Designing a Property Tax: Coupling local expenditure to a property tax

Designing a Property Tax: Coupling local expenditure to a property tax

By: Karl Deeter (Irish Mortgage Brokers) & Patrick King (Dublin Chamber of Commerce)

The views expressed in this paper & presentation are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of, and should not be attributed to, either of their respective organisations.

DRAFT DOCUMENT - NOT FOR CIRCULATION

Proposal - Property Tax Based on Site Size & Local Authority Costs

• Tax Base = – Residential Zoned Land for

Local Authority• Rate =

– General Local Authority minus Rates divided by the Tax Base

• Benefits– Pay for local services

• Replacing LGF– Simple to determine tax base– Simple to implement

• Administrative• Compliance

– Applies to all but designed to be the least unfair

DRAFT DOCUMENT – NOT FOR CIRCULATION

House 2250 sq m

(1/4)

House 3125 sq m

(1/8)

House 1312.5 sq m

(5/16)

House 4187.5 sq m

(3/16)House 5125 sq m

(1/8)

Result - provide examples and demonstrate the ease of implementation

• Example Dun Laoghaire/Rathdown (right)• Tax liability in Dun Laoghaire/Rathdown is

€0.67 per m2

• 858m = €574• 960m = €643• 1886m = €1,263


• Example Fingal (right)• Tax liability in Fingal is €0.57 per m2

• 380 * €0.57 = € 216• 190 * €0.57 = € 108• 180 * €0.57 = € 102

Designing a property tax


Property Value Square Footage

Site Value Tax Site size

Value Size

Designing a property tax

National• Capital Tax View

(Mieszkowski)– Treats it as differential capital

tax

• Property tax collected from local households, centralised and then redistributed as necessary to local authorities for services

Local• Benefit Tax View (Tiebout)

– Model of efficiency in provision of local services

• Property tax collected from local households goes directly to their local authority for services


Ireland Property Tax &Local Government

• “The need for local taxation arises if it is decided to operate a system of local government with real discretionary powers, as distinct from a system of local administration of centrally determined and funded services.” - Commission on Taxation (1985)

• “local authorities should be self-financing in the longer term and that Exchequer support should be replaced with increased revenue generation from local sources” – Report of the Special Group on Public Service Numbers and Expenditure Programmes

• “The funding system is characterised as ‘vertically imbalanced’, with high levels of local expenditures being funded from general taxation.” – Indecon Report


Total Local Government Expenditure


• Report of the Special Group on Public Service Numbers and Expenditure Programmes

• Local Government Efficiency Review Group

• Local Authority lead change

Put in 2012

Cost of Services by Division

• Deficit in direct income from service:– €2.17 billion

• Divisional deficit paid through general funding of LGF & commercial rates

Division Expenditure IncomeService Division A - Housing and Building € 773,346,302 € 683,743,890 Service Division B - Road Transportation & Safety € 878,458,415 € 540,868,677 Service Division C - Water Services € 709,783,317 € 261,604,657 Service Division D - Development Management € 282,941,196 € 59,322,559 Service Division E - Environmental Services € 748,794,113 € 230,083,242 Service Division F - Recreation and Amenity € 383,809,974 € 58,799,484 Service Division G - Agriculture, Education, Health & Welfare € 426,534,194 € 395,258,874 Service Division H - Miscellaneous Services € 344,271,263 € 145,233,552 Total € 4,547,938,774 € 2,374,914,935

Summary of Current Expenditure by Division 2011


AMEND DATA TO

BE CLEARER

Local Authority Variations


Local Authority Staffing Level End-2009 (Whole Time Equivalents)

Staffing Level End-2011 (Whole Time Equivalents)

Staff per 1,000 homes End 2009

Staff per 1,000 homes End 2011

Change (%)

Clare 828 786 15.0 14.1 -6%Cork City 1420 1336 25.4 23.9 -6%Dublin City 6480 6072 26.8 25.1 -6%Mayo 1178 1062 18.0 16.1 -11%Meath 703 641 10.1 9.1 -10%Monaghan 434 405 17.4 16.1 -8%Offaly 478 399 15.6 12.9 -17%South Tipp. 654 632 17.1 16.5 -4%Wicklow 827 747 15.2 13.7 -10%

Variations in Spending graph

Source: CCMA analysis

Varying Services, Citizens, Policies

• Costs vs Service– Dublin City: 11% live there; 21% work there

• WTE: other LAs (670); staff of agencies (225); and ‘Services / Scale Unique to DCC’ (1857) => below national average

– Ireland’s low population density:• Transmission network 4x European per capita • 2nd largest road network per capita in the EU, after Sweden.

