nc thi Ty theo tnh cht ca ngun nc thi (lu lng, nng , quy m) ta c th p dng cng ngh x l khc nhau. Hin ti c cc phng php x l nc thi c bn nh sau: phng php ha hc, phng php sinh hc, x l bc cao. Mt trm x l nc thi cn p dng kt hp mt hoc nhiu phng php khc nhau.3.2.1 Phng php x l c hc

3.2.1.1 Song chn rc

Ty theo kch thc khe h, song chn rc c phn thnh loi th, trung bnh v mn

Song chn rc c khong cch gia cc thanh t 60 100mm

Song chn rc mn c khong cch gia cc thanh t 10 25mm Theo hnh dng c th phn thnh song chn rc v li chn rc. Song chn rc c th t di ng hoc c nh.

3.2.1.2 Lng

a. Lng ct

B lng ct c thit k tch cc tp cht v c khng tan c kch thc t 0,2 2,0 mm ra khi nc thi, nhm m bo an ton cho bm, trnh b bo mn, tt nghn ng ng. B lng ct c th phn thnh 2 loi: B lng ct ngang v b lng ng. Ngoi ra, tng hiu qu lng ct, b lng ct c thi kh cng c ng dng rng ri.

b. Lng bn hot tnh B lng c nhim v lng cc ht cn l lng c sn trong nc (b lng t 1) hoc cn c to ra t qu trnh keo t to bng. Theo chiu dng chy, b lng c phn thnh b lng ngang v b lng ng.

B lng ngang: dng nc chy theo phng ngang qua b vi vn tc khng ln hn 0,01m/s v thi gian lu nc t = 1,5 2,5h. B lng ngang thng c s dng khi lu lng thp hn b lng ng 10 - 20%.c. Lc

Lc c ng dng tch cc tp cht c kch thc nh khng th loi b bng phng php lng.

C nhiu loi b lc khc nhau lc nc. C th phn loi theo nhiu cch khc nhau:

Theo c tnh: lc, gin on, lc lin tc.

Theo dng ca qu trnh: lm c, lm trong.

Theo p sut trong qu trnh lc: lc chn khng (p sut 0,085Mpa), lc p lc (0,3 1,5 Mpa) hay lc di p sut thy tnh ca ct cht lng,...

Thit b lc vi lp ht c th phn thnh thit b lc chm, thit b lc nhanh, thit b lc h, thit b lc kn (lc p lc). Chiu cao lp vt liu lc trong thit b lc h dao ng khong 1 2m v thit b lc kn 0,5 1m.d. Xyclon thy lc Khi cht lng chuyn ng quay trn trong cc xyclon thy lc, lc ly tm tc dng ln cc ht rn lm vng chng ra thnh. u im ca Xyclon thy lc l cu to n gin, tin li, d vn hnh, c nng sut cao v chi ph thp. Xyclon thy lc p sut c dng lng cc tp cht rn, xyclon thy lc p sut thp (h) thng c dng tch cc tp cht lng v ni.3.2 2. Phng php x l ha hc - ha l3.2.2.1 Trung ha Nc cha cc axit hoc kim cn c trung ha a v pH trung tnh (6,5 8,5) trc khi s dng cho cc cng trnh k tip. Trung ha nc c th thc hin bng nhiu cch:

B sung cc tc nhn ha hc

Lc nc axit qua vt liu c tc dng trung ha.

Hp th kh axit bng nc kim hoc hp th amoniac bng ma axit. Vic la chn phng php trung ha l ty thuc vo th tch v nng ca nc v chi ph ha cht s dng.3.2.2.2 Keo t - to bng Trong nc, mt phn cc ht thng tn ti dng cc ht keo mn v phn tn, kch thc ca ht thng dao ng khong 0,1 - 10(. Cc ht ny l lng trong nc, do vy tng i kh lng v loi b. V kch thc nh, t s din tch b mt v th tch rt ln nn hin tng ha hc b mt tr nn rt quan trng. Theo nguyn tc, cc ht nh trong nc c khuynh hng keo t do lc ht Vander Waals gia cc ht. Lc ny c th dn n s kt dnh gia cc ht ngay khi khong cch gia chng nh va chm. S va chm xy ra do chuyn ng Brown v c tc ng ca s xo trn. Nhng cht keo t thng dng l cc mui st v mui nhm: Mui nhm: Al2(SO4)3, Al2(SO4)3.18H2O, NaAlO2, Al2(OH)5Cl, Kal(SO4)2. 12H2O, NH4Al(SO4)2.12H2O

Mui st: FeCl3, Fe2(SO4)3.2H2O, Fe2(SO4)3.3H2O, Fe2(SO4)3.7H2O

Cht tr keo t: tng hiu qu qu trnh keo t to bng ngi ta thng s dng cc cht tr keo t (Fluccutant). Vic s dng cc cht keo t cho php gim liu lng cht keo t, gim thi gian qu trnh keo t v tng tc lng ca cc bng keo.

Cc cht tr keo t ngun gc thin nhin thng dng l: tinh bt, dextrin (C6H10O6)n, cc ete, cellulose, dioxit silic hot tnh (xSiO2.yH2O). Cc cht tr keo t tng hp thng dng l polyacrylamit (CH2CHCONH2)n. Ty thuc vo cc nhm ion khi phn ly m cc cht tr ng t c in tch m hoc dng nh polyacrylic axit (CH2CHCOO)n hoc polydiallydimetyl amin.

Liu lng keo t ti u s dng trong thc t c xc nh bng th nghim Jartest.

3.2.2.3 Tuyn ni

Phng php tuyn ni thng dng tch cc tp cht ( dng ht rn hoc lng) phn tn khng tan, t lng km khi pha lng. Trong mt s trng hp, qu trnh ny cn c dng tch cc cht hot ng b mt. Trong x l nc thi, qu trnh tuyn ni thng c dng kh cc cht l lng, lm c bn sinh hc. u im c bn ca phng php ny l c th kh hon ton cc ht nh, nh, lng chm trong thi gian ngn. Qu trnh tuyn ni c thc hin theo cc phng php sau:

Tuyn ni bng kh phn tn (Disperasd Air Flotation): trong trng hp ny, thi kh trc tip vo b tuyn ni to thnh bt kh c kch thc t (0,1 1mm) gy xo trn hn hp kh nc cha cn. Cn tip xc vi bt kh, kt dnh v ni ln b mt. Tuyn ni chn khng (Vacum Flotation): trong trng hp ny, bo ha khng kh p sut kh quyn. Sau , thot kh ra khi nc p sut chn khng. H thng ny s dng t trong thc t v kh vn hnh v chi ph cao.

Tuyn ni bng kh ha tan (DissolvedAir Flotation): sc khng kh vo nc p sut cao (2 4atm), sau gim p gii phng khng kh. Khng kh thot ra s to thnh bt kh c kch thc t 20 -100(m.3.2.2.4 Oxy ha kh lm sch nc thi c th s dng cc tc nhn oxi ha nh Clo dng kh v ha lng, dioxyt clo, clorat canxi, hypoclorit canxi v nitrit, permanganat kali, bicromat kali, peroxy hydro (H202), oxi ca khng kh, ozone, pyroluzit (MnO). Qu trnh oxy ha s chuyn cc cht c hi trong nc thi thnh cc cht t c hi hn v tch khi nc. Qu trnh ny tiu tn nhiu ha cht nn thng ch s dng khi khng th x l bng nhng phng php khc.3.2.2.5 Hp th

Phng php hp th c dng rng ri lm sch trit nc thi khi cc cht hu c ha tan khng x l c bng cc phng php khc. Ty theo bn cht, qu trnh hp th c chia thnh: hp ph ha hc, hp ph l hc.

Kh nng hp ph ca cht hp ph ph thuc vo:

Din tch b mt cht hp ph (m2/g)

Nng ca cht hp ph

Vn tc tng i gia hai pha

C ch hnh thnh lin kt: ha hc hoc l hc3.2.3 Phng php sinh hcPhng php sinh hc c u im l r tin v c kh nng tn dng cc sn phm ph lm phn bn (bn hot tnh) hoc ti sinh nng lng (kh methane). Mt cch tng qut.3.2.3.1 Sinh hc k kh

Qu trnh phn hy k kh cc cht hu c l qu trnh sinh hc phc tp, to ra hng trm sn phm trung gian v phn ng trung gian. Tuy nhin, phng trnh phn ng sinh ha trong iu kin k kh c th biu din nh sau:

Cht hu c (CxHyOzN) ( CH4 + CO2 + H2 + NH3 +H2S + t bo mi Ty theo trng thi ca bn, c th chia qu trnh x l k kh thnh:

Qu trnh x l k kh vi vi sinh vt sinh trng dng l lng nh qu trnh tip xc k kh (Anaerobic Process), qu trnh x l bng lp bn k kh vi dng nc i ln t di (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket UASB).

Qu trnh x l k kh vi vi sinh vt sinh trng dng dnh bm nh qu trnh lc k kh (Anaerobic Filter Process).a. Qu trnh tip xc k kh (Anaerobic Contact Process):

Mt s loi nc thi c hm lng cht hu c cao c th x l rt hiu qu bng qu trnh tip xc k kh. Qu trnh phn hy xy ra trong b kn vi bn tun hon. Hn hp bn v nc thi trong b c khuy trn hon ton. Sau khi phn hy, hn hp c a sang b lng hoc b tuyn ni tch ring bn v nc. Bn c tun hon tr li b k kh. Lng bn d thi b thng rt t do tc sinh trng ca vi sinh vt kh chm: UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket): y l mt trong nhng qu trnh ky kh c ng dng rng ri nht trn th gii do 2 c im chnh sau:

C 3 qu trnh: phn hy lng bn tch kh c lp trong cng mt cng trnh.

