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Design & Implementation of Design & Implementation of Cooperative LearningCooperative Learning
(Challenge-Based/Problem-Based (Challenge-Based/Problem-Based Example)Example)
Karl SmithKarl SmithUniversity of MinnesotaUniversity of Minnesota
Civil EngineeringCivil [email protected]
http://www.ce.umn.edu/~smith
22
Backdrop – Recent ReportsBackdrop – Recent ReportsNational Research Council Reports:National Research Council Reports:1.1. How People Learn: Brain, Mind, How People Learn: Brain, Mind,
Experience, and School (1999).Experience, and School (1999).2.2. How People Learn: Bridging Research How People Learn: Bridging Research
and Practice (2000).and Practice (2000).3.3. Knowing What Students Know: The Knowing What Students Know: The
Science and Design of Educational Science and Design of Educational Assessment (2001).Assessment (2001).
4.4. The Knowledge Economy and The Knowledge Economy and Postsecondary Education (2002). Postsecondary Education (2002). Chapter 6 – Creating High-Quality Chapter 6 – Creating High-Quality Learning Environments: Guidelines from Learning Environments: Guidelines from Research on How People Learn Research on How People Learn
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44
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Designing Learning Designing Learning Environments Based on HPL Environments Based on HPL
(How People Learn)(How People Learn)
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Challenged-Based LearningChallenged-Based Learning Problem-based learningProblem-based learning Case-based learningCase-based learning Project-based learningProject-based learning Learning by designLearning by design Inquiry learningInquiry learning Anchored instructionAnchored instruction
John Bransford, Nancy Vye and Helen Bateman. Creating High-Quality Learning Environments: Guidelines from Research on How People Learn
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Workshop LayoutWorkshop Layout OverviewOverview Participant SurveyParticipant Survey PBL Example – PBL Example – PBL – Modeling/Design PBL – Modeling/Design Backward Design ApproachBackward Design Approach CDROM Vignette – CDROM Vignette – PBL groups in actionPBL groups in action Tools for using groups in PBLTools for using groups in PBL Video Preview – Video Preview – Facilitators & Groups in Facilitators & Groups in
PBLPBL Wrap-upWrap-up
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Survey of ParticipantsSurvey of Participants
Familiar with problem based learning Familiar with problem based learning literature?literature?
Experienced pbl or case based Experienced pbl or case based learning?learning?
PBL Workshop(s)?PBL Workshop(s)? McMaster UniversityMcMaster University University of DelawareUniversity of Delaware Other Workshops/conferences?Other Workshops/conferences?
Teach / Taught using PBL or CBL?Teach / Taught using PBL or CBL?
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Knowledge ProbeKnowledge Probe
PBL Knowledge ProbePBL Knowledge Probe Example from MOT 8221Example from MOT 8221 What would you like to know about What would you like to know about
the students in your courses?the students in your courses?
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Participant Information Sheet MOT 8221, Spring 2004 Name __________ Work Experience (describe briefly): (use back if necessary) Previous Coursework/Experience in Project Management, Knowledge Management, Engineering Systems, Industrial Engineering/Operations Research (IE/OR), Management Science, and Quality Management (Six Sigma/TQM):
For the following areas, please rank your level of understanding according to the following scale:
1 = Little or no coursework/experience in this area. 2 = (Between 1 & 3). 3 = Moderate coursework/experience in this area 4 = (Between 3 & 5). 5 = A great deal of coursework/experience in this area.
Project Management 1 2 3 4 5 Knowledge Management 1 2 3 4 5 PMI-PMBOK 1 2 3 4 5 Engineering Systems 1 2 3 4 5 IE/OR 1 2 3 4 5 Modeling/Simulation 1 2 3 4 5 Mgmt Science 1 2 3 4 5 Six Sigma/ TQM 1 2 3 4 5 Computing Experience:
For each of the following, rate your proficiency and list any computer software:
1 = Never have used it. 2 = Know a little about it. 3 = Have used it some. 4 = Am very comfortable using it.
