DESIGN, DEPLOYMENTAND PERFORMANCEOF 4G-LTE NETWORKS

DESIGN, DEPLOYMENTAND PERFORMANCEOF 4G-LTE NETWORKSA PRACTICAL APPROACH

Ayman ElnasharEmirates Integrated Telecomms Co., UAE

Mohamed A. El-saidnyQUALCOMM Technologies, Inc., USA

Mahmoud R. SherifEmirates Integrated Telecomms Co., UAE

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Elnashar, Ayman.Design, deployment and performance of 4G-LTE networks : A Practical Approach / Dr Ayman Elnashar,

Mr Mohamed A. El-saidny,  Dr Mahmoud Sherif.pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-118-68321-7 (hardback)

1. Wireless communication systems. 2. Mobile communication systems. I. Title.TK5103.2.E48 2014621.3845

′6–dc23

2013037384

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 978-1-118-68321-7

Typeset in 10/12pt TimesLTStd by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India

1 2014

To my beloved kids Noursin, Amira, and Yousef. You’re the inspiration!

This book is dedicated to the memory of my father (God bless his soul) and alsomy mother, who’s been a rock of stability throughout my life. This book is alsodedicated to my beloved wife whose consistent support and patience sustain mestill.

My sincerest appreciations for a lifetime career that has surpassed anything myimagination could have conceived.

Ayman Elnashar

To my Family for all their continuous support. To my elder brother for his guidanceand motivation throughout the years. To my inspirational, intelligent, and beautifuldaughter, Hana.

Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be trulysatisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do greatwork is to love what you do. If you haven’t found it yet, keep looking. Don’tsettle. As with all matters of the heart, you’ll know when you find it. – Steve Jobs

Mohamed A. El-saidny

This work would not have been possible without the consistent and full support ofmy beloved family. To my beloved wife, Meram, to my intelligent, motivating, andbeautiful kids, Moustafa, Tasneem, and Omar. You are my inspiration.

To my Dad, my Mom (God bless her soul), my brother, and my entire family. Thankyou for all your support and encouragement.

There is no elevator to success. You have to take the stairs. – Unknown Author

Those who think they have found this elevator will end up falling down the elevatorshaft

Mahmoud R. Sherif

ContentsAuthors’ Biographies xv

Preface xvii

Acknowledgments xix

Abbreviations and Acronyms xxi

1 LTE Network Architecture and Protocols 1Ayman Elnashar and Mohamed A. El-saidny

1.1 Evolution of 3GPP Standards 21.1.1 3GPP Release 99 31.1.2 3GPP Release 4 31.1.3 3GPP Release 5 31.1.4 3GPP Release 6 41.1.5 3GPP Release 7 41.1.6 3GPP Release 8 51.1.7 3GPP Release 9 and Beyond 5

1.2 Radio Interface Techniques in 3GPP Systems 61.2.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 61.2.2 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 61.2.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 71.2.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) 7

1.3 Radio Access Mode Operations 71.3.1 Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) 81.3.2 Time Division Duplex (TDD) 8

1.4 Spectrum Allocation in UMTS and LTE 81.5 LTE Network Architecture 10

1.5.1 Evolved Packet System (EPS) 101.5.2 Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 111.5.3 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) 131.5.4 LTE User Equipment 13

1.6 EPS Interfaces 141.6.1 S1-MME Interface 141.6.2 LTE-Uu Interface 151.6.3 S1-U Interface 171.6.4 S3 Interface (SGSN-MME) 18

viii Contents

1.6.5 S4 (SGSN to SGW) 181.6.6 S5/S8 Interface 191.6.7 S6a (Diameter) 211.6.8 S6b Interface (Diameter) 211.6.9 S6d (Diameter) 221.6.10 S9 Interface (H-PCRF-VPCRF) 231.6.11 S10 Interface (MME-MME) 231.6.12 S11 Interface (MME–SGW) 231.6.13 S12 Interface 231.6.14 S13 Interface 241.6.15 SGs Interface 241.6.16 SGi Interface 251.6.17 Gx Interface 261.6.18 Gy and Gz Interfaces 271.6.19 DNS Interface 271.6.20 Gn/Gp Interface 271.6.21 SBc Interface 281.6.22 Sv Interface 28

