DESIGNTHEORY AND RESEARCH: SUSTAINABILITY

jennifer rogers 2012

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TABLE OF CONTENTS:

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TheoryResearchCase Study (Cosi Restaurant)10 Things To Know Before GraduationNeuroscience and ArchitectureNet-Zero v Carbon NeutralDavid OrrEvidence-Based Design/State of HealthcarePhysical Traces/Types of Study DesignSimple ObservationThe Behavioral SettingEdward T. Hall/Amos RapoportRecognizing The Challenge/Planet of the SlumsDesigning a StudyLiving Building ChallengeInternational Living Building Institute/21st Century TrendsSustainable OfficesEnvironment and BehaviorHuman Factors/Perception of Comfort and ColorBarrier-Free EnvironmentCognitive MappingTheories of Human Environment RelationshipsTheories of Environmental PerceptionCase Study (USC West Quad)SketchesClosing Thought

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THE·O·RY [thee-uh-ree, theer-ee]

noun, plural the·o·ries.1. a coherent group of tested general propositions, commonly regarded as correct, that can be used as principles of explanation and prediction for a class of phenomena: Einstein’s theory of relativity. Synonyms: principle, law, doctrine.2. a proposed explanation whose status is still conjectural and subject to experimentation, in contrast to well-established propositions that are regarded as reporting matters of actual fact. Synonyms: idea, notion hypothesis, postulate. Antonyms: practice, verification, corroboration, substantiation.3. Mathematics . a body of principles, theorems, or the like, belonging to one subject: number theory.4. the branch of a science or art that deals with its principles or methods, as distinguished from its practice: music theory.5. a particular conception or view of something to be done or of the method of doing it; a system of rules or principles: conflicting theories of how children best learn to read.

...a way to explain our world

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Behavioral Sciences -environmental psychology -man-environment relations -environmental sociology -human ecology -person-environment theoryDesign Concerns -utilities --> commodity/function -venustas --> delight/expression -firmitas --> firmness/technicsPositive Architectural Theory -models of Praxis (phases of design) 1. definition - analysis - synthesis 2. intelligence - design of alternatives - choice - implementation - post occupancy evaluation 3. development - implementation - operation - evaluation -programming - schematic design - design decisions - construction documents - construction administration (AIA, ASID)

Is design a rational process?

Positive Theory -each student has their own way of doing thingsNormative Theory -way things are done because that’s how we do it

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RE·SEARCH [ri-surch, ree-surch]

noun1. diligent and systematic inquiry or investigation into a subject in order to discover or revise facts, theories, applications, etc.: recent research in medicine.2. a particular instance or piece of research.

verb (used without object)3. to make researches; investigate carefully.

verb (used with object)4. to make an extensive investigation into: to research a matter thoroughly.

...asking questions and diving deeper

What makes Interior Design a separate and distinct design discipline is an

understanding of the impact of designed space on human occupants.[

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Qualitative vs. Quantitative -ontological assumptions -epistemological assumptions -methodological assumptions

Is knowledge observed or created?

Behavioral Sciences -theories and models -procedural --> observing practice in other firms; how the practice happens -substantive -ways to observes the actual buildings --> how do people react in the space of define their own studio space? -interview about acoustics and lighting -research methods -interview and observationTypes of Research -qualitative -quantitative -historical -passive house -vernacular -creative scholarship -project itself becomes the research -ex: felt or photographyEvidence-Based Design -in order to design an environment, you should know how to do it

Design decisions are based in research

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CASE STUDY: LITTLE ARCHITECTS

COSI RESTAURANT

“When Xando, an upscale urban coffee house and bar, merged with Cosi, a high-end brick oven sandwich shop, the new company needed an original branded environment for an aggressive national expansion - 25 stores the first year.

Moreover, they wanted to decrease capital investment per store, reduce square footage and increase revenue. That is, results beyond architecture.”

