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Design and evaluation of a robotic TV-assistant:
balancing personality and control
Drs. B.W. Meerbeek, PDEng. (Philips research)Drs. H.C.M. Hoonhout (Philips research)
Ir. P. Bingley (Philips research)Dr. J.M.B. Terken (TU/e)
First iCat user workshop – 27th March 2006, Eindhoven
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Overview
• Introduction• Research questions and hypotheses• Designing personality and levels of
control• Experiments in HomeLab• Main findings
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Background• More robots in domestic environment (UNECE)
– Human-robot interaction more important• Media Equation (Reeves & Nass)
– Social response encouraged if machine:• uses full-sentence text or speech• demonstrates task knowledge as well as reasoning• can act autonomously on behalf of the user
– Human-robot interaction ≈ human-human interaction – People assign personality to robots (a.o. Dautenhahn)
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Personality and Control• Personality of a machine can help users to form
mental model and to interpret and predict its behaviour (Norman)– What personality do users prefer?
• As machines (personal robots) become more intelligent they can take over more tasks from humans– Who should be in control?
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Context• iCat, platform for human-robot interaction research
• Application: TV-assistant
• Facial expressions• Head movement• Multi-colour LED’s• Camera (“see”)• Microphone (“hear”)• Touch sensors (“feel”)• Speakers (“speak”)
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Research questionsPreliminary question:• Is it possible to convey personality with a robot?
And if so,• What personality do users prefer?• What level of control do users prefer?• Is there an interaction between preferences for
personality and for level of control?
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Expectations
• No main preference for personality or level of control
• Personality should match the level of user control
Low preference
High preference
High preference
Low preference
Introvert, formal conscientious
robotExtravert, agreeable,
friendly robot
Low user control
High user control
• Extrapolating from observations of human-human interaction:
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Personality design (1)Extraversion
- Agreeableness
+ Conscientiousness
+
Somewhat introvert
Modest
Somewhat shy
Expectantly
Polite
Distant
Formal
Orderly
Serious
Careful
• Facial expression, e.g. eyes move away• Motion, e.g. head to chest• Speech, e.g. low fundamental frequency (pitch)• Linguistic style, e.g. use more formal words
Catherine
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Personality design (2)
Lizzy
Extraversion +
Agreeableness +
Conscientiousness -
Extravert
Talkative
Enthusiastic
Takes the initiative
Assistantly
Empathic
Warm-hearted
Amicable
Jovial
Impulsive
Somewhat careless
Light-hearted
• Facial expression, e.g. more eyebrow movement• Motion, e.g. faster head movements• Speech, e.g. faster speech rate• Linguistic style, e.g. chitchat
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Levels of control• Low user control
– System-driven interaction style– Natural language dialogue
• High user control– User-driven interaction style– Command and control
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Movie• TV-assistant recommends programme to user
Second clip
First clip
Catherine
Lizzy
Low user control
High user control
Movie available on community website:http://www.hitech-projects.com/icat/download.php
play
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Experiments• Preliminary experiment demonstrated that
personalities were recognized as intended
• Main experiment– Combinations of two personalities and two
levels of control (2x2-design)– 32 participants in experiment of 2 hours– Personality assessment– User preference
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Summary of main findings• Overall, there seemed to be a preference for Lizzy• In initial interactions, low user control slightly
preferred over high user control• In longer term, preference may shift from low to
high control
• Lizzy seemed most preferred with low user control• Catherine matched better with high user control
than with low user control
• People perceived more control with Lizzy than with Catherine (identical level of objective control)
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Discussion• Personality perception less clear in main
experiment– Distributed attention
• Limited functionality of TV-assistant• Relatively short interactions • Single user
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Thanks for your attention
www.research.philips.com/[email protected]
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Personal robots
•More than 6 million personal robots in 2007
•Both for entertainment and household tasks
Number of robots for domestic use Source: UNECE
x 1
mill
ion
1
0
2
3
4
Entertainment &
Leisure
Vacuum cleaner lawn
mower
Other cleaning
20032007
a robot is a mechanical device which performs automated tasks, either according to direct human supervision, a pre-defined program or, a set of general guidelines, using artificial intelligence techniques.
