DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MOBILE COMMUNITY POLICING SYSTEM

(A CASE STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS COMMUNITY)

BY

ADEYEMI, ADEBIMPE ATINUKE

980805091

THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF REQUIREMENT FOR AWARD OF

MASTER IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (MIT) IN COMPUTER SCIENCES,

SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES; UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS, NIGERIA

MARCH, 2020

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ABSTRACT

Community is network of people that interrelate via physical or virtual technologies for different

social purposes by exchanging information and share idea on mutual interests. Community and

police work together to combat crime in the community. In University of Lagos (UNILAG)

community, safety depends on school security and police to curtail crime to barest minimum

within the academic society while security officers also depend on members of community to

give them vital information about crime activities in their domains on time. In contemporary

environment, relationships between community members and police have increased due to

different social technologies available to report crime situation in the community. Crime reporter

may remain anonymous while reporting without going to police stations before reporting issues.

There are many programs used by many communities to support community policing in their

areas; they include: Neighborhood-Survey, Neighborhood-Watch, setting up police-academy and

building infrastructure for community police-unit in their domains. Neighborhood Watch taught

citizens how to detect unlawful activities and what should be response of citizens if criminals are

found in the communities. Organizing neighborhood-watch is important to have crime free

community that promotes quality of life. In this project a mobile-based community policing

application is proposed. It aims at assisting school security and police to eliminate crimes with

useful and timely information about criminals and their modes of operations. Finally, prototype

based mobile community policing application was designed to report crime activities from

community members irrespective of locations they found themselves without having facial

contact with police. The system is implemented using Java, Basic4Android and Google SDK for

front-end interface while PHP, SQLITE and MYSQL are used to design application backend.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page i

Declaration ii

Certification iii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgement v

Abstract vi

Table of Contents vii

List of Tables x

List of Figures xi

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study 1

1.2 Statement of Problem 4

1.3 Aim and Objectives of Study 5

1.4 Scope of Study 6

1.5 Significance of Study 6

1.6 Methodology 7

1.7 Definition of Term 7

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Historical Background of University of Lagos (UNILAG) Community 8

2.2 Evaluating Effectiveness of Community Policing 8

2.3 Challenges in Community Policing Implementation 9

2.4 Community Policing in Practice 10

2.5 Reason for Embracing Community Policing 11

2.6 Prospect of community policing in Nigeria 12

2.7 Mobile Android SDK and its Feature 13

2.8 Review of Literatures on Community Policing System 14

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CHAPTER THREE SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

3.1 Analysis of Existing System 15

3.2 Problem of Existing System 15

3.3 Analysis of New System 16

3.4 Justification of New System 17

3.5 System Design 17

3.5.1 Output Design 17

3.5.2 Process Analysis 20

3.5.3 Input Design 20

3.5.4 Database Design 23

3.5.5 Use Case Diagram 26

3.6 System Coding Tool and Technique 28

3.6.1 Entity Relationship 29

CHAPTER FOUR SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND DOCUMENTATION

4.1 Introduction 31

4.2 System Implementation 31

4.3 Changeover Method 31

4.3.1 Changeover Recommendation 32

4.4 System Installation & System Run 32

4.4.1 Hardware Specifications 32

4.4.2 Software Specifications 33

4.5 Choice of Programming Language 33

4.6 System Documentation 34

4.6.1 Installation Processes 34

4.6.2 for Server-Side 35

4.6.3 System Maintenance 36

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CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIO

5.1 Summary 37

5.2 Recommendation 37

5.3 Conclusion 38

5.4 Further Research 39

5.5 Problem Encountered 40

REFERENCES 41

Appendix A (Sample Output) 43

Appendix B (Program Flowchart) 47

Appendix C (Application Source Code) 49

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1: List of Registered Member Record 18

Table 3.2: List of Reported Incident 19

Table 3.3: List of Social Community Signup Record 19

Table 3.4: Member Record 24

Table 3.5: Incident Report Database Design 25

Table 3.6: Social Community Signup Database Design 26

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1: Member Registration Entry Form 21

Figure 3.2: Incident Report Entry Form 22

Figure 3.3: Social Community Sign Up Entry Form 23

Figure 3.4: Use Case Diagram for Community Policing 27

Figure 3.5: Entity Relationship Diagram for Community Policing 30

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

With mobile technology rapid development, modern societies are part of digital network; all

sectors now utilize network services to invent digital opportunities via community policing.

Community is network of people that interact via verbal or technology means for social and

information-exchange purposes on common mutual interest Castro (2017). Community exists on

different mediums that include academic community, email community, message-board

community or social networking community for people to interact and communicate together.

Community policing is problem solving tactic that tackles community social disorder and

misdeed via community participation and engagement of residents and police to combat crime

within the community they belong. Community usually depends on police or available security

outfit to curb civil unrest by reducing crime to barest minimum in the society. On the other hand,

police rely on community members to provide them with vital information about their

neighborhoods by reporting crime in their areas Haywaite (2015). In contemporary environment,

relationship between police and community has increased in many communities due to

availability of different social technologies that aid crime reportage without restriction to time

and location of report. Crime reporter can report from any location in the world without going to

police station to lodge complaint and can also decide to remain anonymous while reporting to

police.

Community policing without community involvement and engagement is not complete. Police

officers handle criminal part of community policing while community members handle social

program and project with support from assigned police officers to combat crime and other

nefarious activities within their neighborhood communities. Several programs are usually

implemented by different communities to offer support for community policing in their areas like

neighborhood-survey, neighborhood-watch, police-academy and building-structure for

community police unit. With neighborhood-watch, citizens are taught on how to detect nefarious

activities and what to do if criminals are found in the communities. Organizing neighborhood-

watch is important to have peaceful community that is free of crime and improve quality of life

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Hellström (2014). Every community encourages her citizens on active participation via regular

attendance and financial contributions to make community safer to live and work. To make

community policing attract interest of police involvement, community members must hold

schedule meetings at public community buildings that are accessible to other members like

home, school, library, town hall, church, mosque and other public buildings. Attendance must be

taken seriously to attract police involvement by marking attendance sheet that contains member

names, addresses and phone numbers. Socializing is part of vital component for community

policing, members should be allowed to express themselves. Drug-Abuse-Resistance-Education

(D.A.R.E) is another community program that community uses to support community policing in

their domains. It is program that targets youths in the community to give information about drug

abuse and crime to police James (2015). Youths are important in community policing; their

involvement cannot be underestimated. Youths in the community are trained with relevant skills

to resist temptation to taste tobacco, alcohol and drugs; they are equipped with skill to detect

nefarious activities before reporting to police. Police officers are seen as friends by youths of the

community and relay useful information to police within the neighborhood to combat crime.

Adults and youths in the community see police officers as friends that are parts of their

community members that can be trusted with confidential information without fear of being

harassed.

Community policing assists citizen and police to work together to prevent crime in the

neighborhood before it occurs. In modern world, social media and other related technologies are

improving community policing; facebook group-account, twitter, whatsapp, email and other

social networks are improving modern community policing as enlighten youths can act as

anonymous to send text, image, audio and video messages to update police about crime situation

in their communities Jintana (2017). Community members and police officers on social

platforms get posted information that sparks them into actions to fight crime. Even though,

modern technologies are becoming tools to collaborate with police officers in disseminating

information, many citizens from local communities are adult illiterates that cannot use these

technologies; they must be involved by simplifying modern technologies for them to

communicate with members and police Vatcharaporn (2015). It is the responsibility of men and

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women, literates and illiterates to safeguard community they all reside by making it possible for

community members to work together with police in eradicating crimes and related activities.