– Higher density locations see lower cost to serve on core function with savings being used to supply other non-core services.

• Local Government Efficiency Review cited the ability of Donegal County Council to double the efficiency of their staff compared to Mayo County Council.






Who pays for Policies?• Unique policies are democratic choices of

councils

• If local taxpayers are paying for these choices does it matter to national taxpayers?

• Ultimately, local democratic government control over budgets makes Cllrs accountable to ratepayers and homeowners paying for extra services– Not other jurisdictions

Gross Expenditure Contribution by other local authority

Provision of Goods & Services

Gross Expenditure (minus LA contributions & services) per household

Government Grants/ Subsidies

Local Government Fund (General Purpose Grant)

Per Household level of Grants/ Subsidies & LGF

Cork Consolidated € 526,771,583 € 5,268,300 € 144,411,530 € 1,648.29 € 131,275,592 € 62,795,676 € 848.30 Dublin Consolidated € 693,013,503 € 21,470,800 € 166,016,798 € 1,761.88 € 93,955,600 € 69,028,500 € 568.04 National Total € 4,723,028,068 €185,142,287 € 1,239,180,766 € 1,645.92 € 1,128,560,974 € 705,392,841 € 915.07


Local Expenditure Conclusions

• First Commission on Taxation– Identify the national services from the local services– Local services are optional in nature:

• “locality has wide discretion over what is done and the manner in which it is done”

– Local services funded through locally raised revenue

• Indecon Report– Cover full economic cost of national service delivery


Context• Residential Stamp

Duty introduced in 1996 to replace Residential Property Tax

• Residential Stamp Duty: – 3.8% of peak level

Source: Minister for Finance, Written Answers, July 2012DRAFT DOCUMENT - NOT FOR

CIRCULATION

Movement of Main Sources of Revenue 2008 2012 Change DOE AFS (million) LA Budget (million) %Commercial Rates €1,271 €1,237 -3%Government Grants / Subsidies €1,272 €956 -25%General Purpose Grant €1,000 €645 -35%Pension Related Deduction € - €79 -Goods & Services €1,600 €1,379 -14%Total €5,143 €4,297 -16%Commercial Rates are adjusted for refunds / irrecoverable rates

Local Government Fund

• Had savings from 2008 to 2012 not been achieved property tax would be 50% higher

• Troika MoU commits to a property tax to fund local government

• Exchequer contribution through motor tax to LGF replaced by household charge– Money raised locally is distributed nationally



How much you get? Who is paying?

Compared to the past (Indecon Report)


Gross Expenditure per household

Income from local sources (Charges, other LAs, Commercial Rates) per household

Central Government Income (Grants, LGF, Pension deduction) per household

Carlow 2,447€ 1,127€ 1,321€ Cavan 1,970€ 751€ 1,219€ Clare 2,154€ 1,268€ 885€ Cork City 3,516€ 2,351€ 1,166€ Cork 1,910€ 1,082€ 801€ Donegal 1,939€ 897€ 1,042€ Dublin City 3,466€ 2,488€ 921€ Dun Laoghaire/ Rathdown 2,265€ 1,577€ 671€ Fingal 2,411€ 1,857€ 552€ Galway City 2,536€ 1,786€ 750€ Galway 1,896€ 745€ 1,151€ Kerry 2,094€ 1,068€ 1,027€ Kildare 1,773€ 1,089€ 682€ Kilkenny 2,067€ 949€ 1,118€ Laois 2,027€ 1,010€ 998€ Leitrim 2,176€ 587€ 1,588€ Limerick City 3,256€ 2,177€ 1,079€ Limerick 2,145€ 1,143€ 1,002€ Longford 2,514€ 1,046€ 1,462€ Louth 2,325€ 1,495€ 830€ Mayo 2,236€ 923€ 1,313€ Meath 1,526€ 792€ 733€ Monaghan 2,790€ 1,084€ 1,707€ North Tipperary 2,447€ 1,022€ 1,418€ Offaly 2,193€ 1,256€ 934€ Roscommon 2,082€ 879€ 1,203€ Sligo 2,190€ 1,099€ 1,079€ South Dublin 2,553€ 1,952€ 601€ South Tipperary 2,622€ 1,228€ 1,394€ Waterford City 2,654€ 1,686€ 968€ Waterford 2,504€ 1,023€ 1,481€ Westmeath 2,094€ 998€ 1,096€ Wexford 1,809€ 1,005€ 804€ Wicklow 2,179€ 1,231€ 946€

