Designing,Implementing and Evaluating Programmes for Young Children

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TYPES OF CURRICULUM

March 21,2013

2pm-4pm

DESIGNING,IMPLEMENTING ANDEVALUATING PROGRAMMES FOR

YOUNG CHILDREN





TYPES OF CURRICULUM





WHAT IS THE FORMAL (WRITTEN

OR OVERT)CURRICULUM?

The formal curriculum is the planned programmeof objectives, content, learning experiences,

resources and assessment offered by a school. It

is sometimes called the 'official curriculum'.

This type of curriculum is what appears in

documents and teachers' plans.

The formal curriculum is the blueprint for lessonstaught in schools, explicitly stating “what students

are to learn, and sometimes how they are to learn

it.”



WHAT IS THE OPERATIONAL CURRICULUM?

The formal curriculum (written or overt) comprisesthose things in textbooks, and content and

concepts in curriculum guides. However, those

"formal" elements are frequently not taught. The

curriculum-in-use is the actual curriculum that isdelivered and presented by each teacher.



What are some social skills that

children seem to learn without beingtaught?

THE HIDDEN CURRICULUM



WHAT IS THE HIDDEN

CURRICULUM?

The "HIDDEN CURRICULUM" is a term to used

to describe the unwritten social rules and

expectations of behaviour that we all seem to

know, but were never taught (Bieber, 1994).

Hidden curriculum is a concept that describes the

often unarticulated and unacknowledged thingsthat students are taught in school.



WHAT IS THE HIDDEN

CURRICULUM?

The hidden curriculum involves all the incidentallessons that students learn at school. It is

sometimes called the 'unofficial curriculum' - and

includes the lessons about behaviour, personal

relationships, the use of power and authority,competition, sources of motivation and so on that

students learn at school.

These lessons can be either positive or negative

in terms of promoting a sustainable future.



WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A HIDDEN

CURRICULUM?

A hidden curriculum exists in every environment,whether it is the classroom, the town pool,grandma’s house, a place of worship, or a

sibling’s music recital. It contains many differentelements such as the expected behaviours,actions and skills unique to a specificenvironment, degree of responsibility, and evenconventional mode of dress.

To further complicate matters, the hiddencurriculum changes according to location,situation, people, age, and culture.



IMPORTANCE OF THE HIDDEN

CURRICULUM

Many of education's most profound and positiveteachings can be conveyed in the hidden

curriculum. If a spirit of fairness penetrates every

corner of a school, children will learn to be fair.

Through the service of teachers, administrators,and older students, students learn to be of

service to others.




CURRICULUM

By creating an atmosphere of high standards, thehidden curriculum can teach habits of accuracy

and precision. Many aspects of school life,

ranging from homework assignments to sporting

events, can teach self-control and self-discipline.

While unseen, the hidden curriculum must be

considered with the same seriousness as the

written, formal curriculum. The everyday behavior

of the faculty, staff, and other students cannot fail

to have an impact on a student.




CURRICULUM

Factors involved in the value of teaching hiddencurriculum include:

Social acceptability

Vulnerability

Safety

Anxiety

Self-image





EXAMPLES OF THE HIDDEN CURRICULUM

1. When a teacher has her or his desk at thefront of the classroom and "teaches" from this

area, the message that is being learned by

students is that the teacher is in control, including

being the knowledge authority, and is the center of attention. The teacher is also of central

importance.

2. Eating chewing gum in class is unacceptable.

3. Stand when a visitor enters the classroom.

4. Remain quiet while the teacher is teaching.



EXAMPLES OF THE HIDDEN

CURRICULUM

School subjects corresponds to division of labour fragmentation of knowledge and tasks

Education levels correspond to occupational levels

competing for qualifications and promotion

School obedience corresponds workplace authority Doing what the teacher says and what the boss says



HIDDEN CURRICULUM

Schools have many unwritten rules that need to betaken into account for success of all

How to dress

the right backpack

Greetings cool hang outs

Free-time activities

Must have technology

Many students are motivated figure out theunwritten rules and do so by observing theperceived popular kids, advertisements, andadapt to their personal style.



CURRICULUM BY BODY

LANGUAGE

Body Part Action Interpretation

Head Leaning to one

side

not understanding, listening, thinking

FaceWhole face scowl Displeased, intimidated, bullying,

anger

Eyes Wide open

Almost closed

Surprise, amazement

Disbelief; doubt

Eyebrows Knit brows Thinking, confused

Mouth Corners lifted up

Corners down

Opened wide

Greeting, happy

Sad, unhappy, disappointed

Surprise, shock



Body Part Action Interpretation

Chin Lifted, pushed forward Proud, tough, defiant

Body

Pointing a finger Giving directions, threat,

getting in trouble

Hands on hips Frustrated, bored,

questioning/ expecting an

answer

Shrugging shoulders Questioning, don’t know

Arms folded across

chest

Unapproachable,

Listening/ taking in info

READING THE HIDDEN CURRICULUM BY BODY LANGUAGE



WHAT IS THE NULL

CURRICULUM?

That which we do not teach, thus giving studentsthe message that these elements are not

important in their educational experiences or in

our society.

First coined by Elliot Eisner, the null curriculum is

the information which educators intentionally or

unintentionally leave out of the prescribed

curriculum. All educators have to leave out

something. Most of us know far more than we

can share in the limited time we have with our

students.



EXAMPLES OF NULL

CURRICULUM

The null curriculum varies from school to schooldepending on what each school offers. Examples

of null curriculum could be the following:

Religion

Foreign languages (or some foreign languages)

Culture



WHAT IS THE EXTRA

CURRICULUM?

Curriculum not formally taught

It takes place in addition to the students regular

work or school duties

School expect participation in extracurricular

activities to serve the following ends:

Participation in extracurricular activities allowsstudents to develop and display skills that are not

accommodated by class work.



WHAT IS THE EXTRA

CURRICULUM?

Extracurricular activities provides means throughwhich students may pursue excellence and

achieve distinction.

Extracurricular activities helps to develop a sense

of community and service within the school









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Designing,Implementing and Evaluating Programmes for Young Children