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Abstract— The University of Tabuk is a large teaching and
research institution that generates a significant amount of chemical
and hazardous waste due to laboratory experiments and researches
that will likely increase as the University continues to grow in the
coming years. A low-cost waste ma nagement plan for the University
of Tabuk was designed and proposed after assessing the awareness
and current practice of the students and faculty on waste disposal and
management.. A total of 323 with 52.94% Male, and 47.06% Female
participated from different Faculty of the University. About 53.64%
were very interested in the waste management plan. About 31.36%
believed that dropping of waste in the trash can is best in waste
management plan. The practice of participants attributed to 93.6%
giving a negative answer . Of the nine identified problems, only 4
environmental concerns such as plastics (60.5%), bottles (49.5%),
fallen leaves (54%) and fallen off posters (40.5%)have high scores of
very often.
The participants in this study possessed low waste management
practice as revealed by their low involvement and participation in the
waste management in the school.
Keywords— Low-Cost, waste management, waste disposal and
management.
I. INTRODUCTION
It is estimated that an ordinary human being produces 1.9
kilos of daily waste and if accumulated together with the rapid
escalation of the global population, the amount of waste
materials each year will eventually make the mother Earth a
one big garbage planet, where different pollutions and waste-
induced diseases will plague mankind.
Humans produce a great number of wastes as a derivative
of their existence. Daily activities from every task of food
preparation, shelter management, clothing preparation,
transportation to rural and urban development are
accompanied with the production of waste materials, which
cannot be used for other things and need to be disposed
immediately. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, the United States alone generated 114 million kilos of
solid waste in 2008, and this number continues to rise every
year. This excludes the liquid, gaseous and other forms of
waste materials, which are also significantly high in amount
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/waste).
Dr. Faisel M. Abu-Duhier and Dr. Bernard C. Silvala, Department of
Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences,
University of Tabuk.
In Europe, over 0.8 billion kilos of waste are generated
each year. This equals to 1.6 kilos of wastes per person mainly
made up of waste coming from households, commercial
activities, industries, agriculture, construction and demolitions
projects, mining and quarrying activities and from the
generation of energy (http://scp.eionet.europa.eu/waste).
In Asia, one of the greatest challenges faced by the
developing countries is the unhealthy disposal of solid waste
which resulted from human activities and survival
(Kofoworola, 2007). Waste is more easily recognized than
defined. Something can become waste when it is no longer
useful to the owner or it is used and failed to fulfill its purpose
(Gourlay, 1992). Municipal solid waste (MSW), also called
urban solid waste, is a waste type that includes predominantly
household waste (domestic waste) with sometimes the addition
of commercial wastes collected by a municipality within a
given area. They are in either solid or semisolid form and
generally exclude industrial hazardous wastes
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste).
In many countries that are experiencing rapid economic
development, problems associated with municipal solid waste
(MSW) generation and management are not addressed well till
they become a serious threat to the economic advancement,
community health and environmental degradation. These solid
wastes that contain pollutants, such as used batteries, when
thrown into the rivers and creeks contaminate the sea water
and sea creatures like fish, seafood and other living things
(Kiamco, 2006)
Mismanagement of waste can yield harmful effects on the
environment and on human health. It can pose health threats
such as diseases carried by vermin. Dumped wastes can be a
fertile milieu for rodents, flies and mosquitoes, as they will be
provided with food, shelter and breeding places. These vectors
are potent carriers of diseases that can be transferred and
contracted from one person to the other either by bacterial,
viral, fungal or parasitic infection or infestations.
Environmental issues like flood, erosion and pollution are
most likely caused and associated with the improper solid
waste management.
Nationwide, solid waste management has not been the top
priorities in most local government units (LGUs) worldwide.
Generally, people conceive that as long as garbage is collected
from their household or emptied their garbage bins or trash
cans; their garbage problem has been solved (Sapuay, 2008).
This is a big problem that besets everyone particularly
establishments and institution like schools and hospitals where
the largest fraction of municipal waste is generated from paper,
cardboard and other school-related materials. As the world‟s
Designing a Low-Cost Waste Management Plan
at the University of Tabuk
Dr. Faisel M. Abu-Duhier, and Dr. Bernard C. Silvala
2nd International Conference on Agriculture, Environment and Biological Sciences (ICAEBS'15) August 16-17, 2015 Bali (Indonesia)
http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/IAAST.A0715058 47
population booms tremendously, waste production is expected
to increase in pace and measure, and unless proper waste
management is practiced in household, companies, schools and
practically everywhere, waste will continue to be a threat to
human survival.