AMEND DATA TO

BE CLEARER

PROPERTY TAX


England Council Tax

Average Band D council tax for area of billing

authority

Average council tax

per dwelling in the area

£ £ENGLAND 1,439 1,196 By area of authority: London area 1,308 1,214 Metropolitan areas 1,399 1,000 Shire areas (b) 1,484 1,258 By region: North East 1,512 1,060 North West 1,469 1,088 Yorkshire and the Humber 1,406 1,048 East Midlands 1,486 1,140 West Midlands 1,416 1,114 East of England 1,480 1,293 London 1,308 1,214 South East 1,468 1,374 South West 1,500 1,272 Sources: BR and CTB forms (a) Figures include parish precepts. (b) Figures include unitary authorities.

• Council Tax depends on council and other public bodies (eg the police):– spend in your area– get from other funding

• Average cost is double or triple what it would be in Ireland.


Simple estimate of Avg House Bill

• Tax base is the housing stock

• Each house is proportioned an equal share of the revenue required by their local authority

Housing stock 2011 (Number)

Residential Liability per House in Housing Stock

Carlow 23,300 461.64€ Cavan 33,837 476.52€ Clare 55,826 244.33€ Cork City 55,919 347.65€ Cork County 172,858 250.82€ Donegal 84,356 420.97€ Dublin City 242,388 236.78€ Dun Laoghaire/ Rathdown 86,088 329.89€ Fingal 103,295 218.00€ Galway City 33,826 196.60€ Galway County 78,023 398.37€ Kerry 75,206 333.99€ Kildare 79,170 275.88€ Kilkenny 39,299 454.09€ Laois 32,818 461.42€ Leitrim 18,237 693.60€ Limerick City 26,849 310.59€ Limerick County 55,784 348.05€ Longford 18,889 688.28€ Louth 51,344 340.58€ Mayo 66,086 493.55€ Meath 70,079 351.69€ Monaghan 25,206 594.58€ North Tipperary 30,944 567.77€ Offaly 31,014 481.95€ Roscommon 31,718 582.96€ Sligo 33,223 540.45€ South Dublin 97,541 185.67€ South Tipperary 38,428 611.79€ Waterford City 22,420 249.79€ Waterford County 30,131 664.62€ Westmeath 36,835 509.83€ Wexford 68,551 295.17€ Wicklow 54,687 406.15€


