Information Circular 8758

Design of Surface Mine Haulage Roads-A Manual

By Walter W. Kaufman and James C. Ault

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Cecil D. Andrus, Secretary

BUREAU OF MINES

This publication has been cataloged as follows:

Kaufman, Walter W Design of surface mine haulage roads-a manual / by

Walter W. Kaufman and James C. Ault. [Washington] : U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1977.

68 p. : ill., diagrams ; 27 cm, (Information circular Bureau of Mines ; 8758)

Includes bibliographies.

1. Strip mining. 2. Mine haulage. 3. Roads - Design. I. Auk, James C., joint author. 11. United States. Bureau of Mines. 111. Title- IV. Series: United States. bureau of Mines. Informa- tion circular - Bureau of Mines ; 8758. TN23.U71 no. 8758 622.06173

U S . Dept. of the Int. Library

CONTENT S Page

Abstract ..........................................................~~~.. ........................................................... Introduction .................................................. Haulage road alinement .................. Stopping distance-- grade and brake relationships ................................................... Sight distance Vertical alinements ............................................ ................................. Maximum and sustained grades

Vertical curves. ............................................. ............................................. Horizontal alinement .......................................... Superelevation rate ........................................ Superelevation runout ....................... Sharp curve design-- widening on curves Combination of horizontal and vertical ............................

Haulage road cross section ............................................. ........................................................... Subbase Surface materials ...........................,..................... ........................................... Asphaltic concrete

Compacted gravel and crushed stone ........................... Stabilized earth ............................................. .................................................. Haulageway width ....................................................... Cross slope ....................................... Conventional parallel berms .................................................... Traffic signs Speed limit signs .... ..............,......................... ...... Stop signs ............................................ ......................... Curve and intersection warning signs ..................................... Culvert crossing markers ........................................ Traffic control signs .. ~imited access designators ............,..........*.*...*... Safety access indicators ..................................... ............................................... Drainage provisions ............................. Ditch configuration and location Ditch capacity and protection ................................ ..................................................... Culverts

Location .............................,...*............ ........................................... Type and size Placement ..................................*............ InLet-outlet controls ................................... ....................................... Typical haulageway sections .............................................. Road maintenance criteria

Vehicle maintenance criteria ........................................... . Runaway-- vehicle safety provisions .................................... Runaway-. vehicle collision berms .................................. .................. Escape lanes ....................................

Entrance ..................................................... ................................................. Deceleration ..................................................... Stopping Conclusions ............................................................ Appendix ...............................................................

ILLUSTRATIONS

Stopping distance characteristics of vehicles of less than 100. 000 ...................................................... pounds GVW Stopping distance characteristics of vehicles of 100. 000 to 200. 000 pounds GVW .........o~....................................

Stopping distance characteristics of vehicles of 200. 000 to .............................................. 400. 000 pounds GVW Stopping distance characteristics of vehicles of greater than .............................................. 400. 000 pounds G W Sight distancediagrams for horizontal and vertical curves ......... Vehicle performance chart ...............,.......................... Effect of grade reduction on stopping distances ................... ............................................ Vehicle retarder chart ........................ Vertical-curve controls-- 6-foot eye height .................... Vertical-curve controls--7-1/ 2-foot eye height .................... Vertical-curve controls--8-1/ 2-foot eye height ........................ Vertical-curve controls-- 9-foot eye height ....................... Vertical-curve controls--1 1-foot eye height ................ Vertical-curve controls--1 3-foot 7-inch eye height ....................... Vertical-curve controls--1 6-foot eye height ....................... Vertical-curve controls--2 0-foot eye height Haulageway widths on curves ....................................... CBR curves ........................................................ Example of subbase construction ................................... Example of crushed-stone surface construction ..................... Typical haulageway sections for 12-foot-wide vehicle .............. ............................... Graph showing pipe culvert capacity Erosion controls.. ............................................O... ..................................... Dumped-rock energy dissipator Typical haulageway sections ....................................... Runaway-vehicle collision berms ..............,..,................. ............................. Median application of collision berms Plan of haulage road escape lane .................................. Profile of haulage road escape lane ............................... Cross section of haulage road escape lane .........................

TABLES

Recommended superelevation rates .................................. ............................ Recommended rate of cross slope change ....... Design widths for curving haulageways--sing1 e-unit vehicles ....... Design widths for curving haulageways-- articulated vehicles ............................. Presumptive bearing capacity of soils Road adhesion coefficients as described by various technical references ............ .......................................... ...................... Rolling resistance for various surface types

Stone surface gradation ........................................... Recmended lane widths-- tangent: sections ......................... Typical vehicle relationships .....................................

Water-volume capacity for various V-ditch configurations. . cubic feet per second .......................................... ............................... Slope protection at culvert outlets Distance between runaway truck safety provisions (Initial speed at brake failure is 20 mph) ........................................

Distance between runaway truck safety provisions (Initial speed at brake failure is 10 mph) ............... L ..................... .. Maximum permissible horizontal curves for escape lane entrance.. ................ Recornended escape lane widths ................,,.. ....................................... Length of escape lane. feet ................ production-operating-construction cost comparisons

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DESIGN OF SURFACE MINE HAULAGE ROADS-A MANUAL

by

Walter W. Kaufrnan and James C. Ault2

ABSTRACT

T h i s Bureau of Mines manual f o r d e s i g n o f s u r f a c e mine haulage r o a d s c o v e r s such a s p e c t s o f hau lage road d e s i g n a s road a l inement (both v e r t i c a l and h o r i z o n t a l ) , c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l s , c r o s s s l o p e , and d r a i n a g e p r o v i s i o n s . T r a f f i c c o n t r o l and d e s i g n of p r o p e r l a n e w i d t h s t o promote s a f e v e h i c l e movement a r e inc luded , a s a r e sugges ted c r i t e r i a f o r road and v e h i c l e main- t e n a n c e and f o r runaway-vehic le s a f e t y p r o v i s i o n s . The aim of t h i s p u b l i c a - t i o n i s t o p rov ide t h o s e invo lved w i t h s u r f a c e mine haulage road d e s i g n w i t h a comple te manual of recommended p r a c t i c e s t h a t , i f implemented, w i l l promote s a f e r , more e f f i c i e n t h a u l a g e r o u t e s .

INTRODUCTION

During t h e p a s t 30 y e a r s , s u r f a c e mine hau lage equipment h a s developed f rom t r u c k s capab le o f moving 20 t o n s o f m a t e r i a l t o v e h i c l e s t h a t t r a n s p o r t a s much a s 350 t o n s . Unfor tuna te ly , t h e d e s i g n o f r o a d s t h i s equipment must t r a v e r s e h a s n o t advanced at: t h e same r a t e . I n many a r e a s , road b u i l d i n g t e c h - nology a p p r o p r i a t e t o v e h i c l e s o f t h r e e decades p a s t i s s t i l l be ing p r a c t i c e d today . A s a r e s u l t , numerous unnecessa ry haulage-road a c c i d e n t s have occur red e v e r y