Rating Specific Packages
Spreadsheet 1 2 3 4 Project Management 1 2 3 4 Statistical 1 2 3 4 Modeling/simulation 1 2 3 4 Data base 1 2 3 4 Programming language 1 2 3 4 Expectations from the course (use back if necessary):
1111
0
5
10
15
20
25
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8
1
2
3
4
5
PMPM Q1Q1
KMKM Q2Q2
PMIPMI Q3Q3
EngSysEngSys Q4Q4
IE/ORIE/OR Q5Q5
Mod/SimMod/Sim Q6Q6
MgmtSciMgmtSci Q7Q7
6 Sigma6 Sigma Q8Q8
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0
5
10
15
20
25
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6
1
2
3
4
SpreadSpread Q1Q1
PMPM Q2Q2
StatStat Q3Q3
Mod/SimMod/Sim Q4Q4
DBDB Q5Q5
ProgProg Q6Q6
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Designing PBL ExperiencesDesigning PBL Experiences
Design of the Design of the Teamwork AspectTeamwork Aspect of of PBLPBL
Backward DesignBackward Design Learning outcomesLearning outcomes Acceptable evidenceAcceptable evidence Instructional strategiesInstructional strategies
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Problem-Based Learning (PBL)-- Small Group Self-Directed Problem Based
Learning --
Problem-based learning is the learning that results from the
process of working toward the understanding or resolution
of a problem. The problem is encountered first in the learning process. (Barrows and Tamblyn, 1980)
Core Features of PBLCore Features of PBL Learning is student-centered Learning occurs in small student groups Teachers are facilitators or guides Problems are the organizing focus and stimulus for learning Problems are the vehicle for the development of clinical
problem-solving skills New information is acquired through self-directed learning
Conversations in Teaching and Learning [MSU] - 3/14/03
15
Problem-Based Learning
Problem posed
Identify what weneed to know
Learn it
Apply it
START
Subject-Based Learning
Told what weneed to know
Learn it
Given problem toillustrate how to use it
START
Normative Professional Curriculum:
1. Teach the relevant basic science,
2. Teach the relevant applied science, and
3. Allow for a practicum to connect the science to actual practice.
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PBL-Example - ModelingPBL-Example - Modeling
Experience PBL:Experience PBL:
Participate and attend to what the group Participate and attend to what the group is doing.is doing.
Pay attention to what the instructor is Pay attention to what the instructor is doing.doing.
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Backward Design Approach:Backward Design Approach:An OverviewAn Overview
OutcomesOutcomes 5 minute university5 minute university
EvidenceEvidence Learning TaxonomiesLearning Taxonomies
Plan InstructionPlan Instruction Cooperative Learning Planning Format & Cooperative Learning Planning Format &
FormsForms
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Effective Course Effective Course DesignDesign
Students
Goals andObjectives
Assessment
EC 2000
Bloom’sTaxonomy
Course-specificgoals & objectives
Cooperative learning
Lectures
Labs
Other experiences
Classroomassessmenttechniques
Tests
Instruction
Other measures
Technology
(Felder & Brent, 1999)
2020
Model 1
The Key Components Of INTEGRATED COURSE DESIGN
One of the benefits of this model is that it allows us to see the importance S i t u a t i o n a l F a c t o r s
Teaching and
Learning Activities
Feedback & Assessment
Learning Goals
A Self-Directed Guide to Designing Courses for Significant LearningL. Dee Fink. 2003. Creating significant learning experiences. Jossey-Bass.
2121
Worksheet 1Worksheet for Designing a Course/Class Session
Ways of Assessing Actual Teaching-Learning
Helpful Resources:
Learning Goals for Course/Session:
This Kind of Learning: Activities: (e.g., people, things)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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Backward Design
Stage 1. Identify Desired Results
Stage 2. Determine Acceptable Evidence
Stage 3. Plan Learning Experiences and Instruction
2323
Backward Design
Stage 1. Identify Desired Results
Filter 1. To what extent does the idea, topic, or process represent a big idea or having enduring value beyond the classroom?
Filter 2. To what extent does the idea, topic, or process reside at the heart of the discipline?
Filter 3. To what extent does the idea, topic, or process require uncoverage?
Filter 4. To what extent does the idea, topic, or process offer potential for engaging
students?
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Understanding Understanding
Stage 1. Identify Desired ResultsFocus Question: What does it mean to “understand”?
Stage 2. Determine Acceptable EvidenceFocus Questions: “How will we know if students have achieved the desired results and met the standards? What will we accept as evidence of student understanding and proficiency (Wiggins & McTighe)
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Backward DesignStage 2. Determine Acceptable Evidence
Types of Assessment
Quiz and Test Items: Simple, content-focused test items
Academic Prompts: Open-ended questions or problems that require the student to think critically
Performance Tasks or Projects: Complex challenges that mirror the issues or problems faced by graduates, they are
authentic
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Understanding Misunderstanding
A Private Universe – 21 minute video available from www.learner.org
Also see Minds of our own (Annenberg/CPB Math and Science Collection – www.learner.org)
1. Can we believe our eyes? 2. Lessons from thin air3. Under construction
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Taxonomies
Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives: Cognitive Domain (Bloom & Krathwohl, 1956)
A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives (Anderson & Krathwohl, 2001).