1.7 EPS Protocols and Planes 291.7.1 Access and Non-Access Stratum 291.7.2 Control Plane 291.7.3 User Plane 30

1.8 EPS Procedures Overview 311.8.1 EPS Registration and Attach Procedures 311.8.2 EPS Quality of Service (QoS) 341.8.3 EPS Security Basics 361.8.4 EPS Idle and Active States 381.8.5 EPS Network Topology for Mobility Procedures 391.8.6 EPS Identifiers 44References 44

2 LTE Air Interface and Procedures 47Mohamed A. El-saidny

2.1 LTE Protocol Stack 472.2 SDU and PDU 482.3 LTE Radio Resource Control (RRC) 502.4 LTE Packet Data Convergence Protocol Layer (PDCP) 52

2.4.1 PDCP Architecture 532.4.2 PDCP Data and Control SDUs 532.4.3 PDCP Header Compression 542.4.4 PDCP Ciphering 542.4.5 PDCP In-Order Delivery 542.4.6 PDCP in LTE versus HSPA 55

2.5 LTE Radio Link Control (RLC) 552.5.1 RLC Architecture 562.5.2 RLC Modes 57

Contents ix

2.5.3 Control and Data PDUs 602.5.4 RLC in LTE versus HSPA 60

2.6 LTE Medium Access Control (MAC) 612.7 LTE Physical Layer (PHY) 61

2.7.1 HSPA(+) Channel Overview 612.7.2 General LTE Physical Channels 712.7.3 LTE Downlink Physical Channels 712.7.4 LTE Uplink Physical Channels 72

2.8 Channel Mapping of Protocol Layers 732.8.1 E-UTRAN Channel Mapping 732.8.2 UTRAN Channel Mapping 76

2.9 LTE Air Interface 762.9.1 LTE Frame Structure 762.9.2 LTE Frequency and Time Domains Structure 762.9.3 OFDM Downlink Transmission Example 802.9.4 Downlink Scheduling 812.9.5 Uplink Scheduling 882.9.6 LTE Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) 89

2.10 Data Flow Illustration Across the Protocol Layers 902.10.1 HSDPA Data Flow 902.10.2 LTE Data Flow 91

2.11 LTE Air Interface Procedures 922.11.1 Overview 922.11.2 Frequency Scan and Cell Identification 922.11.3 Reception of Master and System Information Blocks (MIB and SIB) 932.11.4 Random Access Procedures (RACH) 942.11.5 Attach and Registration 952.11.6 Downlink and Uplink Data Transfer 962.11.7 Connected Mode Mobility 962.11.8 Idle Mode Mobility and Paging 99References 100

3 Analysis and Optimization of LTE System Performance 103Mohamed A. El-saidny

3.1 Deployment Optimization Processes 1043.1.1 Profiling Device and User Behavior in the Network 1053.1.2 Network Deployment Optimization Processes 1073.1.3 Measuring the Performance Targets 1083.1.4 LTE Troubleshooting Guidelines 119

3.2 LTE Performance Analysis Based on Field Measurements 1233.2.1 Performance Evaluation of Downlink Throughput 1273.2.2 Performance Evaluation of Uplink Throughput 131

3.3 LTE Case Studies and Troubleshooting 1343.3.1 Network Scheduler Implementations 1353.3.2 LTE Downlink Throughput Case Study and Troubleshooting 1363.3.3 LTE Uplink Throughput Case Studies and Troubleshooting 139

x Contents

3.3.4 LTE Handover Case Studies 1463.4 LTE Inter-RAT Cell Reselection 153

3.4.1 Introduction to Cell Reselection 1553.4.2 LTE to WCDMA Inter-RAT Cell Reselection 1553.4.3 WCDMA to LTE Inter-RAT Cell Reselection 160

3.5 Inter-RAT Cell Reselection Optimization Considerations 1653.5.1 SIB-19 Planning Strategy for UTRAN to E-UTRAN Cell Reselection 1653.5.2 SIB-6 Planning Strategy for E-UTRAN to UTRAN Cell Reselection 1673.5.3 Inter-RAT Case Studies from Field Test 1683.5.4 Parameter Setting Trade-off 174

3.6 LTE to LTE Inter-frequency Cell Reselection 1773.6.1 LTE Inter-Frequency Cell Reselection Rules 1773.6.2 LTE Inter-Frequency Optimization Considerations 177

3.7 LTE Inter-RAT and Inter-frequency Handover 1803.7.1 Inter-RAT and Inter-Frequency Handover Rules 1873.7.2 Inter-RAT and Inter-Frequency Handover Optimization