Qualitative: Quantitative:-ask questions-work as a team with client-ask about budget-advance organization-”consulting firm”-qual. research to help derive quant. data with knowledge from past projects

-prototype tests (increased total number of customers served by 13% during an 8 week test)-number of increased sales-set goal and define approach

-ask questions-work as a team with client-ask about budget-advance organization-”consulting firm”

-prototype tests-number of increased sales-set goal and define approach

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Cosi Restaurant, Little Architects

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10 THINGS...

understand laws of thermo dynamics. basic principles of ecology. understand what “carrying capacity” is. know what “energetics” is. understand end use/least cost. know appropriate scale. sustainable agriculture and forestry. know what a “steady state economy” is. know environmental ethics. limits of technology.

YOU SHOULD KNOW BEFOREGRADUATION:

NEUROSCIENCE & ARCHITECTURE -what parts of your brain react to the environment? -color association of feelings example: red = madness, hunger, or an associationNeuroscience -scientifi c study of the nervous system -www.anfarch.org -scientifi c understanding of human response to environmentSpecifi c Topics for Consideration -impact of daylight and views, including the level of luminance and means of control -effect of exposure to nature (ex: views of greenery or water) on stress and aggression -impact of the size of space (density) -noise and communication -design features and colors of perception

When creating the Sweet Springs Hotel dining room I wanted to focus on the view of the woods and bringing in maximum daylighting. It was important to have a dense room while still creating an intimate level of privacy for conversations at tables. Colors were kept neutral to balance greenery and pops of color in the pendant lights.

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NET ZERO vs. CARBON NEUTRALNet Zero -generates 100% of its power from on-site renewable (completely off the grid and independent) --> this type is also carbon neutral -building standard in 20 years -eliminate anything carbon based -health of the planetMajor Players -department of energy -ASHRAE -AIA (American Institute of Architects)Self-contained buildingsRequires no outside resources

Examples: -Aldo Leopold Legacy Center -http://zeb.buildinggreen.com/ -Audubon Center, CA -Challenger’s Tennis Club -Hawaii Gateway Energy Center -Oberlin College, Lewis CenterHawaii Gateway Energy Center -cooling system utilizes seawater to reduce energy consumption -energy generated on-site through photovoltaics is greater than the energy used when accounted for at the sourceNet Zero House -passive solar design -ground source heat pump -integrated-design approach

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Oberlin College, Lewis Center

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DAVID ORROberlin College, Lewis CenterUpon initiation of the project, he asked 3 questions that continue to serve as a guiding philosophy for the Lewis Center 1. is it possible to power buildings by current sunlight? 2. is it possible to create buildings that purify their own wastewater? 3. is it possible to build without compromising human or environmental health somewhere else or at some later time?

Net Zero Building Example

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EVIDENCE-BASED DESIGNWhat is it? -process of basing decisions about the built environment on credible research to achieve the best possible outcomesEDAC (Evidence-Based Design Accreditation and Certification -educational and assessment program that tests individuals on their understanding of how to base healthcare building design decisions on credible research evidence and project evaluation results -hospitality -retail - how to bring people in -corporate offices - generationalInformed Design -evidence-based design tool that transforms research into an easy-to-read, easy-to-use format for architects, graphic designers, housing specialists, interior designers, landscape architects, urban designers and planners, and the public

7 Trends: -public focus on quality and safety -reimbursement challenges -aging population and caregiver shortages -health information technology -genomics and technology -emergency room saturation and disaster preparedness -sustainable healthcare

STATE OF HEALTHCARE TODAY

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]Can we truly be 100% sustainable with all of the unaccounted waste we

create? What are the barriers we face as individuals to sustainability?[

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PHYSICAL TRACESErosion and Accretion -natural accretion measures Ex: build-up of leftover chipboard and models in studio; pile of dirty clothes left in somebody’s room -natural erosion measures -physical erosion on marble steps -door handle falling off in studio classroom

TYPES OF STUDY DESIGNBasic Survey Designs -cross-sectional - exit polls, random people -longitudinal - following the same person, long-term, trends -trend studies -cohort studies -panel studiesVariations on Basic Survey Designs -parallel samples (students vs. parents) -contextual studies -sociometric studies

What type of study would you use to determine how effective the design of our classroom is? Sociometric - survey about where the like to sit --> conclusion -Why do they like to sit there? -Survey professors - how do students respond to their teaching tools/styles?