To thnh cc loi bn ht c mt vi sinh vt rt cao v tc lng vt xa so vi bn hot tnh hiu kh dng l lng. Bn cnh , qu trnh x l sinh hc k kh s dng UASB cn c nhng u im so vi qu trnh bn hot tnh hiu kh nh:

t tiu tn nng lng vn hnh

t bn d nn gim chi ph x l bn; Bn sinh ra d tch nc;

Nhu cu dinh dng thp nn gim c chi ph b sung sinh dng;

C kh nng thu hi nng lng t kh metan;

C kh nng hot ng theo ma v bn k kh c th phc hi v hot ng c sau mt thi gian ngng khng np liu.Do ti Vit Nam cha c loi bn ht nn qu trnh vn hnh c thc hin vi ti trng ban u khong 3kg COD/m3.ngy m. Mi khi t n trng thi n nh, ti trng ny s c tng ln gp i cho n khi t ti trng 15 - 20kg COD/m3.ngy m. Thi gian ny ko di khong 3 - 4 thng. Sau , b s hot ng n nh v c kh nng chu qu ti, cng nh nng cht thi kh caoLng bn sinh ra rt nh nn khng cn thit phi t vn x l bn. Qu trnh x l ny ch tiu tn lng nh nng lng dng bm nc.Kh metan thu nc c th s dng cho vic un nu v cung cp nhit.b. Qu trnh lc ky kh (Anaerobic Filter Process)

B lc k kh l b cha vt liu tip xc x l cht hu c trong nc thi. Nc thi c dn vo b t di ln, tip xc vi lp vt liu tip xc v khng b ra tri theo nc sau khi x l nn thi gian lu ca t bo vi sinh vt (thi gian lu bn) rt cao (khong 100 ngy).3.2.3.2 Sinh hc hiu kh

Qu trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh nc thi gm 3 giai on sau:

Oxi ha cc cht hu c:

CxHyOz + O2 ( CO2 + H2O + (H

Tng hp t bo mi:

CxHyOZ + NH3 + O2 ( T bo vi khun + CO2 + H2O + C5H7NO2 + (H

Phn hy ni bo:

C5H7NO2 + 5CO2 ( 5CO2 + 2H2O + NH3 + (HCc phng php x l bng phng php hiu kh c th xy ra iu kin t nhin hoc nhn to. Trong cc cng trnh x l nhn to, ngi ta to iu kin ti u cho qu trnh oxi ha nn qu trnh x l c tc v hiu sut cao hn rt nhiu. Ty theo trng thi tn ti ca vi sinh vt, qu trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh nhn to c th chia thnh:

X l sinh hc hiu kh vi vi sinh vt sinh trng dng l lng ch yu c s dng kh cht hu c nh qu trnh bn hot tnh, h lm thong, b phn ng hot ng gin on, qu trnh ln men phn hy hiu kh. Trong s nhng qu trnh ny, qu trnh bn hot tnh l ph bin nht.

X l sinh hc hiu kh vi vi sinh vt sinh trng dng dnh bm nh qu trnh bn hot tnh dnh bm, b lc nh git, b lc cao ti, a sinh hc, b phn ng Nitrate ha vi mng c nh.a. Bn hot tnh vi vi sinh vt sinh trng l lng

Trong qu trnh bn hot tnh vi vi sinh vt sinh trng dng l lng, qu trnh phn hy xy ra khi nc thi tip xc vi bn trong iu kin sc kh lin tc. Vic sc kh nhm m bo cc yu cu cung cp lng oxi mt cch lin tc v duy tr bn hot tnh trng thi l lng. thit k v vn hnh h thng bn hot tnh hiu kh mt cch hiu qu cn phi hiu r vai tr quan trng ca qun th vi sinh vt.Yu cu chung khi vn hnh bn hot tnh hiu kh l nc thi a vo h thng cn c hm lng SS khng vt qu 150mg/l, hm lng sn phm du m khng qu 25mg/l, pH =6.5 8.5, nhit 6oC < t < 37oC. Mt s s h thng bn hot tnh sinh trng l lng c trnh by trong hnh sau:b. B hot ng gin on SBR (Sequencing Batch Raector)

B hot ng gin on l h thng x l nc thi vi bn hot tnh theo kiu lm y v x cn. Qu trnh xy ra trong b SBR tng t nh trong b bn hot tnh hot ng lin tc ch c iu l tt c xy ra trong cng 1 b v c thc hin ln lt theo cc bc:

B bn hot tnh vi vi sinh vt sinh trng dng dnh bm (Attached Growth Activated Sludge Reactor:

Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng ny tng t nh trng hp vi sinh vt sinh trng dng l lng, ch khc l vi sinh vt dnh bm trn vt liu tip xc t trong b. B lc sinh hc nh git (Trickling Filter):B lc sinh hc l mt thit b phn ng sinh hc trong cc vi sinh vt sinh trng c nh trn lp vt liu lc. B lc hin i bao gm mt lp vt liu d thm nc, nc thi i qua lp vt liu ny s thm hoc nh git trn . a sinh hc (Rotating Biological Contactor):a sinh hc gm hng lot a trn, phng, bng polystyren hoc polyvinyl clorua (PVC) lp trn mt trc. Cc a c t ngp trong nc v quay chm. Trong qu trnh vn hnh, vi sinh vt sinh trng, pht trin trn b mt a hnh thnh mt lp mng mng bm trn b mt a. Khi a quay, lp mng sinh hc s tip xc vi cht hu c trong nc thi v vi kh quyn hp th oxi. a quay s nh hng n s vn chuyn oxi v m bo cho vi sinh vt tn ti trong iu kin hiu kh. H sinh hc:Ty theo nng oxi ha tan c trong h, h thng h sinh vt c phn loi thnh: (1) H hiu kh, (2) H hiu kh ty tin, (3) H k kh. H hiu kh:H sinh hc hiu kh n gin nht l cc h bng t dng x l nc thi bng qu trnh t nhin di tc dng ca c vi sinh vt. H hiu kh cha vi sinh vt v to dng l lng, iu kin hiu kh chim u th sut su h. H hiu kh ty tin:H n nh cht lng nc thi trong tn ti c 3 loi vi sinh vt hiu kh, k kh v hiu kh ty tin c gi l h hiu kh ty tin.Trong h hiu kh ty tin chia lm 3 vng: (1) vng b mt ni to v vi sinh vt tn ti trong mi quan h cng sinh, (2) vng y k kh, cht rn tch ly c phn hy di tc dng ca vi sinh vt ky kh, (3) vng trung gian, mt phn hiu kh, mt phn k kh, cht hu c c phn hy di tc dng ca vi sinh vt hiu kh ty tin. su ca h hiu kh ty tin gii hn trong khong 1,2 2,4 m (4 - 8ft) v thi gian lu nc c th ko di trong khong 5 -30 ngy. H k kh:H k kh c s dng x l nc thi c nng cht hu c v hm lng cn cao. su h k kh phi ln hn 4m (8ft) v c th t n 9,1 m vi thi gian lu nc dao ng trong khong 20 - 50 ngy. Qu trnh n nh nc thi trong h xy ra di tc dng kt hp ca qu trnh chuyn ha cht hu c thnh qu trnh kt ta v qu trnh chuyn ha cht hu c thnh C02, CH4, cc kh khc, cc axit hu c v t bo mi, hiu sut chuyn ha BOD c th t n 70 85%.

3.3 Cng trnh x l nc thi trong thc tS cng ngh h thng x l nc thi c ph ca cng ty Thapson - Qung Tr

u v nhc im u im:

H thng x l p dng cng ngh x l vi sinh l ch yu, tit kim in nng, ha cht.

S dng h sinh hc c kh nng loi b cc cht dinh dng, khng tn ha cht kh trng. Nhc im:

Nc thi ch bin c ph c thnh phn cht nhim rt cao, cng ngh ny ch p dng cho cc trm x l c cng sut nh.

Phng php sinh hc khng th loi b mu ca nc thi c ph.

Din tch cho h thng x l yu cu rt ln.

V nc thi ch bin c ph cn mi Vit Nam nn cc cng trnh thc t tham kho v cn hn ch. Vic tnh ton thit k da trn ti liu v tham kho kin ca cc chuyn gia.

CHNG 4 XUT CNG NGH X L CHO CNG TY MINH AN V TNH TON CC CNG TRNH N V4.1 S cn thit ca vic x l nc thiNc thi ch bin c ph ti v kh c hm lng cht nhim vt mc tiu chun cho php rt nhiu ln. y l ngnh cng nghip c ti trng nhim rt cao, nc thi ch bin c ph li rt kh x l. Nhng hin nay, Cng ty vn cha c trm x l nc thi (TXLNT), nn vic tnh ton thit k TXLNT l rt cn thit, phi m bo tiu chun x thi, m bo tiu chun mi trng khi x ra ngun tip nhn. V th,x l nc thi l vic cp bch v rt cn thit.

4.2 c tnh ca nc thi4.2.1 Cng sut ca trm x l

Lu lng trung bnh ca h thng

Q ngyTB = 200 m3/ngy.mTrong , ngun nc thi pht sinh ch yu t 2 cng on chnh: cng on ra th, xay c ph v cng on nh nht, ra sch. Lu lng nc thi cng on ra th, xay c ph:

Q 1TB = 80 m3/ngy.m Lu lng nc thi cng on nh nht, ra sch

Q 2TB = 120 m3/ngy. m Trm x l hot ng 24h/ngy. Lu lng trung bnh gi:

Q hTB = = = 8,3m3/h

Vy: Cng sut thit k cho h thng x l nc thi ch bin c ph ca Cng ty Minh An l 200m3/ngy. m.