Considerations 188References 189

4 Performance Analysis and Optimization of LTE Key Features: C-DRX,CSFB, and MIMO 191Mohamed A. El-saidny and Ayman Elnashar

4.1 LTE Connected Mode Discontinuous Reception (C-DRX) 1924.1.1 Concepts of DRX for Battery Saving 1934.1.2 Optimizing C-DRX Performance 195

4.2 Circuit Switch Fallback (CSFB) for LTE Voice Calls 2044.2.1 CSFB to UTRAN Call Flow and Signaling 2064.2.2 CSFB to UTRAN Features and Roadmap 2164.2.3 Optimizing CSFB to UTRAN 231

4.3 Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output (MIMO) Techniques 2524.3.1 Introduction to MIMO Concepts 2524.3.2 3GPP MIMO Evolution 2564.3.3 MIMO in LTE 2584.3.4 Closed-Loop MIMO (TM4) versus Open-Loop MIMO (TM3) 2614.3.5 MIMO Optimization Case Study 267References 270

5 Deployment Strategy of LTE Network 273Ayman Elnashar

5.1 Summary and Objective 2735.2 LTE Network Topology 2735.3 Core Network Domain 276

5.3.1 Policy Charging and Charging (PCC) Entities 2805.3.2 Mobility Management Entity (MME) 2835.3.3 Serving Gateway (SGW) 2865.3.4 PDN Gateway (PGW) 287

Contents xi

5.3.5 Interworking with PDN (DHCP) 2895.3.6 Usage of RADIUS on the Gi/SGi Interface 2915.3.7 IPv6 EPC Transition Strategy 293

5.4 IPSec Gateway (IPSec GW) 2945.4.1 IPSec GW Deployment Strategy and Redundancy Options 299

5.5 EPC Deployment and Evolution Strategy 3005.6 Access Network Domain 303

5.6.1 E-UTRAN Overall Description 3035.6.2 Home eNB 3055.6.3 Relaying 3075.6.4 End-to-End Routing of the eNB 3085.6.5 Macro Sites Deployment Strategy 3125.6.6 IBS Deployment Strategy 3175.6.7 Passive Inter Modulation (PIM) 319

5.7 Spectrum Options and Guard Band 3275.7.1 Guard Band Requirement 3275.7.2 Spectrum Options for LTE 327

5.8 LTE Business Case and Financial Analysis 3335.8.1 Key Financial KPIs [31] 334

5.9 Case Study: Inter-Operator Deployment Scenario 341References 347

6 Coverage and Capacity Planning of 4G Networks 349Ayman Elnashar

6.1 Summary and Objectives 3496.2 LTE Network Planning and Rollout Phases 3496.3 LTE System Foundation 351

6.3.1 LTE FDD Frame Structure 3516.3.2 Slot Structure and Physical Resources 3536.3.3 Reference Signal Structure 356

6.4 PCI and TA Planning 3606.4.1 PCI Planning Introduction 3606.4.2 PCI Planning Guidelines 3616.4.3 Tracking Areas (TA) Planning 362

6.5 PRACH Planning 3706.5.1 Zadoff-Chu Sequence 3716.5.2 PRACH Planning Procedures 3726.5.3 Practical PRACH Planning Scenarios 373

6.6 Coverage Planning 3756.6.1 RSSI, RSRP, RSRQ, and SINR 3756.6.2 The Channel Quality Indicator 3786.6.3 Modulation and Coding Scheme and Link Adaptation 3816.6.4 LTE Link Budget and Coverage Analysis 3856.6.5 Comparative Analysis with HSPA+ 4016.6.6 Link Budget for LTE Channels 4056.6.7 RF Propagation Models and Model Tuning 409

xii Contents

6.7 LTE Throughput and Capacity Analysis 4186.7.1 Served Physical Layer Throughput Calculation 4186.7.2 Average Spectrum Efficiency Estimation 4186.7.3 Average Sector Capacity 4196.7.4 Capacity Dimensioning Process 4196.7.5 Capacity Dimensioning Exercises 4236.7.6 Calculation of VoIP Capacity in LTE 4266.7.7 LTE Channels Planning 431