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SIMPLE OBSERVATIONVisible ObserverParticipant ObserverExterior Physical SignsExpressive MovementPhysical LocationObservation of Language Behavior -conversation samplingTime Sampling and Observation

How might you use observation to determine how effective the design of our classroom is? -watch how people use the space -how do the move throughout? -understand if people attempt to change the space -do they create their own personal space? -do they even occupy the designated classroom to study?

Culture -different cultures have different hand movements, gestures, comfort zones, personal space, etc.Time of Day -could yield different results

My desk in the middle of a busy final project... I create my own “hide away” in my room where I can lay all of my papers out. I’m able to adjust the temperature, eat at my own pace, and personalize my surroundings. I have enough space where I can lay out my floor plan, work on my computer, and refer back to my notes all at once.

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Every design ought to be Sustainable design, meaning something people refuse to trash.

-Satyendra Pakhale

THE BEHAVIORAL SETTINGA behavior setting is considered to be a stable combination of activity and place and consists of: -standard behavior/recurrent activity -a layout -relationship between layout and activity -specific period of time -ex: projector ties teacher down in corner; desks moved and people were unhappy

sustainable design: how to efficiently use a space better, circulation, square footage, etc

Modernism and Functionalism -normative beliefsConcept of fit, afford, synomorphy, and congruenceAdaptability and Flexibility -fixed feature, semi-fixed feature and informal -ex: chalkboard and direction of lights

Select a behavioral setting... How does the setting permit (afford) certain behaviors? How does it limit other behaviors? VT Drillfield -people walk from classes to dorms and vice versa -walk quickly by yourself -walk slowly with others -people make their own paths for a more direct route -headphones in so nobody will talk to you (handing out flyers) -sunglasses on so that no eye contact is made -most people walk with their head and eyes down in the morning and are casually walking and more calm in the afternoon (set of goals for class or day vs. decluttering brain)

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EDWARD T. HALL

AMOS RAPOPORT

American AnthropologistCross-cultural researcherProxemics -description of how people behave and react in different types of culturally-defined personal space

Author of the book House, Form, & Culture -how culture, human behavior, and the environment affect house formFounder of the field of EBS -Environment Behavior Studies - focused mainly on the role of cultural variables, cross-cultural studies, and theory development and synthesis

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RECOGNIZING THE CHALLENGE

PLANET OF THE SLUMS

100 year vision for the Great LakesA global example of human balance with natureOnly 4% urban yet it’s being pollutedGreen cities that “cause no damage”“Blue is the new Green” -water that is drinkableCommitment to local food -organic -crop diversificationRediscover the lakes

Population explosionsMore people in urban places than ruralImplications?

What are the issues? -pollution, personal space, resources (land use), amount of space compared to amount of people, light pollution, traffic, lack of green space, unhealthy air, etc.How do you provide food, water, etc? -place for a job, city with potential for an income, competition to constantly improve and move forward with way of life -Megacity/Supercity - metropolis area with total > 10 million -ex: NYC, LA, London, and TokyoHow can people take care of themselves without having a job? -public transportation, walking -self-sustainability?

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DESIGNING A STUDYWhat are the major challenges to sustainability of the planet? -pollution -water treatment -air quality -overworked land --> time lapse for replenishing -oil spills -recycling --> some materials can’t be broken down

What type of sustainability research needs to be done? -proper use of our resources -using something up at a comfortable speed (not too fast) -ex: cork and oil -harvesting sunlight --> constant presence -o-zone depletion and green house gases -wind harvesting -rain water - preventing acid rain

]What can one person do?The POWER of ONE...[

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“”

You can never have an impact on society if you have not changed yourself.

-Nelson Mandela

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LIVING BUILDING CHALLENGE3 Certified Projects -Tyson’s Living Learning Center -The Omega Center for Sustainable Living -EcoSenseTyson’s Living Learning Center, MO -living water system -placement on site -passive/active solar strategies -indiginous landscapingOmega Center for Sustainable Living -green roof -clear story water -skylights -indiginous landscapingEcoSense (Victoria, British Columbia) -solar panels

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Tyson’s Learning Living Center

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INTERNATIONAL LIVING BUILDING INSTITUTEMission -to encourage the creation of Living Buildings, sites, and communities in countries around the world while inspiring, educating, and motivating a global audience about the need for fundamental and transformative change.CascadiaIssues a challenge... -to all design professionals, contractors and building owners to create the foundation for a sustainable future -to politicians and manufacturers to remove barriers to systemic change, and to realign incentives and market signals that truly protect the health, safety, and welfare of the environment -to all of humanity to reconcile the built environment with the natural environment, into a civilization that creates greater biodiversity, resilience and opportunities for life with each adaptation and development

We need to do things in ways that other species do... procreate, adapt, survive...