Bng 4.1: Cc thng s tnh ton u vo

SttThng sn vTr s

1QTBm3/ngy100

2pH4 5

3CODmg/l17.260

4BOD5mg/l11.450

5SSmg/l2.655

6Tng Nitomg/l209

7Tng Phosphomg/l10

8 mupT Co1950

(Ngun: Cng ty Minh An, thng 7 nm 2011)Nc thi ca nh my c bin thin v lu lng rt ln. V thi gian thu mua ch yu vo bui chiu trnh h hng qu ti, nh my phi tin hnh sn xut vo ban m (thi gian ngm enzyme c th din ra vo ban ngy).4.2.2 Tiu chun nc thi sau khi x l

Nc thi khi x l t tiu chun thi theo QCVN 24:2009/BTNMT, mc BBng 4.2 Gi tr gii hn cc h thng v nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi cng nghip theo Quy chun k thut quc gia QCVN 24:2009/BTNMTSTTThng sn vGi tr gii hn

AB

1. pH-6 - 95,5 9

2. BOD5 (20oC)mg/l3050

3. CODmg/l50100

4. Cht rn l lngmg/l50100

5. Tng Nitomg/l1530

6. Tng Photphomg/l46

(Ngun: Quy chun k thut quc gia QCVN 24:2009/BTNMT)

4.3 Cc yu cu thit k khcNh my nm trn din tch ln, xung quanh c trng cy xanh, b tr t cho h thng x l nc thi c th lm bng b tng ct thp. Kt cu t trong khu vc bn vng nn c th thit k h thng m di t, ni hoc na m na ni.Nh my c i ng k s in cng nghip c th nm bt c nguyn l v vn hnh h thng tt nn c th thit k h thng hot ng da trn nguyn tc t ng.Tuy nhin, vic u t kinh ph xy dng v lp t h thng x l nc thi cn nhiu hn ch, cn phi xem xt kinh ph u t. La chn phng php x l c sut u t hp l.Chi ph vn hnh h thng n nh hng n chi ph sn xut ( tng gi thnh sn phm ( cn xem xt chi ph vn hnh h thng.Nin hn ca mt h thng x l cng l yu t quan trng hng u. Chn phng n c nin hn s dng thit b t 15 20 nm.Cc thit b: bm, my thi kh, bm nh lng, motor khuy, .. c tui th cao, chi ph bo hnh, bo tr thp.4.4 xut phng n x l4.4.1 C s a ra phng n x l: Da vo lu lng thnh phn v tnh cht ca nc thi

Da vo tnh cht ca ngun tip nhn, tiu chun x thi theo quy nh Da vo tnh kinh t ca cng trnh: sut u t, chi ph vn hnh, chi ph bo tr v bo dng Da vo din tch s dng cho cng trnh Da vo iu kin t nhin v x hi trong khu vc d n Da vo nin hn s dng, tui th ca cc thit b Da vo cc cng trnh thc t c i vi cc ngun nc thi c tnh cht tng t4.4.2 Phng n c xutTrong nc thi sn xut c ph ti c rt nhiu v c ph t cng on xay v, lm tng hm lng SS v cc cht hu c, lm nh hng n cng on x l pha sau, cn c thit b lc rc tinh loi b cc cht cn b c kch thc tng i nh ny.Nc thi ch bin c ph ca nh my c lu lng khng n nh. Do , cn thit k b iu ha nhm gim bt ng cc cht nhim. Ngoi ra, b iu ha cn c tc dng n nh lu lng v nng ca nc thi trong mt chu k.Nc thi sau b iu ha c t l BOD/COD = 11.450/17.560 = 0,65 >0.6: nn s dng phng php x l bng sinh hc. V hm lng BOD, COD rt cao v c nhng cht kh phn hy nn phi p dng kt hp c phng php x l sinh hc k kh v hiu kh.Bng 4.3 Hiu qu x l ca cc cng trnh tiu biu

CNG TRNH N VHIU QU X L (%)

BODCODSSPTOTN - OrgaNH3 N

X l s b

B lng ct0 -50 -50 10000

X l bc 1 (lng cn)

Vi ha cht30 4030 4050 6510 2010 200

X l bc 2

Bn hot tnh80 9580 8580 9010 2515 508 15

B lc sinh hc nh git65 8060 8060 858 1215 508 15

B lc sinh hc cao ti65 8565 8565 858 1215 508 15

B bn hot tnh tng m80 8580 8580 8510 2515 508 15

(Ngun: Waste water Engineering Treatment, Disposal and Reuse, 3 rd edition, Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., 1993)

Bng 4.4: Hiu qu ca mt s qu trnh k kh trong x l nc thi cng nghipQU TRNHCODINHTR (h)L kgCOD/m3.ngy)E (%)

Qu trnh k kh tip xc1.500 5.0002 - 100,48 2,4075 90

UASB5.000 15.0004 -124,00 12,0175 85

FB10.000 20.00024 480,96 4,8075 85

EB5.000 10.0005 104,80 9,6080 85

(Ngun: Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, 1991)V nc thi ch bin c ph ti c mu, cc phng php x l sinh hc khng trit nn cn phi p dng phng php ha l loi b mu trong nc, ng thi m bo nc t tiu chun s dng theo QCVN 24/2009 BTNMT.T cc c im v tnh cht ca nc thi nh trn, em xin xut 2 phng n x l nc thi ch bin c ph ti nh sau:

La chn phng n

Bng 4.5 So snh hai phng n x l xut

U V NHC IMPHNG N 1PHNG N 2

u imTnh k thut

T s BOD/COD = 11.450/17.260 = 0,65: thch hp la chn phng n sinh hct b sc ti cho cc qu trnh sinh hc

Thch hp cho qu trnh x l k kh, c th ngng vn hnh h thng mt thi gian v c ph c sn xut theo maSS, mu gim ng k

B UAF (b lc sinh hc k kh vt liu m vi dng hng ln), c kh nng chu ti lnB UASB kh vn hnh vi thi tit vng Ty Nguyn

Tnh kinh t

Tn dng bn sinh hc lm phn bnTit kim din tch xy dng v cht nhim vo cc b sinh hc khng cao

B k kh t tn nng lng (in nng)B k kh t tn nng lng (in nng)

Tn dng kh metan cho mc ch syTn dng kh metan cho mc ch sy

Tnh mi trng

Lng kh thi sinh ra tLng kh thi sinh ra nhiu

Nhc imTnh k thut

Bn sinh ra ch yu l bn ha lD b sc ti nu khng n nh v nng

Yu cu cng nhn vn hnh h thng c trnh cao, am hiu cc phng php x l sinh hc: nguyn nhn v cch khc phc cc s c, cc nguyn l vn hnhYu cu cng nhn vn hnh h thng c trnh cao, am hiu cc phng php x l sinh hc: nguyn nhn v cch khc phc cc s c, cc nguyn l vn hnh b

Tnh kinh t

Tn ha cht vn hnh nhiu

Phi chn lp v thi b bn ha l mt cch an ton.

Chi ph u t ban u c tnh cao.

Vi nhng u v nhc im trn, chn phng n 1 cho h thng x l nc thi nh my ch bin ca Cng ty Minh An.

4.6 Thuyt minh s cng nghNc thi t cc phn xng ca nh my theo h thng thot nc ti b thu gom, do nc thi ch bin c ph cha nhiu v c ph, cnh, l cy, cn phi qua thit b lc rc th loi b rc c kch thc ln nhm mc ch khng lm tc nghn ng ng, bm v cc cng trnh x l pha sau. Rc thi c nhn vin thu gom lm phn compost hoc c dng chn lp chung vi cht thi rn trong nh my.

Ti b thu gom b tr 2 bm chm hot ng lun phin nhau, bm sang b iu ha nhm n nh lu lng v nng nc thi gip n nh cc cng trnh pha sau. Mc khc, trong b iu ha c lp t h thng phn phi kh gip oxi ha mt phn cc cht hu c c trong nc thi v trnh qu trnh ln men ym kh gy mi hi.Sau khi qua b iu ha, nc thi c bm ln b keo t, ha cht dng trung ha l NaOH v H2S04 chm vo vi liu lng nht nh, gi tr pH iu chnh t 6,5 7,5 dung dch keo t l Al2(S04)3 (phn nhm) v cht tr keo t Polymer c chm vo vi liu lng nht nh bng bm nh lng vi tc 100 vng/pht, m bo ha cht c tip xc hon ton vi nc thi.Theo mng rng ca nc thi tip tc chy qua ngn to bng, tc khuy trn trong b to bng l 15 vng/ pht, m bo cc bng cn khng b v ra m kt thnh khi ln.

Nc thi theo h thng mng rng ca tip tc chy qua b lng ha l, ti y cc bng cn hoc rn l lng lng xung y v c my gt bn gom xung h thu v bm sang b nn bn.

T b lng nc thi c 2 bm chm (hot ng lun phin nhau), bm qua b lc sinh hc k kh c vt liu m (UAF), x l trong iu kin khng c Oxy, nhm lm gim cc cht hu c trong nc thi v gim lng N, P do VSV s dng xy dng t bo. Vt liu m s dng trong b l cc tm PVC dng tm c kt thnh khi c din tch tip xc khong 200m2/m3B lc sinh hc k kh c u im l chu ti trng cao, trnh b sc ti cho qu trnh vn hnh. Hiu qu x l ca b khong 60 - 65% lm nhim v chnh l gim ti trng nhim cho cc cng trnh x l pha sau v phn hy cc cht kh phn hy. ng thi b vn khi ng li tt sau thi gian ngh (ht ma v).Sau b sinh hc k kh nc thi vn cn cha hm lng cc cht hu c nn c dn qua b sinh hc hiu kh Aerotank. y l cng trnh x l bn hot tnh, b s pht huy ht u th v kh nng x l khi cc cng trnh trc hot ng hiu qu.

Trong b sinh hc hiu kh Aerotank vi sinh vt tng trng trong mi trng l lng, qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c xy ra khi vi sinh vt tip xc vi nc thi trong iu kin c oxi.a phn phi kh c s dng m bo oxi c cp lin tc v a to ra cc bt kh mn tip xc vi nc thi. ng thi duy tr bn hot tnh lun trng thi l lng. loi b cc cht nhim trong nc thi s dng cc chng vi sinh trong qu trnh bn hot tnh gm: Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Comamonas, Bacillus, Archromobacter, Alacingenes, Sphaerotilus, Zoogloea. Archromobacter, Alacingenes, Flavobacterium. Pseudomonas l vi khun d dng, chng rt quan trng trong vic phn hy cc cht hu c thnh dng bng bn hot tnh.

Phng trnh phn hy cc cht hu c ca vi sinh hiu kh:

VSV + C5H7NO2 (cht hu c) + 5O2 ( 5CO2 + 2H2O + NH3 + VSV mi

Hn hp nc thi v bn hot tnh (dung dch xo trn) c dn qua b lng 2. Hn hp i vo ng lng trung tm, theo dng nc i xung, theo tm hng dng i ngc tr ln. Di tc dng ca trng lc, cc bng bn s ri xung, phn nc trong mng rng ca i ra ngoi v n b kh trng.

Mt phn bn hot tnh c tun hon li b lng ha l m bo mt vi sinh vt, phn cn li c bm v b nn bn.

Sau khi qua b lng, nc thi qua b kh trng trc khi ra ngun tip nhn nhm mc ch tiu dit cc vi khun, m bo cht lng nc u ra t tiu chun x thi. Trong b kh trng c xy cc vch ngn nhm to s tip xc tt gia nc v cht kh trng, nng cao hiu qu x l ca b.

Nc thi sau khi kh trng c dn vo h thng thot nc chung ca khu vc.