Some laws and policies encourage greater private sector
participation in solid waste management. It is the obligation of
the institution like schools to model responsible waste
management to all students and then ensure that this is put into
practice. Simply teaching students about waste management is
not sufficient, the school should develop and implement waste
management program as part of a whole school environmental
management plan. This will likely include benefits like the
conservation of our resources, lower levels of air and water
pollutions and reduced greenhouse gas generations.
This study will propose a low cost design of waste
management plan for the University of Tabuk based on the
awareness, and present practice of the different faculty and
students of the University of Tabuk. Admittedly, only a few
numbers of studies were conducted in the Saudi educational
institutions particularly their views, attitude, practices and
concepts regarding waste management in the school. The
effect of the negative attitude of the public towards the
environment does not exclude the educational institution that
has been aggravated by constant changes not just in curriculum
content but also school subjects. It is of prime importance to a
university on the basis of its strategic plans to implement a low
cost waste management plan.
College and university typically generate a wide range of
chemical waste and, because of their decentralized
organizational structure face challenges in complying with
applicable waste regulation. The University of Tabuk is a fast
growing institution where it envisions to become the largest
teaching and research institution in the region and the
Kingdom at large. It offers several colleges including the
applied medical sciences, medicine and arts and sciences.
These colleges usually offer laboratory classes where many
different chemical substances are used in scientific researches
and teaching activities throughout the campus, activities that
generate a significant amount of waste materials that must be
discarded as regulated hazardous waste per Environmental
Protection agency in Saudi Arabia's rule.
Hence, this study can help many institutions particularly the
University of Tabuk in designing and implementing a low-cost
school waste management plan and educate its faculty and
students to the implement this plan as a response to the
alarming issues in environment and prevent the some health
problems caused by improper waste disposal.
II. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
A. To ascertain the level of awareness, and present practices
of the faculty and students of the University of Tabuk on
waste disposal.
B. To review the current waste generation profile of the
University
C. To design a low cost yet effective waste management plan
for the University
D. To develop and implement the low-cost waste management
plan
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Data Analysis
The primary data were collected using the structured
questionnaire. Two types of questionnaire were adopted,
modified and designed on faculty and students‟ awareness,
knowledge, concerns and practices of waste management in
the University of Tabuk. There was a general type of
questionnaires that was used for the Faculty of Engineering,
Education, Arts ( Postgraduate & undergraduate) and Faculty
of IT and Computer Science. Special type of questionnaire was
used for the Faculty with Laboratory facilities such as
Medicine, Applied Medical Science, and Faculty of Science.
It was made up of three parts. Using a 4-point Likert scale in
assessing the knowledge and awareness, while a 3-point scale
of YES, NO and Not sure was used to assess the practices of
the respondents on waste management.
Secondary data were collected from appropriate data
sources, including books, journals, newspapers, internet and
activities. From a total population of 6,100 students, faculty,
staff and administration enrolled and employed at the UT, 323
successfully responded in the study. Stratified random
sampling technique was utilized to obtain a sample from the
included department that proportionate to the size of the total
population.
A. Data Analysis
The study used descriptive statistics such as frequency
count, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Questions on
waste management awareness had an assigned score of 1-4 for
“not worried” (not interested, not important, not satisfied),
“not sure”, “worried” (interested, important, satisfied), “very
worried” (very interested, very important, very satisfied). The
items on Waste management practice were scored based on
negative or positive wordings of the items, for every positively
worded questionnaire, the participants progressed from 3
through 2 and 1. The scoring was reversed for negatively
worded items. The upper limit of awareness/attitude and
environmental concerns was put at 2.50, while for practices
was put at 1.50. For purpose of data interpretation, mean
values of 2.50 and above were indicated to have high
knowledge /awareness, while below 2.50 were regarded as
low. Mean values of 2.00 and above were considered for
positive practice. A standard deviation greater than 1.00 was
taken to indicate high variability among participants
(Ifegbesan, 2008).