Cost per hectareLocal Authority revenue from the Local Government Fund

Hectare of residential zone land

Residential Liability (LGF) per Hectare

Example Small House 1 : 150 sq m

Example Semi-Detached 1: 285 sq m

Example Large Home 1: 1020 sq m

Example Very Large Home : 4030 sq m

Carlow 10,756,271€ 2000.35 5,377.20€ 80.66€ 153.63€ 548.47€ 2,167.01€ Cavan 16,124,118€ 2893.80 5,571.95€ 83.58€ 159.20€ 568.34€ 2,245.50€ Clare 13,639,767€ 3006.08 4,537.40€ 68.06€ 129.64€ 462.81€ 1,828.57€ Cork City 19,440,000€ 2542.57 7,645.81€ 114.69€ 218.45€ 779.87€ 3,081.26€ Cork County 43,355,676€ 1365.66 31,747.11€ 476.21€ 907.06€ 3,238.20€ 12,794.08€ Donegal 35,511,198€ 2952.05 12,029.33€ 180.44€ 343.70€ 1,226.99€ 4,847.82€ Dublin City 57,392,972€ 4278.81 13,413.31€ 201.20€ 383.24€ 1,368.16€ 5,405.57€ Dun Laoghaire/ Rathdown 28,400,000€ 4242.87 6,693.58€ 100.40€ 191.25€ 682.74€ 2,697.51€ Fingal 22,518,500€ 3967.66 5,675.52€ 85.13€ 162.16€ 578.90€ 2,287.23€ Galway City 6,650,187€ 1787.57 3,720.24€ 55.80€ 106.29€ 379.46€ 1,499.26€ Galway County 31,081,889€ 2665.77 11,659.64€ 174.89€ 333.13€ 1,189.28€ 4,698.83€ Kerry 25,117,827€ 3754.45 6,690.15€ 100.35€ 191.15€ 682.40€ 2,696.13€ Kildare 21,841,561€ 4061.24 5,378.06€ 80.67€ 153.66€ 548.56€ 2,167.36€ Kilkenny 17,845,181€ 1287.84 13,856.71€ 207.85€ 395.91€ 1,413.38€ 5,584.25€ Laois 15,143,000€ 2747.00 5,512.56€ 82.69€ 157.50€ 562.28€ 2,221.56€ Leitrim 12,649,174€ 759.90 16,645.89€ 249.69€ 475.60€ 1,697.88€ 6,708.30€ Limerick City 8,338,920€ 1119.23 7,450.58€ 111.76€ 212.87€ 759.96€ 3,002.58€ Limerick County 19,415,645€ 2248.06 8,636.61€ 129.55€ 246.76€ 880.93€ 3,480.56€ Longford 13,000,932€ 1798.53 7,228.66€ 108.43€ 206.53€ 737.32€ 2,913.15€ Louth 17,486,619€ 2596.74 6,734.06€ 101.01€ 192.40€ 686.87€ 2,713.83€ Mayo 32,616,795€ 2144.49 15,209.59€ 228.14€ 434.56€ 1,551.38€ 6,129.46€ Meath 24,646,309€ 3922.23 6,283.75€ 94.26€ 179.54€ 640.94€ 2,532.35€ Monaghan 14,987,104€ 1607.16 9,325.20€ 139.88€ 266.43€ 951.17€ 3,758.06€ North Tipperary 17,569,095€ 2092.65 8,395.61€ 125.93€ 239.87€ 856.35€ 3,383.43€ Offaly 14,947,337€ 2195.95 6,806.78€ 102.10€ 194.48€ 694.29€ 2,743.13€ Roscommon 18,490,254€ 1958.21 9,442.44€ 141.64€ 269.78€ 963.13€ 3,805.30€ Sligo 17,955,497€ 1833.65 9,792.21€ 146.88€ 279.78€ 998.81€ 3,946.26€ South Dublin 18,110,000€ 3262.37 5,551.18€ 83.27€ 158.61€ 566.22€ 2,237.13€ South Tipperary 23,509,802€ 2376.17 9,894.01€ 148.41€ 282.69€ 1,009.19€ 3,987.28€ Waterford City 5,600,332€ 1136.52 4,927.59€ 73.91€ 140.79€ 502.61€ 1,985.82€ Waterford County 20,025,798€ 1940.39 10,320.51€ 154.81€ 294.87€ 1,052.69€ 4,159.17€ Westmeath 18,779,621€ 1786.23 10,513.54€ 157.70€ 300.39€ 1,072.38€ 4,236.96€ Wexford 20,234,262€ 2574.16 7,860.54€ 117.91€ 224.59€ 801.77€ 3,167.80€ Wicklow 22,211,198€ 2833.57 7,838.58€ 117.58€ 223.96€ 799.54€ 3,158.95€


Residential ExamplesFoxrock, Co Dublin

• Tax liability per hectare of zoned land in Dun Laoghaire/Rathdown is €6,693.58 or €0.67 per m2. – 858m = €574– 960m = €643– 1886m = €1,263


Residential Examples

• Compare PRAI data against the Google map lot sizes variation is negligible– Below €5 in annual charges

in most cases.

• Tax liability in Fingal is €5,675 per hectare which equates to €0.57 per m2

• 380 * €0.57 = € 216• 190 * €0.57 = € 108• 180 * €0.57 = € 102


Apartments Example Medium Density Apartment (0.875 Hectares with 97 apartment)

Example High Density Apartment (0.073 ha with 35 Apartments)