4.7 Nhn xt v cng ngh x l4.7.1 u im

H thng hot ng m bo nc sau khi x l m bo tiu chun thi theo quy nh H thng khng b sc ti nh c b iu ha v b sinh hc k kh pha u dy chuyn x l

H thng vn c th vn hnh li sau khi ht ma v nh b sinh hc k kh u h thng H thng hot ng trn nguyn tc hon ton t ng trn nguyn tc ca phao. Khi mc nc ln cao bm t ng hot ng, khi mc nc xung thp bm s ngng hot ng Cng ngh x l d vn hnh, qun l Tn t nng lng

Loi b c mu trong nc thi c ph 4.7.3 Nhc im

H thng lc c th bt tc nghn do vy cn phi v sinh nh k Gi thnh vt liu lc caoCHNG 5TNH TON CHI TIT CC CNG TRNH N V

5.1 Song chn rc

5.1.1 Nhim v:

Song chn rc c dng gi rc v cc tp cht rn c kch thc ln trong nc thi. Cc tp cht ny nu khng c loi b s gy tc nghn ng ng, h hng bm v lm nh hng n cc cng trnh pha sau.

5.1.2 Tnh ton

Lu lng nc thi trung bnh

Qtbng. = 200m3/ng.Qtbh = 8,3m3/h= 2,3*10-3 m3/s

Lu lng ln nht gi

Qmaxh = Qtbh*Kh =8,3 *2,5 = 20,75 m3/hVi Kh l h s vt ti (K=1,5 - 3,5) theo TCXD51 - 84, chn K=2,5

Bng 5.1 Gii thiu h s khng iu ha ph thuc vo lu lng nc thi theo tiu chun ngnh mng li bn ngoi vo cng trnh TCVN 51- 84

Lu lng nc thi trung bnh (l/s)51530501002003005008001250

H s khng iu ha K32.521.81.31.41.351.251.21.15

(Ngun: sch Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi Trnh Xun Lai - NXB Xy Dng) 5.1.2.1 S khe h ca song chn trc

n = ( Trang 113, sch X l nc thi th v cng nghip - Lm Minh Trit )Trong : n: S khe h ca song chn rc

v: Vn tc nc chy qua song chn rc v = 0,8 1 m/s, chn v 1m/s

b: Chiu rng khe h gia cc thanh chn b = 16 -25 mm, chn b = 20 mm = 0,02m

k: H s tnh n mc cn tr ca dng chy do h thng co rc, K = 1,05

S: Din tch ca song chn rc

H: Chiu cao mc nc = chiu cao mc nc trong mng dn

Hm: Chiu cao xy dng mng dn, chn Hm = 0,5 m

Din tch song chn rcS = ((m2/s)

Chiu cao mc nc

H =

Trong :

Bk: B rng ca mng dn, chn Bk = 0,25 mN = = 16 khe

Chn n = 16 khe

Ly 2 thnh lm thanh n = 16 1 = 15 (thanh)

B rng thit k song chn rc

m

Chn Bs = 0,2 m.

Trong :

l b dy song chn rc, m (chn 10 mm)

N l s khe

Bs l chiu rng khe h, m.

Chiu di on knh m rng trc song chn

m

Trong :

Bk l b rng mng, m (chn Bk = 0,05)

( l gc m rng, ( = 200 Chiu di on thu hp sau SCR

L2 = l1*0,5 = 0,5*0,2 = 0,1 m

Tn tht p lc qua SCR

Trong :

v l vn tc dng chy trc SCR, v = 0,6 m/s

k l h s tnh n s tng tn tht p lc do rc bm, k = 3 l h s tn tht p lc cc b

Vi:

( l gc nghin t SCR so mt phng ngang ( chn ( = 600)

( l h s ph thuc thanh an, ( = 2,42

( l chiu dy SCR, m

B l khong cch gia cc thanh, m

Vy ta tnh c

Chiu cao xy dng SCR.

H = h1 + hs + hbv

Trong :

h1 l chiu cao ca mng dn nc thi, chn h1 = 0,1

hs l tn tht p lc ca SCR, hs = 0,29m

hbv l chiu cao bo v, hbv = 0,3 m

Vy H = 0,1 + 0,29 + 0,3 = 0,69 m ( 0,7 m Chiu di mi thanh

m.

Chiu di xy dng t SCRL = l1 + l2 + ls = 0,2 + 0,1 + 0,8 = 1,1 m

Trong o : l1 l chiu di ngn m rng trc song chn rc, m.

l2 l chiu di on thu hp sau SCR, m

ls l chiu di bung t song chn rc, m

Bng 5.2: Tm tc s liu thit k SCR tm tc nh sau:

SttTn thng s ( k hiu )n vS liu

1Chiu di mng ( L)m1,1

2B rng mng (Bs)m0,2

3Chiu cao mng ( H)m0,7

4S khekhe15

5Chiu rng khe ( b )mm5

6Chiu di song chn rc ()mm15

Bng 5.3: Tm tc thng s nhim nc thi sau khi qua song chn rc

STTTn thng sHiu sut (%)Nng u vo (mg/l)Nng u ra (mg/l)

1. BOD5411.45210.994

2. SS42.7522.642

5.2 B thu gom5.2.1.Nhim v

Nc thi t nh my c thu qua h thng thot nc v dn v b thu gom. B thu gom thng c xy c nhiu su sao cho dc nc t cc phn xng sn xut t chy v, trnh b ng nc.

H thu gom c xy ni trn mt t khong 0,4 -0,5 m trnh nc ma v cn bn i vo. H thu gom thng c xy kn v c np thm.

5.2.2 Tnh ton

5.2.2.1 Tnh kch thc b

Chn thi gian lu t = 60 pht

Th tch hu ch ca b

Trong : Qhmax Lu lng x thi ln nht trong 1 gi, m3/h

VG Th tch ca b thu gom, m3Chn chiu cao hu ch hhi = 2,2m, chiu cao an ton hat = 1,3m (cao ng thu nc dn v b - 1,0m khong ni trn mt t + 0,3, chiu cao d phng +0,5).

Kch thc b: B x L x H = 3,0m x 4,0m x 5,0m

Dung tch ca b thu gom:

V= 3,0 x 4,0 x 2,2 = 26,4 m3 (> 20,75m3 tha iu kin) B c xy dng bng BTCT dy 250mm, M200.

5.2.2.2 Tnh bm nc thi

Trong b thu gom t 02 bm nhng chm (hot ng lun phin nhau). c tnh bm: Q = 22m3/h, H = 8 m

Nguyn tc iu khin bm: ti mc nc < 2,5m, 2 bm hot ng lun phin nhau. Ti mc nc >3,0m, c 2 bm hot ng. iu khin bng phao mc nc.

Cng sut my bm:

: hiu sut my bm; chn = 0,75

N =

Cng sut thc ca my bm N = 2 x N = 2,0 x 0,6 = 1,2 Kw

Vy ta chn 02 bm nc thi nhng chm c cng sut:

N = 1,5Kw, Q = 25m3/h, H = 8m, Model: CN80 ca hng Shinmaywa, Nht.

Bng 5.4 Tm tc thng s ca b thu gom

STTTn thng sn vThng s thit k

1. Kch thc DxRxCm3,0x4,0x5,0

2. Bm nc thi nhng chmCi02

Cng sutKw1,5

Lu lngm3/h25

Chiu cao ct pm8

Bng 5.5 Tm tc thng s nhim ca nc thi sau khi qua b thu gom

STTTn thng sHiu sutNng u vo(mg/l)Nng u ra (mg/l)

3. COD017.56017.560

4. BOD5010.99410.994

5. SS102.6422.378

5.3 Thit b lc rc bng ti5.3.1 Nhim v

Thit b lc rc bng ti c t ti u vo ca b iu ha nhm loi b rc c kch thc nh v ln5.3.2 Tnh ton

Song chn rc c t nghing 45o 60o so vi phng thng ng.

Chn my lc rc tinh ca hng Shinmaywa, cng sut 0,5kw, lu lng 25m3/h.5.4 B iu ha5.4.1 Nhim v

Nc thi ca nh my thng xuyn dao ng. B iu ha c nhim v iu ha lu lng v nng nc thi, gim kch thc v chi ph cc cng trnh pha sau.

5.4.2 Tnh ton

5.4.2.1 Tnh ton kch thc b iu ha

Chn thi gian lu nc t = 4h

Th tch b iu ha

Chn chiu su cng tc ca b: H = 3,7m.Chiu cao d phng: hs = 0,3m.

Chiu cao tng cng b iu ha Hdh = H + hs = 4 m.

Chn b hnh ch nht c kch thc:

L x B x H = 6,0 x 4,0 x 4,0 = 96,0m3

Kim tra th tch hu ch:

V = L x B x H = 6,0 x 4,0 x 3,7= 88,8 m3(>Vh = 83m3, tha iu kin)

B c xy dng bng BTCT dy 200mm, M250.

5.4.2.2.Tnh ton h thng cp kh ca b iu ha

Gi s khuy trn b iu ha bng h thng thi kh. Lng kh cn thit cho xo trn:

= 1,78m3/pht =1.780 lt/pht = 106,8m3/h

Trong : R Lng kh cn thit R = 0,02 m3/pht

Vdh Th tch ca b iu ha, m3 Chn a phn phi kh ca hng SSI USA, cng sut r = 160 lt/pht.a

Vy s a phn phi kh l:

= 11 ci

Chn 12 (ci) a phn phi kh (4x3)

5.4.2.3 Tnh ton ng ng dn kh vo b iu ha

ng ng dn kh chnh:

Vn tc kh trong on ng: v = 10 15m/s ( Trang 119, Gio trnh Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi Trnh Xun Lai NXB Xy Dng). Chn v= 12m/s.

ng knh ng chnh:

D = = 0,056m = 56mm

Chn loi ng trng km (60.

ng ng dn kh nhnh phn phi trong b:

T ng chnh, da vo lu lng kh cung cp ca a thi kh ta lp thnh 8 ng nhnh

Lu lng kh trong ng nhnh:

qng nhnh = m3/h

Vn tc kh trong ng nhnh: v = 6 9m/s ( Trang 96, Gio trnh Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi Trnh Xun Lai NXB Xy Dng). Chn v = 8m/s.

ng knh ng nhnh:

Dnhnh = = 0,024m = 24mm

V ng nhnh ngp nc thi nn ta chn ng PVC (27

5.4.2.4 Tnh ton bm chm nc thi

Lp t 2 bm (hot ng lun phin nhau), cng sut mi bm:

Qbm = 8,3m3/h, ct p H = 8m, 2 cng tc phao ni cho mi bm

Cng sut my bm :

: hiu sut my bm ; chn = 0,75

= 0,24 kW

Cng sut thc ca my bm N = 2,0 x0,24 = 0,48Kw

Vy ta chn bm c cng sut:

N = 0,75Kw, Q = 8,3m3/h, H = 8m, Model: CN501 ca hng Shinmaywa, Nht.

