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Whaling is the hunting and capture of whales for resources such as

oil, meat and baleen. Whale hunting started out as free resources to

use as captured, however as more countries took part in this type of

hunting and as oil and bone industries began to expand, the

populations of whales began to decrease significantly. As an

attempt to save whale stocks the ICW and its moratorium were

created to limit the amount of whales killed. Whaling is a food

source to some countries and so when the moratorium tried to put a

stop to this hunting, conflict grew. The depletion in whale

population takes a toll on our ocean’s ecosystems and has an effect

on Earth’s global warming.

Abstract

History of Whaling

In 1931, the Convention for the Regulation of Whaling

was adapted in order to save whales, but mostly to save

the depletion of the whaling industries. As the number of

whales continued to decline, the US called for an

international conference on the issue of whaling. In 1946,

the International Convention for the Regulation of

Whaling (ICRW) was created (Skare). Much like the

Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, ICRW’s

purpose was to raise whale stocks in order to further

develop the whaling – industries (Skare). The International

Whaling Commission (IWC) was not successful in saving

whale stocks from the start because they were focused on

getting whaling states to agree to the limiting of whaling.

As time continued, more and more non-whaling states

joined the IWC and whaling became seen as immoral. In

1982, the IWC passed a moratorium giving restrictions on

the amount of whaling done by countries. Despite the

rejections from whaling-countries such as Japan and

Norway, the moratorium took effect in 1986. As the whale

stocks started to rise again, IWC continued the

moratorium because the non-whaling countries

outnumbered the opposing groups and whaling was

continued to be seen as unnecessary. There was a loop-

hole to the moratorium however, and that was if whaling

had to do with scientific studies, which is what Japan

claims their whaling is for, or if it is aboriginal, which is

what Norway is (Matera).

International Whaling Commission (IWC)

One of the countries that reacted negativley to ICW’s

moratorium was Norway. Norway, along with Japan and

Iceland, is one of the countries that whale hunt still today.

Norway is known as one of the largest whale hunting

countries (Hurd). Whale hunting in Norway dates back

more than 10,000 years ago (Skare). Similar to other

whale hunting countries at the time, they used whales for

resources such as oil and baleen, but they also used whale

as food. Whale meat was used for human – consumption

but it is also used for margarine which is then used in

many other food products. In the early twentieth century

Norway’s hunting methods improved significantly with

their use of harpoons and steam engines. Sven Foyn, a

Norwegian, came up with the concept of being able to

produce the resources from whales on the ships that they

used to hunt instead of having to go threw the journey to

bring the bodies back to shore. Their advancements in

weapons and steam engines allowed them to hunt larger

whales and at greater distances (Matera). They are not

bound by the moratorium established in 1982 by the ICW.

They did however place a temporary ban on whaling in

1987 due to the depletion of whale stocks and pressure

from environmental groups. Norway waited for the whale

stock to rise again before removing the ban in 1993.

Norway continues their whaling today only on northeast-

Atlantic Minke baleen whales (Skare).

Norway Effects of Whaling

The reduction of whale populations takes a toll on the ocean’s

ecosystems. Whales are beneficial for food flow as both consumers

and prey. By killing off a species, every living organism related to

the species is affected. Whales are usually at the top of their food

web. If whales were to grow extinct, than the intake of krill will

decrease and the krill will over-populate. When whales die, their

bodies sink to the ocean-floor where marine-organisms will feed

on their carcasses (Lian & Lu). If whales are killed off than

organisms living on the sea-floor loose a food source. Whales have

a greater impact on more than just their own food web. The

extinction of whales even effects global warming and most of other

marine-organisms. Sperm whale feces help the growth of

phytoplankton, who then help clear the air of carbon (Lian & Lu).

Without the help of whales and their contribution to the growth of

phytoplankton the Earth’s temperature will increase, due to all the

carbon trapping heat, resulting in the melting of Earth’s polar ice

caps. The melting of polar ice caps than results to a limit of food

resources for other marine-organisms, such as algae, and affects

the way other animals live, such as polar bears. Earth’s life is

dependent on the survival of whales.

References

(Picture) A Whale's Tale: The importance of networks of MPAs. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://cpaws.org/campaigns/a-whales-tale

Hurd, I. (2012). Almost Saving Whales: The Ambiguity of Success at the International

Whaling Commission. Retrieved from

http://libraryaccess.sdmiramar.edu:8080/login?url=https://search-proquest-

com.libraryaccess.sdmiramar.edu/docview/992999862?accountid

Lian, J., & Lu, K. (n.d.). Ecosystem. Retrieved from

http://whalingecosystems.weebly.com/ecosystem.html

Matera, A. (2000). Whale quotas: A market-based solution to the whaling controversy.

Retrieved from http://libraryaccess.sdmiramar.edu:8080/login?url=https://search-proquest-

com.libraryaccess.sdmiramar.edu/docview/225516511?accountid

(Picture) Rafferty, J. P. (n.d.). Japan Maneuvers to Skirt Whaling Restrictions. Retrieved from

https://www.britannica.com/story/japan-maneuvers-to-skirt-whaling-restrictions

Shoemaker, N. (2005, April). WHALE MEAT IN AMERICAN HISTORY. Retrieved from

http://libraryaccess.sdmiramar.edu:8080/login?url=https://search-proquest-

com.libraryaccess.sdmiramar.edu/docview/216119073?accountid

Skare, M. (1994, September). Whaling: A sustainable use of natural resources or a violation of

animal rights? Retrieved from

http://libraryaccess.sdmiramar.edu:8080/login?url=https://search-proquest-

com.libraryaccess.sdmiramar.edu/docview/224041889?accountid

(Picture) Whale Hunting. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2012062900

In the eleventh century, The Basques began commercially whale

hunting and were later joined by British and Dutch hunters. With

no regulations on whale hunting, the right-whales were being led to

extinction in the North Atlantic at the start of the eighteenth

century. As more Europeans joined in commercial whale-hunting,

more species of whales were almost led to extinction (Matera).

Dating back to 1620 and the first encounter between the

Mayflower pilgrims and the Natives, the use of whales for

resources was new to the colonists. Walking along the beach of

Cape Cod where they first noticed the Natives and discovering the

leftover carcasses of long-finned pilot whales, was the start of the

colonists involvement in the oil business. Whales washed up on

shore periodically and even though the colonists had no personal

yearning for them, they knew that they could make money off of

the resources (Shoemaker). Colonists focused on producing oil and

baleen and regardless if right whales were the easiest targets to

hunt from shore, they ventured out to sea for years long journeys in

order to bring back larger whales. As the Early 20th Century began

to approach, the New England’s oil and bone industry began to die

down as petroleum replaced the need for whale oil, however the

Norwegians excelled. Norwegians chased blue whales, the largest

whales, with their industrialized ships and harpoons. All parts of

the whales were used such as their meat not only for consumption

but for fertilizer and animal food (Shoemaker). With the new

advanced technology and still no regulations on whaling, whale

stocks plummeted to the point where whaling started to become

non-profitable (Matera).

Bio 115

By: Caroline Whitlock

Whaling

Figure shows the decline in whaling as ICW created its moratorium

Norwegians continued whaling despite being looked down upon

Brief summary of whaling history

Represents multiple importance's whales have on our ecosystems