Carlow 48.51€ 11.22€ Cavan 50.26€ 11.62€ Clare 40.93€ 9.46€ Cork City 68.97€ 15.95€ Cork County 286.38€ 66.22€ Donegal 108.51€ 25.09€ Dublin City 121.00€ 27.98€ Dun Laoghaire/ Rathdown 60.38€ 13.96€ Fingal 51.20€ 11.84€ Galway City 33.56€ 7.76€ Galway County 105.18€ 24.32€ Kerry 60.35€ 13.95€ Kildare 48.51€ 11.22€ Kilkenny 125.00€ 28.90€ Laois 49.73€ 11.50€ Leitrim 150.16€ 34.72€ Limerick City 67.21€ 15.54€ Limerick County 77.91€ 18.01€ Longford 65.21€ 15.08€ Louth 60.75€ 14.05€ Mayo 137.20€ 31.72€ Meath 56.68€ 13.11€ Monaghan 84.12€ 19.45€ North Tipperary 75.73€ 17.51€ Offaly 61.40€ 14.20€ Roscommon 85.18€ 19.69€ Sligo 88.33€ 20.42€ South Dublin 50.08€ 11.58€ South Tipperary 89.25€ 20.64€ Waterford City 44.45€ 10.28€ Waterford County 93.10€ 21.53€ Westmeath 94.84€ 21.93€ Wexford 70.91€ 16.39€ Wicklow 70.71€ 16.35€

• Cost per unit very low• Give responsibility to

management company to collect– Assistance from

Revenue for those non-compliant


Apartment Examples

• Block occupies footprint of 3,712 metres– 3,712 * €0.32 = €1,187


Commercial/Residential Mixed

• Total zoned land of mixed developed calculated

• Residential area as proportion of that by use – Commercial has paid its part

through rates

• Divide by household unit size (including residential common space)

Example mixed use 5 floors w/ 3 residential floors, 3 apts on a floor (0.073 ha total)

Carlow 26.17€ Cavan 27.12€ Clare 22.08€ Cork City 37.21€ Cork County 154.50€ Donegal 58.54€ Dublin City 65.28€ Dun Laoghaire/ Rathdown 32.58€ Fingal 27.62€ Galway City 18.11€ Galway County 56.74€ Kerry 32.56€ Kildare 26.17€ Kilkenny 67.44€ Laois 26.83€ Leitrim 81.01€ Limerick City 36.26€ Limerick County 42.03€ Longford 35.18€ Louth 32.77€ Mayo 74.02€ Meath 30.58€ Monaghan 45.38€ North Tipperary 40.86€ Offaly 33.13€ Roscommon 45.95€ Sligo 47.66€ South Dublin 27.02€ South Tipperary 48.15€ Waterford City 23.98€ Waterford County 50.23€ Westmeath 51.17€ Wexford 38.25€ Wicklow 38.15€


Farm Houses

• 2 options– Option 1 (default):

• Farm land as a base times percentage that would be for an home (national est. 0.19% home to farm land)

• Cap at local authority average size residential property

– Option 2: • Self assessment to measure residential foot print

(inclusive of all non-agriculture land) at rate equal to other residential properties.


