Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
RESEARCH POSTER PRESENTATION DESIGN © 2015
www.PosterPresentations.com
(—THIS SIDEBAR DOES NOT PRINT—)
DES IG N G U IDE
This PowerPoint 2007 template produces a 36”x48”
presentation poster. You can use it to create your research
poster and save valuable time placing titles, subtitles, text,
and graphics.
We provide a series of online tutorials that will guide you
through the poster design process and answer your poster
production questions. To view our template tutorials, go online
to PosterPresentations.com and click on HELP DESK.
When you are ready to print your poster, go online to
PosterPresentations.com
Need assistance? Call us at 1.510.649.3001
QU ICK START
Zoom in and out As you work on your poster zoom in and out to the level
that is more comfortable to you.
Go to VIEW > ZOOM.
Title, Authors, and Affiliations Start designing your poster by adding the title, the names of the authors,
and the affiliated institutions. You can type or paste text into the
provided boxes. The template will automatically adjust the size of your
text to fit the title box. You can manually override this feature and
change the size of your text.
TIP: The font size of your title should be bigger than your name(s) and
institution name(s).
Adding Logos / Seals Most often, logos are added on each side of the title. You can insert a
logo by dragging and dropping it from your desktop, copy and paste or by
going to INSERT > PICTURES. Logos taken from web sites are likely to be
low quality when printed. Zoom it at 100% to see what the logo will look
like on the final poster and make any necessary adjustments.
TIP: See if your school’s logo is available on our free poster templates
page.
Photographs / Graphics You can add images by dragging and dropping from your desktop, copy
and paste, or by going to INSERT > PICTURES. Resize images
proportionally by holding down the SHIFT key and dragging one of the
corner handles. For a professional-looking poster, do not distort your
images by enlarging them disproportionally.
Image Quality Check Zoom in and look at your images at 100% magnification. If they look good
they will print well.
ORIGINAL DISTORTED Corner handles
Go
od
pri
nti
ng
qu
alit
y
Bad
pri
nti
ng
qu
alit
y
QU ICK START ( con t . )
How to change the template color theme You can easily change the color theme of your poster by going to the
DESIGN menu, click on COLORS, and choose the color theme of your
choice. You can also create your own color theme.
You can also manually change the color of your background by going to
VIEW > SLIDE MASTER. After you finish working on the master be sure to
go to VIEW > NORMAL to continue working on your poster.
How to add Text The template comes with a number of pre-
formatted placeholders for headers and text
blocks. You can add more blocks by copying and
pasting the existing ones or by adding a text box
from the HOME menu.
Text size Adjust the size of your text based on how much content you have to
present. The default template text offers a good starting point. Follow
the conference requirements.
How to add Tables To add a table from scratch go to the INSERT menu and
click on TABLE. A drop-down box will help you select rows
and columns.
You can also copy and a paste a table from Word or another PowerPoint
document. A pasted table may need to be re-formatted by RIGHT-CLICK >
FORMAT SHAPE, TEXT BOX, Margins.
Graphs / Charts You can simply copy and paste charts and graphs from Excel or Word.
Some reformatting may be required depending on how the original
document has been created.
How to change the column configuration RIGHT-CLICK on the poster background and select LAYOUT to see the
column options available for this template. The poster columns can also
be customized on the Master. VIEW > MASTER.
How to remove the info bars If you are working in PowerPoint for Windows and have finished your
poster, save as PDF and the bars will not be included. You can also delete
them by going to VIEW > MASTER. On the Mac adjust the Page-Setup to
match the Page-Setup in PowerPoint before you create a PDF. You can
also delete them from the Slide Master.
Save your work Save your template as a PowerPoint document. For printing, save as
PowerPoint or “Print-quality” PDF.
Print your poster When you are ready to have your poster printed go online to
PosterPresentations.com and click on the “Order Your Poster” button.
Choose the poster type the best suits your needs and submit your order.
If you submit a PowerPoint document you will be receiving a PDF proof
for your approval prior to printing. If your order is placed and paid for
before noon, Pacific, Monday through Friday, your order will ship out that
same day. Next day, Second day, Third day, and Free Ground services are
offered. Go to PosterPresentations.com for more information.
Student discounts are available on our Facebook page.
Go to PosterPresentations.com and click on the FB icon.
© 2015 PosterPresentations.com 2117 Fourth Street , Unit C Berkeley CA 94710
Abstract
Coral Reefs
Coral bleaching is the term being used to described the change of the
beautifully vibrant coral to an unhealthy bleached white color. Coral
polyps have a symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae, an algae that
helps feed the coral. If the temperature changes the algae will die or leave
its host causing the drastic color change. Bleaching is actually a natural
event that can be reversed by healthier waters, but if conditions do not
change back to stable the coral will die. Coral bleaching is caused by rapid
changes in ocean temperature, runoff, pollution, over exposure to sunlight,
extreme low tides, and rough human interaction. (NOAA, 2014)
It takes about five years for the corals to become healthy again after a
bleaching event but with all the threats facing our coral reefs today there
isn’t much room for hope.
What is Coral Bleaching?
As temperatures rise, mass coral bleaching events and infectious disease
outbreaks are becoming more frequent. Additionally, carbon dioxide
absorbed into the ocean from the atmosphere has already begun to reduce
calcification rates in reef-building and reef-associated organisms by
altering seawater chemistry through decreases in ph. In 2015, it was
estimated that around 14,000 tons of sunscreen are ending up in the
world’s coral reefs and causing irreparable damage (Buchheim, 2013).