Bng 5.6 Tm tt thng s ca b iu ha

STTThng sn vDin gii

1. Kch thc (LxBxH)m6 x4 x 4

2. Bm chmCi02

Cng sutKw0,75

Lu lngm3/h8,3

Chiu cao ct pm8

3. a phn phi khCi12

4. ng ng phn phi kh chnhmm60

5. ng knh ng phn phi ng nhnhmm27

Bng 5.7 Tm tt thng s nhim ca nc thi sau khi qua b iu ha

STTTn thng sHiu sut

(%)Nng u vo (mg/l)Nng u ra (mg/l)

1. COD517.66016.777

2. BOD5510.99410.444

3. SS52.3782.259

5.5 Cm keo t to bng5.5.1 Nhim v

Qu trnh keo t to bng nhm kt ta cc bng cn li vi nhau thnh khi nh ha cht. Qu trnh ny loi b cc cht khng th oxi ha sinh hc. ng thi, loi b mu trong nc thi ch bin c ph.

5.5.2 Tnh ton b keo t (trn c kh)

5.5.2.1 Tnh kch thc b keo t

lm mt tnh n nh ca ht keo, thi gian lu nc trong b khong t = 30 120s. Tuy nhin, v h thng c lu lng nh, thun tin cho vic xy dng v ch to, ta chn thi gian luu nc trong b l t = 30 pht: Th tch b keo t:

= 4,2m3 Chiu cao b l:

H = h1 + h2 = 3,2 + 0,8 = 4,0m

Trong :

h1: Chiu cao hu ch ca b, h1 = 3,2m.

h2: Chiu cao bo v ca b, h2 = 0,8m.

Din tch s dng ca b:

F = m3 Kch thc b: LxBxH = 2,0 x 1,5 x 4,0m

5.5.2.2. Tnh c cu khuy trn

ng dn nc vo nh b, ng thi dung dch keo t (PAC) c bm cng lc. Nc i t trn xung vo theo vch dn hng i ln theo mng rng ca qua b to bng.

Dng cnh tua pin 4 cnh khuy gc 450 hng xung di a nc t trn xung, khuy trn u v tip xc vi ha cht

ng knh cnh khuy: D = 1/2 chiu rng b. Chn D =0,4m

Cnh khuy t cch y khong cch bng knh cnh khuy: h = D =0,4m

Chiu rng bn cnh khuy:

= 0,08m = 8cm

Nng lng cn thit cnh khuy chuyn ng trong nc

P = K(n3D5 = 1,08x1000x1,73x0,45 = 54W

Trong :

P: Nng lng cn thit, W.

(: Khi lng ring ca nc thi, kg/m3.

D: ng knh cnh khuy, m.

n: S vng quay trong 1 giy, vg/s. n = 100 rpm = 1,7vg/s.

K: H s sc ca nc ph thuc vo kiu cnh khuy, ly theo s liu ca Rushton: K = 1,08 i vi tua pin 4 cnh nghing 450 ( Trang 85, Theo: X l nc cp cho sinh hot v cng nghip Trnh Xun Lai NXB Xy Dng)

Hiu sut ng c: ( = 0,75. Cng sut tnh ton ca ng c:

= 72W Cng sut thc t ca ng c:

Pthc = Ptt x 2 = 72 x 2 = 144W = 0,144Kw.

Chn motor gim tc c cng sut: P = 0,2 W, tc n = 100rpm ca hng Peigong i Loan.

5.5.2.3 Tnh ton bm nh lng phn

Theo th nghim Jaters. Hm lng PAC cn thit chm vo b keo t l: PAC = 180mg/l Lng P chm vo b keo t trong 1 ngy:

L = PAC x Q = 220 x 200 = 44.000 g/ngy = 44 kg/ngy

Lng dung dch PAC (40%) a vo nc trong 1 gi l:

= 37 lt/h

Dung dch PAC s dng trong 1 ngy: QPAC = 37 x 24 = 888 lt

Chn bn pha PAC c dung tch 1000 lt

Chn bm nh lng c cng sut 0 36 lt/h, thi gian gia 2 ln pha ha cht l 24h.

5.5.2.4 Tnh ton bm nh lng Polymer

Theo th nghim Jaters. Hm lng Polymer cn thit chm vo b keo t l: Po = 5mg/l Lng P chm vo b keo t trong 1 ngy:

L = PoQ = 5 x 200 = 1000 g/ngy = 1 kg/ngy

Lng dung dch Polymer (1%) a vo nc trong 1 gi l:

q = lt/h

Dung dch Polymer s dng trong 2 ngy: QPAC = 8,3 x 48 = 400 lt

Chn bn pha Polymer c dung tch 500 lt

Chn bm nh lng c cng sut 0 36 lt/h, thi gian gia 2 ln pha ha cht l 48h

5.5.3.Tnh ton b to bng (trn c kh)

5.5.3.1 Tnh kch thc b to bng

Thi gian lu nc trong b l t = 60 pht.

Th tch b to bng:

= 8,3m3 Chiu cao b l:

H = h1 + h2 = 3,2 + 0,8 = 4,0m

Trong :

h1: Chiu cao hu ch ca b, h1 = 3,2m.

h2: Chiu cao bo v ca b, h2 = 0,8m.

Din tch s dng ca b:

F = m3 Kch thc b: LxBxH = 2,0 x 1,5 x 4,0m

5.5.3.2 Tnh c cu khuy trn

ng dn nc vo nh b, dung dch keo t (Polymer) cho vo ngay ca nc vo. Nc t trn i xung vo theo vch dn hng i ln qua b lng ha l.

Dng cnh tua pin 4 cnh khuy nghing gc 450 hng xng di a nc t trn xung, khuy trn u v tip xc vi ha cht.

Cnh khuy t cch y khong cch bng ng knh cnh khuy: h = D = 0,8m

Chiu rng bn cnh khuy

= 0,16m = 16cm

Nng lng cn thit cnh khuy chuyn ng trong nc:

P = K(n3D5 = 1,08x1000x0,253x0,85 = 5,5W

Trong :

P: Nng lng cn thit, W.

(: Khi lng ring ca nc thi, kg/m3.

D: ng knh cnh khuy, m.

n: S vng quay trong 1 giy, vg/s, n = 15 rpm = 0,25vg/s.

K: H s sc ca nc, ph thuc vo kiu cnh khuy, ly theo s liu ca Rushton: K = 1,08 i vi tia pin 4 cnh nghing 450 ( Trang 187, Gio trnh: X l nc cp cho sinh hot v cng nghip Trnh Xun Lai NXB Xy Dng)

Hiu sut ng c: ( = 0,75. Cng sut tnh ton ca ng c:

= 7,3W

Cng sut thc t ca ng c:

Pthc = Ptt x 2 = 7,3x2 = 14,6W = 0,02Kw.

Chn motor gim tc c cng sut: P = 0,2 W, tc n = 15rpm cu hng Peigong i Loan.

5.6 B lng ha l5.6.1 Nhim v

Lng cc bng cn sau qu trnh keo t to bng trn nguyn tc ca lng trng lc.

5.6.2 Tnh ton

5.6.2.1 Tnh ti trng v ng trung tm

Chn ti trng b mt cho bn ha l l LA= 28m3/m2. ngy (LA = 25 32 m3/m2.ngy, Trang 112 - Gio trnh: Tnh ton v thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi Trnh Xun Lai - NXB Xy Dng)

Din tch b mt b lng theo ti trng b mt

AL = = 7,1m2

Trong :

AL : Din tch b mt b lng, m2 QngayTB: Lu lng trung bnh ngy, m3/ngy.m

LA: Ti trng b mt, m3/m2.ngy.

Chn b lng hnh vung

Kch thc b lng: AxAxH = 3x3x4m

ng knh ng trung tm

d = 20%D = 20% x 3 = 0,6 m

Chn chiu su hu ch ca b lng h = 2,2 m, chiu cao lp bn lng hb = 1,5m, chiu cao an ton 0,3 m

Chiu cao tng cng ca b lng Htc = 2,2 + 1,5 + 0,3 = 4,0 m

htt = 60% x h = 60% x 2,2 = 1,32 m = 1,3m

5.6.2.2 Kim tra thi gian lu nc b lng

Th tch phn lng:

VL =3 x 3 x 2,2 = 19,8m3

Thi gian lu nc:

t = = 2,4h

Th tch phn cha bn

Vb = A x A x hb = 3,0 x 3,0 x 1,5 = 13,5m3

Th tch b

Vb= A x A x H = 3 x 3 x 4 = 36m35.6.2.3 Mng thu:

Dm = 90%D = 0,9x3m = 2,7m

Chn mng thu nc c b rng 0,3m

Chiu di mng thu: lm = (3 0,3x2)x4 = 9,6m

Ti trng mng thu:

Ls= = 20,8m3/m2.ngy

5.6.2.4 Mng rng ca

Chiu di mng rng ca: lm = (2,4 0,01 x 2)x4 = 9,52 m

Ni mng rng ca vi mng thu nc bng m c b dy 10mm v bng bu long M10

Chn mng rng ca: thp tm khng r, c b dy 2 mm

Mng gm nhiu khe, mi khe hnh ch V

Chiu di khe: 50mm Chiu rng vt nh: 50mm

Gc ch V 900 Khong cch gia 2 nh ca khe: 100mm

Chiu cao ton b thanh: 200mm

Khe dch chnh: cch nhau 500mm, b rng khe 5mm, chiu di khe 100mm.

S khe trn ton b chiu di mng l:

nx0,1+ (n +1)x0,05 = 9,52 ( n = 63 Lu lng nc thi chy qua 1 khe:

q = m3/h

5.6.2.5 Tnh ton hiu qu x l ca b lng bn ha l

Hiu qu lng cn l lng BOD ca b lng cn ha l c th tnh theo cng thc thc nghim ca cc nh khoa hc M:

R =

Trong :

R : Hiu qu kh SS hoc BOD, %.

a,b: Hng s thc nghim, chn theo bng:Bng 5.8 Gi tr ca hng s thc nghim a, b 200CSTTCh Tiua(h)B

1. Kh BOD50,0180,020

2. Kh SS0,00750,014

(Medcaf and Eddy, Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse 4th Edition, 1993)

t: thi gian lu nc trong b lng, t = 2,4h. Hiu qu kh cn l lng:

RSS = = 58,4%

Hiu qu kh BOD5RBOD= =36,4%

5.6.2.6 Cng sut ca bm bn:

Hiu qu x l cn l lng t 55,05%. Lng bn ti sinh ra mi ngy

Mb = 127x200x55,05x= 14 kg/ngy.