Collaboration removes fear about police among citizens; with increase in police presence and

patrols, citizens can report crime incidence in their domains before it occurs due to established

trust and security by community members Donohoe (2016). Community policing differs from

community to community, each community should come out with working template to curb

crime in the community through partnership with police. One major setback for community

policing is that it requires total commitment to eliminate crime in the community. As police

officers perform their daily community duties, community members are encouraged to assist in

getting rid of crime, drug abuse and other social vices from the community.

Recent assessment of University of Lagos academic community indicates that community

policing in the institution is still being handled via traditional policing. University of Lagos has

indigenous security outfit that works in collaboration with Yaba Police station to prevent crime

within the institution. UNILAG security apparatus is restricted by constitutions to prosecute

offenders; every crime case must be handed over to police within the area of jurisdiction.

Community policing in University of Lagos involves collaboration among students, internal

security outfit and police officers assigned to work with the institution. Officers in charge of the

academic community usually patrol crime-zone areas to prevent or detect crime. Officers are

usually seeing receiving calls during patrol; this is dangerous for 21st century community

policing because student-criminals and the collaborators from outside can ambush security

officers with superior firearms to attack police and school security on patrol. Sighting police

vehicles alone on campus can scare students from giving out important security information to

police and school security; many students with useful information like to remain anonymous

before divulging security information to security. Some students and staffs with sensitive

security information run away whenever they see police or security vehicle on patrol because of

fear of being tagged criminals or taking them as first suspects Alex (2013). Academic

community like University of Lagos and people with diver culture, belief, moral up-bringing and

propensity to crime, violence, cultism, rape, and so on need to update its community policing

approach to rid the institution off crime. Having noticed lots of problems militating against

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success of community policing in a learned environment like University of Lagos, it is better to

utilize information technology to strengthen community policing in the institution to achieve

crime free society which the institution is aiming to achieve. New approach works on existing

mobile infrastructure and internet services which institution and staffs already have. Mobile

community policing application that is based on client-server architecture design will be

developed. Proposed mobile app will run on mobile phones of every community member to

upload and report real-time crime incidents within the community to police, school security and

community members. In situation where reporter is the victim attacked with his/her phone

seized, victim voice is enough to activate application from seized phone to send SMS, email,

FCM messages and underground emergency calls to security officers and police. Location of

incidence along with map of the area is silently sent to security officer for emergency

mobilization. Regular meetings are hosted between police and community members to discuss

current criminal issues to police. Detail about individual criminal like full-name, sex, age,

occupation, address, complexion, crime committed, weapon found on him/her, group-member,

video/audio evidences and so on are usually uploaded to server for police and school security to

investigate and combat crime

1.2 Statement of Problem

Daily situations in UNILAG community raise lots of questions on how school security and

police are handling community policing and responding to new threats in the area. Crimes like

drug abuse, rape, theft, sex-trafficking, and cultism have increased within the academic

environment recently as reported in the dailies. Even though UNILAG has long successful

standing with traditional policing, this approach contains many weaknesses that shouldn’t be

continued. In conventional community policing, officers are busy patrolling crime-zone areas

with vehicles to detect new cases of crime while others are busy receiving calls during patrol;

this approach is dangerous in 21st century community policing because criminals can hide with

superior firearms to attack officers on patrol. Sighting police vehicles alone on campus can scare

students from giving out important security information to police and school security; many

students with useful information like to remain anonymous before divulging security information

to security. Some students and staff with sensitive security information run away whenever they

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see police or security vehicle on patrol because of fear of being tagged criminals or taking them

as first suspects. Other problems facing traditional community policing include:

i. Lack of trust on school security and police officers by members of academic community

ii. It doesn’t give room to make anonymous reports, thereby, many information is not

divulged

iii. It doesn’t permit close relationship with police officers because many see them as enemy

of people

iv. No reliable security on crime data

v. Lots of security and police officers are involved to fight social vices effectively in the

school community before impact is felt

vi. It is time consuming to retrieve information and update data

vii. Large volume of paperwork is involved which leads to waste of money and storage space

viii. No direct role for higher officials policing the community

ix. Misplacement of community crime paper-records can occur to frustrate future community

investigation

x. Manual handling of large number of community crime cases can be difficult

xi. Paper files for keeping community information are sometimes attacked by pest or fire

outbreak and unauthorized user

1.3 Aim and Objectives of Study

The aim of this project is to implement and design mobile community policing application that

allows community members to divulge sensitive information to security officers within the

university community to fight crime and other social vices in the area

The specific objectives of study are:

i. To design system that is capable of tracking criminals within the academic community

ii. To implement application that serves as prototype for future community policing

iii. To assist police and school security officers get reliable information to reduce crime

iv. To demonstrate possibility of using mobile technology to combat crime

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1.4 Scope of Study

This study covers use of community social network to report crime where videos, images and

text that assist police to fight crime within the school community are uploaded to all community

members involved. Proposed mobile application will cover:

i. Application offers accounts to community members and officers so that their details are

stored for future referencing and to ensure users do not fill member forms whenever they

logon to their accounts

ii. Voice recognition system is implemented to enable crime victims talk to activate

application to report emergency cases even if their mobile phones are seized

iii. It incorporates search engine to allow community members search for current posts by

date, event and location where crime is committed

iv. It uses Google map to obtain location of incidence and other useful information that are

sent to community members and securities during emergency reportage

v. Email facility offers community members to enter their email addresses for future

community notification or emergency alert

vi. It maintains community records for effective school policing

vii. Uploading incident video, audio and image files to community members are allowed

viii. Report on FIR records about crime cases are generated for future decision or court cases

1.5 Significance of Study

Significances of study are:

i. To help security administrators of UNILAG community tackle crime effectively within

academic environment

ii. To assist police in crime investigation and verification in the community

iii. To safeguard community data and information in the system

iv. Operation of community policing application developed is easy, there is no need of training

users at extra cost

v. To keep accurate record of community policing

vi. Software developed is tailored for UNILAG community usages, no foreign technical jargon is

included in the documentation

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vii. To help community members divulge information to security personnel even if the phones are

seized by criminal gangs

1.6 Software Development Methodology

Research methodology collects and analyzes data to solve research problem identified. Method

to adopt is broken into many small modules with different units. I will use Java, Basic4Android,

Google SDK and Basic4Java to implement frontend of this application for client-side while

MYSQL and PHP are used to design backend of this application. Method of data collection for

gathering facts for this research are:

i. Observation-Method: Accurate information from reliable sources was collected after

monitoring existing community policing to identify its short comings

ii. Browsing Method: This is faster technique; vital information was extracted from

electronic book, journal, publication and article relating to community policing

iii. Interview Method: This technique is special of all fact-findings. During interview, facts

about present methods used in community policing and their effectiveness were explored

before implementing this research

1.7 Definition of Term

Community policing: is involves community partnership that engages in problem solving

within environment

Crime record: is record with crime entry report on what happened over period ordered by date

Data: raw resource used by computer

File: is collection of related records

Information: is processed data that can solve problem

Management: is process of getting activities carried out through other people

Mobile Phone: is telephone with access to cellular radio that can be used over wide area without

physical connection to communication network

Program: set of instructions to perform specific task on given problem

Social network: is web-based service that allows individual to create public profile to share

information together as group

Software: This is application that can be run on computer

Storage Device: This is device for storing data in computer system

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CHAPTER TWO

LITERTURE REVIEW

2.1 Historical Background of University of Lagos (UNILAG) Community

UNILAG community is located within Mainland district of Lagos state. It is located in Yaba

local government and has more than 62,000 students with close to 30,000 students and over 1000

staff live within university campus community. UNILAG community is host to many religion

institutions like churches and mosques. Some of them include student fellowships like RCCG,

Foursquare Youth Fellowship, Christ Apostolic Youth Fellowship, student Muslim organizations

and so on. Community is head by vice chancellor, who resides in school VC’s lodge on campus.