Also some coral reefs (like the great barrier reefs) are barriers to costal
communities. They cause waves to break further away from the coast
saving properties and people from the intensities of tropical storms and
hurricanes.
Because of coral’s high biodiversity when they die the ecosystem changes
vastly. There are such high numbers of fish that rely off the corals and they
will leave to find a new, more suitable habitat. Turning the once thriving
ecosystem into a barren, fruitless reef.
• This is happening all around the world in small costal villages that rely
off of the abundance of the sea for food and their source of income.
There being no food for these locals leads to a whole new problem of
importing foods to these secluded island. Not only does it take a lot of
fossil fuel burning to get there but the people don’t even have a proper
dump for the garbage, which then eventually gets into the surrounding
ocean. All of these actions do nothing but worsen the condition of the
reefs and the people living with them, making it impossibly hard for the
dying corals come back to life.
How does it effect us? How can we help?
The easiest way to help with coral reef bleaching are by:
• Wearing reef safe sunscreen
• Carpooling more and driving less
• Grocery shopping with recyclable bags
• Use as little plastic as possible
• Shop local
• East fresh and know your food is coming from somewhere good
• Being educated about the subject
• Informing others, and pressuring people for change
• Funding not for profit companies and research groups
• Pick up trash
• Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
References
Buchheim, Jason. “Coral Bleching.” Coral Reef Bleaching, 2013,
www.marinebiology.org/coralbleaching.htm.
“Coral Bleaching and Sunlight Exposure.” Heal Naturally, Heal Naturally,
31 July 2018, www.realnatural.org/new-study-proves-coral-bleaching-
unrelated-to-sunlight-exposure/.
“Reef Health.” Australia Government - Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
Authority, 2018, www.gbrmpa.gov.au/the-reef/reef-health.
US Department of Commerce, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration. “How Do Coral Reefs Protect Lives and
Property?” NOAA's National Ocean Service, 1 Mar. 2014,
oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/coral_protect.html.
Zhekova, Dobrina. “How to Know If Your Sunscreen Is Killing Coral
Reefs - and 11 Brands to Try Instead.” Travel + Leisure, 2018,
www.travelandleisure.com/style/beauty/reef-safe-sunscreen.
What causes Coral Bleaching?
Climate Change
There is an access amount of Carbon being emitted into our world and it is
causing a greenhouse effect that traps the heat from the sun inside our
atmosphere. This is causing a chain event that is hurting everything
including our beautiful coral reefs. If the temperature changes one degree
Celsius for only four weeks it will trigger a bleaching event. After being
bleached for a long period of time the coral will die and effect the
surrounding reefs and waters (GBRA, 2018)
Chemical Pollutants
There are many chemicals in our oceans today due to our heavy human
interaction. These actions have consequences such as a decline in our fish
populations and our coral reefs are dying. In a study done back in 2008 it
was found that products like sunscreen are causing the bleaching and death
to coral reefs in areas trafficked frequently by humans. The effect of
sunscreens is due to organic ultraviolet filters because it triggers infections
in the zooxanthellae. Sunscreen is just one example of what our chemicals
are doing to nature (Buchheim, 2013).
Costal Construction
Another reason for coral bleaching is due to coastal construction, the
debris and other runoffs into the ocean change the pH balance and
sediments in the waters. These changes raise the risk of disease and death
of the corals.
Natural Disasters
Hurricanes and other tropical storms also can be very destructive and wipe
out whole coral reef ecosystems. They can destroy so much because coral
reef habitats lie outside of islands and act as the first line of defense from
the natural disaster.
Corals are in the Class Anthozoa, Phylum Cnidaria, they are a species of
small reef-building invertebrates. Corals may be divided into two groups,
hard and soft. Reefs are primarily built by hard corals that create a rigid
calcium carbonate (CaCO3) endoskeleton and live symbiotically with
zooxanthellae (a small algae). Soft corals such as sea fans and sea whips
on the other hand, lack the production of a CaCO3 skeleton, and they do
not contribute to the reef but provide food and shelter to many reef
animals. With over 2,500 different species corals are one of the largest
contributors to the bio diversity to our oceans. Coral reefs also home
smaller fish, shelter growing species, and provide food for larger predators.
Marine Biology 115
Katie Schuster
Coral Bleaching
Coral reefs are an important part of our ocean ecosystem. All types of
organisms live around and within the coral reefs, they are very biodiverse
and use their resources quite efficiently. Now with so many changes in our
world; rising ocean temperatures and new toxins being released into the
waters, coral reefs are bleaching. What is coral bleaching? When coral
polyps become stressed, due to changes in its environment, the algae that
lives within it (zooxanthellae) will go dormant and turn the coral white. At
this point the coral is not dead yet but it is very prone to diseases and
death. Once the corals die the rest of the underwater ecosystem is effected
and usually dies away as well. Coral bleaching is an issue that we are
facing today and that we need to resolve now before it gets any worse.
Where Coral Reefs Grow
The zooxanthellae that lives in the corals needs to produce carbon through
photosynthesis so the coral can eat, grow, and survive. So, they grow in
shallow enough water where the light still penetrates, this is called the photic
zone, which usually lies on the continental shelf and slope. Corals also only
grow is tropical or sub-tropical waters between 70 and 80 degrees
Fahrenheit. Between 30 degrees north and south of the equator is where the
conditions are suitable for coral reefs to thrive.
• This is a picture of a healthy coral reef environment, observe how full of
diverse life it is!
Coral Bleaching KATIE SCHUSTER
Marine Biology 115