Facets of understanding (Wiggins & McTighe, 1998)
Taxonomy of significant learning (Dee Fink, 2003)
A taxonomic trek: From student learning to faculty scholarship (Lee Shulman, 2002)
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The Six Major Levels of Bloom's Taxonomy of the Cognitive Domain(with representative behaviors and sample objectives)
Knowledge. Remembering information Define, identify, label, state, list, match Identify the standard peripheral components of a computer Write the equation for the Ideal Gas Law
Comprehension. Explaining the meaning of information Describe, generalize, paraphrase, summarize, estimate
In one sentence explain the main idea of a written passage Describe in prose what is shown in graph form
Application. Using abstractions in concrete situations Determine, chart, implement, prepare, solve, use, develop
Using principles of operant conditioning, train a rate to press a bar
Derive a kinetic model from experimental data Analysis. Breaking down a whole into component parts Points out, differentiate,
distinguish, discriminate, compare Identify supporting evidence to support the interpretation of a literary passage Analyze an oscillator circuit and determine the frequency of oscillation
Synthesis. Putting parts together to form a new and integrated whole Create, design, plan, organize, generate, write
Write a logically organized essay in favor of euthanasia Develop an individualized nutrition program for a diabetic patient
Evaluation. Making judgments about the merits of ideas, materials, or phenomena Appraise, critique, judge, weigh, evaluate, select
Assess the appropriateness of an author's conclusions based on the evidence given Select the best proposal for a proposed water treatment plant
2929
Facets of UnderstandingWiggins & McTighe, 1998, page 44
When we truly understand,weCan explainCan interpretCan applyHave perspectiveCan empathizeHave self-knowledge
3030
3131
Dee Fink – Creating Significant Learning Experiences
A TAXONOMY OF SIGNIFICANT LEARNING
1. Foundational Knowledge
• "Understand and remember" learning
For example: facts, terms, formulae, concepts, principles, etc.
2. Application
Thinking: critical, creative, practical (problem-solving, decision-making)
Other skills
For example: communication, technology, foreign language
Managing complex projects
3. Integration
Making "connections" (i.e., finding similarities or interactions) . . .
Among: ideas, subjects, people
4. Human Dimensions
Learning about and changing one's SELF
Understanding and interacting with OTHERS
5. Caring
Identifying/changing one's feelings, interests, values
6. Learning How to Learn
Becoming a better student
Learning how to ask and answer questions
Becoming a self-directed learner
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Shulman's Table of Learning
1. Engagement and Motivation2. Knowledge and Understanding3. Performance and Action4. Reflection and Critique5. Judgment and Design6. Commitment and Identity
MAKING DIFFERENCES: A Table of Learning. Lee S. Shulman. Change, November/December 2002. Volume 34, Number 6. Pages 36-44
3333
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Shulman's Table of Learning
(Online version)1. Engagement2. Understanding3. Performance4. Reflection5. Design and Judgment6. Commitment
http://www.pitt.edu/AFShome/n/t/ntlforum/public/html/v11n4/diagrams.htm
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Backward Design
Stage 3. Plan Learning Experiences & Instruction What enabling knowledge (facts, concepts, and
principles) and skills (procedures) will students need to perform effectively and achieve desired results?
What activities will equip students with the needed knowledge and skills?
What will need to be taught and coached, and how should it be taught, in light of performance goals?
What materials and resources are best suited to accomplish these goals?
Is the overall design coherent and effective?
3636
PBL Groups in ActionPBL Groups in Action(Allen & White, 2002 – www.udel.edu/pbl)(Allen & White, 2002 – www.udel.edu/pbl)
Water StridersWater Striders
Video trios – watch to answer:Video trios – watch to answer:
What’s happening with/in this group?What’s happening with/in this group? How does the tutor try to deal with How does the tutor try to deal with
what’s happening?what’s happening? What would you do if faced with the What would you do if faced with the
same situation as the tutor?same situation as the tutor?