6.8 Case Study: LTE FDD versus LTE TDD 437References 443

7 Voice Evolution in 4G Networks 445Mahmoud R. Sherif

7.1 Voice over IP Basics 4457.1.1 VoIP Protocol Stack 4457.1.2 VoIP Signaling (Call Setup) 4497.1.3 VoIP Bearer Traffic (Encoded Speech) 449

7.2 Voice Options for LTE 4517.2.1 SRVCC and CSFB 4517.2.2 Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) 452

7.3 IMS Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) 4557.3.1 IMS Overview 4567.3.2 VoLTE Call Flow and Interaction with IMS 4607.3.3 Voice Call Continuity Overview 4697.3.4 SRVCC from VoLTE to 3G/2G 4717.3.5 Enhanced SRVCC (eSRVCC) 480

7.4 Key VoLTE Features 4827.4.1 End-to-End QoS Support 4827.4.2 Semi-Persistent Scheduler 4867.4.3 TTI Bundling 4887.4.4 Connected Mode DRX 4917.4.5 Robust Header Compression (ROHC) 4927.4.6 VoLTE Vocoders and De-Jitter Buffer 497

7.5 Deployment Considerations for VoLTE 503References 505

8 4G Advanced Features and Roadmap Evolutions from LTE to LTE-A 507Ayman Elnashar and Mohamed A. El-saidny

8.1 Performance Comparison between LTE’s UE Category 3 and 4 5098.1.1 Trial Overview 5128.1.2 Downlink Performance Comparison in Near and Far Cell Conditions 5138.1.3 Downlink Performance Comparison in Mobility Conditions 515

8.2 Carrier Aggregation 5168.2.1 Basic Definitions of LTE Carrier Aggregation 5188.2.2 Band Types of LTE Carrier Aggregation 5198.2.3 Impact of LTE Carrier Aggregation on Protocol Layers 520

Contents xiii

8.3 Enhanced MIMO 5208.3.1 Enhanced Downlink MIMO 5228.3.2 Uplink MIMO 523

8.4 Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) and Small Cells 5238.4.1 Wireless Backhauling Applicable to HetNet Deployment 5248.4.2 Key Features for HetNet Deployment 528

8.5 Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) 5298.6 Coordinated Multi-Point Transmission and Reception 531

8.6.1 DL CoMP Categories 5318.6.2 UL CoMP Categories 5338.6.3 Performance Evaluation of CoMP 533

8.7 Self-Organizing, Self-Optimizing Networks (SON) 5358.7.1 Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR) 5368.7.2 Mobility Robust Optimization (MRO) 5378.7.3 Mobility Load Balancing (MLB) 5398.7.4 SON Enhancements in LTE-A 540

8.8 LTE-A Relays and Home eNodeBs (HeNB) 5408.9 UE Positioning and Location-Based Services in LTE 541

8.9.1 LBS Overview 5418.9.2 LTE Positioning Architecture 543References 544

Index 547

Authors’ Biographies

Ayman Elnashar was born in Egypt in 1972. He received the B.S. degree in electricalengineering from Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt, in 1995 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D.degrees in electrical communications engineering from Mansoura University, Mansoura,Egypt, in 1999 and 2005, respectively. He obtained his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees while work-ing fulltime. He has more than 17 years of experience in telecoms industry including GSM,GPRS/EDGE, UMTS/HSPA+/LTE, WiMax, WiFi, and transport/backhauling technologies.He was part of three major start-up telecom operators in MENA region (Mobinil/Egypt,Mobily/KSA, and du/UAE) and held key leadership positions. Currently, he is Sr. Director ofWireless Broadband, Terminals, and Performance with the Emirates Integrated Telecommuni-cations Co. “du”, UAE. He is in charge of mobile and fixed wireless broadband networks. Heis responsible for strategy and innovation, design and planning, performance and optimization,and rollout/implementation of mobile and wireless broadband networks. He is the founderof the Terminals department and also the terminals lab for end-to-end testing, validation,and benchmarking of mobile terminals. He managed and directed the evolution, evaluation,and introduction of du mobile broadband HSPA+/LTE networks. Prior to this, he was withMobily, Saudi Arabia, from June 2005 to Jan 2008 and with Mobinil (orange), Egypt, fromMarch 2000 to June 2005. He played key role in contributing to the success of the mobilebroadband network of Mobily/KSA.

