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Concept generation summary for a mechanical engineering design project which considers the creation of a product to evenly distribute passengers along subway / train platforms. Useful for undergraduate engineering design students. Own work.
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Sissi Wang, Jennifer Wong, Song Yang
¡ Passengers congregate near entrances/exits on platforms during high traffic
§ Leads to uneven crowd density
§ Areas of high density cause increased train boarding times
¡ Solution intends to prevent passengers from congregating near entrances/exits § A system that provides feedback (visual, aural, tactile) to passengers.
¡ Lead users: § Law enforcement § Military § Passengers of transportation system in other countries
¡ Original solution consisted of two distinct subsystems: 1. identify congested areas on platform; 2. correct the crowding: § Congestion identification module dropped to simplify final product
(concepts for congestion identification are in Appendix A) § Observations show that congestion happens almost always near
entrances/exits, so will assume congestion occurs at these locations ¡ Concept generation methods used (in order of use):
§ 6-‐3-‐5 § SCAMPER (using a result of 6-‐3-‐5 as the “base case”) § TRIZ § Biomimetic design § N.B.: Diagrams for more complex concepts are in Appendix B
¡ Ideas generated during 6-‐3-‐5 session: ▪ LCD signs that encourage crowd movement through animation and text
▪ A model of the station which shows the changing crowd distribution in real-‐time, and the approximate time needed to board the train [Diagram 1]
▪ Install seats near ends of platforms to draw passengers away from entrances/exits
▪ Install conveyor belt which leads away from entrances/exits to assist passengers in moving away from crowded areas
▪ Change the texture of the floor near entrances/exits, making it less desirable to stand on, by making it uneven [Diagram 2]
▪ Physical barriers such as stanchions which reduce the standing area near entrances/exits
▪ Install speakers near entrances/exits which play “undesirable” music
▪ LCD arrows on the ground directing passengers away from entrances/exits
▪ Install interactive platform floor [Diagram 3]
¡ Base case selected for SCAMPER exercise: LCD signs that encourage crowd movement through animation and text
¡ Substitute – LCD signs draw on sense of vision, substitute with other senses: ▪ Aural – use PA broadcasts to direct traffic ▪ Tactile – create a tactile path on the ground using raised patterns, such as those used on sidewalks to guide the visually-‐impaired
▪ Sense of temperature – place air-‐conditioners or heating units at ends of platform to encourage movement to those areas
§ Adapt – adapt existing methods used to disperse crowds: ▪ “The Mosquito” is a device which plays sounds at high frequencies – these sounds discourage people from remaining in that area
§ Magnify – increase the intensity of other solutions: ▪ Visual – magnify LCD signs (weak) to unpleasant lighting, such as flashing strobe lights (strong)
▪ Temperature – instead of placing heating units at ends of platforms during winter, (weak) place powerful heat lamps near entrances/exits during summer (strong)
¡ Improvement Parameters: § 9: Velocity § 15: Duration of action generalized by moving object § 16: Duration of action generalized by stationary object
§ 25: Waste of time
¡ Conflicting Parameters: § 33: User-‐friendliness § 36: Complexity of design object
▪ Principle of Segmentation: ▪ Divide platform into sections and have announcements to tell people to move from one section to another – explicitly stating “move from section X to section Y” may be more effective than blanket statements
▪ Principle of Universality: ▪ Install touchscreens at ends of platforms that can perform multiple functions – e.g. check the weather, check for delays, etc. TV/touchscreens
▪ Principle of Dynamism: ▪ See-‐saw platform that tilts based on spread of crowd – takes advantage of people’s preference for flat, balanced surfaces [Diagram 4]
▪ Vibrating device on walls that prevents people from leaning against walls, leaving a path for people to walk through [Diagram 5]
▪ Principle of Colours: ▪ Platform lights near entrances/exits are more red, while lights near the ends are more green – uses socially-‐accepted colour conventions
¡ 1. “open”: The Na + concentration is much higher outside the axon than inside , so when the sodium channels open , Na + ions from the outside rush into the axon. § Solution: Turnstiles that only let people move from entrances/
exits towards ends of platform, but not vice versa [Diagram 6]
¡ 2. "gate": They are called voltage-‐gated channels because there is a particular membrane potential , or threshold potential , that causes them to open. § Solution: Divide platform into multiple sections. Have
something to detect the number of people in each section. Once the number of people in a section exceeds a predetermined limit, an alarm sounds to direct people away. The alarm will only stop once the section is under the threshold limit of people again.
¡ 3."spread": Plant viruses may infect cells at one location , then spread rapidly through a plant organ by plasmodesmata until they reach the plant's vascular tissue (circulatory system). Plasmodesmata are microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells and some algal cells, enabling transport and communication between them.
§ Solution 1: A barrier which is installed near staircases to divide the area into left and right channels, forcing people to move away instead of forming a crowd
§ Solution 2: Discretize platform through barriers placed along platform – splitting the platform into discrete segments makes it easier to identify and avoid crowds [Diagram 7]
¡ Crowd identification concepts using SCAMPER: § Base case: Divide platform into segments and implement weight detection
§ Substitute – substitute weight detection with other senses: ▪ Visual – place cameras along the platform to detect which segment has the most people
▪ Aural – place microphones on the platform to detect level of noise at each segment
▪ Sense of temperature – infrared systems to detect body heat to locate crowds
§ Adapt – adapt existing systems to detect objects ▪ Use radar system to locate crowds
1) Crowd distribution model
LCD screen with real-‐time data showing crowd density across platform.
2) Textured floor
A surface consisting of raised rubber “spikes” discourage people from standing there.
3) Interactive floor
Interactive platform floor that plays music when different parts of it are stepped on.
4) See-‐saw platform
Platform is divided into mini see-‐saws near entrances to encourage movement towards the end of the platform based on people’s preference for flat surfaces.
5) Vibrating walls
Vibrating devices on walls that activate when leaned against. This encourages a clear path to be left beside the wall for people to move through.
6) Turnstiles
One-‐way turnstiles placed along the platform that only allow movement towards either end
7) Discretized platform
Discretized sections make it easier to see where high crowd densities are
Platform