B. Participants
The respondents of the study were 323 faculty, staff, and
students in the A.Y. 2012-2013. Fifty three percent (171) were
males while 47% (152) were females. From the Faculty of
Medicine, there were 4.02% (13) respondents, 4.95% (16)
from Faculty of Engineering. Faculty of Applied Medical
Science has 19.8% (64) and 4.64% (16) from Faculty of
Science, undergraduate, The Faculty of Science, postgraduate
has
2nd International Conference on Agriculture, Environment and Biological Sciences (ICAEBS'15) August 16-17, 2015 Bali (Indonesia)
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TABLEI
DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE PARTICIPANTS
4.64% (16) respondents while 23.52% (76) came from Faculty of
Education and Arts, Post graduate. The Faculty of Education and arts,
undergraduate has 23.38% (82) and 13% (42) come from Faculty of IT and
Computer Science.
IV. RESULTS
TABLE II
GENERAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AWARENESS OF THE PARTICIPANTS
Table 2 shows the waste management awareness of the
participants. Using percentages, the item-by-item analysis
suggests that 17 or 0.08% of the participants claimed not sure
about the extent to which they worry of waste around the
school, 20 or 9.1 % were not worried, 113 or 51.36%, worried
and 70 or 31.82%, very worried. Majority of the participants
who comprised the 53.64% were very interested about the
wastes around the school, while 7.73% expressed they were
not interested in wastes in their campus. 34.09% were
interested in wastes around their school. The fifty nine percent
(59.%) of the participants reported that it‟s very important to
consider the way students do away with wastes, while 1.82%
were still not sure about it. Seventy three percent (73%) of the
participants were not satisfied with the way students' dispose
of their wastes, while only 4% were very satisfied about the
disposal. On how satisfied they are with the way wastes are
handled by the school, 23% of them expressed “Not sure”
response while 42% were dissatisfied. Overall, the data in
table 1 shows that all mean scores for the items that measure
awareness were above the midpoint (2.50) set. This finding
revealed that participants coming from the Faculty with no
laboratory courses are aware of waste problems in the
university.
TABLE III
GENERAL WASTE MANAGEMENT KNOWLEDGE OF THE PARTICIPANTS
The general waste management knowledge of the
participants coming from the different faculty with no
laboratory facilities is presented in Table 3. When asked what
they ascribe to waste management, dropping of waste in the
trash cans (31.36%) and environmental friendliness (33.63%)
obtained the highest frequency. Others was claimed to be the
least by (4.09%) 9 participants. These perceptions were
influenced greatly by their personal experiences (40%),
followed by news media (29.5%) and people‟s comment
(15%). Majority of the participants do not know (66.82 %) as
the common method used for disposing waste in the school.
Recycling is the method of waste disposal that the
participants would want to put into use in the school as
revealed by 49% of the responses followed by composing
(26.36%). TABLE IV
WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF THE PARTICIPANTS
2nd International Conference on Agriculture, Environment and Biological Sciences (ICAEBS'15) August 16-17, 2015 Bali (Indonesia)
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Table 4 shows the frequency, percentages, and standard
deviations of the 12 waste management practices on the three-
point scale of “Yes” “No” and “Not sure”. Evidence from the
analysis suggests that the participants were not highly involved
in the waste management practice with about 93.6% giving a
negative answer. The percentages reveal that among the items,
only three received a positive response. These were, when
asked if they change your ways in order to reduce the amount
of waste generated in school with 133 (63.01%), Cleared a
garbage site around your school with 181 (82.3%) answered
Yes, and lastly 57.7% (127) answered yes that they support in
the development of Environmental policy for your school.
However, when asked if the participants attended an activity
on environmental education and if they attended a meeting
signed to protect the environment, 88.6% and 54.1% answered
“Not sure”, respectively. The rest of the waste management
practices were not being implemented by the participants as
revealed by majority of “No” answer. The overall mean score
(1.60) is below the midpoint of 2.00 set, which suggest that
participants are low in their involvement in waste management
in the University of Tabuk.