He managed several large-scale networks, and mega projects with more than 1.5 billion USDbudgets including start-ups (LTE 1800 MHz, UMTS, HSPA+, and WiMAX16e), networksexpansions (GSM, UMTS/HSPA+, WiFi, and transport/backhauling) and swap projects(GSM, UMTS, MW, and transport network) from major infrastructure vendors. He obtainedhis PhD degree in multiuser interference cancellation and smart antennas for cellular systems.He published 20+ papers in wireless communications arena in highly ranked journals such asIEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, IEEE Transactions Vehicular technology,and IEEE Transactions Circuits and Systems I, IEEE Vehicular technology Magazine, IETSignal Processing, and international conferences. His research interests include practicalperformance analysis of cellular systems (CDMA-based & OFDM-based), 3G/4G mobilenetworks planning, design, and Optimization, digital signal processing for wireless com-munications, multiuser detection, smart antennas, MIMO, and robust adaptive detectionand beamforming. He is currently working on LTE-Advanced and beyond including eICIC,HetNet, UL/DL CoMP, 3D Beamforming, Combined LTE/HSPA+, Combined LTE/WiFi:simultaneous reception, etc…

Mohamed A. El-saidny is a technical expert with 10+ years of international technical andleadership experience in wireless communication systems for mobile phones, modem chipsets,and networks operators. He received the B.Sc. degree in Computer Engineering and the M.Sc.

xvi Authors’ Biographies

degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Alabama in Huntsville, USA in 2002and 2004, respectively. From 2004 to 2008, he worked in Qualcomm CDMA Technology,Inc. (QCT), San Diego, California, USA. He was responsible for performance evaluation andanalysis of the Qualcomm UMTS system and software solutions used in user equipment. Aspart of his assignments, he developed and implemented system studies to optimize the perfor-mance of various UMTS algorithms. The enhancements utilize Cell re-selection, Handover,Cell Search and Paging. He worked on several IOT and field trials to evaluate and improvethe performance of 3G systems. Since 2008, he has been working in Qualcomm CorporateEngineering Services division in Dubai, UAE. He has been working on expanding the 3G/4Gtechnologies footprints with operators, with an additional focus on user equipment and net-work performance as well as technical roadmaps related to the industry. Mohamed is currentlysupporting operators in Middle East and North Africa in addition to worldwide network oper-ators and groups in LTE commercial efforts. His responsibilities are to ensure the device andnetwork performance are within expectations. He led a key role in different first time featuresevaluations such as CSFB, C-DRX, IRAT, and load balance techniques in LTE. As part ofthis role, he is focused on aligning network operators to the device and chipset roadmaps andproducts in both 3G and 4G. Mohamed is the author of several international IEEE journalpapers and contributions to 3GPP, and an inventor of numerous patents.

Mahmoud R. Sherif is a leading technical expert with more than 18 years of internationalexperience in the design, development and implementation of fourth generation mobile broad-band technologies and networks. He received his Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering fromthe City University of New York, USA in February 2000. His Ph.D. degree was precededby the B.Sc. degree in Computer Engineering and the M.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineer-ing from the University of Ain Shams in Cairo, Egypt in 1992, and 1996, respectively. From1997 to 2008, he was working in the Wireless Business Unit at Lucent Technologies (whichbecame Alcatel-Lucent in 2007), in Whippany, New Jersey, USA. He led the Voice and DataQuality and Performance Analysis team responsible for the end-to-end performance anal-ysis of the different wireless/mobile technologies. In November 2008, he moved to Dubaiin the United Arab Emirates to join the Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Co. “du”where he is now the Head of the Mobile Access Planning within du (Senior Director MobileAccess Planning) managing the Radio Planning, Site Acquisition and Capacity and FeatureManagement Departments. He is responsible for managing the planning of the mobile accessnetwork nationwide, Mobile Sites’ Acquisition, Strategic Planning on Mobile Access Net-work Capacity Management, all Feature testing and rollout across 2G, 3G and LTE, definingand managing the financial resources efficiently and with alignment with company’s financialtargets (CAPEX & OPEX). He is also responsible for the mobile access network technologystrategy in coordination with the commercial and marketing teams. He is considered a com-pany expert resource in the various mobile broadband technologies, including HSPA+, LTE,VoLTE and LTE-A. He has published several related papers in various technical journals aswell as multiple international conferences. He has multiple contributions to the 3GPP and othertelecommunications standards. He also has multiple granted patents in the USA.