Gi s bn ti c hm lng cn 5% ( m 95%). T s VSS:TSS = 0,75 v t trng cn l 1,02. Lng cn cn x l l

Qb = = 274 lt/ngy = 0,27m3/ngy. Lng bn ti c kh nng phn hy sinh hc:

Mb (VSS) = 14 x 0,3 = 4,2 kgVSS/ngy

Chiu cao b: H1 = 4m

Tn tht cc b v tn tht qua h thng van, co, t,: H2 = 2,0m

Chiu cao ct p ca bm bn:

N =

Trong :

H: Ct p ca bm, mH2O.

Q: Lu lng bn thi, m3/h.

(: Khi lng ring ca bn: 1006kg/m3 G: Gia tc trng trng, g = 9,81m/s2 (: Hiu sut ca bm. Chn ( = 0,6

Cng sut thc ca bm

N =2*0,1 = 0,2Kw

Chn bm bn c cng sut: Q = 1m3/h, P = 0,2 Kw, H = 6,0m. Model: CN401, hng Shinmaywa Nht.

5.6.2.7 ng dn nc ra khi b lng

Chn vn tc nc thi trong ng: v = 1m/s

ng knh ng dn nc thi ra khi b lng

D = =0,054 m = 54mm

Chn ng PVC (60.

Bng 5.9 Tm tt thng s ca b lng ha l

STTThng sn vDin gii

1. Kch thc b (DxH)m3,0 x 4,0

2. Thi gian lu nc trong bh2,4

3. ng knh ng trung tmm0,6

4. ng knh mng thum2,7

5. Chiu di mng rng cam9,52

6. Bm bn thi bci01

7. Lu lngm3/h1

8. p lcm6,0

9. Cng sut inKw0,2

Bng 5.10 Tm tt thng s nhim ca nc thi sau khi qua b lng ha l

STTTn thng sHiu sut

(%)Nng u vo (mg/l)Nng u ra (mg/l)

1. COD3516.77710.905

2. BOD54010.4446.266

3. SS602.259903,6

4. Tng N15209177,65

5.7 B lc sinh hc k kh UAF1 UAF25.7.1 Nhim v

Loi b cc cht hu c c th oxi ha sinh hc trong iu kin k kh, gim hm lng N, P c trong nc thi

Gim ti trng cho cc cng trnh n v pha sau

5.7.2 Tnh ton b UAF1

5.7.2.1 Tnh kch thc b

Bng 5.11 Tm tc thng s nhim ca nc thi sau khi qua b UAF1

STTTn thng sHiu sut

(%)Nng u vo (mg/l)Nng u ra (mg/l)

1. COD7510.9052.726

2. BOD5756.2661.566,5

3. SS40903,6542

4. Tng N50177,6588,825

5. Tng P10109

Lng COD cn kh mi ngy

G = 200 x (10.905 2.726)x10-3 = 1.635,8 kgCOD/ngy.

Ti trng kh COD ca b a = 8 kg COD/m3.ngy ( Gio trnh X l nc thi th v khu cng nghip, tnh ton thit k cng trnh Lm Minh Trit, Nguyn Thanh Hng, Nguyn Phc Dn ti bn ln 3 NXB i Hc Quc Gia TP.H Ch Minh) Dung tch ca b UAF1:

m3 Tng chiu cao ca b:

H = H1 + H2 + H3 + H4 = 3 + 1,5 +1,0 + 0,5 = 6m

Trong :

H1 :Chiu cao phn x l c vt liu m, m. Chn H1 = 3m

H2: Chiu cao phn y, chiu cao ny phi ln hn 1m m bo nc khng b xo trn trc khi vo vng vt liu m. Chn H2 = 1,5m.

H3: chiu cao phn nc sau khi ra khi vng x l k kh vt liu m. Chn H3 = 1m

H4: Chiu cao d tr. Chn H4 = 0,5m

Chiu cao hu ch ca b: Hhi = H1 + H2 + H3 = 3 + 1,5 +1,0 = 5,5m

Din tch b cn thit:

F = m2 Chn n nguyn hnh vung, cnh n nguyn: A = 8m

Kch thc b (L x B x H): 8 x 8 x 6 (m)

Kim tra thi gian lu nc ca b:

T = h

5.7.2.2 Tnh ton ng phn phi nc

Vn tc nc chy trong ng vn = 0,8 2,0 m/s. Chn Vchnh = 1,0m/s

ng knh ng chnh:

Dchnh = = 0.054m = 54mm

Chn ng chnh l ng nha PVC (60

Kim tra vn tc nc chy trong ng chnh:

= 0,94m/s AL Vy chn AS lm din tch tnh ton

Chn b hnh vung c kch thc: AxA = 4x4m

ng knh ng trung tm

d = 20%D = 20% x4 = 0,8 m

Chiu su hu ch ca b lng h = 2,2 m, chiu cao lp bn lng hb = 1,5m, chiu cao an ton 0,3 m

Chiu cao tng cng ca b lng HTC = 2,2 + 1,5 + 0,3 = 4,0 m

Chiu cao ng trung tm htt = 60%h = 60% x2,2 = 1,32 m = 1,3m

5.9.2.2 Kim tra thi gian lu nc ca b lng:

Th tch phn lng:

VL = 4x4x2,2 = 35,2m3

Thi gian lu nc:

t= = 2,2h

Th tch phn cha bn:

Vb = AxAxhb = 4x4x1,5 = 24m3

Th tch b:

Vb= 4x4x4,0= 64m35.9.2.3 Mng thu:

Dm = 90%D = 0,9x4m = 3,6m

Chn mng thu nc c b rng 0,3m

Chiu di mng: Dm = (4 0,3x2)x4 = 13,6m

5.9.2.4 Mng rng ca:

Chiu di mng rng ca: Dm = (3,4 0,01 x 2)x4 = 13,5 m

Ni mng rng ca vi mng thu nc bng m c b dy 10mm v bng bu long M10

Chn mng rng ca: thp tm khng r, c b dy 2 mm.

Mng gm nhiu khe, mi khe hnh ch V

Chiu cao khe: 50mm

Chiu rng vt nh: 50mm

Gc ch V 90o Khong cch gia 2 nh ca khe: 100mm

Chiu cao ton b thanh: 200mm

Khe dch chnh: cch nhau 500mm, b rng khe 5mm, chiu di khe 100mm.

S khe trn ton b chiu di mng:

n x 0,1 + (n +1)x0,05 = 15,5 ( n = 103

Lu lng nc thi chy qua 1 khe:

q= = 0,08m3/h

5.9.2.5 Cng sut ca bm bn tun hon:

S dng bm bn c chc nng tun hon bn. Lu lng bn tun hon: 7,4 m3/h

Chiu cao b: H1 = 4m

Tn tht cc b v tn tht qua h thng van, co, t: H2 = 2,0m.

Chiu cao ct p ca bm: H = H1 + H2 = 4 + 2,0 = 6,0m

Cng sut ca bm bn:

Trong :

H: Ct p ca bm, mH2O.

Q: Lu lng bn thi, m3/h.

(: Khi lng ring ca bn: 1006kg/m3 G: Gia tc trng trng, g = 9,81m/s2 (: Hiu sut ca bm. Chn ( = 0,6

Cng sut thc ca bm:

N =2x0,2 = 0,4Kw

Chn bm bn c cng sut: Q = 8m3/h, P = 0,75 Kw, H = 6,0m. Model: CN501, hng Shinmaywa Nht.

5.9.2.6 Cng sut ca bm bn thi b

S dng bm bn c chc nng thi b.

Lu lng bn thi b: 2,5 m3/ngyv= 2,5m3/h (bm hot ng 1h/ngy)

Chiu cao b: H1 = 4m

Tn tht cc b v tn tht qua h thng van, co, t: H2 = 2,0m.

Chiu cao ct p ca bm: H = H1 + H2 = 4 + 2,0 = 6,0m

Cng sut ca bm bn:

Trong :

H: Ct p ca bm, mH2O.

Q: Lu lng bn thi, m3/h.

(: Khi lng ring ca bn: 1006kg/m3 G: Gia tc trng trng, g = 9,81m/s2 (: Hiu sut ca bm. Chn ( = 0,6

Cng sut thc ca bm:

N =2x0,068 = 0,14Kw

Chn bm bn c cng sut: Q = 3m3/h, P = 0,4 Kw, H = 6,0m. Model: CN401, hng Shinmaywa Nht. Bng 5.17 Tm tt thng s ca b lng II

STTThng sn vDin gii

1. Kch thc b (AxAxH)m4,0x4,0x4,0

2. Thi gian lu nc trongbh2,2

3. ng kn ng trung tmm0,8

4. Chiu di mng thum13,6

5. Chiu di mng rng cam13,5

6. Bm bn tun honci01

7. Lu lngm3/h8

8. p lcm6,0

9. Cng sut inKw0,75

10. Bm bn thi bci01

11. Lu lngm3/h3

12. p lcm6,0

13. Cng sut inKw0,4

5.10 B kh trng 5.10.1 Nhim v

Nc thi trc khi thi vo ngun tip nhn cn kh trng ngun nc trnh nhim khun ngun tip nhn v trnh gy bnh.

5.10.2 Tnh ton

5.10.2.1 Tnh kch thc b

Chn thi gan tip xc b t = 30 pht

Th tch b tip xc:

= 4,15m3

Chn vn tc dng chy trong b tip xc v = 2m/pht (Bng 10 -15/ Trang 473, Gio trnh X l nc thi th v cng nghip Tnh ton thit k cng trnh - Lm Minh Trit, Nguyn Thanh Hng, Nguyn Phc Dn) Tit din ngang ca b:

= 2m2

Gi s chiu su hu ch ca b tip xc H = 2,0 m, chiu cao an ton hs = 0,5m

Chiu cao tng cng ca b Htx = 2,0 + 0,5 = 2,5m

Chiu rng b tip xc:

= 0,9m

Chiu di tng cng:

= 2,3mChn L = 2,5m

Chia b thnh 3 ngn, chiu di mi ngn rng w = 0,8 m

Kch thc tng cng ca b: L xB xH = 2,5 x 1,0 x 2,5m

5.10.2.2 Tnh ha cht kh trng

Liu lng Clorine kh trng cho nc thi sau x l bn hot tnh 2 8 mg/l (Bng 10 -14/Trang 473, Gio trnh Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi - Trnh Xun Lai). Chn liu lng Clorine kh trng c= 6mg/l.