Many businesses are hosted in UNILAG community like banks, pure water factory, kiosks and

business centers; the school was established in 1962 to serve as citadel of learning in Nigeria.

First ever Vice-Chancellor of University of Lagos community was Professor Eni Njoku, who

was installed from 1962-1965; while current vice-chancellor for UNILAG community is

Professor Toyin Ogundipe. Part of student mandate is to take part in cultural and Founder’s Day

festival which is usually one of the largest festivals in UNILAG community. UNILAG has

internal security outfit and host community meeting with police and other student groups within

UNILAG community for security purposes. At the moment, security headquarters in UNILAG

is called Alpha-base, which is located at the back of multipurpose halls along university road or

adjacent to School of Post Graduate Studies, faculty of education area.

2.2 Evaluating Effectiveness of Community Policing

According to Sherman (2015), there are several parameters used to evaluate efficiency of

community policing like community-unity, police-managerial structure and culture. Vagueness

behind the concept of community policing is the only factor that affects its effectiveness.

Community policing is idea that showcases roles of police in the society to combat crime with

support from community members. Martin (2016), highlighted many approaches used in

examining effectiveness of community policing:

i. Foot-Patrol: This strategy is important to make community policing becomes effective in the

neighborhood. Frequent foot-patrol of police in a community prevents occurrence of crime

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and familiarize police officers to all community members in the areas as well as understand

security challenges facing the community. Community members usually feel safe whenever

police patrol team is seen around to safeguard the community Rosenbaum (2014)

ii. Police-Storefront/Post: This strategy is meant to decentralize police service by bringing

police officer closer to community they serve. Community members should try to build police

posts in their domains to provide temporary shelters to police. Presence of police post

contributes to crime reduction within the areas close to police post while areas that are far

from police post have higher rate of crime in many previous cases analyzed

iii. Community-Meeting: This method enhances community policing effectiveness through

regular meeting with police officers; where members of community can communicate with

police about security situation bothering the community and dialogue on current approach to

resolve issues. Having regular meeting with police makes them become friends of many

community members with exchange of contacts for emergency notification and report of any

danger in the community. It also makes police train segment part of community on modern

crime reportage and remote sensing

iv. Door-to-Door Visit: This practice enables police to have face-to-face and house-to-house

visit to neighborhood to familiarize patrol officers to community members to get updated

information on criminal activities in the community. This approach builds trust relationship

between community members and police officers as well as causes sharp decrease in crime

rate in many communities as residents are cautious because nobody knows if his/her

household or nearby will be next for police officers to visit Eck (2014)

2.3 Challenges in Community Policing Implementation

Success of community policing depends on how it is implemented; implementation of

community policing is faced with many challenges that are external and internal. External means

challenges emanate from the community while internal means challenges emanate from police

structure. Future growth of community policing depends on how police superiors structure

policing system to accommodate future development and give room to self-critics with continual

learning system Sherman (2017). Lack of trust, poor communication and power tussle can lead to

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downfall of community policing. Successive police must lay solid structure to that which permits

continuous active participation of community policing in area of jurisdiction. Constant training

of community members especially youths about community policing must be put in place to

create awareness on crime reportage and remote sensing as well as promote moral decadence

among their peers in the community. Role of community to combat crime through intelligence

gathering and reportage to police contributes to crime prevention among community members.

Without community involvement, crime in the neighborhood would not get police attention.

Closeness of police to members of community and religion leaders can further strengthen

community policing in the areas by reducing crime rate in the areas where crime and poverty are

high

2.4 Community Policing in Practice

Strategy and concept introduced into community policing are numerous; Martin (2016), lists

many initiatives that demonstrate how community policing is carried out in practice:

i. Public-Education Program: This initiative implements context of community policing to

earn police support and cause increase in police human resources. Police educates public on

how to avoid being victimized and prevents individual from being involved in crime. Police

uses D.A.R.E (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) program to educate community members

especially young ones to resist peer pressure, violence, drug abuse to leave crime-free lives

ii. Neighborhood-Watch: This permits members of community in local residence come

together to share information relating to crime and violence in the community by discussing

required methods to combat or report to community police officers

iii. Neighborhood-Town Meeting: is community meeting scheduled to maintain mutual contact

between police and public. The meetings hold in public places like town halls, schools and

advertise publicly to garner maximum attendance possible. According to Skogan (2014),

meeting permits member of community to have face-to-face contact with police to exchange

sensitive information on prevention of crime in the community and helps police garner public

support for specific initiative

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iv. Weed-and-Seed Program: This type of program prevents crime in the community. It is two-

tier approach to crime combat where prosecutors and law-enforcement agencies weed-out

criminals and drug addicts in the community via surveillance and regular patrol while

community members “seed” by providing support through human service intervention,

prevention and neighborhood-restoration programs. Security agencies are alert to weed-and-

seed program to reduce fear-of-crime in the society

2.5 Reason for Embracing Community Policing

There are many reasons why community policing must be embraced to combat modern crime in

the community. Increase in crime rate has caused police to look inward to prevent crime and

lawlessness. There is need for collaboration between public and police to get rid of crime and

violence in the community. According to Leary (2015), crime control was responsibility of

member of public in 1960s before gradually shifting responsibility to police officers to do the

prevention. During this period, emergency of new technologies to combat crime later widen gap

between public and police officers. Cutting tie with community was due to top-down hierarchical

approach introduced by police where responsibility of fighting crime became major duties of

police officers due to availability of sophisticated modern technologies. This totally cut tie with

community members as police were no longer seeking collaboration of community members;

they were instead busy seeking technologies to combat crime and violence in the community.

According to Weiss (2017), emergence of technologies like patrol vehicle and superior-fire arms

to fight crime created crack walls between police and community members; police were so

engrossed with their technologies that they became less aware of human-community

involvement. Police patrols community areas on duty-rotation basis to prevent criminals even

though they change their routes for security reasons. Most times, community can’t predict exact

time police comes around to obtain sensitive security information from community. Police are

then seen as strangers that disengage community people from their services and suggests that

police are less concerned about community policing Miller (2015)

Another incident that caused poor relationship between community and police is social unrest of

1960s that resulted into assassination, civil riot and gang violence. During this period, police

were oppressive in their tactics; police brutality caused civil unrest that made people see police

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as enemy of common people that upholds unjust cause. Many community members started losing

confidence in police services. Community members do not want to associate with police any

longer or stand as witnesses to crime cases in favor of police. Many members are scared of

reporting crime situations to police because of fear of being held as chief suspects; this hinders

police effort to control crime and maintains social disorder in the community. In-between 1980s

and 1990s, crime rates were on increase across the nation despite advance in police training and

technology. During this time, the public lost confidence in police structure within poor and urban

communities; police heads later discovered importance of community members as they realized

that modern technologies alone were not enough to combat modern crime; they started tracing

back community roots to gain confidence of community members in tackling contemporary

crime to boost community policing.