Preface

Cellular mobile networks have been evolving for many years. Several cellular systems andnetworks have been developed and deployed worldwide to provide the end user with qualityand reliable communication over the air. Mobile technologies from the first to third generationhave been quickly evolving to meet the need of services for voice, video, and data.

Today, the transition to smartphones has steered the user’s interest toward a moremobile-based range of applications and services, increasing the demand for more networkcapacity and bandwidth. Meanwhile, this transition presents a significant revenue opportunityfor network operators and service providers, as there is substantially higher average revenueper user (ARPU) from smartphone sales and relevant services. While the rollout of moreadvanced radio networks is proceeding rapidly, smartphone penetration is also increasingexponentially. Therefore, network operators need to ensure that the subscribers’ experiencestays the same as, or is even better than, with the older existing systems.

With the growing demand for data services, it is becoming increasingly challenging to meetthe required data capacity and cell-edge spectrum efficiency. This adds more demand on thenetwork operators, vendors and device providers to apply methods and features that stabilizethe system’s capacity and consequently improves the end-user experience. 4G systemsand relevant advanced features have the capabilities to keep up with today’s widespreaduse of mobile-communication devices, providing a range of mobile services and qualitycommunications.

This book describes the long term evolution (LTE) technology for mobile systems; a transi-tion from third to fourth generation. LTE has been developed in the 3GPP (Third GenerationPartnership Project), starting from the first version in Release 8 and through to the contin-uing evolution to Release 10, the latest version of LTE, also known as LTE-Advanced. Theanalysis in this book is based on the LTE of 3GPP Release 8 together with Release 9 andRelease 10 roadmaps, with a focus on the LTE-FDD (frequency division duplex) mode . Unlikeother books, the authors have bridged the gap between theory and practice, thanks to hands onexperience in the design, deployment, and performance of commercial 4G-LTE networks andterminals.

The book is a practical guide for 4G networks designers, planners, and optimizers, as wellas other readers with different levels of expertise. The book brings extensive and broad prac-tical hands-on experience to the readers. Practical scenarios and case studies are provided,including performance aspects, link budgets, end-to-end architecture, end-to-end QoS (qualityof service) topology, dimensioning exercises, field measurement results, applicable businesscase studies, and roadmaps.

xviii Preface

Chapters 1 and 2 describe the LTE system architecture, interfaces, and protocols. They alsointroduce the LTE air interface and layers, in addition to downlink and uplink channels andprocedures.

Chapters 3 to 8 constitute the main part of the book. They provide a deeper insight into theLTE system features, performance, design aspects, deployment scenarios, planning exercises,VoLTE (voice over long term evolution) implementation, and the evolution and roadmap toLTE-Advanced. Further material supporting this book can be found in www.ltehetnet.com.

Acknowledgments

We would like to express our deep gratitude to our colleagues in Qualcomm and du for assist-ing in reviewing and providing excellent feedback on this work. We are indebted to Huaweiteam in the UAE for their great support and review of Chapters 5 and 6, and also for providingthe necessary supporting materials. Special thanks go to the wireless broadband and termi-nals team at du for their valuable support. We acknowledge the support of Harri Holma fromNSN, for reviewing and providing valuable comments on Chapters 5 and 6. We wish to expressour appreciation to every reviewer who reviewed the book proposal and provided very posi-tive feedback and insightful comments. Thanks for their valuable comments and suggestions.Our thanks go to our families for their patience, understanding, and constant encouragement,which provided the necessary enthusiasm to accomplish this book. Also, our deep and sincereappreciations go to our professors who supervised and guided us through our academic career.Finally, we would like to thank the publishing team at John Wiley & Sons for their competence,extensive support and encouragement throughout the project to bring this work to completion.

Abbreviations and Acronyms

16-QAM 16-Quadrature amplitude modulation64-QAM 64-Quadrature amplitude modulation1G, 2G, 3G or 4G 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th generation3GPP Third generation partnership project3GPP2 Third generation partnership project 2AAA Authentication, authorization and accountingACK AcknowledgmentAES Advanced encryption standardAF Application FunctionAIPN All-IP networkAMBR Aggregate maximum bit rateAMC Adaptive modulation and codingAMD Acknowledged mode dataAN Access networkAPN Access point nameARP Allocation and retention priorityARQ Automatic repeat requestAS Access stratumBC Business CaseBCCH Broadcast control channelBCH Broadcast channelBI Backoff indicatorBLER Block error rateBP Bandwidth partBSR Buffer status reportBW BandwidthCAPEX Capital ExpenditureCCCH Common control channelCCE Control channel elementsCDD Cyclic delay diversityCDM Code Division MultiplexedCDMA Code division multiple access

xxii Abbreviations and Acronyms

CDS Channel dependent schedulingCFI Control format indicatorCN Core networkCOGS Cost of Goods SoldCP Control plane

