Upload
others
View
5
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk1
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk
Increased range and longer battery life:
Design for RF efficiency
Brian Collins, BSC Associates Ltd
Friis’ Equation
𝑷𝒓𝑷𝒕
= 𝑮𝒕𝜼𝒕𝑮𝒓𝜼𝒓𝒄
𝟒𝝅𝑭𝑫
𝟐
This is the best you can do
Lower frequencies preferred for longer range (D)
In most practical cases propagation is worse than inverse-squared (3rd power or greater)
Only small antenna gains are possible to allow omnidirectional antennas
Antenna gain and efficiency are both important
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk3
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk
How do we measure RF performance?
Efficiency: Radiated power/offered powerTRP: Total radiated powerTIS: Total isotropic sensitivityEIRP: Effective isotropic radiated power
Intermodulation productsNoise and spurious emissions
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk4
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk
How do we measure RF performance?
Calibrated anechoic chamber
Sample the radiated field over a sphere containing the DUT
Plot as radiation patterns
Integrate to obtain TRP
Measure sensitivity over sphere to compute TIS
Photo: Cambridge Consultants
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk5
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk
A design method…
• Take your well-performing digital platform
• Add a modem (GSM/GPRS/3G, 4G, LORA, Sigfox, NB-IoT, or whatever flavour you prefer...)
• Add an antenna that fits in any space you have left...
— and now you have a modern wirelessly-connected IoT device!
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk6
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk
NO!
This almost always leads to a sub-standard device
• limited range and poor battery life
• failure to meet mandatory performance standards
• failure to meet EMC specifications
• … and redesign from the ground up
• late market entry – wastes money
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk7
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk
Small antennas
• A standard half-wave dipole in the 868MHz ISM band is ~173 mm long — 63 mm in the 2400 MHz ISM band – bigger than my whole device!
• But we want small neat devices. We can buy much smaller antennas than that!
• So, what’s the trade-off?
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk
8
Small antennas
• The Chu-Harrington limit says that the Q of a linearly polarised antenna is given by:
As antennas are made smaller, the bandwidth shrinks and radiation resistance becomes smaller comparedto the loss resistances that are present. Result is reduced radiation efficiency.
Reduces range, and shortens battery life by excessive ARQ repetition.
where k = 2π/λand a is the radius of the sphere containingthe antenna
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk9 BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk
Result
Size (2πr) /λ(r is the radius of the sphere enclosing the antenna)
Efficiency
Fundamental limits in antennasR C Hansen, Proc IEEE, Vol 69 No 1, 1981
Small antennas: • limited efficiency• limited bandwidth• critical tuning
We can trade these off, but we can’thave them all!
So to do more, we have to cheat!
100
40
40
20
10
6
4
2
1
Q
0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5
5%10%
50%
100%
Narrow band
Wide band
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk
How about these?
Performance Comparison of Fundamental Small-Antenna Designs Best & Hanna, EEE Ant and Prop Mag, Vol. 52, No.1, February 2010
4-arm folded spherical helix Matched spherical resonator
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk11BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk
Practical devices
Power supply Processor, memory, clocks,interfaces, sensors…
Modem module
Antenna
Most of the antennas we use are UN-balanced
They have a single terminal and a ground connection
Balanced antennas are almost always too big!!
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk12BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk
Practical devices
• It’s the current on the ground-plane that radiates!• The only way to get small size, useful bandwidth & efficiency.
E-field 15mm from the face of the PCB, about λ/2 long (110mm at 900MHz, 40mm at 2.4GHz).
Platform PCB
Current
“Antenna”
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk13BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk
Practical devices 2
Same example, double the frequency
Higher frequency, more complex modes
Image: https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult.php?img=PMC3136495_pone.0022063.g001&req=4
Then they went and put it down an ‘ole!
Dipole with 2 dBi gain in a concrete footway box embedded in damp soil
8 dBi directivity in a vertical direction, 5 dB loss
14BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk
Source: Geoff Hilton, private communication
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk15BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk
The lesson
The thing we buy as an antenna doesn’t do much of the radiating. It excites currents on the platform…
… it’s the currents on the platform that do the radiating.
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk16BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk
The lessonThe PCB design must facilitate radiation. It must:
• provide a low-loss RF surface path from end to end
• avoid coupling surface RF currents into the internal circuits (this causes loss, not radiation)
• Internal noise currents must not emerge on to the surface or they will couple via the antenna to the receiver.
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk17BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk
This is not a new ideaNewman (1979):
“…in use, antennas are often mounted on support structure such as a ship, a tank, a man, or an airplane.
The basic idea here is to think of the small antenna not as the primary radiator, but rather as a probe to excite currents on the support structure.
Since the support structure is often not electrically small, it can be an effective radiator.
Thus the radiation resistance and efficiency of a small antenna can be increased by properly locating it on its support structure…”
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk18BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk
Antenna position
The position of an “antenna” on a platform hugely influences its performance
Most small antennas are in the form of monopoles and PIFAs — they dominantly excite electric field and are best placed at the ends of a small platform
Notches and loops are dominantly current drivers and are best when placed near or on the long side of the platform, away from the corners.
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk19BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk
Antenna performance
Many antenna vendors over-claim on performance
Any antenna will work to some extent, but real examples show that range can be doubled, or energy consumption reduced by 50-75%, by competent implementation.
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk20BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk
Antenna specifications
The specification for any small antenna must be read in conjunction with information about the platform on which it was measured
Most manufacturers don’t provide this information
Without it, it is unlikely that you will achieve the advertised performance, even if you do your design right.
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk21BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk
Antenna specifications 2
Many off-board antennas fed with coax cable are not properly balanced and their performance depends critically on the length and routing of the cable
Many work just well enough to avoid complaints
Any small antenna needs to be measured and matched in situ on your device.
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk22BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk
IoT devices
The ‘Thing” that we’re trying to connect to the network is often RF-unfriendly:
• its noisy (like an electricity meter)
• There’s no obvious location for RF circuitry and an antenna (beer keg)
• It’s very small
• It’s in a closed metal box
Each of these is likely to need a different and inventive solution
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk23BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk
Design guidelines
For an on-board antenna,
• Place the antenna appropriately
• Design the PCB with groundplanes on both external faces
• Tie the groundplanes together with vias all round the board edges
• Mount oblong components aligned with the radiating current
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk24BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk
Design guidelines
For an on-board antenna,
• Flood ground everywhere you can, remembering the direction of the radiating current
• Where large holes in the groundplane are inevitable, consider using screening cans to maintain continuity for radiating currents
• Provide for a matching network and the components recommended by the RF chip vendor.
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk25BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk
A bonus
If we follow this kind of design method
• We maximise RF efficiency of the device
• We screen much of the noise and spurious that may otherwise be radiated
• We provide a clean environment for the received signals, so sensitivity is enhanced.
• We optimise energy efficiency
BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk26BSC Associates Ltdwww.bscassociates.co.uk
IoT applications are very challenging
o Adding a communications device onto a platform that has a completely unrelated primary function
o Devices go in poor radio locations (cellar, lift room, meter closet, footway box)
o Network coverage may be marginal
o There may be a coverage SLA with financial penalties
o We need all the performance we can get
Design right, design once!