2.6 Prospect of Community Policing in Nigeria

Idea behind community policing in Nigeria started in 2004 as means of soliciting for human

involvement to regain their confidence and become partners in quality police service re-branding

Kappeler (2016). Potential and prospect of community policing now determines how police

agencies engage community members; this already serves as eye opener for police by widening

their visions beyond focusing only on law enforcement services to community mobilization to

seek support in fighting crime. According to Coquilhat (2015), prospect of community policing

gets community members along with police activities by improving public relationship and trust

about police for grass root support. Many communities are likely to take part in community

policing if police can see them as partners in modern crime fighting. Police needs to become

community’s friend by collaborating with chiefs and kings of communities before they can

change orientation and perception of ordinary members of community to join hands with them in

fight against crime in the society. Community must also realize that without police, community

cannot be safe for people to live and prosper. No foreign or domestic investor will come to

community that is full of acrimony and wicked people; community must respect police who are

sacrificing their life to safeguard the community by giving useful information to police that will

help them eliminate all forms of wickedness in the community so we can all have better society

we had wanted Mudiare (2014). Community policing is achievable, it has prospect in Nigeria

since offending action from both ends can be resolved.

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2.7 Mobile Android SDK and its Feature

Android is operating system that is based on Linux kernel; it is responsible for developing

Android mobile apps and primarily leads by Google. Android system supports background

processing, provides rich user interface library that supports 2-D and 3-D graphics using

OpenGL-ES (short OpenGL) standard, and grants access to file system as well as embeds SQLite

database. Android application consists different visual and nonvisual components which are

reusable component of other applications. Android tool contains Android device emulator; this

emulator runs Android Virtual Device (AVD), which emulates real Android phone. AVD allows

one to test Android application on different mobile android versions and configurations without

access to real hardware. Even if one has real mobile android device available, one gets familiar

with creation and usage of AVDs. Virtual devices give one possibility to test application for

selected Android versions and specific configurations. One can define multiple AVDs with

different configurations and start them in parallel to test different device configurations at once.

Different versions of Android Operating System exist which include:

i. Android Cupcake

ii. Android Donut

iii. Android Éclair

iv. Android Froyo

v. Android Gingerbread

vi. Android Honeycomb - First OS design for tablets and launched on Motorola Xoom

vii. Android Ice Cream Sandwich: First OS to run Smartphone and tablet as well as ends 2.X

naming conventions

viii. Android Jelly Bean: Launched on Google Nexus 7 tablet by Asus

ix. Android Jelly Bean: Arrived on LG Nexus 4

x. Android Jelly Bean

xi. Android Kit Kat: Launched on LG Nexus 5

xii. Android Lollipop: Launched on Motorola Nexus 6 and HTC Nexus 9

xiii. Android Marshmallow: Launched on LG Nexus 5X and Huawei Nexus 6P

Android Marshmallow aims to make OS become more user-friendly with improved battery life

and control over apps

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2.8 Review of Related Literatures on Community Policing System

i. According to Boe (2014), provides analysis that focuses on dynamic interaction among

community youths and criminal involvement outcomes. Individual panel report by Afro-

American male population between 14 and 23 in U.S community was used. Multinomial

discrete choice-vector for auto regression model was used to determine youth decisions to

engage in schooling, employment and criminal behavior

ii. According to Joy (2012), she identifies effect of educational realization on youth crime in the

community using reform in post education system within 1980 and 1990 in U.K. to determine

participation of community individual ranges from 16 and 21 years of age. Study was

conducted randomly by selecting wrongdoers from the community. Result indicated that there

was 1% increase in number of males in full-time education while there was 1% increase in

number of men continuing in education after compulsory school leaving age; this alone

reduced criminal behavior of males by 1.9% while that of females were reduced by 1.1%

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CHAPTER THREE

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

3.1 Analysis of Existing System

Investigation about community policing reveals that UNILAG academic community uses

traditional approach to gather information about crime activities within the school environment

before relaying the same to Yaba police station. Students and staffs are not carried along in the

existing system, they are scared to report crime activities in their respective areas to security unit

or police on campus because many students and staff have to trek long distances from their

hostels or staff quarters to report crime incidences in Alpha-Base, which is security headquarters

in UNILAG before it can be taken seriously. Urgent crime attack that demands attention of

police on campus environment is usually delayed before arrival of police to school community;

police station is far from school and transportation fare is not affordable to many students and

staffs from campus to report crime or call attention of police to urgent issues. Reporting crime on

campus takes longer process and responses are not usually immediate; many times, delay on part

of security and police has been attributed to “organization protocols” that must be followed.

Crime reporters must fill FIR form before report can be taken serious by security personnel, at

times, reporters are subjected to intimidation by arresting them as first suspects and subjecting

them to long waiting hours or weeks before they can be cleared. With these happening in

existing community policing system, community members are scared to relate with police and

internal security, crime like raping, cultism, stealing on campus especially forest-regions has

been on increase since existing system lacks capacity to involve community members in crime

fighting and reportage. In existing system, crime report cannot be done as anonymous and

reporting is usually delayed. All community data and crime details in the community are

documented on paper in UNILAG which get lost due to mismanagement

3.2 Problem of Existing System

Community policing in use at UNILAG has problems that affect performance of traditional

community policing that include:

i. High-Cost: Conventional community policing is difficult to maintain. Constant patrol of

police in the community to monitor security situation every minute of the day is

16

expensive. Cost of fueling patrol vehicles and hiring spies to carry out 24hrs surveillance

within the community is easy to maintain on long run. Cost of storage for community

record keeping and police details for community are expensive when compare to proposed

system

ii. Time-wastage: Many times, are wasted during crime reporting and before response from

police due to administrative protocols that must follow. Searching relevant community

record is time consuming. Time wasted on irrelevant issues can cause death of victim

before response from rescue squad

iii. Lack-of-Security: Insecurity on community records, member details, community events,

multimedia files (pictures, videos and audios) can be manipulated

iv. Loss-of-Document: Traditional method of storing community policing information may

get lost; media files can get corrupt which can lead to problem beyond management

3.3 Analysis of New System

New community policing for University of Lagos Academic Community is designed to address

shortcomings experienced in existing system by introducing mobile based community policing.

In new system, community members can report to police directly or through member forum by

uploading information without visiting police post from their mobile phones and locations.

Community members can post information or report crime situation as anonymous and

information can reach destination instantly which enables rescuer team to mobilize on time to

counter criminal activities. New system is based on client-server architecture design; proposed

mobile app runs on mobile phones of every community member to upload and report real-time

crime incident within the community areas to police, internal UNILAG security and community

members. In situation where reporter becomes victim attacked with his/her phone seized, new

system incorporates voice recognition and background location tracking system; victim voice is

enough to activate application from seized phone to send SMS, email, FCM messages and

underground emergency calls to security officers and police. Location of incidence along with

map of the area is silently sent to security officer for emergency mobilization for counterattack.

Community policing record system in new system is computerized and simple to use; it is less

error prone compared to traditional method. Searching community member information is fast as

information can be retrieved in matter of second. Main features of new system are:

17

i. Immediate dissemination and retrieval of information: New system provides quick

information to police for emergency rescuer and information retrieval system

ii. Immediate transmission of multimedia files: In traditional mobile policing system,

information transmission was difficult as video, picture and audio were difficult to

transmit instantly to community forum members due to size involved

iii. Easy to operate: This application is easy to operate and fits into limited budget of the

institution

3.4 Justification of New System

It is expected that with introduction of new system, lots of positive changes will be noticed. In

design of community policing software, effort is made to create affordable and efficient

community policing application which if adopted for University of Lagos community, will

tighten security apparatus in UNILAG. New system is very cheap because it works on existing

internet and telecommunication infrastructures that exist in university community as well as

individual mobile phone of community members to proffer solution to insecurity in the school

community. To justify implementation of new system to aid insecurity in the school community,

following features are expected to be considered during design and implementation stages:

i. Authentication: New system will make sure provided login credentials of community

members are correct

ii. Confidentiality: Unauthorized disclosure of member’s identity and criminal details to

third-parties outside police, internal security and community members of UNILAG

community will not be allowed

iii. Integrity: New system will prevent unauthorized modification of member and criminal’s

information from server

iv. Availability: New system will prevent unwanted withholding of crime information from

time it is needed

3.5 System Design

3.5.1 Output Design

At design stage, output design is formulated to showcase how output will be displayed when

implemented in real life scenario based on design interface. It is considered first during design

18

stage because it is output that will determine input while processing input will determine output.