21st CENTURY TRENDSMarriage of aesthetics and functionAdopting eco-conscious designLarger collaboration area and teamingYoga roomsCollaboration spacesMobility, flexibility, and sustainabilityLess privacy, more collaborationwww.21stcenturyoffices.com

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SUSTAINABLE OFFICESWhat you have control overDay-to-day functioning - paper use, etc“The Green Office Handbook -how you get things to function in a green way

Comcast Center by Robert Stern -low e-glass -sun shades -double-skim curtain wallManufacturers (product) -Steelcase -Knoll -Herman Miller

Does a C2C chair make it sustainable?If everything is C2C is it sustainable?

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ENVIRONMENT & BEHAVIORLife on the Savanna -back to a door -score higher on tests if in same mood as when you learned the materials -warm colors attract us - like sitting in refuge areas -enjoy dappled lightAt a fundamental level (Kaplan and Kaplan evolutionary level) places affect how we live our lives -our environments affect our behaviorAlways respect the people who will use your spaces -ex: designers are much more likely to like a yellow-green than the general publicReis - 16 basic motives for humans 1. power 2. curiosity 3. independence 4. status 5. social contact 6. vengeance 7. honor 8. idealismUniversal features of well-designed spaces -comply with planned activity -communicates important information -comforting -challenging -continuing across timeCognitive responses to sensory information -smell -lavender reduces tension, orange reduces anxiety, etc. -hearing -predictable rhythms are relaxing (heartbeat) -seeing -cool = relaxing; warm = invigorating -cognitive responses to sensory information -under WARM light -take more risks and perform better on tests -under COOL light -opposite of warm light

9. physical exercise10. romance11. family12. order13. eating14. tranquility15. acceptance16. saving

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HUMAN FACTORSAnthropometrics - study of human physical dimensions, capabilities, and limitationsErgonomics - concerned with designing and arranging things people use so that the people and things interact most efficiently and safely -studying nature of machines and adapting people to them -modifying machines to make them easier and safer for people to use -behavior-setting researchIn the workplace: -productivity and efficiency -employee satisfaction -health and safety -carpal tunnel scoliosis, eye strain, and muscle tension

PERCEPTION OF COMFORTDiscomfort --> dissatisfaction -psychological wellbeing and physiological wellbeing are interrelatedSeveral variables impact comfort -temperature, humidity, air movement, light levels, color, noise, and body positioningPeople are more aware when they are uncomfortable than when they are comfortable

COLOR PERCEPTIONWhich seems farthest away?Warmest? Coolest?Most “stimulating” to the eye/brain Everyone had different responses, I personally preferred the orange color. The warmest was the red and coolest was blue. The blue appeared the farthest away. How is this useful for designers? How might this impact comfort?

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BARRIER-FREE ENVIRONMENTReduced Mobility -uneven surfaces leads to tripping -stairs -doors (too heavy of too fast-closing)Wheelchair Occupant -reaching from seated position -turning radiusHearing Impaired -clear visual signage -clarity of layout

Are you doing good design if you aren’t taking these things into account?

Vision Impaired -same difficulties as walking impaired -shadows create difficulties -contours difficult to see -reflectors cause discomfort -colors are not easily differentiatedBlind -texture and sound become more important -projetions cause problems (bumping and tripping)

What potential problems are in our studio space? How would people with disabilities be able to occupy our space?

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COGNITIVE MAPPINGThe process used to interpret information about a relative location and its physical environmentImages formed from: -personal experience -second-hand information -imaginationCity: orient based on continuous elements (rivers, street facades, prominent landmarks)Rural: orient in relation to their home, the cardinal directionsIndividual approaches -emphasize the paths and the elements along them -draw boundaries first and then fill in maps -draw a repetitive system - such as grid layouts and then fill them inCity form vs. building form -the way people orient themselves in a city and in a building are similar -importance of hierarchy, layout clarity, and signage to reduce confusion -paths, districts, landmarks, edges, nodes

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“”

Recognizing the need is the primary condition for design.