3737
Thinking about Groups in Thinking about Groups in PBLPBL
What differences did you notice What differences did you notice between the “water sliders” vignette between the “water sliders” vignette and the first Modeling PBL and the first Modeling PBL ExperienceExperience
3838
Pseudo-group
Traditional G roup
C ooperative G roup
H igh-perform ing C ooperative G roup
Individual M em bers
PE
RF
OR
MA
NC
E L
EV
EL
TYPE O F G R O U P
Teamwork
3939
TeamsTeamsA team is a small number of people with
complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable.
SMALL NUMBER COMPLEMENTARY SKILLS COMMON PURPOSE & PERFORMANCE GOALS COMMON APPROACH MUTUAL ACCOUNTABILITY
--Katzenbach & Smith (1993)The Wisdom of Teams
4040
Groups & Cooperative Learning (CL)
Cooperative Learning is instruction that involves people working in teams to accomplish a common goal, under conditions that involve both positive interdependence (all members must cooperate to complete the task) and individual and group accountability (each member is accountable for the complete final outcome).
Key Concepts Positive Interdependence Individual and Group Accountability Face-to-Face Promotive Interaction Teamwork Skills Group Processing
Problem Based Cooperative Learning Format
TASK: Solve the problem(s) or Complete the project.
INDIVIDUAL: Estimate answer. Note strategy.
COOPERATIVE: One set of answers from the group, strive for agreement, make sure everyone is able to explain the strategies used to solve each problem.
EXPECTED CRITERIA FOR SUCCESS: Everyone must be able to explain the strategies used to solve each problem.
EVALUATION: Best answer within available resources or constraints.
INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNTABILITY: One member from your group may be randomly chosen to explain (a) the answer and (b) how to solve each problem.
EXPECTED BEHAVIORS: Active participating, checking, encouraging, and elaborating by all members.
INTERGROUP COOPERATION: Whenever it is helpful, check procedures, answers, and strategies with another group.
4242
Successful Teams / GroupsSuccessful Teams / Groups
Instructor gives advanced thought to Instructor gives advanced thought to team team
formation, activities & assessment.formation, activities & assessment.
Key Interpersonal Skills & Performance of Key Interpersonal Skills & Performance of Group/Team MembersGroup/Team Members (Stein & Hurd, 2000)(Stein & Hurd, 2000)
Active Listening & ClarifyingActive Listening & Clarifying Supporting & BuildingSupporting & Building Differing & ConfrontingDiffering & Confronting
4343
Tools for PBL and CLTools for PBL and CL
5 Key Elements of Cooperative Learning5 Key Elements of Cooperative Learning Group FormationGroup Formation Group Norms/GuidelinesGroup Norms/Guidelines Group Contract FormGroup Contract Form Group ChartersGroup Charters Others…Others… ReferencesReferences
4444
Problem-Based Learning: Problem-Based Learning: A Reasonable AdventureA Reasonable Adventure (Knous, (Knous,
2000)2000)
Video viewing groups (1 person per question):Video viewing groups (1 person per question): What is the group doing?What is the group doing? What is the instructor/tutor doing?What is the instructor/tutor doing? What aspects of pbl are evident in the way What aspects of pbl are evident in the way
the group functions?the group functions? What aspects of pbl are evident in the What aspects of pbl are evident in the
video?video?
4545
PBL Group FacilitationPBL Group Facilitation
Faculty (Course Instructor, others)Faculty (Course Instructor, others) Teaching Assistants (Graduate)Teaching Assistants (Graduate) Undergraduate Teaching Assistants / Undergraduate Teaching Assistants /
Peer FacilitatorsPeer Facilitators
TrainingTraining Incentives / CompensationIncentives / Compensation
4646
Groups in PBL – Your Groups in PBL – Your ThoughtsThoughts
What are the implications of what What are the implications of what you’ve experienced today?you’ve experienced today?
How can you apply this material?How can you apply this material?
What do you still need to know to use What do you still need to know to use groups effectively in problem-based groups effectively in problem-based learning?learning?
4747
We never educate directly, but indirectly by means of the environment. Whether we permit chance environments to do the work, or whether we design environments for the purpose makes a great difference.John Dewey, 1906
It could well be that faculty members of the twenty-first century college or university will find it necessary to set aside their roles as teachers and instead become designers of learning experiences, processes, and environments James Duderstadt, 1999
4848
Session Summary(Minute Paper)
Reflect on the session:
1. What were the most important points for you?
2. What is one thing you would be willing to try?3. What questions do you have?
4. Pace: Too slow 1 . . . . 5 Too fast5. Relevance: Little 1 . . . 5 Lots6. Format: Ugh 1 . . . 5 Ah