Cyclic prefixCQI Channel quality indicatorCRC Cyclic redundancy checkCRF Charging Rules FunctionC-RNTI Cell radio network temporary identifierCS Circuit switchedCSG Closed subscriber groupCSI Channel signal informationCW Code wordDAS Distributed Antenna SystemDCCH Dedicated control channelDCI Downlink control informationDFT Discrete Fourier transformDFTS-OFDM Discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multi-

plexingDL DownlinkDL-SCH Downlink shared channelDM DemodulationDM-RS Demodulation reference signalDNS Domain Name SystemDRX Discontinuous transmissionDS Data servicesDTCH Dedicated traffic channelE-AGCH Enhanced absolute granting channelEBITDA Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and AmortizationE-DCH Enhanced dedicated channelE-DPCCH Enhanced dedicated physical control channelE-DPDCH Enhanced dedicated physical data channelE-HICH Enhanced hybrid indicator channelEEA EPS encryption algorithmEIA EPS integrity algorithmEIR Equipment Identity registerEMM EPS mobility managementeNB Evolved node BEPC Evolved packet coreEPLMN Equivalent PLMNEPRE Energy per resource elementEPS Evolved packet systemE-RGCH Enhanced relative granting channelESM EPS session managementESP Encapsulated security protocol

Abbreviations and Acronyms xxiii

ETWS Earthquake and tsunami warning systemE-UTRA Evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access; PHY aspectsE-UTRAN Evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access network; MAC/L2/L3 aspectsFD Full-duplexFDD Frequency division duplexFDM Frequency division multiplexingFDMA Frequency division multiple accessFFT Fast Fourier transformFH Frequency hoppingFI Framing informationFL Forward linkFMS First missing sequenceFS Frame structureFSTD Frequency shift time diversityGBR Guaranteed bit rateGERAN GSM/EDGE radio access networkGGSN GPRS gateway support nodeGPRS General packet radio serviceGSM Global system for mobiles (European standard)GTP-U GPRS tunneling protocol – userGUMMEI Globally unique MME identityGUTI Globally unique temporary identifierGW GatewayHA Home agentHAP ID HARQ process IDHARQ Hybrid ARQHD Half-duplexHFN Hyper frame numberHI Hybrid ARQ indicatorHLD High Level DesignHLR Home location registerHNBID Home evolved node B identifierHO HandoverHPLMN Home public land mobile networkHRPD High rate packet dataHS High speedHSDPA High speed downlink packet accessHS-DPCCH High speed dedicated control channelHSPA High speed packet accessHSPA+ High speed packet access evolved or enhancedHSS Home subscriber serviceHSUPA High speed uplink packet accessIDFT Inverse discrete Fourier transformIETF Internet Engineering Task ForceIFFT Inverse fast Fourier transformIMS IP Multimedia subsystem

xxiv Abbreviations and Acronyms

IMSI International Mobile Subscriber IdentityIP Internet protocolIP-CAN IP connectivity access networkISI Inter-symbol interferenceISR Idle signaling load reductionIRR Internal Rate of ReturnL1, L2, L3 Layer 1, 2, 3LA Location areaLAC Location area codeLAI Location area identifierLAU Location area updatingLCG Logical channel groupLDAP Lightweight Directory AccessLFDM Localized frequency division multiplexingLI Lawful InterceptionLI Length indicatorsLTE Long term evolutionLTI Linear time invariantMAC Medium access controlMAC-I Message authentication code for integrityMBMS Multimedia broadcast multicast serviceMBR Maximum bit rateMBSFN Multimedia broadcast over a single frequency networkMCCH Multicast control channelMCH Multicast channelMCS Modulation and coding schemesMCW Multiple code wordME Mobile equipmentMIB Master information blockMIMO Multiple-input–multiple-outputMME Mobility management entityMMEC MME codeMMEGI MME group IDMSISDN Mobile Subscriber Integrated Services Digital Network-NumberMOS Mean Opinion ScoreMTCH Multicast traffic channelMU-MIMO Multi-user multiple-input–multiple-outputNAK Negative acknowledgmentNAS Non-access stratumNDI New data indicatorNID Network IDNPV Net Present ValueOCS Online Charging SystemOFCS Offline Charging SystemOFDM Orthogonal frequency division multiplexingOFDMA Orthogonal frequency division multiple access