System provides many reports to answer different design approaches for mobile community

policing system. Tables below show the expectation of output data from application when

implemented, they are presently at design stages:

NOTE:

xxxxx—means alphanumeric or alphabetic output data expected to be displayed by computer

when program is implemented

99999---- means numeric output data is expected to be displayed when program is implemented

SAMPLE REPORTS FORMATS

1. UNILAG COMMUNITY POLICING

LAGOS UNIT 001

LIST OF REGISTERED MEMBER RECORD

DATE:

S/N Member ID Member Full

Name

Address Mobile No Leader’s

Attestation

Occupation

Community

Leader

Officer in

Charge

99 99999 xxxxx Xxxxx 99999 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx

99 99999 xxxxx Xxxxx 99999 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx

99 99999 xxxxx Xxxxx 99999 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx

99 99999 xxxxx Xxxxx 99999 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx

99 99999 xxxxx Xxxxx 99999 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx

Table 3.1: List of Registered Member Record

19

2. UNILAG COMMUNITY POLICING

LAGOS UNIT 001

LIST OF INCIDENT REPORT RECORD

DATE:

Table 3.2: List of Reported Incident

3. UNILAG COMMUNITY POLICING

LAGOS UNIT 001

LIST OF SOCIAL COMMUNITY SIGNUP MEMBER

DATE:

S/N Username Password Firstname Lastname Email City Gender Birthday Remark

99 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx Xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx

99 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx Xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx

99 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx Xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx

99 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx Xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx

99 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx Xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx

Table 3.3: List of Social Community Signup Record

S/N Member ID Member

Full Name

Incident

ID

Report

Title

Report

Incident

Image

Evidence

Video/Audio

Evidence

Date

Reported

Officer in

Charge

99 99999 xxxxx 99999 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx

99 99999 xxxxx 99999 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx

99 99999 xxxxx 99999 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx

99 99999 xxxxx 99999 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx

99 99999 xxxxx 99999 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx

20

3.5.2 Process Analysis

Information gathered was processed into meaningful format before entry into system. Criminal’s

information is captured by community members and stored in database for future reference

3.5.3 Input Design

Input design interface is where raw data are entered into computer for processing. For operation

to be performed on computer, data must be entered into it via input interface form. In this new

system, input interface design for this research involves input forms to capture data to derive

required outputs. Input interface form designs are expected to be used for capturing program

inputs. Some input interface forms at design stage include:

i. Member Registration Form

ii. Incident Report Entry Form

iii. Social Community Sign Up Entry

Member Registration Design Form: This is used to capture data from member of UNILAG

Community at design stage of development.

21

Figure 3.1: Member Registration Entry Form

Incident Report Entry: This is used to capture incident report in the community for effective

policing and documentation purposes at design stage of development

22

Figure 3.2: Incident Report Entry Form

Social Community Sign_Up Input Design: This is used to capture profile data of community

member who wishes to join online social community for information dissemination and

reportage purposes

23

Figure 3.3: Social Community Sign_Up Entry Form

3.5.4 Database Design

Data in the system must be stored and retrieved from database; designing database is part of

system design. Data elements to store have been identified at analysis stage to design data

storage and retrieval system. Database is a collection of interrelated data stored with minimum

redundancy to serve many users. General objective is to make database access become easier and

24

flexible for users. Relationships are established between data items while unnecessary data items

are removed. Normalization is done to get internal consistency of data to have minimum

redundancy with maximum stability. This minimizes data storage required to reduce data

inconsistency and optimize data for updates. MYSQL database has been chosen to develop

relevant databases needed for this application. The following are database tables involved in

proposed system:

1. Table Name: Member_Record.sql

Purpose: For keeping community member’s details

Key Field: Member ID

FIELD NAME DATA TYPE FIELD LENGTH DESCRIPTION

Member ID Alphanumeric 10 Member identification number

Full Name Alphabetic 20 Member’s full name

Address Alphanumeric 15 Member’s home address

Phone No Alphabetic 11 Member’s contact number

Leader’s Attestation Alphabetic 40 Leader’s confirmation of

member

Occupation Alphabetic 20 Member’s occupation

Community Leader Alphabetic 25 Community leader name

Officer in Charge Alphabetic 05 Patient’s Blood Group

Table 3.4: Member Record

25

2. Table Name: Incident_Report.sql

Purpose: To keep record of crime in the community and report made for future purposes

Key Field: Incident ID

FIELD NAME DATA TYPE FIELD

LENGTH

DESCRIPTION

Incident ID Numeric 10 Incident identification

number

Full Name Alphabetic 20 Member’s full name

Member ID Numeric 10 Member identification

number

Report Title Alphabetic 20 Crime report heading

Report Incident Alphabet 40 Crime report detail

Image Evidence Blob 50 Picture evidence of incident

Video/Audio

Evidence

Encoded base64 90 Video/Audio evidence of

crime incident

Date Reported Alphanumeric 20 Crime report date

Officer-in-Charge Alphabetic 35 Police officer reported to

Table 3.5: Incident Report Database Design

26

Table Name: Social_Community_Signup.sql

Purpose: For keeping record of user’s login purposes

Key Field: Username, Password

FIELD NAME DATA TYPE FIELD LENGTH DESCRIPTION

Member ID Numeric 15 Social member identification

no

Username Alphanumeric 20 Social member’s username

Password Alphanumeric 20 Social member’s password

First Name Alphabetic 30 Social member’s surname

Last Name Alphabetic 30 Social member’s last name

Email Alphanumeric 20 Social member’ email

City Alphabetic 20 Social member’ city

Gender Alphabetic 10 Social member’ gender

Birthday Alphanumeric 15 Social member’ date of birth

Remark Alphabetic 50 Social member’ general

remark

Table 3.6: Social Community Signup Database Design

3.5.5 Use Case Diagram

Use Case Diagram is graphical technique that stands for system functional requirement; it is

designed during requirement collection before being redefined by community member or police

officer to suit pre-defined objectives. Use case model consists of textual description.

27

Figure 3.4: Use Case Diagram for Community Policing (Boe, 2014)

Features of the New System

The following features are identified

a. Security button: This is the centre red button; it is used for making emergency contacts

during distress. Clicking the button sends background messages via SMS, Email, FCM

and tracking locations and map to police, school security as well as all community

members registered on the app. It also has voice feature which makes it easy to activate

and send background messages via voice once the phone has been collected from the

victim during robbery, raping, kidnapping or other crime related activities. It can also

wake up or restart the phone that is switched off or in sleep mode to carry out all the tasks

mentioned above.

b. Add: This button enables app user or community member to register information like

name, email, mobile number about police, school security and all community members

into this application. It can also be used to edit existing information about community

members in case of sudden contact changes.

c. Officer: This button enables user to view all executives of community member and their

related profile information. This allows members to familiarize with their coordinators

and contacts for proper community information flow.