TABLE V
COMMON ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS ON SCHOOL COMPOUND
Table 5 shows the frequencies, percentages, and rank of
responses in the question on the type of waste problems
commonly seen in school. Of the nine identified problems,
only 4 environmental concerns such as plastics (60.5%),
bottles (49.5%), fallen leaves (54%) and fallen off posters
(40.5%)have high scores of very often. This finding suggests
that these are the common composition of waste generation
found on school. These plastics, bottles, fallen leaves and
fallen posters ranked 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th respectively
TABLE VI
KRUSKAL-WALLIS TEST AND SPEARMAN RHO TEST FOR THE SIGNIFICANT
RELATIONSHIP AND THE CORRELATION BETWEEN DEPARTMENT AND
ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICES
Table 6 shows the significant parameters‟ Kruskal-Wallis
Test and Spearman rho test results. The included parameters
have p-values less than 0.05. Therefore, there is enough
evidence to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the
above parameters are significantly related with the
departments the participants are in. However, only one among
the parameters showed significant correlation test value. This
means that the correlation between the participation in waste
management activities and their departments is positively low
with a correlation coefficient of 0.149. Different departments
practiced waste management differently. On the other hand,
the staffs are more likely to have participated in good waste
management activities in the school as compared with the
students. However, graduate students are more likely to have
participated than undergraduate students
TABLE VII
KRUSKAL-WALLIS TEST AND SPEARMAN RHO TEST FOR THE SIGNIFICANT
RELATIONSHIP AND THE CORRELATION BETWEEN DEPARTMENT AND
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
Table 7 shows the significant parameters‟ Kruskal-Wallis
Test and Spearman rho test results. The included parameters
have p-values less than 0.05. Therefore, there is enough
evidence to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that paper
as a common problem in the school, as perceived by the
participants, are found to be related with their departments.
Moreover, the computed correlation coefficient of 0.129 has a
p-value less than 0.05. This means that the above parameter
has a positively low correlation with department. The
2nd International Conference on Agriculture, Environment and Biological Sciences (ICAEBS'15) August 16-17, 2015 Bali (Indonesia)
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respondents both graduate and undergraduate believed that
paper is common problem in the school
TABLEVIII
. KNOWLEDGE/AWARENESS IN THE LABORATORY WASTE MANAGEMENT
A total of 103 respondents from the different faculty that
caters laboratory courses. The table 8 revealed that plastic and
papers are still the predominant type of waste encountered in
the laboratory with 31% (32), followed by the used slides,
coverslips, tubes, etc. with 24.3% and blood and other body
fluids with 20.4% (21). The least waste items are the used
media and chemicals contribute to 9.7% (10).
TABLE IX
PRACTICES RELATED TO LABORATORY WASTE MANAGEMENT
Table 9 presents the practices of the respondents in terms
laboratory waste management. When they were asked
regarding their practices, Five (5) practices revealed a positive
result. 90% (93) practiced the maintenance of cleanliness of
the laboratory working area, 73 (71%) throw directly the
liquid waste with running water to the sink, 66.9% (69)
practiced that they used gloves when handling laboratory
waste, 69 (67%) throw directly the solid materials to the trash
bins.
83.5% (65) says that no manual is provided in the laboratory
management, 54% (56) throw the blood products, used sharps
directly into the waste bins. 55.4% (57) were not oriented
regarding lab waste management, 54.4% (56) do not segregate
laboratory waste.
The practice of the laboratory students from different
faculty resulted to a low midpoint than the value of 2.00,
which revealed that there is a negative practice of the
laboratory waste management among students and staffs with
laboratory courses.
V. DISCUSSION
The findings of this study revealed that students and
employees of the University of Tabuk, both male and female
campuses are aware of the wastes inside the school. The
results are supported by Ifegbesan‟s (2009) study that
secondary students in Ogun Sate possessed high environmental
awareness in waste management. The results also noted that
directly dropping the waste to the trash bins and recycling are
currently being used as the most common waste disposal
methods based on their personal experiences that were
acquired through seminars, news media, campaigns and
lectures from the classrooms. Recycling has been a common
practice for most of human history, with recorded advocates as
far back as Plato in 400 BC and even practiced in
manufacturing firms, market, industry and even educational
institutions (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling).
The participants in this study possessed low waste
management practice as revealed by their low involvement and
participation in the waste management in the school which has
a similar result with the study of Chan‟s (1999) which revealed
that students‟ waste management practices depicted a negative
practice.
Paper, plastic and bottles were among the top-listed
common environmental concerns in campus and laboratory,
since this is an educational institution, particpants‟ usage of
these materials are inevitable, recycling and segregation were
the recommended methods of waste disposal by most of them.