Farm tableCounty Local Authority

Number of farms

Number of hectares

Avg ha per farm

1798 70414.7 39.16 10.22€ 461.64€ 200.06€ 400.11€ 53.8€

5279 139560.39 26.44 10.59€ 476.52€ 139.94€ 279.88€ 55.7€

6551 213626.74 32.61 8.62€ 244.33€ 140.57€ 244.33€ 45.4€

Cork City 14.53€ 347.65€ 276.94€ 347.65€ 76.5€

Cork County 60.32€ 250.82€ 250.82€ 250.82€ 317.5€

9240 257936.29 27.92 22.86€ 420.97€ 319.01€ 420.97€ 120.3€

Dublin City 25.49€ 236.78€ 236.78€ 236.78€ 134.1€

Dun Laoghaire 12.72€ 329.89€ 303.68€ 329.89€ 66.9€

Fingal 10.78€ 218.00€ 218.00€ 218.00€ 56.8€

South Dublin 10.55€ 185.67€ 185.67€ 185.67€ 55.5€

Galway City 7.07€ 196.60€ 91.29€ 182.57€ 37.2€

Galway County 22.15€ 398.37€ 286.10€ 398.37€ 116.6€

8413 286436.44 34.05 12.71€ 333.99€ 216.39€ 333.99€ 66.9€

2568 113212.71 44.09 10.22€ 275.88€ 225.24€ 275.88€ 53.8€

3729 164247.71 44.05 26.33€ 454.09€ 454.09€ 454.09€ 138.6€

3309 122275.31 36.95 10.47€ 461.42€ 193.52€ 387.03€ 55.1€

3669 92129.97 25.11 31.63€ 693.60€ 397.09€ 693.60€ 166.5€

Limerick City 14.16€ 310.59€ 244.42€ 310.59€ 74.5€

Limerick County 16.41€ 348.05€ 283.33€ 348.05€ 86.4€

2604 72991.36 28.03 13.73€ 688.28€ 192.49€ 384.98€ 72.3€

1679 61368.35 36.55 12.79€ 340.58€ 233.83€ 340.58€ 67.3€

12441 278938.37 22.42 28.90€ 493.55€ 323.96€ 493.55€ 152.1€

4569 191941.25 42.01 11.94€ 351.69€ 250.78€ 351.69€ 62.8€

4559 106049.49 23.26 17.72€ 594.58€ 206.07€ 412.15€ 93.3€

3797 150147.56 39.54 15.95€ 567.77€ 315.39€ 567.77€ 84.0€

3475 126692.45 36.46 12.93€ 481.95€ 235.76€ 471.51€ 68.1€

6316 171125.89 27.09 17.94€ 582.96€ 243.04€ 486.08€ 94.4€

4396 115368.85 26.24 18.61€ 540.45€ 244.14€ 488.28€ 97.9€

3946 162464.25 41.17 18.80€ 611.79€ 386.99€ 611.79€ 98.9€

Waterford City 9.36€ 249.79€ 213.01€ 249.79€ 49.3€

Waterford County 19.61€ 664.62€ 446.13€ 664.62€ 103.2€

3459 128441.41 37.13 19.98€ 509.83€ 370.87€ 509.83€ 105.1€

4424 182110.03 41.16 14.94€ 295.17€ 295.17€ 295.17€ 78.6€

2399 101971.69 42.51 14.89€ 406.15€ 316.53€ 406.15€ 78.4€

Example, Average size

farm's tax liability (avg

size for county

Option 2: Self assessment (same

as residential rate) residential area per 100 sq

metres

Agricultural Land statistics (source: Agri Census 2010)

Example, Small Farm's tax

liability (half avg size for

county)

Option 1 Cap: Limited to average

residential liability per House in local

authority

13445 347274.63 25.83

47.76

542217.18 38.13

38109.84

Option 1: Farm land to

residential land liability per ha

45.50

Kildare

Longford

LaoisKilkenny

Leitrim

34.53

Monaghan

Offaly

Meath

LouthMayo

Limerick

Kerry

5981 206535.83

RoscommonSligo

2764 125770.64

WicklowWexford

Westmeath

Waterford

North Tipperary

South Tipperary

Carlow

Galway

Cork 14221

Dublin 798

Cavan

Donegal

Clare


DISCUSSION


Rent, Mortgage, Own

• Average weekly rent charges:– Local authority housing €54 (12%)– Private owner €172 (26%)

• Mortgage cost €192 (17%)– Highest disposable income €1,194

• Own outright– Disposable income €794 (2nd highest)


Impact on Local Authorities

• Gains revenue raising capacity– Greater accountability to local citizens

• Challenge of small LAs– Criteria for local taxes, base capable of yielding

revenue to fund LA (CoT 1985)– Population of ~100,000 per local authority

achieving minimum efficiency scale (LGERG)

Local Authority revenue from the Local Government Fund minus €10m in efficiency savings

Residential Liability per House in Housing Stock

Leitrim / Sligo €20,604,671 € 400.40


• “Democracy rests on the dissemination throughout society of a sense of responsibility and of the opportunities to exercise it.” – The Barrington Report (1991)


Tax Strategy GroupTaxation of Property

• Lowest assessment either area or value• Advantages:

– self-assessed, relatively easy to administer– easy for taxpayers to measure– size for urban dwellers and valuation for rural dwellers– graduated pricing lower likelihood of underestimation– collect valuable data

• Possible pitfalls:– no known examples – rate carefully determined to obtain the required yield

need to be acceptable rate for most taxpayers.– problems of self-assessment options


Yes, we can…• Is this easily understood compared to other options?• Can this be done?• Is it simple?• Can it be done rapidly?• Is it equitable and fair? • Can mass appraisals/invoicing occur quickly?• Is it pragmatic?• Does it solve the issue of funding local government?• Can it fund local government dynamically?• Is it inexpensive to implement?• Will people understand it?• Is the compliance cost low?• Is it easy for people to determine if their bill is correct?


THANK YOU


Own or Rent


• Housing expenditure:– Urban €163 (20%)– Rural €121 (16%)– Mortgaged 22.5%– Private renter 26.3%– Decile: 1st €72 ( %) | 2nd €79 (%) | 3rd €92 (


Source: CSO (2012), Household Budget Survey 2009-2010.


Documents

Designing a Property Tax: Coupling local expenditure to a property tax