28

d. Helpline: This button helps showcases all community location offices within the campus

in case of face-to-face contacts with their coordinators. It also includes all mobile and

email to reach each of the community office locations for direct contacts or making

inquiry purposes.

e. Camera: This button enables app user to take picture of crime incident within the

community to serve as future evidence of crime occurrence or exhibit to prove court

cases. The app can use forward or back camera to make emergency shots before

uploading via web server or email to all community members.

f. Video: This button helps user to record live video of crime incident within the

community to serve as future evidence of crime occurrence or exhibit to prove court

cases. The app can use forward or back camera to make emergency video recording

before uploading via web server or email to all community members. Other buttons are

included to begin and stop live recording; another one can be used to playback the

recorded video before uploading.

g. Chat: With this button, all community members can chat together irrespective of their

locations around the globe. This boosts information flow among members and aids crime

reportage among members.

h. Tracking: Once the security button is clicked or voice mode is activated, background

tracking of incident location becomes activated and updates police and other community

members so that current location and map where the victim has been carried to can be

tracked as well as how long it will take to get to current destination where the victims are

located. The app sends tracking code to all community members and police which can be

used to keep track update of the present victim’s location; this feature is advised to be

used by police only in order not to compromise security effort at securing the victims.

3.6 System Coding Tool and Technique

Programming coding tool consists of coding environment used for designing this application;

many tools were used for development, testing and evaluation to determine program workability

by targeting specifications that meet aim and objectives at beginning of this reseach.

Programming tools involved in this implementation are:

i. Basic4Android

ii. Android Google SDK

iii. SQLite

29

Basic4Android: is refered to B4A, it is another programming language with Java and Android

SDK capability. It uses visual designer environment to build user interface that targets mobile

phone and tablet with different screen sizes. Compiled mobile APK can be tested in AVD

emulator or physical android device using B4A Bridge. B4A language is like Visual Basic that

fits in native android environment. B4A is object and event-driven language that generates

standard-signed APK ready for upload at Google Play, Samsung and Amazon App store. Below

are features that attract researchers to this language:

i. It has powerful rapid development tool for building native android apps

ii. B4A IDE is 100% dedicated to android development

iii. APKs generated are native to that of Java, no runtime libraries are required

iv. It is object-oriented language with similar performance to Java

v. It can share code with B4J, which another development tool for desktop application

development

vi. XML programming is not necessary

vii. It has rapid debugger that supports fast deployment, code-swapping and expression

viii. It has designer script feature that permits programmers to create complex layout

Android SDK: This programming tool is used together with B4A to design android mobile

application. SDK stands for Software Development Kit that comprises tools

like debugger, library, handset-emulator QEMU, sample-code and tutorial. It supports multiple

screen sizes and development-platform that includes computer running Linux, Mac

OS and Window. Until end of 2014, supported IDE was officially Eclipse via Android

Development Tool (ADT) Plug-in. Developer can use text editor to edit Java with XML files,

before using command-line tool to create, build and debug android application. SDK supports

older versions of android platform if developer wishes to target applications for older devices

3.6.1 Entity Relationship Diagram

This is essential tool used to represent flow of application development life cycle for application

to work as unit. The diagram represents how different entities like people, object or concept

relates with one another in a system.

30

Figure 3.5: Entity Relationship Diagram for Community Policing (Kappeler, 2016)

31

CHAPTER FOUR

SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND DOCUMENTATION

4.1 Introduction

This is exact chapter that is concerned with implementation and research evaluation; it was

achieved based on input-outcome from chapter three. Inputs were used to achieve result

enumerated as output design from chapter three. Central-focus of this chapter is to enlighten

application users on necessary software and hardware requirements needed to run developed

application

4.2 System Implementation

Implementation is process of switching from one system to another that has provision for

different defects of previous system. Now that implementation of Mobile Community Policing

has been achieved, there is need for total-integration of this application to replace existing

system in use presently at University of Lagos community. Users of this application must be

carried along until they are fully-familiar with new system. Several changeover methods are

available for management to adopt without affecting users in their present working

environments.

4.3 Changeover Method

There are various changeover methods namely;

i. Parallel-Changeover

ii. Pilot-Changeover

iii. Direct-Changeover

i. Parallel-Changeover: is one of safest methods that provide way of verifying results of

new-system. Current and new-system are put to run in parallel manner for period of time.

Cross-checking is exercised as both systems are processing same kind-of-data. Indication

is shown if there is any problem with new system

ii. Pilot-Changeover: this involves selecting part of school-community to operate new-

system in parallel with existing system. If satisfied with new system, management

32

discontinues old system and continues with new-one before piloting is transferred to

another part in the community

iii. Direct Changeover: this is the type of changeover method where old system is wholly

replaced by new system in one move. This method is quick with minimal work load but

risky and unavailable when two-systems differ. This method is cheap and less time is

consumed in the process, it is difficult to correct programs while the system remains

operational

4.3.1 Changeover Recommendation

However, out of all changeover-methods, parallel changeover method is good for use of

whosoever wishes to implement this application. As experienced programmer, I decided to

recommend this changeover method to University of Lagos community after understudy many

software developers like Oracle, IBM and so on that had won huge amount of contracts running

several millions within local and international academic institutions. This enables management to

learn new-system; optimum performance of new system enables management to decide whether

to replace old system with new system or retains old system

4.4 System Installation & System Run

System Installation works in conjunction with evaluation of new-system. Having designed and

implemented mobile community policing application for UNILAG community, running program

on mobile device must be explained in order to understand environment where this application

will run to achieve target-objectives

4.4.1 Hardware Specification

For proper implementation of new-system, author recommends the following minimum

hardware requirements where this application will run:

i. Pentium-4 processor and speed of 3.20GHz

ii. RAM of about 448 megabytes (MB)

iii. 500-megabytes (500 MB) of available space on hard-disk

iv. CD/DVD-ROM drive

v. Simple-enhanced windows-keyboard and mouse

33

vi. Sound-card

vii. Android mobile phones with different screen sizes

viii. HP-Laser Jet printer for report generations

ix. Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS)

4.4.2 Software Specification

The following software requirements are necessary for optimum performance of mobile based

community policing:

i. The system runs on windows XP or any higher Microsoft windows operating system

ii. Basic4Android, Java, Android SDK for front-end Graphical User Interface mobile design

iii. SQLITE for back-end mobile database design

iv. Emulator like YouWave

v. PHP

vi. WAMP

vii. MYSQL

4.5 Choice of Programming Language

Programming language used in designing this application is Basic4Android with support of

Android Google SDK and Sqlite. Other tools were used for development, testing and evaluation

purposes in order to meet-up with set objectives at beginning of this research. Below are some

programming tools involved:

iv. Basic4Android

v. Android Google SDK

vi. SQLite

Basic4Android: is popularly called B4A, another language used with Java and Android SDK for

programming. It uses visual-designer-environment to simplify procedures for building user

interfaces that target phones-and-tablets with different screen-sizes. Compiled mobile programs

can be tested in AVD emulators or on real-android devices using B4A-Bridge. Language is

similar to Visual Basic but adapted to native Android environment. B4A is event-driven

language. B4A generates standard signed-Android applications that are uploaded to Google Play

34

store, Samsung-App store and Amazon-App store. Below are features that make researchers

adopt the language:

ix. Simple RAD-tool for developing native Android-applications

x. Complete programming language that is 100% focused on Android-development

xi. It compiles to native byte-code without requiring runtime libraries

xii. It has performance similar to applications written in Java

xiii. It is object oriented-programming language

xiv. There is no need for XML-programming

xv. It has rapid-debugger that supports quick-deployments and code-swapping

xvi. It has powerful designer scripts feature that permits one to create sophisticated layouts

Android-SDK: This programming tool is used with B4A to design android based mobile apps.