-Charles Eames

THEORIES OF HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIPSSocial Learning Theory 1. people are motivated to seek reinforcement 2. personality represents an interaction of the individual and the environment 3. to really understand people we must know their life history and backgroundIntegration Theories - 5 elements that work together to facilitate a behavior 1. global environment 2. instigators (stimuli) 3. supports and constraints 4. goal objects and noxients 5. directors -interactional theory - deterministic separatism (you can do things to cause behavior) -transactional theory - human environment are mutually supportive -organismic theory - complex symbiosisControl Theories -behavioral -cognitive -decisional - how somebody makes decisions (ex: thermostats in a building) -psychological reactance - threats and freedomsBehavioral Setting Theories 1. physical properties 2. social components 3. the environmental setting -operant conditioning - reinforcing behavior -synomorphy - physical and social aspects of an environment should fit well together -ex: wall with white board will have chairs facing that directionStimulation Theories -the 5 senses -overstimulation (hyper-) -understimulation (hypo-) -threshold - too many people can overstimulate someone -arousal perspective environmental load -adaptation level theory - gradual increase of stress people won’t notice instead they’ll adapt (jolt of fear and then get over it) -attention restoration theory - directed attention, effortless attention, restorative experiences

Useful or not useful? How might this impact sustainability?39

THEORIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTIONBrunswick Probabilistic Lens Model -objective criteria that lead to perceived beauty -designers have a different idea of beautyGobson’s Affordances Model -ecological approach to perception -shade is creating an environment for restBerlyne’s Collative Properties -novelty, incongruity, complexity, surprise, influence, through hedoniction, and uncertain arousalPleasure/Arousal/Dominance

Kaplan and Kaplan Preference Framework -coherence -legibility -mystery -know where you are, understand what’s around you, know where to go, element of surpriseKevin Lynch and Legibility -paths - routes along which people move throughout the city -edges - boundaries and breaks in continuity -districts - areas characterized by common characteristics -nodes - strategic focus points for orientation like squares and junctions -landmarks - external points of orientation -mental map = emotional security -framework for communication and conceptual organization -heightens depth and intensity of everyday human experience

These theories have been around for 30 years... Do they have an impact on sustainable behavior?

arousing

not arousing

pleasurable not pleasurable

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41USC West Quad, Little Architects

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CASE STUDY: LITTLE ARCHITECTS Asked to collaborate with another firm to design a 500-bed, high-performance residence hall and learning center for the University of South Carolina (USC), we conducted programming/design and sustainability workshops to establish consensus and set goals. Earned a LEED™ Silver rating from the U.S. Green Building Council and won USC’s commitment to sustainability for all its future buildings. An environmentally friendly Living Learning Center designed by Little will save the University of South Carolina (USC) over $1 million over the next decade and serve as a standard for all future USC buildings. West Quad was built within the same budget and time frame as if it were a non-sustainable project. The primary focus was maximizing solar access and energy efficiency.

Awards:-2005 Excellence in Design Award: Honorable Mention, Environmental Design + Construction magazine-2002 AIA Carole Hoefener Carriker Sustainable Design Award, Charlotte Chapter

Square Footage:180,000 sf

-Light shelves were a cost not found in the previous projects. They contributed to reduced loads needed for the HVAC systems reducing their cost and allowing installation of copper roofing.

-The garbage disposals that were installed were “water hogs” and high maintenance items, particularly in a student environment

-USC is now committed to sustainability for all of it’s future buildings and projects.

-60 percent of the materials were obtained locally or regionally in order to lessen the pollution and use of gas and oil when transporting materials from long distances.

-Its turf roof not only cools the building by ab- sorbing heat but reduces rain- water runoff, which improves storm water management.

-West Quad uses 45% less energy and 20% less water than similarly-sized traditional residence halls.

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SKETCHES

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]How do we get people to want to care for their environment?

Particularly, our studio space here?[