Abbreviations and Acronyms xxv

OS Operating systemPAPR Peak-to-average power ratioPAR Peak to average ratioPBCH Physical broadcast channelPCC Policy charging and controlPCCH Paging control channelPCFICH Physical control format indicator channelPCH Paging channelPCRF Policy and charging rules functionPDCCH Physical downlink control channelPDCP Packet data convergence protocolPDG Packet data gatewayPDN Packet data networkPDSCH Physical downlink shared channelPDSN Packet data serving nodePDU Protocol data unitPELR Packet error loss rateP-GW Packet data network gatewayPHICH Physical hybrid automatic repeat request indicator channelPHR Power headroom reportPHY Physical layerPIM Passive IntermodulationPLMN Public land mobile networkPMCH Physical multicast channelPMI Precoding matrix indicatorPMIP Proxy mobile IPPoC Push-to-talk over cellularPRACH Physical random access channelPRB Physical resource blockPS Packet switchedPSC Primary synchronization codeP-SCH Primary synchronization channelPSS Primary synchronization signalPSTN Packet switched telephone networkPSVT Packet switched video telephonyPTT Push-to-talkPUCCH Physical uplink control channelPUSCH Physical uplink shared channelQAM Quadrature amplitude modulationQCI QoS class identifierQoS Quality of serviceQPSK Quadrature phase shift keyingRA Routing areaRAC Routing area codeRACH Random access channelRAN Radio access network

xxvi Abbreviations and Acronyms

RAPID Random access preamble identifierRAR Random access responseRAU Routing area updatingRB Resource blockRBG Resource block groupRDS RMS delay spreadRE Resource elementREG Resource element groupRI Rank indicatorRIV Resource indication valueRL Reverse linkRLC Radio link controlRLF Radio link failureRMS Root-mean-squareRN Relay NodeRNC Radio network controllerRNL Radio network layerRNTI Radio network temporary identifierROHC Robust header compressionROI Return On InvestmentRPLMN Registered PLMNRRC Radio resource controlRRM Radio resource managementRS Reference signalRV Redundancy versionSAE System architecture evolutionSAW Stop-and-waitSC-FDM Single-carrier frequency division multiplexingSC-FDMA Single-carrier frequency division multiple accessSCH Supplemental channel (CDMA2000)

Synchronization channel (WCDMA)SCTP Stream control transmission protocolSCW Single code wordSDF Service data lowSDM Spatial division multiplexingSDMA Spatial division multiple accessSDU Service data unitSFBC Space frequency block codeSFN System frame numberSGSN Serving GPRS support nodeS-GW Serving gatewaySI System information messageSIB System information blockSINR Signal to interference noise ratioSM Session management

Spatial multiplexing

Abbreviations and Acronyms xxvii

SNR Signal to noise ratioSOAP Simple Object Access ProtocolSPOF Single Point of FailureSPS Semi-persistent schedulingSR Scheduling requestSRS Sounding reference signalsSSC Secondary synchronization codeS-SCH Secondary synchronization channelSSS Secondary synchronization signalSU-MIMO Single-user multiple-input–multiple-outputTA Tracking area

Timing advance/alignmentTAC Tracking area codeTAI (_List) Tracking area identifier (_List)TAU Tracking area updateTDD Time division duplexTDM Time division multiplexingTDMA Time division multiple accessTFT Traffic flow templateTPC Transmit power controlTTI Transmission time intervalTx TransmitUCI Uplink control informationUE User equipmentUL UplinkUL-SCH Uplink shared channelUMTS Universal mobile telecommunications systemUP User planeUTRA UMTS terrestrial radio accessUTRAN UMTS terrestrial radio access networkVAF Voice Activity FactorVoIP Voice over Internet protocolVoLTE Voice over LTEVRB Virtual resource blockVT Video telephonyWACC Weighted Average Cost of CapitalWCDMA Wideband code division multiple accessWiMAX Worldwide interoperability for microwave accessX2 The interface between eNodeBsZC Zadoff–Chu