SDK means Software Development Kit which comprises development tools

like debugger, libraries, handset-emulator based on QEMU, sample-code and tutorials. It

supports multiple mobile screen-sizes and development-platforms like computers

running Linux, Mac OS and Windows. Developers use text-editor to edit Java and XML files,

then use command-line tools to create and debug Android-applications. SDK also supports older

versions of Android-platform if developers wish to target their applications at older devices

4.6 System Documentation

Documentation gives elaborate information about design specifications and functionalities like

hardware and software specification, program flowchart and so on. It also assist in development

of new system

4.6.1 Installation Process

Having developed this system, it becomes important to instruct users about installation of this

software without difficulty. Here are steps to follow for successful-installation for server and

client-side application:

For Server-Side: (Community Policing Server)

i. Find and Install WampServer Software included in project CD

ii. Run newly installed WampServer Software

35

iii. Browse to local-folder “C:\wamp\www”

iv. Create folder named “communitypoliceserver” or choose any other name that suits existing

domain

v. Open web-browser and type address: http://localhost/phpmaydmin

vi. Under CREATE_DATABASE textbox, type: “mcpdb” and click on CREATE button

vii. After new database has been created, click IMPORT_Tab and navigate to project CD to

browse “datasite” folder and select the “mcpdb.sql” file

viii. Click on GO-button to populate database with initial data

ix. Open project CD to copy all contents of “mcpdb” folder to “c:\wamp\www\

communitypoliceserver” folder that was created earlier

x. Finally, open browser and type “http://localhost/communitypoliceserver/cpanel” in address

bar

xi. You are now ready to operate this application

xii. Default Administrator’s Login are

xiii. Username: admin

xiv. Password: admin

xv. From administrator’s Control Panel, one can configure and edit all communitypoliceserver

application you need to run

xvi. THANK YOU!!!

4.6.2 For Client-Side: (Mobile Community Policing App)

i. Connect USB cable from android based mobile phone to Computer or switch-ON

Bluetooth connection on both devices

ii. Locate android file from PC and send to mobile device

iii. Double-click android file to start installation

iv. Follow on-screen installation wizard as shown from mobile devices and respond

accordingly

v. Click on “Finish” to exit

http://localhost/phpmaydminhttp://localhost/communitypoliceserver/cpanel

36

4.6.3 System Maintenance

System maintenance describes different forms of server maintenance to run well. System

maintenance covers many activities like program-removal, designing-errors, testing-data and

updating user support. For convenient purposes, maintenance is grouped into three:

i) Corrective Maintenance

ii) Adaptive Maintenance

iii) Perfective Maintenance

However, perfective maintenance remains the best choice of all categories. Perfective

maintenance modifies existing programs to enhance information performance. This maintenance

responds to additional needs of users due to changes in or out of the organization. For better

performance in productivity, management must stick to perfective maintenance for quality

delivery purposes

37

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Summary

This system followed necessary activities of software development from initial stages to

implementation stages and testing. This research identifies use of mobile community police

application developed to resolve issues between members of community and police from time-

to-time. Analysis of existing system was carried out to identify related problems while solutions

to problems identified were also provided. After this, implementation of system-design,

database-design, client side-design, server side-design, interface-design and system security-

design were considered carefully during implementation. After design and implementation of

different units, system-testing was done using test data to check actual test-result. However,

performance evaluation was ascertained to know if it matches objectives set out earlier to have

perfect mobile community police system that will take care of identified problems to improve

efficiency. Finally, documentation and implementation of this proposed application were

affected while system-requirement, changeover-procedure, manual and training were also

handled accordingly

5.2 Recommendation

UNILAG mobile community policing may find it difficult to function effectively as security

management tool except certain measures are taken by internal security apparatus and police

administrators in charge of University of Lagos’s jurisdiction. Recommendations listed below

are worthy of note:

i. Internal security officers in collaboration with police administrators should improve

towards UNILAG community crime record keeping. Due to lack of commitment in the

past before this application was developed, some vital community-crime records for

UNILAG community were not kept properly while others were not kept at all. Crime

record keeping should be seen as major contributor in attainment of crime-free society

Edem (2016)

38

ii. Every police officer posted to UNILAG community to maintain law and order should

relate professionally to community members by dwelling in their midst to understand

areas that need constant monitoring

iii. Workshops and seminars must be conducted on crime record-keeping by making

templates available for them to see and follow. In addition to this, community record

managers should be allowed to acquire knowledge on contemporary methods of

community crime-record keeping via information-technology

iv. Members of UNILAG community and environs must leverage on deployment of mobile

community policing for academic communities to be at alert in their surroundings to

notify security officer about suspicious crime in their neighborhoods via new developed

mobile app irrespective of their locations

v. Government with support from community-members should provide necessary facilities

needed for contemporary crime combat for security officers to perform their duties under

law to safeguard community

vi. UNILAG community leaders must setup monitoring team to enforce use of new mobile

app to achieve secure environment

vii. Community police and their internal security collaborators should adhere to security

ethics to achieve sustainable development as community switch over to new system

viii. Before using new mobile community policing, recommendation for adequate training and

orientation must be given to community members and police officers

5.3 Conclusion

Analysis of this thesis reveals that all initial objectives have been achieved. Community policing

moved from face-to-face interaction to mobile and internet-based technologies that give comfort

to community police and members-of-community; crime report cases can be reported as

anonymous without seeing police face-to-face within the community. This new automated

system is designed for UNILAG community as against present traditional mode-of-operation on

crime prevention within the community; it is regarded as value-added service that improves

security among members of community to promote productivity. University Community

members and all security apparatus can now sit back to explore rear-opportunities in this new

mobile community policing apps. Successful implementation will boost delivery of service in

39

UNILAG Community. Quality record keeping system will improve as mobile community

policing application becomes fully integrated into day-to-day activities in each police unit where

crime-information holds vital position in contemporary security-service. Mobile community

policing application prevents face-to-face interaction with police-officers before community

crime information is reported. To guarantee their continuous operations, it must be judiciously

maintained and use only for the sole purpose it was developed. Now that implementation period

of mobile community policing is over, its maintenance should be taken over by IT department of

UNILAG internal-security unit and provide routine software and hardware training support to

members of the school community. Objectives set-out when this project began have been

achieved; other related achievements include:

i. To assist security-administrators and stakeholders in UILAG Community environment

tackle daily crime among members

ii. To help police in crime-investigation and prevention within the academic community

iii. The operation is very easy even for dullest, there is little cost of user training expenses

iv. This application is customized for UNILAG Academic Community in-house use,

operating manual is in plain English without foreign technical jargon that may confuse

potential users of this application

5.4 Further Research

This research can get improved upon in future research; current version of new software resides

in Alpha-Base’s dedicated server, but more areas will need additional features in this direction in

the future to enable community members lodge useful complaints to police from their respective

locations. However, to improve on existing system; possible areas that need future development

are:

i. Improving on Graphical-User-Interface (GUI) of application

ii. Implementation of smart watch-based community policing application must be

encouraged in future to enable community members lodge complaints un-noticed

from their mobile watch devices

iii. Ensure each community member is provided with access permission to appropriate

segment of the application

40

iv. Real-time location-based tracking should be introduced in future implementations

5.5 Problem Encountered

The problems encountered during this project design are:

i. Unavailable Literature Sources: Although, the project research topic looks simple, but

useful materials on topic areas are difficult to research

ii. Programming-Methodology: Methodology adopted in handling programming aspect of

this project caused many problems that took days to solve. Problems that include

connectivity issues via MYSQL database posed many challenges

iii. Inadequate-Fund: This design will not be successful without financial involvement for

paying computer time; typing and planning of work also has its own financial involvement

that contributed to huge-financial investment on this project engagement

iv. Inadequate Power Supply: Poor supply of power in the society caused delay in this

program implementation and programming

41

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Castro L, (2017). Institutional frameworks for addressing public sector corruption in Africa:

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Coquilhat F, (2015). The Development of Community Patrol Program: Community-Oriented

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Health

Hellström P, (2014). Policing freedom: A Commentary on Dilemmas of Policing in Western

Democracies. Eastover, Plymouth: MacDonald & Evans

James N, (2015). Colonialism, State and Policing in Nigeria; Crime, Law and Social

Jintana B, (2017). Police-Community Relations in Nigeria: What Went Wrong?

Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, pg. 19-27

Joy O, (2012). Policing Nigeria: Control and Autonomy in the Exercise of Coercion; African

Studies Review, pg. 73-78

Kappeler V, (2016).Community policing in South East: Policing Nigeria in the 21st Century.

Ibadan, Spectrum Books

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Leary G, (2015). The Key Element of Oriented Community Policing; Colorado: Regional

Community Policing Institute

Lucey R, (2013). Community Policing: Comparative Perspectives and Prospects. New York: St.

Martin's Press, pg. 23 -29

Martin D, (2016). Community Policing: Elements and Effects-Contemporary Readings;

Martin T, (2016). Policing Nigeria in the 21st century; Ibadan: Spectrum Books, Waveland

Press, pg. 45-62

Miller P, (2015). Problem-Oriented Policing in Practice, Criminology and Public Policy, pg.: 5-

18

Modum A, (2015). The Defining Characteristics of Community Policing; Washington

Mudiare E, (2014). Community Policing is Good Policing: The Past, Present, and Future.

Rosenbaum E, (2014). The Functions of Police in Modern Society; National Institute of Mental

Sherman B, (2017). What Community Policing Teaches us about Community Criminal Justice;

Available on http://www.policing.com/articles/pdf/ccj.pdf, Retrieved on 28th November, 2019

Sherman H, (2015). Policing Japan Community; Law and Order pg. 46-52

Skogan W, (2014). Element of Community Policing Perspectives: An Anthology. Roxbury

Publishing Company, pg. 37-49

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Washington DC: Police Executive Research Forum, pg. 25-38

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Police Management, Washington, D.C. 3rd edition

http://www.policing.com/articles/pdf/ccj.pdf

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APPENDIX A – SAMPLE OUTPUT

SPLASH PAGE:

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Menu Page:

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Social Community Page: This is where user selects from the options available in

the proposed system.

Signup Page: This is where new community member registers for social community forum for

effective policing

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APPENDIX B – FLOWCHART

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APPENDIX C – SOURCE CODE

#Region Project Attributes

#ApplicationLabel: Community Policing

' #VersionCode: 1

' #VersionName:

'SupportedOrientations possible values: unspecified, landscape or portrait.

' #SupportedOrientations: unspecified

' #CanInstallToExternalStorage: False

#End Region

#Region Activity Attributes

#FullScreen: False

#IncludeTitle: True

#End Region

#AdditionalRes: ..\res.ChatMessageView

#Extends: android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity

Sub Process_Globals

'These global variables will be declared once when the application starts.

'These variables can be accessed from all modules.

Private Mv2 As MovieViewControl

End Sub

Sub Globals

Private mnubt7 As Button

Private pnl7 As Panel

Dim xui As XUI

Dim xlbl As B4XView

Dim Button1 As Label

Dim Button2 As Label

Dim Button3 As Label

Dim Button4 As Label

Dim Button5 As Label

Dim const ACTIVE_COLOR As Int = Colors.White

Dim const INACTIVE_COLOR As Int = Colors.RGB(205, 95, 75) '105, 105, 105

End Sub

Sub Activity_Create(FirstTime As Boolean)

'Do not forget to load the layout file created with the visual designer. For example:

'Activity.LoadLayout("Layout1")

Activity.LoadLayout("login")

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Mv2.Load(File.DirAssets, "c.gif", False)

Dim Panel1 As Panel

Panel1.Initialize("")

Panel1.Color = Colors.RGB(188, 132, 128) '128, 128, 128 'panel color here

Button1.Initialize("Button1")

Panel1.AddView(Button1, 0, 10dip, 60dip, 60dip)

Button2.Initialize("Button2")

Panel1.AddView(Button2, (100%x / 5), 10dip, 60dip, 60dip)

Button3.Initialize("Button3")

Panel1.AddView(Button3, (100%x / 5) * 2, 10dip, 60dip, 60dip)

Button4.Initialize("Button4")

Panel1.AddView(Button4, (100%x / 5) * 3, 10dip, 60dip, 60dip)

Button5.Initialize("Button5")

Panel1.AddView(Button5, (100%x / 5) * 4, 10dip, 60dip, 60dip)

Activity.AddView(Panel1, 0, 100%y - 60dip, 100%x, 60dip)

CreateLabel(Button1, Chr(0xF006), "Call Us")

CreateLabel(Button2, Chr(0xF002), "Search")

CreateLabel(Button3, Chr(0xF01D), "About")

CreateLabel(Button4, Chr(0xF08A), "Map")

CreateLabel(Button5, Chr(0xF2BE), "Email")

Button1_Click

End Sub

Sub CreateLabel(Label As Label, Text1 As String, Text2 As String) As B4XBitmap

Dim cs As CSBuilder

cs.Initialize.Typeface(Typeface.FONTAWESOME).Size(30).Append(Text1).Pop.Appen

d(CRLF).Size(10).Append(Text2).Alignment("ALIGN_CENTER").PopAll

xlbl = Label

xlbl.Text = cs

xlbl.TextColor = xui.Color_RGB(105, 105, 105)

Return xlbl.Snapshot

End Sub

Sub Button1_Click

SetActiveButtonColor(Button1)

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Dim Phone As PhoneCalls

Phone.Call("08076009700")

End Sub

Sub Button2_Click

SetActiveButtonColor(Button2)

Dim market As Intent, uri As String

uri="market://search?q=pub:Google"

market.Initialize(market.ACTION_VIEW,uri)

StartActivity(market)

End Sub

Sub Button3_Click

SetActiveButtonColor(Button3)

StartActivity(about2)

End Sub

Sub Button4_Click

SetActiveButtonColor(Button4)

Dim intent1 As Intent

Dim URI As String

URI = "geo:" & 6.4541 & "," & 3.3947 & "?q=" & 6.4541 & "," & 3.3947

intent1.Initialize(intent1.ACTION_VIEW,URI)

intent1.SetComponent("googlemaps")

StartActivity(intent1)

End Sub

Sub Button5_Click

SetActiveButtonColor(Button5)

Dim intent1 As Intent

intent1.Initialize("android.intent.action.SENDTO" , "mailto:

otukoya.adeolu@hotmail.com")

intent1.PutExtra("android.intent.extra.SUBJECT","Our Able Community Leader")

intent1.PutExtra("android.intent.extra.TEXT", "Here is my complaint/request")

intent1.WrapAsIntentChooser("Send feedback")

StartActivity(intent1)

End Sub

Sub SetActiveButtonColor(View As Label)

For Each button As Label In Array As Label(Button1, Button2, Button3, Button4,

Button5)

If button = View Then

button.TextColor = ACTIVE_COLOR

Else

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button.TextColor = INACTIVE_COLOR

End If

Next

End Su