Lng Clo tiu th mi ngy

MCl = Q x c = 200 x 6 = 1,2kg/ngy.

Lng dung dch Clorine (10%) a vo nc trong 1 gi l:

q =

Dung dch Chlorine s dng trong 2 ngy: QPAC = 4,2 x 48 =201 lt

Chn bn pha Chlorine c dung tch 300 lt

Chn bm nh lng c cng sut 0 - 36 lit/h, thi gian gia 2 ln pha ha cht.

Bng 5.18 Tm tt thng s ca b kh trng

STTThng sn vDin gii

1. Kch thc b (LxBxH)m2,5 x 1,0 x 2,5

2. Thi gian lu nc trong bh0,5

3. Lng Clorine tiu thKg/ngy1,2

5.11 B nn bn5.11.1 Nhim v

Dng nn bn d sau b lng II v b lng ha l. Hot ng theo nguyn l nn trng lc.

Bn t b lng II c m 98 99,5%, sau khi qua b nn bn c m 78 80%. B nn bn tng i ging b lng ly tm, ch khc l dc y ln hn dc c b lng.

5.11.2 Tnh ton

Bn hot tnh d c ti trng cht rn 24 - 29 kg/m2.ngy (Bng 8 - 3/Trang 393, Gio trnh X l nc thi th v cng nghip Tnh ton thit k cng trnh - Lm Minh Trit, Nguyn Thanh Hng, Nguyn Phc Dn- ti bn ln 3, NXB. i hc Quc Gia TP. H Ch Minh). Chn ti trng cht rn = 25 kg/m2.ngy.

Ti trng thy lc = 15m3/m2.ngy Din tch b mt ca b nn bn:

Kch thc ca b nn bn:

A x A = 3x3 m ng knh ng trung tm:

d=20%D = 20%*3,2 = 0,6m

Thi gian lu bn t = 12h

Chiu cao phn lng ca b nn bn:

Chiu cao b:

Phn cha bn hnh tr: h2 = 2,2 m

Phn chp y b ( dc y b l 20%)

Khong cch t mc nc n thnh b = 0,5 m

Chiu cao tng cng b nn bn Hn = 0,72 + 2,2 + 0,32 + 0,5 = 3,74m

Chn H = 4m

Lng nc d thu t b nn bn:

Qnc d = Qnn Qsau nn = (3+2,5 + 0,72) 5,88 = 0,34 (m3/ngy)

Chn mng thu nc c chiu di l 300 mm

Chiu di mang thu nc lm = (D 2x0,3)x4 = (3,2 0,6)x4 = 10,4 m

Mng rng ca c cu to v lp t nh b lng II

Bng 5.19 Tm tt thng s b nn bn:

STTThng sn vDin gii

1. Kch thc b (AxAxH)m3x3 x 4,0

2. ng knh ng trung tmm0,6

3. Chiu di mng thum10,4

CHNG 6KHI TON GI THNH X L

6.1 D ton phn thit b v xy dng STTHNG MCN VS LNGN GI

(VN)THNH TIN

(VN)

I. PHN XY DNG 2.458.750.000

1. B thu gom

Kch thc: BxLxH = 3x4x5m

Vt liu: BTCT, dy 250, M200

Dung tch: V = 60m3 B01150.000.000150.000.000

2. B iu ha Kch thc: BxLxH=

Vt liu: BTCT, dy 250, M200

Dung tch: V = 96m3 B01240.000.000240.000.000

3. B keo t

Kch thc: BxLxH= 2,0 x 1,5 x 4,0m

Vt liu: BTCT, dy 250, M200

Dung tch: V= 12 m3B0121.000.00021.000.0000

4. B to bng

Kch thc: BxLxH= 2,0 x 1,5 x 4,0m

Vt liu: BTCT, dy 250, M200

Dung tch: V= 12 m3B0121.000.00021.000.000

5. B lng ha l

Kch thc: BxLxH = 2,0 x 1,5 x4,0 m

Vt liu: BTCT, dy 250, M200

Dung tch: V = 13,5 m3

B0190.000.00090.000.000

6. B UAF1

Kch thc: BxLxH = 8x8x4m

Vt liu: BTCT, dy 250, M200

Dung tch: V = 256m3 B01640.000.000640.000.000

7. B UAF2

Kch thc: BxLxH = 8x8x4m

Vt liu: BTCT, dy 250, M200

Dung tch: V = 256m3B01640.000.000640.000.000

8. B Aerotank

Kch thc: BxLxH = 4x8x4m

Vt liu: BTCT, dy 250, M200

Dung tch: V = 128m3 B01320.000.000320.000.000

9. B lng II

Kch thc: AxAxH = 4x4x4m

Vt liu: BTCT, dy 250, M200

Dung tch: V = 64m3 B01160.000.000160.000.000

10. B kh trng

Kch thcc: BxLxH = 1,4x3,5x4,0m

Vt liu: BTCT, dy 250, M200

Dung tch: V =19,6m3 B0149.000.00049.000.000

11. B nn bn

Kch thc: AxAxH = 3,0x3,0x4m

Vt liu: BTCT, dy 250, M200

Dung tch: V = 36m3 B0190.000.00090.000.000

12. Nh iu hnh

Kch thc: BxLxH = 4x4x3,6m

Vt liu: tng gch, dy 100, mi tn

H thng n chiu sng hon chnh Ci01 25.000.00025.000.000

IIPHN THIT B645.200.000

13. Thit b lc rc tinh

Cng sut: 0,5Kw

Lu lng: 15m3/h Ci0155.000.00055.000.000

14. Bm chm nc thi ti b thu gom

Loi: bm chm

Lu lng: Q = 37 m3/h

Ct p: H = 8 m

Cng sut in: P = 2,27Kw

Ngun in: 3 pha, 380V, 50Hz

Tc : 2850rpm

Model: CN801

Hng sn xut: Shinmaywa

Xut x: Nhtci0222.000.00022.000.000

15. Bm chm nc thi ti b iu ha

Loi: bm chm

Lu lng: Q = 8,3 m3/h

Ct p: H = 8 m

Cng sut in: P = 0,75Kw

Ngun in: 3 pha, 380V, 50Hz

Tc : 2850rpm

Model: CN501

Hang sn xut: Shinmaywa.

Xut x: Nht ci0214.800.00029.600.000

16. My thi kh

Cng sut: 11Kw Lu lng kh: 8,5 m3/h Tc : 1550rpm p lc: 4,0m in p: 3pha, 380V, 50Hz Model: ARHS 100

Hng sn xut: Shin may

Xut x: NhtCi 0267.600.000135.200.000

17. a phn phi kh

Loi: disffuser bt kh mn ng knh: 270mm Lu lng khng kh: 0.5 12m3/h/a Kch thc bt: 0 3mm Nhit max: 100oC Model: AFD270 Hng sn xut: SSI Xut x: M B40 400.00016.000.000

18. Bm nh lng ha cht

Cng sut: 0 36 lt/pht

p lc: 5 PSI

Cng sut in: N = 45W

Ngun in: 1 pha, 220V, 50Hz. Model: C650P

Hang sn xut: Blue White

Xut x: MCi058.000.00040.000.000

19. Bm bn tun hon

Kiu bm chm

Lu lng: Q = 8m3/h

Ct p: H = 6m

Cng sut in: Q = 0,75Kw

in o: 3pha, 380V, 50Hz

Model: CN501

Hng sn xut: Shinmaywa

Xut x: NhtCi0115.800.00015.800.000

20. Bm bn x b

Kiu bm chm

Lu lng: Q = 3m3/h

Ct p: H = 5m

Lu lng:Q = 0,4 Kw

in p: 3 pha, 380 V, 50Hz.

Model: CN401

Hng sn xut: Shinmaywa

Xut x: NhtCi0215.100.00030.200.000

21. Thit b trong b lng

ng trung tm Mng rng ca thu nc Tm hng dng H ng trung tm. Vt liu: Inox Xut x: Vit NamH0225.000.00050.000.000

22. Motor gim tc cho b keo t

Tc : 100 vng/pht

Cng sut: 0,2 Kw

Hng sn xut: Peigong

Xut x: i LoanB0110.000.00010.000.000

23. Motor gim tc cho b to bng

Tc : 15 vng/pht Cng sut: 0,2 Kw Hng sn xut: Peigong Xut x: i Loan B0110.000.00010.000.000

24. Bn pha ch PAC

Xut x: Vit Nam

Vt liu: PVC

Dung tch: 300 lt

Hng sn xut: i ThnhCi 011.200.0001.200.000

25. Bn pha ch polymer, Clorine, dinh dng, nng pH

Xut x: Vit Nam

Vt liu: PVC Dung tch: 300 lt. Hng sn xut: i ThnhCi 04800.0003.200.000

26. Vt liu m cho b UAF1 v UAF2

Vt liu: PVC, tm ln song C din tch b mt tip xc ln

Xut x: Vit NamH0230.000.00060.000.000

27. Motor khuy ha cht cho cc bn pha ha cht

Hng sn xut: Ghenta

Xut x: i Loan

Loi: motor gim tc

Tc : 50 vng/pht

Cng sut: 0,2 KwB055.000.00025.000.000

28. Phn in iu khin

V lm bng thp s tnh in, dy 1mm Ph kin: Sneider, Huynhdai Lp rp ti Vit Nam Cp tn hiu, cp ng lc H0150.000.00050.000.000

29. H thng ng ng v cc ph kin

ng nc, ng bo v dy in, ha cht: PVC Bnh Minh ng dn khi: st trng km ng ha cht: PU Cc ph kin kt ni: van, co, ni, H0160.000.00060.000.000

30. Nhn cng lp t H0130.000.00030.000.000

31. Ph xt nghim mu nc

Kim tra ha l Kim tra vi sinh Ln012.000.0002.000.000

VI. TNG GI TR U T3.103.950.000

6.2 Sut u t cho 1m3 nc thi

(ng)

Trong :

T: Tng cho ph u t. T = 3.103.950.000 ng

Q: cng sut thit k

= 15.519.750(ng/m3)

6.3 Chi ph x l 1m3 nc thi 6.3.1 Chi ph in nng tiu th

Nng lng cung cp cho trm x l l in 3 pha, 380V, 50Hz + 1 pha, 220V, 50Hz. Tiu hao in nng nh sau:STTThit b Cng sut (kwh)S lng s dngS gi s dng

(h/ngy)Tiu hao in nng

(kwh/ngy)

1. Bm chm ti b thu gom 2,2021044

2. Bm chm ti b iu ha 0,75021218

3. Thit b lc rc tinh0,75012436

4. My thi kh150212360

5. Bm bn tun hon 0,75012015

6. Bm chm bn thi 0,40210,8

7. Bm nh lng ha cht0.0405244,8

8. Motor khuy keo t, to bng0,22208,0

9. Motor khuy ha cht 0.20511,0

TNG CNG487,6

Lng in nng tiu th trong 1ngy: 487,6Kwh

Gi thnh ca in sn xut: 1500/kWh

Chi ph in nng trong 1ngy: 487,6x1500 = 731.400 /ngy = 30,475 /h

6.3.2 Chi ph ha cht

6.3.2.1 Clorine

Lng Clorine s dng trong 1 ngy: 1,5kg/ngy.