Similar results on the correlation of sex and
environmental variables were supported by the study of Van
Liere and Dunlap (1981) which revealed that gender is not a
significant predictor of environmental concerns. Kellert (1985)
also found that no gender differences in the variables of waste
management practices
The present study revealed that plastic is a big issue
perceived by the young respondents. This is supported by
Raudsepp (2001). In his study, he reported that age and
education have shown strong and consistent relationships with
environmentalism. Similar results were also obtained by other
researchers (Mensah & Whitney, 1991; Gigliotli, 1992;
Sheppard, 1995; Eagle and Demare, 1999) who have
correlated the environmental knowledge and concerns with
sex, gender and education. The study also showed that there is
a positively low correlation in the environmental practices
among departments. This has similar findings in the study of
Chanda (1999) as he reported that environmental concerns
among residents vary according to education and age.
This study identified and assessed the level of awareness,
knowledge, and practices of the Faculty and students of
University of Tabuk on waste management. The findings
indicated that most of participants were aware of the wastes in
the campus. Direct disposal and Recycling were mostly the
choices for waste disposal method. The findings also revealed
that there were poor waste management practices among the
participants and the most commons wastes seen in the campus
were plastics, paper, bottles, and the uncollected garbage.
In the case of laboratory waste management, it revealed the
lack of proper education to both the staffs and students. No
manual in the laboratory waste management on how the proper
2nd International Conference on Agriculture, Environment and Biological Sciences (ICAEBS'15) August 16-17, 2015 Bali (Indonesia)
http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/IAAST.A0715058 51
disposal of infectious agents such as blood and other body
fluids should be managed. Sharp needles, which are mostly the
cause of contamination or introduction of infectious agents
such as hepatitis and HIV, were also found to be mismanaged
in their disposal management. No orientation has also been
found on how to manage the waste in the laboratory, which
should be supposedly conducted as part of the introduction in
the laboratory discussion. A more organized approach to waste
management in the laboratory was recommended and a
National Plan that was conducted by Saw (2001) which
revealed that extensive planning in the laboratory should
include introduction and orientation in all laboratory waste
management from every conduct of experiment or research.
VI. CONCLUSION
The study assesses the awareness, knowledge and practice
of the students and staffs of the University of Tabuk which will
become a basis for the planning and implementation of the
School‟s Waste management Plan, The participants were
divided and given two sets of questions. One set contained
general question about waste management and the other set
was designed to the faculty with laboratory courses.
The participants were aware about the waste management
with limited knowledge. More so, they do not do so much on
their wastes. They were satisfied with what they dispose their
waste. Majority of them have not engaged with proper training
or orientation on waste management, thus they rely mainly
with direct disposal of any waste in the trash bins. Proper
segregation is not practiced in the university because there is
initiative that was carried out by any Faculty of offices in the
university. No seminar or campaigns has been brought out to
emphasize the importance of waste management both in the
laboratory and school premises.
Under environmental concerns, the way respondents
perceived that plastics are common problems in the school is
related with the different faculty. Undergraduate participants
believed more that plastics are common problem in the school
than graduate students. While Papers (litter), as perceived by
respondents in the higher level of department, was believed to
be a more common problem in the school than those who
belonged in the lower level of department.
VII. RECOMMENDATION
The following are hereby recommended:
1. Institute and implement the procedures and processes of
the functional elements of waste management system in
terms of handling and storage, collection, transfer and
transport, processing and disposal.
2. The provision of the different color-coded trash bins
strategically located in every building of the school.
3. Efforts should be made by University of Tabuk
management to organize seminars and workshops for
students, teachers and administrators especially in the
proper waste prevention, recycling, reuse and waste
reduction.
4. To introduce or integrate waste management concepts and
themes through environmental education and school
curriculum at all levels will not only improve students‟
awareness and knowledge but more likely change their
negative waste management behavior and practices.
5. Environmental education in the school can provide
opportunities for students and teachers to engage in
actions and behavior that impact positively towards
achieving a more sustainable school environment.
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Website:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/waste
http://scp.eionet.europa.eu/waste
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste
http://www.emb.gov.ph/eeid/SWMworkshops.htm
2nd International Conference on Agriculture, Environment and Biological Sciences (ICAEBS'15) August 16-17, 2015 Bali (Indonesia)
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