Gi thnh Clorine: 29.000 /kg.

Chi ph chlorine trong 1 ngy: 1,5x29.000 = 43.500/ngy

6.3.2.2 Dinh dng

Lng K2(PO)4 s dng trong 1 ngy: 1,56kg/ngay.

Gi thnh K2(PO)4: 1.200/kg.

Chi ph K2(PO)4 trong 1 ngy: 1,56x1.200 = 1.870.

6.3.2.3 Ha cht nng pH

Lng NaOH s dng trong 1 ngy: 2,5kg/ngy.

Gi thnh NaOH: 9,000/kg.

Chi ph NaOH trong 1 ngy: 2,5x9.000 = 22.500

6.3.2.4 PAC

Lng PAC s dng trong 1 ngy: 44kg/ngy.

Gi thnh PAC: 5.700 /kg.

Chi ph PAC trong 1 ngy: 44x5.700 = 250.800

6.3.2.5 Polymer

Lng Polymer s dng trong 1 ngy: 1kg/ngy.

Gi thnh Polymer: 60.000/kg.

Chi ph Polymer trong 1 ngy: 1x60.000 = 60.000

( Chi ph ha cht s dng trong 1 ngy:

43.500 + 1.870 + 22.500 + 250.800 + 60.000 = 378.670 /ngy = 15.778 /h

6.3.3 Chi ph nhn cng

Trm x l hot ng lin tc 24/24 nn cn c 02 vn hnh h thng

Nhn cng l nhn vin bo tr ca nh my. Lng = lng nhn vin chnh thc.

Lng trung bnh: 1,000,000 x 2 = 2,000,000 /thng.

Chi ph nhn cng theo 1h: 2.000.000/30/24 = 2.778 /h6.3.4 Chi ph bo dng + ph khc:

Cc chi ph bo dng + qun l khc: 15.000.000 /nm = 1.736 /h

Bng 6.1 Ph x l cho 1m3 nc thi

STTLOI CHO PHTHNH TIN

(VN)

1. Chi ph in nng 30.475

2. Chi ph ha cht15.778

3. Chi ph vn hnh2.778

4. Chi ph bo dng + ph khc1.736

TNG CNG: 50.767

Chi ph x l cho 1 m3 nc thi:

(VN/m3)

CHNG 7KT LUN V KIN NGH

7.1 Kt lun

7.1.1 u im ca trm:

H thng thit k n gin, chi ph u t ban u thp.

Chi ph vn hnh h thng thp (6.116/m3). H thng hot ng hon ton t ng da trn nguyn tc iu khin ca phao. Ring motor khuy ha cht hot ng bng tay khi pha ha cht.

Cc bm chm ti hm tip nhn hot ng theo nguyn tc: mc nc di 3m th 2 bm hot ng lun phin nhau (m bo tui th ca bm), khi mc nc > 3,5m th 2 bm hot ng (trnh hin tng ngp nc).

Cc thit b hot ng theo phao, ring my thi kh cho b Aerotank hot ng lun phin, lin tc 24/24 cung cp oxi cho vi sinh vt, trnh qu trnh phn hy k kh xy ra di y b.

Nc thi c ti trng v nhim cao v nhiu cht hu c kh phn hy nn vic s dng b sinh hc k kh l ph hp, gim ti trng nhim v gip n nh cho cc cng trnh pha sau.

V hm lng nhim cao nn din tch phn xy dng ln. Tuy nhin, a hnh khu vc vng chc nn chi ph xy dng.

7.1.2 Nhc im ca trm:

Nc thi ch bin c ph thng bin ng mnh, c th nh hng n hiu qu x l ca b sinh hc.

Hm lng cht nhim tng i ln nn din tch b UAF ln, chi ph xy dng cao.

7.2 Kin ngh Thnh phn v tnh cht nc thi u vo c th thay i, cn kim tra cc thng s hng ngy kim st ti trng nhim, trnh gy sc sinh hc.

Cn kim tra v lm cc th nghim v ch s bn, BOD, COD, SS, st nh hiu qu x l ca h thng, c bin php x l kp thi nu hiu qu x l gim. Vic kim tra phi tin hnh hng ngy.

Cn p dng cng ngh sn xut sch hn vo quy trnh sn xut ca nh my va tit kim nguyn liu, kinh ph, va gim hm lng cc cht nhim.

Cn nghin cu k quy trnh x l trong phng th nghim h thng vn hnh t hiu qu ti u.

Cn c k hoch bo tr thng xuyn.

TI LIU THAM KHO TI LIU TING VIT

1. TS Trnh Xun Lai - Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi NXB Xy Dng, 2000.2. Th.S Lm Vnh Sn Gio trnh x l nc thi.3. Th.S Lm Vnh Sn Bi ging K thut x l nc thi v nc cp Trng i Hc K Thut Cng Ngh TP.H Ch Minh

4. Lm Minh Trit, Nguyn Thanh Hng, Nguyn Phc Dn X l nc thi th v cng nghip, tnh ton thit k cng trnh Vin Ti Nguyn & Mi Trng Tp.HCM, 2002.

5. Andre Lamouche - Cng ngh x l nc thi th - NXB Xy Dng, H Ni, 2006.

6. Th.S L Dung, TS Trn c H - My bm v cc thit b cp thot nc NXB Xy Dng H Ni, 2002.

7. Trn c Nhu, Lm Minh Trit, X l nc thi - Trng i Hc Xy Dng H Ni

8. Tiu chun xy dng Vit Nam - TCVN 33:2006 Cp nc mng li ng ng v Cng trnh Tiu chun thit k.

9. Tiu chun xy dng Vit Nam - TCXD 51:84 Thot nc mng li bn ngoi v Cng Trnh - Tiu chun thit k.

10. QCVN 24:2009/BTNMT Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi cng nghip. TI LIU NC NGOI11. Metcalf & Eddy Waste Water Engineering Third Edition.

12. Metealf & Eddy Wastewater Engineering Treatment And Reuse Mc. Graw Hill Inc, 2003.

13. W. Wesley Eckenfelder Industrial Water Pollution Control Mc. Graw Hill Inc, 1989.

TRN INTERNET

www. Shinmaywa.com

www. Tuoitreonline.com.vn

www.li- xiang.tw

PH LC

1. PH LC A: CATALOGUE THIT B

Catalogue bm chm nc thi Shinmaywa (Nht)

Catalogue my thi kh Shinmaywa (Nht)

Catalogue bm bm nh lng ha cht Blue White (M)

Catalogue bm phn phi kh SSI (M)

Catalogue motor khuy ha cht CPG (i Loan)

Catalogue bn cha ha cht i Thnh (VN)

2. PH LC B : TIU CHUN QCVN 24:2009/BTNMT Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi cng nghip

Hnh 2.12: Phn loi ht

Hnh 2.11: Sy kh

Hnh 2.10: Lm ro

Hnh 2.9: Ra sch

Hnh 2.8: Ngm Enzym nh nht

Hnh 2.7: Phn loi bng ci xay

Hnh 2.6: Phn loi bng sn rung

Hnh 2.5: Ti nguyn liu vo

Hnh 2.2 Hoa c ph

Hnh 4.2: S cng ngh h thng x l nc thi c ph ( Phng n 2)

Nc tch bn

Nc thi c ph

Song chn rc

B gom

B iu ha

My thi kh

Chnh pH

B sinh hc k kh (UASB)

B sinh hc hiu kh (Aerotank)

My thi kh

Bn hot tnh

Bn tun hon

Hnh 2.4 Ly c ph Ban m

B lng bc 2

Hnh 2.3: Tri c ph

Chnh pH

PAC

Polymer

Cm keo t to bng

B lng bn ha l

B nn bn

B kh trng

dd Ca(ClO)2

Ngun tip nhn

dd Ca(ClO)2

Song chn rc

Nc thi c ph

Polymer

dd PAC

Chnh pH

B lng bn ha l

Cm keo t, to bng

B lng bc 2

Thi b hoc lm phn bn

Sn phi bn

B lc sinh hc k kh (UAF 2 cp)

Nc tch bn

Ngun tip nhn

dd Ca (ClO)2

My thi kh

B kh trng

B iu ha

B gom

Enzyme

Enzyme

Enzyme

NaOH

Ngun tip nhn

H sinh hc

Hm Biogas

H phn hy

Nc thi c ph

B nng pH

B gom kt hp lng

Vi sinh vt

nh bng

V kh

Xay v

Sy kh

Kh thi

Ht thnh phm

(c ph nhn)

Phn loi ht

Nhit

Nc cp

Sy kh

Ra

Enzym Pectinaza

Nc thi

Ht xanh

Nc thi + v

Nc thi

Nc cp

t, cnh, l

Hnh 2.1: Cy c ph Ty Nguyn

nh nht

Xay v

Hnh 4.1: S cng ngh h thng x l nc thi c ph (Phng n 1)

B nn bn

Ngun tip nhn

B kh trng

B lng bc 2

B sinh hc hiu kh (Aerotank)

Ra th

Sn lc nguyn liu

Nguyn liu u vo

(c ph ti)

V kh

Bi, n

Bi, n

Bi, n

Bi

Bi

Kim tra

Phn loi, sng

nh bng

Bi, n

Kh thi

ng bao nhp kho

+ xut tiu th

My bc v

Sn phi, my sy

My xay p dp

Ht c ph kh

Hip hi c ph v ca cao Vit Nam

GVHD: TS. Nguyn Xun Trng Trang 18SVTH : Nguyn Th Kim Thoa

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